RAY OPTICS

ANSWERS

13. SIMPLE MICROSCOPE :

The final image is formed at the least distance of distinct vision.

D
m=1+
f

The final image is formed at the infinity.

D
m=
f
14. COMPOUND MICROSCOPE :

The final image is formed at the least distance of distinct vision.

L D
m= [1+ ]
F0 Fe

The final image is formed at the infinity.

L D
m= [ ]
F0 Fe
15. REFRACTING TELESCOPE :

f0
m=
fe

16. REFLECTING TELESCOPE :

The reflecting telescopes are preferred over refracting type because of the following reasons :
(i) There is no chromatic aberration
(ii) Spherical aberration is reduced
(iii)Less weight
 ATOMS ANSWERS
1.Ans : Thomson’s model :
 Positive charges are uniformly distributed.
 Electrons are embedded in it.
Limitation :
 It could not explain why atom is neutral.
2. It is the distance from the nucleus at which the particle rebounds back on a head-on collision.
1 2Ze2
ro =
4πε0 Ek

when Ek is doubled
1 2Ze2 ro
r0, = =
4πε0 2Ek 2

3.Rutherford’s Limitation :
 Fails to explain stability of atom.
 It could not explain hydrogen spectrum.
Bohr’s postulate :
 Electrons revolve only in discrete orbits called stationary orbits.In stationary orbits,electron doesn’t
radiate energy and thus atom is stable .The angular momentum of stationary orbits is quantized.
nh
L= = nħ
2π
 Electron jump from one energy level to other by absorbing or emitting photon whose energy is
equal to the difference in energy of the two levels.Thus hydrogen spectrum is obtained.
En – Em = h
5. Bohr’s postulate :
 Electrons revolve only in discrete orbits called stationary orbits.In stationary orbits,electron doesn’t
radiate energy.The angular momentum of stationary orbits is quantized.
nh
L= = nħ
2π
 Electron jump from one energy level to other by absorbing or emitting photon whose energy is
equal to the difference in energy of the two levels.
En – Em = h

6. (a)The size of the nucleus was estimated by observing distance of closest approach.

(b)
7.

If impact parameter ‘b’ reduces to zero, coulomb force increases, and hence alpha particles are
scattered at angle θ > 90º, Only few particles undergo scattering satisfying this condition because most
of the space in an atom is empty.

 Most of the space in the atom is empty

 Entire mass is concentrated in a small volume called nucleus.

8. Bohr’s postulate :
 Electrons revolve only in discrete orbits called stationary orbits.In stationary orbits,electron doesn’t
radiate energy.The angular momentum of stationary orbits is quantized.
nh
L= = nħ
2π
 Electron jump from one energy level to other by absorbing or emitting photon whose energy is
equal to the difference in energy of the two levels.
En – Em = h

9.Rutherford’s atomic model :

 Atom has a lot of empty space.

  Whole mass is concentrated at centre and it is called as nucleus.
 The nucleus is positively charged and has a size of range 10-15 m.
 Nucleus is surrounded by electrons.
 Electrons revolve around nucleus in circular orbits.
 Coulomb’s force provides centripetal force to the electron to revolve in circular orbits around
the nucleus.

10. Limitation of Bohr’s atomic model :

 Bohr atom model is valid only for hydrogen like-atoms but not for complex atoms.
 Bohr atom model fails to explain :
a. Faint lines called fine structure that accompanies hydrogen spectrum line.
b. Intensity variations in the spectral lines.
c. The distribution of electrons in various levels

11.

(i) Only a small fraction of number of α-particles rebound back. This shows that the number of α-
particles undergoing head on collision is very small. The conclusion is that the entire positive charge
of atom is concentrated in a small volume called the nucleus.

(ii)At the distance of head on approach, the entire kinetic energy of α-particle is converted into
electrostatic potential energy. This distance of head on approach gives an upper limit of the size of
nucleus (denoted by ro ) and is given by
1 2Ze2
r0 = = 10-14 m.
4πε0 Ek