5 - Spe-2969-Ms

SIMULTANEOUS SOLUTION OF
OIL–IN–PLACE AND WATER INFLUX

PARAMETERS FOR PARTIAL WATERDRIVE
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RESERVOIR WITH INITIAL GAS CAP
.*
BY
D.H. TEHRANI
MEMBER AIME, ASSOCIATE MEMBER [PI
SENIOR RESERVOIR ENGINEER
IRANIAN OIL EXPLORATION AND PRODUCING COMPANY
MASJID–I–SULAIMAN
APRIL, 1969
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE

ABSTRACT 1
INTRODUCTION 2
THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS 3
A- SIMULTANEOUS SOLUTION OF OIL-IN-PLACE
AND WATER INFLUX PARAMETERS 3-4
B- APPLICATION OF NEWTON OPTIMIZATION 4-9
c“ I!E?JVATIONOF ELEMENTS IN MATRIXES 9-11
FIELD APPLICATION 11 - 12
DIs~~S~I~fi 12 - 17
CONCLUSIONS 17 - 18
APPENDIX 1, CALCULATION OF WATER INFLUX 19 - 21
NOMENCLATURE 22 - 23
LIST OF REFERENCES 24
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 25
D.H. TEHRANI

A?.?ST?.MN.2
The application of Newton Optimization technique to Vol-umetricbalance ~q~ation is

intreduced. This is to determine, simultaneously, the original oil-in-place and
water influx, using historical perfonuance data of a petroleum reservoir. Equations
are presented in a general manner so that the reader, familiar with matrix calcula-
tions, can easily apply them to any =q~ifer model= As a field exa~ple, an unsteady-
state exponential form of water influx has been used to describe the aquifer perfor-
mance of Haft Kel Field of Iran.
The limitation of sum square deviations of oil-in-place as a basis for optimization

has been described. Instead, the sum square deviations of cumulative reservoir
-.,A .
.- satisfactory
st.t-nmnlished
withdrawals has been used for opcimlza~icn ~hlch has .-..-=-.
results.
The limitations of the method and the effect of its underlying assumptions have
been discussed.
.
IRANIAN OIL EXPLORATION AND PRODUCING C(E4FAN YMASJID-I-SULAIMAN,IIL4N

-2-
1. INTRODUCTION
Simultaneous solution of oil-in-place and water influx has been attempted many
times by various workers. The volumetric balance equation has been written in
a form similar to:

~ y( x(3), x(4) ) (I)
= x(1) + x(2)
UT UT
where:
WN= Reservoir withdrawals
UT = Unit expansion
x(1) = Reservoir volume of original oil-in-place.
x(2) = Water influx constant.
x(3) = Conversion coefficient for real time to dimensionless time.
x(4) = Ratio of aquifer radius to reservoir radius.
?( x(3), IS(4))=Water influx function.
In the past the function?( x(3), x(4) ) has been independently calculated
using various models and assumptions. Eq. (I), which is linear in terms of
x(1) and x(2), has subsequently been used for least square analysis to obtain
the so-called best values of oil-in-place and x(2).
In this paper two improvements are presented which have proved successful:.
1. Equation (I) has been written in the following form:

WN= x(l). UT + x(2).~( x(3)p, x(4)) (II)
This form has certain advantages which are described in this paper.
2. The Newton Optimization technique, which is a generalized least square

method for non-linear multivariate regression analysis, has been employed
to solve Eq. (II) for x(1) through x(4) simultaneously.
The method is described in a general form so that it can be applied to

any aquifer model.
. ../ .. .
-3-
11. THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS
A. SIMULTANEOUS SOLUTION OF OIL-IN-PLACE,

AND WATER INFLUX PARAMETERS
The volumetric balance equation can be written (in AIME notations)* as

follows:

Np(Bt+Bg(R -Rsi))+W =
P P
NBti ( (Bt/Bti - 1) +m(Bg/Bgi - 1) +
(1 + m) (Ff + SWCW) (Pi - ~) / (l-SW) ) + We (1)
The left hand side is the total reservoir withdrawals which hereafter
will be denoted by WN. NBti is the original reservoir volume of oil-in-
place, which in this paper is unknown and will be denoted by x(l). The
coefficient of NBti, in the brackets, is called unit expansion and is
denoted by UT. The last term, We, is the water influx. The equation
giving water infiux, either in Hurst - Van %=~di!lg~~ form or in an
exponential type, is defined by three constant coefficients. By Hurst -
Van Everdigen method, the three constants are:
1. The Aquifer - Reservoir radius ratio.

