Addressing financial vulnerabilities, ensuring financial stability in the face of global

economic challenges and increase in financially marginalised communities.

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Greetings Diplomats!

We are truly excited to extend a warm welcome to all of you as we

approach the Bangalore Finance Meeting. Our summit is set to
tackle some of the most pressing global financial challenges,
including addressing financial vulnerabilities, ensuring financial
stability amidst a backdrop of economic uncertainties, and
focusing on the upliftment of financially marginalized
communities. These topics have been thoughtfully chosen to
encompass the multifaceted nature of financial dynamics in our
world today.

Throughout the conference, we encourage you to immerse

yourselves in in-depth research, thoughtful debates, and creative
problem-solving. Remember that your role as diploma goes
beyond representing your assigned countries; it involves
collaborative efforts to construct viable solutions that will
resonate on a global scale.

The success of the Bangalore Finance Meeting rests on your

shoulders, and we have every confidence in your dedication and
diplomatic skills. Your participation promises to be an
enlightening experience, and we eagerly anticipate the insights
and resolutions that will emerge from your discussions.

Should you have any questions or require assistance in the lead-

up to the conference, please do not hesitate to reach out to us at.
We eagerly await your arrival in Bangalore Finance Meeting and
the contributions you will make towards shaping a brighter
financial future for all.

Warm regards,

Arjun Pillai (CHAIRPERSON)

Email- pillaiarjun1321@gmail.com
Manveer Soni (VICE CHAIRPERSON)
Email- manveersoni16@gmail.com
In the pursuit of informed dialogue and collaborative problem-
solving, the Substance and Resource Department is honored to
present this background guide for the Bangalore Finance Meeting.
As we embark on this collective endeavor, it is our privilege to
provide you, the diplomats, with the foundational knowledge and
context necessary to navigate the complex challenges awaiting
our consideration.

This guide is more than a collection of facts and figures; it

represents the culmination of extensive research and analysis,
undertaken with the utmost dedication. Our goal is to offer you a
comprehensive understanding of the critical issues at the heart of
this meeting, transcending mere information to empower you
with insights, perspectives, and historical perspectives that will
enrich your deliberations.
As you delve into these pages, you will find not only a detailed
exploration of the topics but also a call to action. We believe in
the potential of this meeting to foster meaningful change, and
this guide is your compass on that journey. It serves as a
testament to our shared commitment to diplomacy, cooperation,
and the pursuit of equitable solutions.
With a sense of purpose and the knowledge within these pages,
we invite you to engage in thoughtful discourse, collaborate with
fellow diplomats, and contribute to the resolutions that will
shape our shared future. Let us embark on this journey with open
hearts and open minds, united by a common aspiration: to leave a
lasting and positive impact on the world we inhabit.
Together, we have the opportunity to transform challenges into
opportunities, and dialogue into action. We are excited to witness
the vibrant exchange of ideas and the forging of connections that
will occur during this meeting, and we are confident that your
contributions will chart a course toward a brighter tomorrow.
With optimism and anticipation,
Shagun Chaturvedi
Chief Executive of Substance and Resource
APSK Model G20 Summit 2023
The rules of procedure play a vital role in the G20 summit experience by
establishing a structured framework for productive and organized debates.
Just as real world diplomacy adheres to specific protocols, the ROP guides
G20 participants in navigating discussions, speeches and decision making.
This set of guidelines ensures that all diplomats have equal opportunities to
express their viewpoints, engage in constructive dialogue and contribute to
the formation of resolutions. Ultimately, the ROP not only enhances the
authenticity of the G20 simulation but also fosters an environment where
participants develop critical understanding of global issues and practice the
art of diplomacy in a respectful and well-ordered manner.

It is the process of calling out diplomats' names from a list to verify their
presence. The diplomats are supposed to state their presence by saying
'present' or 'present in executive action'. By saying 'present in executive
action' the diplomats have to vote either for or against a particular
proceeding, whereas by saying present the diplomat has a choice of
refraining from motive.

