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Chapter 2 Class 11th
Chapter 2 Class 11th
Chapter 2 Class 11th
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behaviours to understand properly.
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Prediction -After describing we can predict the behaviour, we
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forecast that under certain conditions that perticual behaiour
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may occur.
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Explanation -This goal focuses on the factors that do or do not
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cause that behaviour. Try to identify determinants of behaviour
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reach on same conclusion) & Systematic ( steps should follow)
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manner.
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meanings etc. A different method known as interpretive has
emerged. It emphasizes understanding over explanation and
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prediction.
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This viewpoint emphasizes the importance of human beings
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give meaning to events and actions and interpret them as a
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occurred in a particular context.
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It relates to individual’s behaviour, subjective
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experiences and mental processes.
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Method of data collection and characteristics of
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participants aslo, affect the nature and quality of data.
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psychological data are independent entities.
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- Powerful and effective method - Its just noticing other person
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in natural or lab setting
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A scientific observation is different from day to day observation
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in many respects.
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These are: a) Selection b) Recording c) Analysis of data
Types of observation : -
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EXPERIMENTAL METHOD :
-It is a method in which we study cause - effect relationship
between two sets of events or variables in controlled settings.
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- Cause= changed event
- Effect= change in behaviour
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- Another important term is Variable which is any stimulus or
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event which varies I.e, it takes on different values and can be
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measured.
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manipulated variable is absent in control group
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All relevant variables in experimental studies that might influence
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depedent variable need to be controlled. These are of 3 major types:
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organismic variable, situational or environmental variables operating
at a time of conducting the experiment. Sequential variable. There
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are some techniques used to control relevant variables.
2) Field experiments and Quasi (as if) experiments
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CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH :
It is a type of non experimental research in which the
researcher measures two variables and assesses the statistical
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relationship between them with little or no effort to control
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extraneous variable.
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The correlation is of three types: Positive correlation, Negative
correlation, Zero correlation.
SURVEY RESEARCH : y ch
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- It came into existence to study opinions, attitudes and social
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facts. Main concern initially was to find out the existing reality
or baseline. It is sophisticated techinque which help in
inferring various kinds of casual relationships.
- It includes different techniques for collecting information
like personal interview, telephonic surveys, etc.
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1) Personal interview
-Types of interviews: structured or standardised and
unstructured or non-standardised.
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- Combination of participants in an interview situation:
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individual to individual, individual to group , group to
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individuals, group to group.
2) Questionnaire survey y ch
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- Pre determined set of questions.
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PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING :
To assess the various human characteristics, psychology have
constructed different types of psychological tests.
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It is a standardised and objective.
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The construction of a test is a systematic process and involves
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certain steps. It involves detailed analysis of items and
estimating reliability, validity and norms of the whole test.
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Reliability of the test refers to the consistency of scores obtained
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by an individual on the same test on two different occasions.
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Types of test :
- Depending upon language we have verbal, non verbal and
performance tests.
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- Depending upon mode of administration we have individual and
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group tests.
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- Also classified as speed and power tests.
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CASE STUDY
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- In depth study of a particular case.
- It involves multiple methods for collecting information like
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ANALYSIS OF DATA :
After collecting the data, the researcher’s aim is to draw
conclusion. There are two methods we use for methodological
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approaches for the analysis of data.
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QUANTITATIVE METHOD - In this, the researcher converts
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the psychological attributes into quantity (usually numbers). -
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Quantitative research is the process of collecting and
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analyzing numerical data. There are some statistical methods
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to do it.
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psychological measurement.
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Lack of true zero point
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Relative nature of psychological tools
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ETHICAL ISSUES :
As psychological research is basically concerned with
human behaviour, so the reseacher should follow some
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ethics. These are:
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1) Voluntary participation (choice of being
participant or not)
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2) Informed consent (information of the experiment)
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3) Debriefing (necessary information of the research)
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Topics Covered :
Goals of Psychological Enquiry
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Steps in Conducting Scientific Research
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Alternative Paradigms of Research
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Nature of Psychological Data
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Some Important Methods in Psychology
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Analysis of Data
Limitations of Psychological Enquiry
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Ethical Issue
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