2. The coefficient of conversion of dimensionless time to real time.
3. The coefficient of conversion of dimensionless influx to real influx
These three constants are also unknown and are denoted in this paper, by
x(2), x(3) and x(4).
Assuming that pressure history, production history and all fluid property
data are known, the problem is to find the best set of x(j), j = 1,4 to
satisfy Eq: (1) or its simpler form as under:
WN = x(l). UT +,f( x(2), x(3), x(4) ) (2)
where:
WN= Np(Bt+Bg(R -Rsi))+W
P P
UT= (Bt/Bti - 1) +m(B /B -l)+

g gi
(1 +m) (Ff +SWCW) ‘Fi - ~) / (~-Swl
* Nomenclature is at the end of paper. ● /

.**.*
-4-
f(x(2), x(3), x(4) )“= x(2). f’( (x(3), x(4) ) =W

e
If the function f( x(2), x(3), x(4) ) were in a linear form a simple

least square technique could be applied to equation (2) for all years of
history and the optimum set of x(1) through x(4) could easily be obtained.
This function, however, is not linear and therefore a more sophisticated

method i.e. Newton Optimization technique, which is a generalized least
square method, is employed in this paper. This method has been success-
fully applied elsewhere. (11)*
B. APPLICATION OF NEWTON OPTIMIZATION
S-upposen data points for example, n years of history are available. A

system of n equations with 4 unknowns would result as follows:
WN (i) = x(l). UT(i) + fi( x(2), x(3), x(4) ) (3)

i = l,n
For n = 4 there would generally be a unique answer for this system.

In practice, however, the errors in the basic data are so much that
there is no practical value for the unique answer, so obtained.
When n>4 the system of Eqs. (3) would have more equations than unknowns
and a type of optimization technique would be required to find the set of
unkn~s which would “best” fit all the n equations. In this paper the
“best” set of unknowns is defined as the set which minimizes the sum of
.
square of deviations (SSD) between the calculate s ~..-.-m~i-m
LUU-. -
=n~ measured
value of the function. For example, the best set of x(l), x(2), x(3)
and ~(~) is ~ha~ ~e~ &ich min~izes the:
i =n i =n
SSD = (WN (i) -WN(i) )2= F2 (4)

c i
z z
i=l i=l
* List of references is at the end of paper. .*...*

/
-5-
where:
WN(i)c = the calculated reservoir withdrawals.
WN(i) = the measured reservoir withdrawals.
Fi = x(l). UT (i) + fi ( x(2), x(3), x(4) ) - WN (i)

Had Eq. (5) been iinear in term of x(j), j“ = 1,4 it would suffice t
set the first partial derivatives of SSD in respect to x(j), equal t
zero to obtain a system of 4 equations with 4 unknowns and solve dir
for the unknowns. Equation (5) is linearized as follows:
First Eq. (5) is written as:
F( x(l), x(2), x(3), x(4) ) =

x(l). UT + f( x(2), x(3), x(4) ) - WN = O.
Now suppose X(j) is an approximate set of values for x(j) so that:
x(j) =x(j) +Ax(j) j = 1,4
where AX(j) are the small differences.
Substituting for x(j) in Eq. (6) we get:
F( (x(j), +Ax(j) ), j = 1,4) = O.
The function F( ( X’(j)+Ax(j) ), j = 1,4) can be expanded according

the Taylor’s theorem as follows:
j =4
~F
F(( x(j}.+Ax.(j)), j = 1,4).= F( X(j), j = 1,4) + Ax(j) %x(j)
—
z
j=l
Since aX(j) are small, the function can be approximated by its first
terms on the righthand side of Eq. (9) i.e.:
F( x(j), j = 1,4) = F(( X(j) +AX(j)), j = 1,4) ~
z
j=~
\F
F( X(j), -j= 1,4) + —s0
Ax(j) %x(j)
j=l
. ..1...
-6-
Newton’s root finding method states that if X(j) are approximate values
of x(j), a set of&X(j) satisfying Eq. (10) would give a better e$timate
of x(j) when added to the values of X(j), (See Ref. 3 and 4). In other
words, our problem is now to find a set of AX(j) which satisfy Eq. (10),
For n data points we have n linear equations of the form (10) with four

unknowns of AX(j), j = 1,4 as follows:
j =4
3 F~
Fl(x(j)$ j = 1,4) + AX(j) 3x(j) = O (11)
~
j~~
!
i = l,n
or in expanded form:
>Fl \F~ \ F~
F1(X(l), X(2), X(3), X(4) ) +L)X(l)%~+AX(2)%~ +~X(3)%~+
>
(
F2 > F~
1
> ‘2
(11)’ F2( x(1),.x(2), x(3), x(4) ) +Ax(l).%-+4x(2)%~ +Ax(3)a~+
.
●
%% o
*x(4)jm =
.
. ~ Fn ~ Fn
\ Fn
Fn( X(l), X(2), X(3), X(4) ) +L)X(l)>X(l)
— ‘AX(2) >X(2) ‘*X(3)%X(3) +
\\
System of Eq. (11]* are in iinear form and the method Of lea$t $quares
can be applied as follows:
Let:
j=4
Fi >
Di(&(j) ) =Fi( X(j) ) +
7 AX(j) >x(j) (12)
i = l,n
● ☛☛☛☛✎ /
-7-
NOW the sum square of deviations (SSD) as a function of AX(j) is:
i=n
SSD = (Di(&(j)). )2 (13)