In the context of MODEL G20 SUMMIT, The plenary speaker lineup is a

designated order in which diplomats can address the meeting to share their
opinions, present their country's stance on the topic under discussion, or
propose solutions. Diplomats indicate their desire to be added to the PSL by
raising their placards. The president then calls upon diplomats in the order
they were added to the list, allowing them to speak on the topic. The PSL
provides structure and equal speaking opportunities for all diplomats during
the general debate phase of a G20 session.

In MODEL G20 SUMMIT, a coordinated symposium is a structured discussion

session in which diplomats debate specific topics or issues related to the
agenda. The president controls the speaking time and the flow of the
discussion. The Diplomats raise their placards to request speaking turns,
and the president recognizes them one by one. Coordinated symposiums
provides an opportunity for the diplomats to engage in focused and in-depth
discussions, share their perspectives, propose solutions, and seek consensus
among the participants. The president maintains order and ensures that the
discussion remains relevant to the chosen topics.
TO RAISE A MOTION IN COORDINATED SYMPOSIUM – ‘The diplomat of India
would like to raise a motion to enter into a coordinated symposium for the
topic for total time being 30 minutes and individual speaker time being 90
seconds.’
Uncoordinated symposium is a session in which diplomats have the freedom
to move around, interact, and collaborate with the fellow diplomats to
discuss topics on the agenda. Unlike a coordinated symposium, there is no
formal speaking time or structured moderation by the president. During an
uncoordinated symposium, diplomats are encouraged to form small groups,
negotiate, draft resolutions, and exchange ideas more informally. The
absence of strict time limits and formal recognition of speakers foster a
more dynamic and collaborative environment
TO RAISE A MOTION FOR UNCOORDINATED SYMPOSIUM – ‘The diplomat of India
would like to raise a motion to enter into an uncoordinated symposium for
the total time being 30 minutes.’

Motion refers to a formal request or proposal made by a diplomat during a

meeting. These motions are essential to the procedural aspects of a
meeting,and they serve various purposes. Some common motions are as
follows:
Motion to Open Debate: This is typically the first motion made in a meeting,
and it is used to begin discussions on the agenda items.
Motion to Set the Agenda: Diplomats propose and vote on the order in which
agenda items will be discussed.
Motion for Coordinated Symposium: This motion allows for a structured
debate on a specific topic, with diplomats taking turns speaking for a set
amount of time.
Motion for Uncoordinated Symposium: This motion suspends the formal
debate and allows diplomats to informally discuss and collaborate on
issues.
Motion to Table: Diplomats use this motion to temporarily suspend
discussion on a topic or resolution. It can be useful when there’s a need for
further research or negotiation.
Motion to Close Debate: When diplomats believe that sufficient discussion
has occurred on a topic, they can propose to end the debate and move to the
voting phase.
Motion to Adjourn: This motion is used to end the meeting for the day or
until the next scheduled session.
Motion for a Presentee Census: When a vote is called, diplomats can request
a presentee census vote, where each diplomat’s position is announced
individually.

Yields refer to the action of a diplomat giving up or transferring their

speaking time or the floor to another diplomat or to President. Yields are of
the following types :
 A diplomat can yield their speaking time to the President.
Yield to the President
This typically happens when a diplomat has finished their speech or
statement and wants to formally end their speaking turn.
Yield to the Previous Speaker: If a diplomat wishes to allow the diplomat who
spoke before them to continue or make additional comments, they can yield
to the previous speaker. This can be a way to engage in a back-and-forth
discussion.
Yield to the Next Speaker: When a diplomat has the floor but wishes to pass
it to a specific diplomat who has indicated a desire to speak next, they can
yield to the next speaker. This is a courteous way to allow the next diplomat
to take the floor.
Yield to Points of Information: During a diplomat’s speech, other diplomats
may raise “Points of Information” to ask questions or seek clarification. The
diplomat speaking can yield to these points to entertain questions and
engage in interactive discussion.

