ALDENYDE, KETONES AND

CARBOXYLIC ACID

Aldehyde:one or aro

Ketone -
I -
a
co

couboxylic .
↑1
as
1004
-

conte

CLASSIFICATION

1) AFHYMES: A) Aliphatic Aldehyde

B) Aromatic
Aldehyde
contain 'R'as
Aliphatic Aldehydes
the main parentchain. 0

R-CHO or CH5-C-H
contains
Aromatic Aldehyde
the
benzene as main pacer
a

[]'
-n

- or
A
↑etones! as Simple ketones

6) Mixed Ketones

Simple ketones: same

group
11
both side of c-
present on
-

o
eg: R - 1 -

2 / cHz
-8 -CH,

Mixed tones:
arracted across
piFerent groups

Red
o

-
p) or
CH -
-CaH5

# MUSTAFA SIR
#malic Kones. Compands in which

the on either side is

one of group o
o
-'-cits
any group: [o or
Ar-3-R

Caroxylic Ad:
R-CO0H
Aliphatic
- Cupoxylic Acid.
Aromatic Caloxylic Acid: Ar-100n
m

coon:
of
Depending upon number

C13-coon
Mono Carboxylic:
Dicobocylic:C00n-C00n
StarCo0H
Toi Couboxylic
nc -

1001

c - 200 t

# MUSTAFA SIR
Nomenclatue.

# MUSTAFA SIR
Methods of Preparation of
Aldelyde
From
⑰ Alcoholi
(0) (0)
-> R-140 -> R-C00H
R-CHON
Acid
I also he I Aldelyde
201 Ketone
-

R ->
R -
CH

·'M
Alkenes
of
⑬
Ozonolysis
ctz
cp Cx 0 ->

cMcio-icn-e
es
=
-
+

propene
HCH0 +CHzCH0
② ration of nes I
~
on
.
f
Tauromeris
CH
CH H-04
CH = CH2
=
->
-
+

<
&My ne
o

(Hz d
- - H

Aceral
belyde
You
· f

H 0 -> CH
=
c -

11,
CHz
-
+

c
CH
-

↓Tahmen
=

propyne
o

Cr-'c -

CH3

Acetone

② From Aglides:
as senmund Ration ·

f
· pd 11

cHz-d H-H
H
-> Ctz c
- -

BaSOY + HC1
Acyl chlorida Acetaldelyte
O
o pd
1 ⑳ GH5 H
-

H
-
4 -
H ->

(45 C9 Bassy +HC/

-
-

Benzoyl chloride Benzaldely

3)
Using Grignard Reagent
-Bu

2CHz-MgBr +cdCk ->

(CHz), Cd + Ng
-c|
metty) magnesium Dimety I
bromide cadmium
o

2a+5d-CM cack
o

(215)d
11
+

x +
->
1
-

2245 Acetone
chlorida
Acetyl

⑥ Friedel Craft Acylation:

o
Ecr
[] 65
19
c 2) ->
(H5
-

Acell Acetophenone + Hc

Benzene Chloride

④
Stephen Reduction
SnC2
Cx 2(H) CH
-

CH NH
-

1C1
CHz
=
= +
-
- >

HC1
; mine hyth
Metty, de chicride

CH3CH0
ct
130+
A cetaldely do
Ezom
⑰ Miles
cts
-
N-NgBr 0
ChyNgBr
->
2 1
+

CHz
- =

Nettyl magnesim q
Methyl Cyanide (75
-
-

c13

bromide Acetone

⑰
From Aromatic
Hydrocarbon:
(i) Etard Reaction
CH3

o] +c0c []osCM,and

↓B0t
q
[]
- -
n

Benzaldehyde
ii) Side chain coinations
2t0

CH3CK
[B]
CHC12

[]
-

[ 0t
-

o
->

Toulene Benzal
Benzalda
chloride
iii) Gatterman. Koch Formylation ·

[] H's [
-cho

Benzene Benzaldely de

iv) From Etees;

o o

R-l-o-R DIBATH
R - I -
H
Esters 130+
Aldelyde

Acid
Preparation of
Carboxylic
⑰ From hitles:
04

2Hz
-
( 1
= +
420 -> [( c
-
N
=
-

1]
Hetty, cyanide O

(2)-
1
1
1
1
-

4] = 15
-
3 N-07(45
-

z
->

Ethanoic
c
11
-
04

Ethanamide
Acid

+
NH3
# MUSTAFA SIR
 chlorides
⑬
From Acyl ·
o

CH5-H-04-145 Ethanoic
on
+
HC
chloride Acid
Acetyl
⑥ From Anhydies:
① -4- CH3 2CH3(00N
(1 -c- 0 7 0
+ - ->

Aceli C
Acetic Anhydride Acid

⑬ From Ets
·
o H2SO4
c- or +

-1.0 CH
-

H-on ->
CH3
+

CH,
-

Acetic Acid
01
acetace
CH3
Mettyl
Methanol

# Raline drolysis
of
ster:
8 Naon -Ctz
-
c-0Na + CH304
0 ctz
+

24
-
- -

metey 1
Sodium
acetate
metal ↑ acetace alcol

CHyrCoNa+ NaOH ->ClooN +

NaoM
Acetic
Acid
Note:

⑰ From
Alkyl
Benzene

, kMnOy
(E
potassium Benzoic
Benzoate Acid

⑨ From Grignard Reagent (Dry Sc)

·
⑲
CHMg
Br c 0
=

-> [Cuz -049gB2]

-

Perry, magnesium
620mide
o
o Br
0n
-

[CH5 -'-oNyBe] H-04

+ -> CH5 + M9
-04
Acetic
Acid
 PROPERTIES SHOULD
PHYSICAL
NOTE:
BE REFERRED FROMTEX T

(p940264
-
266)