,7
-.
~=~

j = 1,4
*k.P/.\
The beSt SeK OIQA{J) iS ~~~~ whi~~~i~i~~~eS ‘~D~ Since Di is a linear
function of AX(j), the SSD can be minimized by letting the first Partial
derivatives of SSD in respect to flX(j)equal to zero. (See Ref. 5). A
system of 4 by 4 equations will be obtained as follows:
i =n
> Di
z
>~X(l) ●Di=O
i=l
i =n
\ DioD =0 (14)
>~x(2) i
z
i=l
The system of 4 equations with 4 unknowns (14), are linear and can be
solved by method of elimination. Direct manipulation of these equations,
however, is a cumberscnuejob, and the following matrix calculation can
provide the coefficients of system (14) in a more straight forward manner.
The system of Eq. (11) or (11)’ can be shown in matrix form as follows:
[ddd=-t’l (15)
. . ...*
/
-8-
where:

[1
I
M= I
(16)
1
(n x 4)
and
(17)
[1
Lx = { AX(l), Ax(2), AX(3), Ax(4)
‘} (4 x 1)
and
‘1(x(l), x(2), X(3), X(4) )
72( x(l), x(2), X(3), X(4) )
(18)
F=
[1 D
Fn( X(l), X(2), X(3), X(4) : (nx 1)

[
Now if both sides of Eq. (15) are multiplied by transpose of matrix [1M ,
-9-
The product (~’] ●[~] ~fi~q. (1~) is a symmetric 4 x 4 matrix whose

elements are the coefficients of system (14). In fact (19) is matrix
representation of the system (14).
Now let product [M’] [M] be denoted by [S] and multiply both

●
sides of matrix Eq. (19) by the inverse of [1S to get:
[Axl
T
‘U S-J
r 7-1●
[Ml]
●
[n)
- (20)
Evaluation of the right hand side of Eq. (20) will determine the values
of t?JX(j).
As it was mentioned earlier, when the values oflix(j) are added to their
respective X(j), a better estimate of x(j) will be obtained. Now the
values of ( X(j) + Ax(j) ) can be taken as new estimate of x(j) i.e.t
in all previous calculations X(j) will be replaced by ( X(j) +AX(j) )
and the computation is repeated. This iteration process can be continued
until the values of Ax(j) are negligible when compared with a required
tolerance.
It should be noted that in Taylor expansion series, Eq. (9), the third
term onward can be dropped only if the values of AX are small which
means the first guess should be fairly close to the answer; otherwise
convergence may take numerous integrationsor may diverge and fail. In
case of volumetric balance equation, however, the first estimates can
be easily obtained from geological and petrophysical data. No convergenc
problem was experienced even if the first estimate of oil-in-place was
30% or 300% of the final answer.
c. DERIVATION OF ELEMENTS IN MATRIXES (16) AND (18)
When an initial estimate of oii-in-piace, X(l) ~ --.+-- +-<lIIY ~o~-~~~nts:

aik W=.=. .L...w-
X(2), X(3) and X(4), is made, the elements of the column matrix (18) can
be directly computed, using volumetric balance equation in its form of
Eq. (6):
* ● ✌ / ✌☛✎
-1o-
Fi( X(l), X(2), X(3), X(4))=
X(l). UT(i) + fi( X(2), X(3), X(4) ) - WN(i) (21)
The elements of matrix (16) are:
)Fi

i = l,n
for (22)
%X(j) j = 1,4
or from Eq. (21):