Points are procedural tools that the diplomats can use to interact and engage
during a meeting. Here are a few points:
Point of Parliamentary Inquiry: Diplomats raise a “Point of Parliamentary
Inquiry” when they seek clarification on the rules of procedure or how the
meeting is conducting its business. It is used to understand the current
status of the debate, the order of business, or any other procedural
questions.
Point of Personal Privilege: Diplomats raise a “Point of Personal Privilege”
when they are experiencing discomfort or an issue that affects their ability to
participate. For example, if the room temperature is too cold, a diplomat
might raise a Point of Personal Privilege to request an adjustment.
Point of Information: It is a procedural tool that allows diplomats to briefly
interject and ask a question or make a brief comment or clarification during
a debate or speech. Points of information are typically used when a diplomat
wishes to seek additional information from the speaker or challenge a
statement made by the speaker. These points are usually very short, lasting
no more than 15-30 seconds, and are subject to the discretion of the
President, who may choose to allow or disallow them.
Point of Clarification: It is a procedural tool used by diplomats to seek
clarification or ask questions about a speaker’s statement or a particular
aspect of the debate. When a diplomat raises a point of clarification, they are
not making a substantive argument or expressing their own opinion but are
simply seeking information to better understand the topic or the speaker’s
position. The President may allow or disallow points of clarification.
Point of Order: It is a procedural request made by a diplomat to bring
attention to a violation of the established rules of procedure during a
meeting. Diplomats raise points of order when they believe that the rules are
not being followed correctly, or there is a breach of decorum or fairness
within the meeting. The President is responsible for addressing and ruling on
points of order to ensure that the debate and proceedings adhere to the
established rules and guidelines.
An amendment refers to a formal proposal made by a diplomat to modify or
change specific aspects of a draft resolution or Statement of Interest being
discussed within a meeting. These amendments are crucial for diplomats to
fine-tune the content of the resolution to better address the concerns and interests
of member states. Here's how the process generally works:

Submission: Diplomats can submit amendments to the draft resolution.

These amendments can involve adding, deleting, or modifying clauses or
provisions within the resolution.
Debate: The meeting then debates each proposed amendment. Diplomats
may speak in favor of or against the proposed change, providing reasons for
their stance.
Voting: After the debate, the meeting votes on the amendment. If a majority
of the diplomats support it, the amendment is incorporated into the
resolution.
Continued Debate: Once all amendments have been considered and voted
upon, the meeting continues to debate and vote on the amended resolution
as a whole.

In Model G20 Summit, a Statement of Interest is a concise written document that presents a
diplomats or country's viewpoint, policies, and proposed solutions regarding the topics to
be discussed during the meeting. It serves as a pre-conference research and communication
tool, outlining the diplomat's understanding of the issues, their country's historical context
or stance, and specific actions they believe should be taken to address the problems at
hand. Statements of Interest are essential for diplomats to clarify their positions, inform
other participants of their priorities, and lay the groundwork for constructive debate,
negotiation, and collaboration within G20 committees.

A draft resolution is a formal written proposal that outlines a potential

solution to a specific issue or topic being discussed within a meeting.
Diplomats, often working together in blocs or groups, draft resolutions as a
means of presenting their ideas and recommendations for addressing global
challenges or conflicts. A typical draft resolution includes several key
elements:
Authors: Authors of a resolution are diplomats that take the lead in drafting
the resolution. They are responsible for formulating the content, including
the preambulatory and operative clauses. Authors are typically the primary
proponents of the resolution and are highly involved in its development.
Preliminary Provisions: These clauses provide background information,
context, and justification for the resolution. They often begin with phrases
like “Recognizing,” “Taking into consideration,” or “Aware of.”
Directive Provisions: Operative clauses contain specific actions, measures, or
recommendations that the meeting should take to address the issue. These
clauses often begin with verbs like “Urges,” “Calls upon,” “Recommends,” or
“Demands.”
Signatories: Diplomats that support and sponsor the draft resolution are
listed as signatories. They are the primary authors and advocates for the
resolution.
Co-Sponsors: Other diplomats that support the resolution but are not its
primary authors may be listed as co-sponsors. Co-sponsors express their
endorsement of the resolution’s content.
Votes: Draft resolutions include sections indicating how voting will occur
when the resolution is debated. This may include specifying whether a
simple majority or a two-thirds majority is required for the resolution to
pass.
Sources and Citations: If applicable, diplomats should provide references to
sources or international agreements that support the resolution’s content.

