A variation of the etching technique in which

lines are scratched with a needle directly into

the copper printing plate.
Engraving
Woodcut, engraving and etching were the main
methods of making prints before the invention
of photography.
To make an engraving, a plate, usually of
copper, is cut with a burin (a sharp gouging
tool). The plate is put in a press and ink rolled
onto it. The ink is retained in the cuts and
transferred to the paper.
Etching
Etching was one of the main methods of making
prints before the invention of photography.
In etching the printing plate is covered in
varnish. The design is scratched through with a
needle. Acid is applied, which bites into the
exposed metal, but does not affect the covered
areas, thus etching the design onto the plate.
The varnish is removed, and the plate inked for
transfer to paper. The longer the acid is applied,
the deeper the lines are etched, and the darker
they are and faint lines are 'stopped out' with
varnish after only a little biting. Lines can be cut
directly into the metal with a needle, a process
known as drypoint. The metal thrown up by the
needle - the burr - catches the ink and creates
a particularly rich effect.
Fake
A fake is an object that has been tampered with
for the purposes of fraud – for example, by
adding a signature or creating a false
provenance.
Foreshorten
If an object or person is foreshortened it is
depicted as though receding from the viewer
into the picture space.
To achieve this effect successfully requires
knowledge of the laws of perspective.
Forgery
A forgery is an object created in direct imitation
of another artist’s manner with the intention to
deceive the viewer.