~Fi
UT(i)
)
>m =
; (23)
\ Fi > ‘i
for j = 2,4 ;
$~ = >X(j)
—
If Hurst - Van - Everdingen method is used, the first partial derivatives

of rate of water influx in respect to dimensionless radius of aquifer,
dimensionless time conversion coefficient, and dimensionless rate
conversion coefficient are required. Two of my coleauges Messrs.
A.T, Chatas and H. Malakfam have prepared very accurate tables of water
influx and its partial derivatives. Preliminary’attempts,using their
data failed due to some convergence problems. “’
In this paper, however, an exponential form of water influx equation was

used to represent the time-dependent aquifer performance. A derivation
of the equation by electrical analogy is presented in Reference 4. A
derivation based on a hydraulic analogue is presented in Reference 5.
Using either approach, the resulting equation relates cumulative influx,
pressure change, and time through three parameters which are treated as
constants for a given reservoir - aquifer system:
G
We(i) = (dpj) (X(2) +X(3) (1.-x(4)(i - j)j j (24)
L
j=l
We(i) is same as fiin Eq. (23).
. ● ✎ / ● ☛☛
-11-
From Eq. (24) we get:
j=i
>f. >We(i)

dp = DELP (i) (25)
>+=—= %X(2) z j
j=l
Where DELP (i) is the total pressure drop at original water-oil-level

in year i. (See Figure 1 Appendix 1)
(4
(dpj) (I- x(4)’* = j), (26)
-(alp)x(3) (i-j). x(4)(i-j-1) (27)

~
j=l
In order to speed up the computations, equations 26 and 27 were expanded,

simplified and were written in recurrence form suitable for computer usage.
The details are given in Appendix 1. A computer program was written in
FORTRAN-II-D language for IBM-1620 computer machine to do these tedious
calculations.
111. FIELD APPLICATION
A. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIELD
The Haft Kel Field, located in southwest of Iran, was chosen to iiiuscrate
an actual application of the simultaneous solution of oil-in-place and
water influx parameters by Newton Optimization technique. This field was
first placed on production in 1928. It produced a total of 1556 million
stock tank barrels of oil, 537 billion standard cubic feet of gas and
about a milll,ohbarrels of water to end 1967. The original oil COlumn
of 2070 ft. was reduced to 230 feet. The reservoir rock is highly
fractured Asmari limestone with very low matrix permeability.
/
-12-
Due to wide well spacing of uneven distribution and often incomplete

penetration and due to”lack of adequate well logs and core data,
petrophysical knowledge is quite limited. Best estimates of porosity and
water saturation imply an initial oil-in-place of 8452 million reservoir
barrels, with an accuracy not ~e~~e~ ~~l~p.
+ 2Q percent,

Over its 40 - year life the reservoir pressure has declined about 500 psi,
implying an active water drive that has been verified by a rising water-
Gil-le”tiel
.
B. BASIC APPLICATION
A reservoir study employing a sophisticated mathematical simulation

model and iisingbasic ~erf~r_an.cedata and the petrophysical estimate
of oil-in-place, provided integrated average values of unit expansion
and reservoir volume of the net withdrawals (UT (i) and WN (i) respec-
tively). These data together with history of water pressure were used
in-tb-esimultaneous solution program to calculate the oil-in-place and
--A-- :-G1..V
WaL~L LNLLUA p~~am~~e~~. The calculated oil-in-place was then used again
in the abovementioned Reservoir Simulation Model to recalculate more
accurate unit expansion data, which subsequently were used again in the
simultaneous solution program. After three such iterations a unique
answer was obtained which was 6440 million reservoir barrels.
IV. DISCUSSION
The method described in this paper is essentially fitting of a water influx

model to historical reservoir performance data through which the oil-in-place
is calculated. Such attempts are not new and many workers in the past have
attacked this probiem in various ways. ~le l+m,itati~n~
-------- of the material
balance equation, as a means of estimating more than one unknown reservoir
parameters, have been emphasized adequately in the literature. Nevertheless
there have been cases where the simultaneous solution of oil-in-place and
water influx has produced reasonable answers.
. ../ . . .
-13-
There are several problems associated with this kind of analysis:
1. Errors in the basic data; such as inaccuracy of pressure measurements

and PVT data.
2. Errors in handling and averaging the data. For example, averaging

pressure data when a considerable areal and vertical variation is present

in the reservoir. Aiso use of averzge PVT data w+.enreservoir fluid
compositions vary with depth and with location.
3. Errors by assuming that equilibrium conditions exist in the reservoir;

for example, ignoring, or not adequately considering, the effect of
supersaturation, pressure difference between matrix and fissures,
saturation pressure depression due to convection and diffusion etc.
4. Basic assumptions such as follows:
4.1 Assumption that the oil-in-place is constant, and only the

“constant” original oil-in-place participates in the expansion
due to pressure decline. This assumption may not be valid because
of one or both of the following reasons:
a. Some oil may be in tighter portions of the reservoir and,

as Schilthuis8 described, it may be inactive during the
earlier stages of production and active in later stages.
b. Some oil may enter the reservoir from neighboring reservoirs.