Panel Quandary refers to a dynamic and unpredictable element introduced

into a meeting to simulate real-world challenges and emergencies. It is
designed to test the crisis management and decision-making skills of
diplomats. These quandaries can take various forms, such as breaking news,
riots, unexpected developments, disasters, or sudden international incidents
related to the topics under discussion. Diplomats must respond to these
quandaries in real-time, adapting their strategies and resolutions to address
the new challenges they present. Panel Quandary simulations add an element
of realism, urgency, and excitement to the summit, requiring diploma to
think quickly, collaborate effectively, and make diplomatic decisions under
pressure, enhancing the educational experience of the summit.

Voting refers to the formal process by which diplomats, cast their ballots or
express their positions on resolutions, amendments, or other substantive
matters under consideration. Voting is a crucial step in the decision-making
process during meetings. Diplomats may vote to approve or reject draft
resolutions, amendments, or procedural motions, and the outcome of these
votes determines the course of action taken by the meeting. Different voting
methods, such as simple majority, two-thirds majority, or consensus, may be
employed. The voting process plays a significant role in shaping the
outcomes of summits and reflects the consensus-building and diplomatic
aspects of international diplomacy.
Simple Majority: Simple majority voting requires more “in favor” votes than
“against” votes for a motion or resolution to pass.
Two-Thirds Majority: Some important decisions in the meetings require a
higher threshold for approval. A two-thirds majority means that at least two-
thirds of the voting members must support the motion or resolution for it to
pass.
Consensus: Achieving consensus means that all diplomats in the
meeting are in complete agreement on a particular issue or resolution.
Abstention: When a diplomat chooses not to vote either in favor or against a
motion or resolution, they abstain. Abstentions are often used to signal
neutrality or to avoid taking a position.
"Global debt management is like a symphony – each nation's fiscal
responsibility contributes to the harmonious stability of the world
economy." – Philip Fisher

Bangalore finance meeting reiterates its commitment of

maintaining a strong and effective Global Financial Safety Net
with a strong, quota-based, and adequately resourced IMF at its
centre, Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs) play a key role in
development financing. While maintaining their focus on poverty
reduction and all other Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It
recognizes the urgency to address debt vulnerabilities in low and
middle-income countries, strengthening multilateral coordination
by official bilateral and private creditors is needed to address the
deteriorating debt situation and facilitate coordinated debt
treatment for debt-distressed countries.

Since the last meeting in October 2022, the global economic

outlook has modestly improved. However, global growth remains
slow, and downside risks to the outlook persist, including
elevated inflation, a resurgence of the pandemic and tighter
financing conditions that could worsen debt vulnerabilities in
many Emerging Market and Developing Economies (EMDEs). It
therefore facilitates the need for well-calibrated monetary, fiscal,
financial, and structural policies to promote growth and maintain
macroeconomic as well as financial stability. We will continue to
enhance macro policy cooperation and support the progress
towards the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.
Financial stability can be more broadly defined as “a condition in
which the financial system can facilitate real economic activities
smoothly and is capable of unravelling financial imbalances
arising from shocks.
• ‘Stability of financial institutions’ refers to a condition in
which individual financial institutions are sound enough to
carry out their financial intermediation function adequately,
without assistance from external institutions including the
government.
• ‘Stability of financial markets’ means a condition in which
there is no major disruption of market transactions, with no
significant deviation of financial asset prices from economic
fundamentals, thereby enabling economic agents to raise
and operate funds with confidence.
• ‘Stability of financial infrastructure’ refers to a condition in
which the financial system is well structured to ensure
smooth operation of market discipline, and both the
financial safety net and the payment and settlement system
are running effectively.
Financial stability is an essential requirement not only for
price stability, the policy goal of the central bank, but also
for healthy development of the economy.
Since the 1980s, many countries around the world have
achieved the positive effects of rapid financial industry
growth owing to the progress of financial liberalization. At
the same time, however, they have also experienced periods
of dramatic slowdown in economic growth, due to heavy
economic expenses arising from financial instability or
financial crises.
Against this backdrop, many countries have started to place
great emphasis on financial stability when implementing
their policies. Attention paid to financial stability is growing,
as new factors with the potential to generate financial
instability, including the strengthening of financial sector
links among countries and the rampant development of
complex financial instruments, have recently emerged. As
 Charbel TadRos said "Stability isn't just a destination; it's
the journey toward economic resilience." Therefore, it is our
duty to deliberate and discuss on it.