Chemical Properties ofAldelyde and Kecones

(A) Test
given by Aldehydes
Red
-
SCHIFFS colouration

5i (yel

Aldehyde TOLLENS Miros

Formed

Red ppt
F EH LINGS
Formed

ketonic
(B) Testgiven by group

sodium
Red
KETONES Nitro colocation
prosside Fone d

# MUSTAFA SIR
 chemical Reaction ofAldelytes
(HCN)
A) Hydrogen Cyanide
of
o
1 ctz aN
-
-

1 Han
(Hz ->
+
- -

Acetaldehyde Acetaldclyde
cycnolydria

3) Sodium bisulphite (NanSoz)

01
①
City
-
c -

C1z +
NaHSOs ->CR3-'_soNa
Acetone
+3
(C) Alcohol (R-04)
o
0,H
" 1
C1501 ->
CH3-C_0CH3
-

citz
+
-

A cetaldelyde Methanol is
Hemi acetal

·H

C43
- -

oce +CAyOr ->CT-CM

↓CH3
Aceta

Nore &
-
D) Addition Griguard Reagent
of
04
① ·N9B2 Hon

CH5-C-H CHNgBr
+

-> CH-c
-
1 -> CH5
ris
Acetaldelyde Propanzal

Derivative
(E) Ammonia -

1
#doForm Ration:
Ketone.
This reaction is applied by methyl
0
o

c c+3 3N00I>CHIz
+
NG0H
+CH5"coNa +24a04

cHz
-
-

sodium
Acetone Iodoform
hypo
o dire
·1

This is called as IODOFORM TEST

ALDOL CONDENSATION

This can
only
be performed by those

arom
which contain G-Hydrogen
aldelyde o o
NaOH
01 11 o
17 11
C
9:(Hz
1 H (Hz C H
->
-

c
CH5
-
c
-
-
-
- - + -

ii
Acetaldelyde butanal
2-Hydroxy

ctz
-

(M ch =
c
-

-
1

But-z -enal

# MUSTAFA SIR
 Cross Aldol condensation

also be used as
Note! Ketones can

Aldo l.
of
one ofthe component

action:
Cannizaro's
by
those
This reaction is applied
which does have
not
aldelyde
atom
Hydrogen
a -

·
E:Formaldelyde-> A -
C -
H

Benzaldayde
in
Colls-d-n
o o
o

-- 1 Naon 1 1-0Na C1504

c
->
+
-

1 H - +

H-
+
-

so dirm
Formardly de pomace
f g
0
1- 1 NaOH H-d_opla +CoH5CtOU
x-d -
1 1045
+
+ ->

Sotima Race Benzyl

 and Ketones
Oxidation ofAldelyde

R-d -n 07, R-C00N

Tsou
Aldelyde Carboxylic
Acid

is used as an
oxidising agent.
K2CuOz
oxidation
Note:Ketones
does not
undergoes
like cros
However strong oxidising again
Acid
convents below into
Carloscylic
carbon atom
less no of
containing

eg: CHz
- -n K4XnOu
-> 213 1004
Acetic Acid
Acetaldelyds
0

ctz -dc19
KMnOu
-> CH
c00n
Acetone Acetic
Heid

# MUSTAFA SIR
demmenson Reduction

(Hy
-
1 -
1 +

u(n)+p(15
za49 -

CH3
+
420

Ethane

Acefaldyde
⑧
zn/H9
1- 4-3 +
4(H)-> CH3Stz-CHz
cHz
-

H21
propane
Acetone

NNOLF-KISHNER REDUCTION

M H
1 0 HN-NH2 ->
cHz
-

C N-NHz
=

CHz
- +
=

Acetaldyde hydrazine hydrazone

H
OH CH2 CH20H
cHz 21z N2t
f - -

CHz MHz->
- +
-
c N
= -

Ethane
0

'-Cz +HaN-NM->
CAz-a
N N
= -

Cs
-

Acetone

Sz
N
= -

NM-CtCaCAs ta
-c Propane
# MUSTAFA SIR
 Electrophillic substitution Reaction

n
[] ->
on.

conc
Now Iso ignor
m- Nitro
Benzaldelyde benzaldayde
Acid
Chemical Properties of Carboxylic
Presence Cool can be
The of group
identified by laboratory
the test

given below
Litmus Test
As

B) Sodium bicarbonate Test

C) Ester Test

# MUSTAFA SIR
B) Emation Any pride
of &

o
11
PC/z R -
C -

c1

0
17
R-CO0N PC15 R -
C C) -

Carboxylic 0
19
A2id R C)
SOCIZ c
-
-

Acylchlo
#action with ammonia (NHz)
o

R-C001 NUz
+ - R -

Nz 420
+

O
o

If c- N*z Hi
CHz-dH
I
NHa-(Hz
+
-

Ethanamide
Ethano; c

Acid
a
o
H4 40
E- c1 Ct5
+

(Hz N
-

- +
H -

Acely/
chlside # MUSTAFA SIR

Formation Anlydida
of
⑥ o
o ·
1,05 11 11

27 E0r 10 c c=ctz
~
c-0 - c -

CH
-
+
- -

Acetic
Acid
Acetic Anhydride

# MUSTAFA SIR
NOTE:

Decarboxylation
o

0,
CH5-do-Na+ Noon
CHzH +NGLCs
Sodium methane
acerate
# MUSTAFA SIR

Reduction:
m

Carbonylic
acid on reduction
gives fall.

CM-coonAl, CHCH O
&th alcold