Tk,ere~LaSbeen.cases where reservoir ‘Af was on production
and its neighboring reservoir ‘Bf was not even discovered.
Production of reservoir ‘A’ declined the aquifer pressure
thereby expanding the oil of reservoir ‘Bf, which subsequently
spilled into reservoir ‘Af.
4.2 Assumption that the water influx model truly represents the
aquifer system.
This latter assumption plays a great role in the evaluation of

the results. Four major models have been used with the following
equations for water influx:
● ✎ ✎ / ✎ ● ✎
-14-
1. Schilthuis, steady - state8

[t
we = x(2) (Pi - P) dt
J o
or (28)

dWe
—= y>(~)e(p.- P)
dt 1
2. Hurst8 modified, steady - state:
dW x(2) (P. - F’)

+= log( x(;). t) (29)
3. Hurst and Van Everdingen, unsteady - state:
we = X(2) z dpo Q( x(3), X(4) ) (30)
Where Q is a dimensionless water influx, x(2), x(3) and x(4)

are the constant aquifer parameters.
D.
~~eem~~,a~.dN’2fnn~on 9 5 6
4. , Bruce
.....-.-..b-- and Williams , found that
1A be represented by a
many fractured aquifer SystuemsCO*J.M
three parameter exponential type equation of the form of
Eq. (24).
The simplest of these models Eq. (28) has only one constant parameter.
When this is introduced into volumetric balance equation, the equation
will be linear in terms of oii-in-piace and x(2). 9Q+117
It csr&be e-..~
solved by simple least square method. This, unfortunately, may be
suitable for only a limited number of cases, where the water influx is
steady - state.
Attempts have been made to estimate the values of x(3) and x(4) by direct
methods such as physical rock properties and the size of the aquifer, then
apply the least square technique to determine x(2).
-15-
The most recent and complete of such analysis is the work of Wall and Craven
~alkerlo,
They va~ried both constants of x(3) and x(4) over a range and
applied the least square method to find x(2). Then they plotted the S~
square of deviations against x(3) for various values of x(4). Among the
family of curves so obtained, the point ( x(3), x(4) ) corresponding to the
smallest minimum SSD would be used subsequently to determine the oil-in-place

and x(2).
In almost every study which has been carried out so far, the volumetric
balance equation has been arranged to give the oil-in-place as a separate
term in a form such as:
x(2) fi ( x(3), x(4))

. WN(i)
x(1) + (31)
UT(i) UT(i)
10
or as Wall and Walker put it:
<+#Xi=Yi (32)
where:
fi ( x(3), x(4) )
~= x(1) x. =
1 UT(i)
= x(z)
f
Thereafter, a least square analysis has been carried out to calculate the
so-called “best” values of~andfi .
The major drawback to writing the volumetric balance equation in form of

Eq. (31) is now described:
Eq. (31) is the same as Eq. (3) with the difference that both sides of
Eq. (3) have been multiplied by (-) to obtain Eq” (31)0 This has ‘he
WA,-.,
same effect on the result as giving a weight factor of (*)2 to each data
point i.
Now let us see what is the effect and significance of weighting the data
points in this manner.
.0./ ...
-16-
Weighting the Data Points
In any reservoir analysis some data points are considered less reliable than
others. As a general rule the early data are the weakest. Introduction of
WT(i) as a weight factor for year i in Eq. (4) will result in:
i =n

SSD = WT(i).(Fi)2 (33)
7
/ 2
i=l
If we now choose WT(i) = (*)2, substitute this in Eq. (33) and carry out
the optimization, by minimizing SSD, we shall get exactly the same results
that we would get by using Eq. (32) or its equivalent Eq. (31), without
cor.siderin.g
any weight factor.
-I----
It should be emphasized that w,,=,..koosin-gweight factor WT(i), normally~
the least weights are allocated to early data for following two reasons:
1. The expansion data in volumetric balance equations are function of

pressure drop. At early years when the pressure drop is small the
effect of small errors in pressure is very large compared with those
of later years. For example, when the pressure has dropped only 10 psi,
an error of ~ 5 psi means a relative error of ~ 50% whereas the same
~ psi err~r at later stages of the producing life when the pressure has
“1 create a relative error of only ~ 0.5%.
dropped say 1000 psi, WZ.I
2. Normally the production and pressure data of early years are not so
accurate as the data of later years; one simple reason, among many
others, being the advancement in technology of measurement.
On the other hand, the unit expansion UT(i) is very small at early years
and larger later on. For example, in Haft Kel Field UT was 0.0001 after
two years of production by end 1929, and 0.08 after 40 years of production
.
by end 1967. Multiplying both sides of equation by ~ and carrying least
square analysis is equivalent to giving a weight factor of 108 to the data
of 1929 and a weight factor of 156 to the data of 1967.
/
● ☛✎☛☛☛
-17-
Therefore, arrangement of the volumetric balance equation in form of Eq. (31)

is a very unsuitable one for this analysis. Moreover, the SSD of oil-in-place,
WN(i)
~hLi~h is equal to SSD of ~, will not be a reliable criterion for judgement
UT(i,
of goodness of the fitting. The major reason being that the factor (*)2
gives highest weight to the least reliable data of early years, which have
greatest relative errors.