“This is not the time for short-term thinking or knee-jerk fiscal

austerity that exacerbates inequality, increases suffering and could
put the SDGs farther out of reach. These unprecedented times
demand unprecedented action,” said António Guterres, United
Nations Secretary-General.
According to the 2023 report by the World Economic Outlook
global growth declines to about 2.5 percent in 2023 with
advanced economy growth falling below 1 percent.
• Amid high inflation, aggressive monetary tightening and
heightened uncertainties, the current downturn has slowed
the pace of economic recovery from the COVID-19 crisis,
threatening several countries —with the prospects of
recession in 2023. Growth momentum significantly
weakened in the United States, the European Union and
other developed economies in 2022, adversely impacting the
rest of the global economy through a number of channels.
• According to the report, slower growth, coupled with
elevated inflation and mounting debt vulnerabilities,
threatens to further set back hard-won achievements in
sustainable development, deepening the already negative
effects of the current crises.
• A series of severe and mutually reinforcing shocks — the
COVID-19 pandemic, the war in Ukraine and resulting food
and energy crises, surging inflation, debt tightening, as well
as the climate emergency — battered the world economy in
2022. Against this backdrop, world output growth is
projected to decelerate from an estimated 3.0 per cent in
2022 to 1.9 per cent in 2023, marking one of the lowest
growth rates in recent decades.
In most OECD countries, the gap between rich and poor is at its
highest level since 30 years. Today, the richest 10 per cent of the
population in the OECD area earn 9.5 times the income of the
poorest 10 per cent.
• The marginalised communities in almost any region tend to
be minority communities that have been targets of long-
standing discrimination, exclusion and sometimes violence,
The dire situation of so many ethnic, religious or linguistic
minorities is often exacerbated by numerous and complex
factors, Discrimination and inequality circumscribe every
aspect of their life opportunities .They are often denied
equal access to quality education.
• Disadvantaged minorities are commonly poorly represented
in political structures and decision making bodies and
consequently have little control over decisions that affect
them. Lacking a voice in shaping their own circumstances,
they are vulnerable to neglect. And when disasters strike,
these communities are most likely to be at the back of the
line for humanitarian assistance, if not totally forgotten.
Countries such as Syria, Somalia, Myanmar, South Sudan
among others get handed the shortest end of the stick in
such humanitarian crisis.

Debt-trap diplomacy is a theory that describes a powerful lending

country or institution seeking to saddle a borrowing nation with
enormous debt so as to increase its leverage over it.
China’s Dept-Trap Diplomacy:
gains rapid political and economic ascendency across the globe,
China is dispensing billions of dollars in the form of concessional
loans to developing countries, mostly for their large-scale
infrastructure projects. These developing nations, which are
primarily low- or middle-income countries, are unable to keep up
with the repayments, and Beijing then gets a chance to demand
concessions or advantages in exchange for debt relief.
The ‘concessionality’ factor in this is achieved either by offering
interest rates that are below the market rates or leniency in the
grace period, and often with a combination of both.

• Financial institutions are organizations that provide many

services, such as accepting deposits, making investments,
advancing loans, offering foreign exchange services, etc.
These organizations play a crucial role within a capitalistic
economic system, as they regulate the economy, ensure fair
financial practices, connect savers and spenders and
facilitate prosperity to facilitate transactions and act as a
government agent for economic growth these roles are
played by the financial institutions such as IMF and World
Bank. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World
Bank share a common goal of raising living standards in
their member countries. Their approaches to achieving this
shared goal are complementary: he IMF focuses on
macroeconomic and financial stability while the World Bank
concentrates on long-term economic development and
poverty reduction.