10
Muskat and Woods arrived at similar conclusion from studies of the Jones
---.--.4-
sand res~~vu~~ of fh~
...-s~huler Field, Arkansas, and the Monroe dolomite
reservoir of the Reed City Field, Michigam; that the minimum SSD of oil-in-
= is generally not a sufficiently sensitive criterion for (a) simul-
taneously determining initial oil and water influx or (b) differentiating
among the several analytical expressions for water influx for the one which
applies best.
The method used in this paper, however, utilizes SSD of reservoir with-
drawals, WN(i), rather than oil-in-place. From Eq. (3) it can be seen that
WN(i) is a function which has both observed values (from production data) and
calculated values (from right hand side of Eq. (3) after x(1) through x(4)
are determined). Analysis based on SSD of this function seems more reasonable
than analysis based on SSD of x(1) which is a coefficient in Eq. (3) with no
observed values, although x(l), i.e. the oil-in-place, is the most wanted
value of the whole analysis.
v. CONCLUSIONS
1. The Newton Optimization technique is a very powerful tool for multiple

non-linear regression analysis. It can be applied to many engineering
problems. A successful application of the method was presented ifi
Ref.11. The second application, presented here, was to solve the
volumetric balance equation, simultaneously for original oil-in-place
and water influx parameters. This was also successful.
2* The method as described in this paper is a general method which could

be applied to any aquifer model.
.*..** /
-18-
3. One important conclusion is that the sum square deviation of oil-in-

place should not be used as a basis for optimization. Instead, the
sum square deviation of reservoir withdrawals may be used.

-19-
APPENDIX 1
----
CALCULATIONS OF WATER INFLUX
1. Basic Notations
Since an index of zero is not per- p(l)

/’ ~
-
-----
- -- 1 ACTUAL PRESSURE
~1
mitted in the FORTRAN-II program- ;DP(x)=DELP(a)
; I

1
I I
ming language, the year prior to —---- I
! ~BEM’(3);
commencement of production was con-
sidered as the first year of history.
E
ccl
:
I
1
DP(3) :
I
lDELp(q
Cn i’(x)---- _;------
m I ;
Thus P(1) is the original reservoir g

--LT. :
pressure at the original water-oil- IPP(4) :

_;._.._
?(3) ---;---
level whereas P(2) is the water pres- -_L–
+_–_ _;-----
sure at the end of first producing two ---;---
year. Figure 2 presents the treat- ?(s) --,,–l– - --1---- +--– ‘i--%
t’ : ‘~ I t
1 1 1
1 b
ment of the pressure and the defini- I 2 3 4 s
tions of related terms. As is depi- YEARS OF HISTORY
igure 1
cated by this Figure, ‘the actual pref-
sure profile is approximated bjjstep~i~e pressure drops corresponding to the
average pressure during each year.
2. Water Influx and its Derivatives
At the end of year 1 (prior to c~encement of production) the water influx is

zero, thus
z(1) = o.
After that time it is given by linear superposition of an exponential type

equation as follows:-
J=I
Z(I) = DP(J) . (A + B (l-$l-J)) ) (1.1)

T
~’
J2=
Where A, B and C are the parameters of water influx which in the text of the
paper and in the computer program are denoted by X(2), X(3) and X(4) respec-
tively.
● ✌ ● / ✎ ✎ ●
-20-
The partial derivatives are as follows:-
J =1
(1.2)
>= . DP(J) = DELP(I)
3A z
J2=

z
.1=1
(1 - J) (1.3)
HZ(I) = DELP(I) - DP(J) . C
%B
J=2
JI=
(I-J-1) (1.4)
~Z(I) = - ~c (1 - J). DP(J). C
>C z
J2=
in their present form are, however,

Evaluations of Eq. (1.1), (1.2) and (1.4),
and inefficient, even fOr Computers. Some recurrence
very time consuming
equatiOnS were derived which reduced the computer
.
time usage by six times
when compared with the execution of direct equations.
3. Recurrence Equaticfis
Eq. (1.1) may be expanded as follows:

JI=
(I - J)
DP(J) . C
z(I) = (A+B) . DELP(I) - B.
z
J2=
or
(1.5)
Z(I) = (A+B) . DELP(I) - B. SUM(I)
where:
JI=
(1 - J) (1.6)
SUM(I) = DP(J) . C
z
J2=
. . . I ..*
-21-
or
=
JI-1
SUM(I) = C. (DP(J). C(l-J-l))+DP(I) - (1.7)

z
J2=
But replacing I by (1-1) in Eq. (1.6) we get:

=
JI-1
SUM(I-1) = IN?(J).C(l-J-l) (1.8)

z
J2=
Combination of Eq. (1.7) and (1.8) will result:
SUM(I) = C. SUM(I-1) +DP(I) (1.9)
For I = 2 from Eq. (1.6) we get:
SUM(2) = DP(2) (1=10)
Therefore, the following system which is a set of recurrence formulas for

the water influx is obtained:
(SUM(2) = DP(2)
:SUM(I) = C.SUM(I-1) + DP(I) ForI=2
(Z(I) = (A + B). DELP(I) - B.S~(I) For I 2 (1.11)
>
In the like manner the following sets of recurrence equations were derived
f~~ the partial derivatives:
(SUM(2) = DP(2)
(
~suMl(2) = o.
(SUM1(I) = C. SUM1(I-1) + SUM(I-1) (1.12)
(
(hZ(I)
— = DELP(I) - SUM(I)
(>B
(-
(.
(~z(I) = - B. SUM1(I)
(r
/
● ✎☛✎✎☛✎
-22-
NOMENCLATURE
A, B, C Water influx parameters

a, b, c Minimum relative errors in WN, UT and P respectively (Base-set)
B Gas formation volume factor
Bg . Initial gas fomation volume factor
gl

Bt Total (two-phase) formation volume factor
Initial total formation volume factor
Average rock compressibility factor
Cw Water compressibility factor
Di( ZiX(j) ) Fi plus the error due to omission of 3rd term onward in Taylor
expansion series, as a function of AX(j).
The average pressure drop during year j.
The total pressure drop from the initial pressure.
Fi The error of volumetric balance equation due to errors of data.
Fi( X(j) ) The error Fi as a function of X(j).
[1F The column matrix of Fi, i = l,n

Ratio of ini~ia~ gas cap to original oil-in-place.
m
Matrix of partial derivatives of F in respect to X(j)
Transpose of M
[1
n Number of data points.
N Original oil-in-place in stock tank units.
N Oil production in stock tank units.
P
P, P(i) Reservoir pressure ac original water-oil-level (in year i)
Average reservoir oil pressure
Pi Initial reservoir oil pressure
Producing gas-oil-ratio
Initial solution gas-oil-ratio
[1s Matrix product of [M’] . [1M , synnnetric.

f .)-1 ~fiverse of matrix [s]
L’J
SSD Sum square of deviations.
Sw Water saturation.
s Standard deviation of oil-in-place
t Time
UT, UT(i) Expansion of reservoir fluids and rock per unit reservoir volume
of original-oil-in-place. (at the end of year i).
. . ./ . . .
-23-
We Water influx
WN, W’N(i) Reservoir withdrawals.
w Produced water
W;(i) Weight factor used for data of year i
x(j) Oil-in-place (j = 1), and water influx parameters (j = 2,4)
X(j) Estimated values of x(j).

Ax(j) Difference between x(j) and X(j)
Column matrix of differences
Z(i) Water influx at the end of year i
d Oil-in-place in Wall and Walker’s expression
Water influx constant in Wall and Walker’s expression.
. . . / .* ●
-24-
LIST OF REFERENCES
1. Jensen, V.G. and Jeffreys, G,V, ‘TlathematicalMethods in Chemical Engg.”,

1963 Academic Press, London and New York pages 402-406.
2. Beckebach, Edwin F. ‘Modern Mathematics for the Engr.’~1956, McGraw-Hill

Book Co., Inc. Pages 318-321.
Davies, Owen L: “Statistical Method, in Research and Production”, third

3.
Edition, 1961 pages 258-259.
, , , c-- the ....
.+m,~”lation
4. Bruce, W.A., “A Mathematical rnoael~v. ...... of the Behavior of
a Petroleum Reservoir, Model Mark 4“$ an unpublished report for Iranian Oil
Exploration and Producing Company June, 1963.
5. Williams, A.J., C.E.I.R, Ltd., U.K. and Core Laboratories, Inc., “Engineering
Reference Manual of Mark 6/02 Reservoir Simulation Model” for Iranian Oil
Exploration and Producing Company Appendix IV, pages IV-7 to IV-11.
6. Sibley W.P. l~Handling of Reservoir Fluid Properties Within a Fissure -