• These international financial institutions assist the member

nations in various capacities by – providing loans, filling
deficit gaps and providing technical assistance. However the
work of such institutions have often been criticised for its
passive approach, unsound policies, inadequate resources
and high interest rates.

3.2 Examining the Role of Government Policies in Safeguarding

Financial Stability for All:
• Government policies play a crucial role in safeguarding
financial stability for all. These policies encompass a range
of measures including regulatory framework, fiscal policies,
consumer protection and crisis management. Governments
also monitor the financial sector through regulatory bodies
and may establish safety nets, such as unemployment
benefits and social welfare programs, to assist the public
during economic downturns. Examining the adequacy of
these policies in safeguarding financial stability is essential
to ensure that financial systems benefit all citizens and
withstand economic challenges.
• Bilateral trade agreements promoting the exchange of goods
between two nations promoting trade and investments such
as the Morocco Free Trade Agreement (MFTA) between
Morocco and USA which enabled Moroccan goods to enter
duty free and virtually are also relevant to the cause. Under
the Authorised Economic Operator Recognition Agreement
(AEO) Brazil and USA also entered into a similar trade
agreement which allowed greater agility and predictability in
cargo movements between the two agreements.

• Technical innovations including introduction of stability and

financial equity policies referring to the stocks or shares of
companies in the financial sector which facilitate stock
exchanges are also of great importance. Such as the
Berkshire Hathaway Inc. of United States, Noruma Holdings
Inc. of Japan also allow for trade in stocks, especially
relevant to developed economies.
• Moreover, initiatives aimed at Bridging financial inclusion
such as the Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) and
Aadhar Scheme (UIDAI) by the Indian government;
introduction of tax credits and minimum wage by UK have
boosted the promotion of the well-being for the citizens.
 .

"No one can whistle a symphony. It takes a whole orchestra to play

it." - H.E. Luccock”
Following are some flourishing examples of community
empowerment initiatives taken to combat economic fragility by
countries such as :-
South Africa - National Development Plan (NDP):
South Africa's NDP emphasizes inclusive economic growth and
community development. It includes initiatives such as the
Expanded Public Works Programme (EPWP), which provides job
opportunities in public infrastructure projects, contributing to
economic empowerment.
India - National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA):
NREGA guarantees 100 days of wage employment in a financial
year to rural households, aiming to enhance livelihood security.
This initiative not only provides income but also focuses on
creating durable assets in rural areas.
Brazil - Bolsa Família:
Bolsa Família is a conditional cash transfer program that supports
low-income families. It provides financial assistance to families
who meet certain criteria related to healthcare and education,
contributing to poverty reduction and improved well-being.
These examples showcase the diverse approaches countries take
to empower their communities fiscally, addressing specific
challenges and leveraging local strengths.

Individually, we are one drop. Together,we are an ocean." -

Ryunosuke Satoro
This emphasizes the power of collective action in uplifting
marginalized communities. It's heartening to see your
commitment to this cause. Here's a breakdown of your approach:
Defining Objectives, Identifying Stakeholders, and Planning:
These initial steps lay the foundation for a purposeful and
organized effort. Clarity of objectives and stakeholder
engagement strategies are vital.
Facilitating Open Dialogue and Brainstorming: This step is where
diverse perspectives and ideas can emerge. It's essential to create
a space where stakeholders feel comfortable sharing and
brainstorming collaboratively.
Your call to action to "champion, change, commit, and
collaborate" is inspiring. Diplomats can play a crucial role in
bridging gaps, fostering partnerships, and advocating for policy
changes that support marginalized communities. It's a noble
endeavour that can lead to meaningful positive impact.
https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/GFSR
https://www.fsb.org/wp-content/uploads/r_130905c.pdf?page_moved=1
https://www.imf.org/en/Blogs/Articles/2023/07/13/weak-global-economy-
high-inflation-and-rising-fragmentation-demand-strong-g20-action
https://www.imf.org/external/np/g20/pdf/100109.pdf
https://www.imf.org/external/np/g20/pdf/110211.pdf
https://g20sfwg.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/RoadMap_Final14_1…