Sy~C@. Reservoir Simulation Model”) a paper presented to second Regional
Tech. symposium of S.P.E, of AIME., in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, M.archJ1966.
7. Craft and Hawkins, “Applied Pet. Reservoir Engg.”, Prentice-Hall, Inc.,

1959 page 206.
8. Freeman, H.A., Natanson, S.G., “Proc. 5th world pet. Eng. 11, PaPer 24”*
9. Wall C.G, and Craven-Walker A. ~?MaterialBale Analysis Of partiai ‘water

Drive Reservoirs”, Journal of the Inst. of Pet. December 1967, Page 408.
10. Muskat, M. and Woods R.W. “An analysis of Material-balance Calculations”,

‘rranseAIME (1945), vol. 160, Page 124.
11. Tehrani, D.H., “Bubble Point Pressure Correlation for Reservoir Crudes of
southwest Iran”, a paper presented to Second Regional Tech. Symposium of
S,P,E, of AIME, in Dhahran, Saudi Ara”bia,March, 1968.
. ., / . . .
-25-
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The author wishes to thank the management of Iranian Oil Exploration and
Producing Company for permission to piiblishthis paperj and Messrs.
E. Th. Van der Laan, S.A.E. Sablayrolles,”’;,JC.C.
Pike and E.H. Vlierboom,

for their valuable advice.

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SIMULTANEOUS SOLUTION OF

OIL–IN–PLACE AND WATER INFLUX

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MEMBER AIME, ASSOCIATE MEMBER [PI

SENIOR RESERVOIR ENGINEER

IRANIAN OIL EXPLORATION AND PRODUCING COMPANY

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A- SIMULTANEOUS SOLUTION OF OIL-IN-PLACE

AND WATER INFLUX PARAMETERS 3-4

B- APPLICATION OF NEWTON OPTIMIZATION 4-9

c“ I!E?JVATIONOF ELEMENTS IN MATRIXES 9-11

APPENDIX 1, CALCULATION OF WATER INFLUX 19 - 21

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The application of Newton Optimization technique to Vol-umetricbalance ~q~ation is

The limitation of sum square deviations of oil-in-place as a basis for optimization

IRANIAN OIL EXPLORATION AND PRODUCING C(E4FAN YMASJID-I-SULAIMAN,IIL4N

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1. Equation (I) has been written in the following form:

2. The Newton Optimization technique, which is a generalized least square

The method is described in a general form so that it can be applied to

11. THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS

A. SIMULTANEOUS SOLUTION OF OIL-IN-PLACE,

The volumetric balance equation can be written (in AIME notations)* as

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NBti ( (Bt/Bti - 1) +m(Bg/Bgi - 1) +

(1 + m) (Ff + SWCW) (Pi - ~) / (l-SW) ) + We (1)

1. The Aquifer - Reservoir radius ratio.

UT= (Bt/Bti - 1) +m(B /B -l)+

(1 +m) (Ff +SWCW) ‘Fi - ~) / (~-Swl

* Nomenclature is at the end of paper. ● /

f(x(2), x(3), x(4) )“= x(2). f’( (x(3), x(4) ) =W

If the function f( x(2), x(3), x(4) ) were in a linear form a simple

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B. APPLICATION OF NEWTON OPTIMIZATION

S-upposen data points for example, n years of history are available. A

WN (i) = x(l). UT(i) + fi( x(2), x(3), x(4) ) (3)

For n = 4 there would generally be a unique answer for this system.

SSD = (WN (i) -WN(i) )2= F2 (4)

* List of references is at the end of paper. .*...*

WN(i)c = the calculated reservoir withdrawals.

WN(i) = the measured reservoir withdrawals.

Fi = x(l). UT (i) + fi ( x(2), x(3), x(4) ) - WN (i)

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First Eq. (5) is written as:

F( x(l), x(2), x(3), x(4) ) =

Now suppose X(j) is an approximate set of values for x(j) so that:

x(j) =x(j) +Ax(j) j = 1,4

where AX(j) are the small differences.

Substituting for x(j) in Eq. (6) we get:

F( (x(j), +Ax(j) ), j = 1,4) = O.

The function F( ( X’(j)+Ax(j) ), j = 1,4) can be expanded according

F( x(j), j = 1,4) = F(( X(j) +AX(j)), j = 1,4) ~

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NOW the sum square of deviations (SSD) as a function of AX(j) is:

SSD = (Di(&(j)). )2 (13)

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72( x(l), x(2), X(3), X(4) )

Fn( X(l), X(2), X(3), X(4) : (nx 1)

The product (~’] ●[~] ~fi~q. (1~) is a symmetric 4 x 4 matrix whose

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sides of matrix Eq. (19) by the inverse of [1S to get:

* List of references is at the end of paper. ....