MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 4

MODUL • FIZIK TINGKATAN 4

JAWAPAN / ANSWER
JAWAPAN / ANSWERS

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 MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 4

Unit
Unit PENGUKURAN Berikan definisi kuantiti magnitud
151 MEASUREMENT skalar. [suhu, masa, laju,
jarak, isi padu]
magnitude

1.1 Define scalar quantity.

[temperature, time, speed,
Apakah itu kuantiti fizik? asas; terbitan distance, volume]
What is physical quantity? base; derived
Berikan definisi kuantiti magnitud; arah
Apakah itu kuantiti kuantiti asas vektor. [halaju, pecutan, magnitude; direction
terbitan? base quantities sesaran, momentum,
What is derived quantity? daya]
Define vector quantity.
Nyatakan perbezaan (a) Inci / Inch [velocity, acceleration,
antara unit metrik dan (b) Kaki / Foot displacement, momentum,
unit imperial. (c) Ela / Yard force]
State the differences
between metric unit and Pertimbangkan
kuantiti-kuantiti yang Kuantiti vektor (terdapat arah
imperial unit.
disenaraikan di dalam disertakan pada kelajuan)
jadual. Kategorikan Vector quantity (there is direction
setiap kuantiti sama listed for the speed)
1 l
ada kuantiti vektor atau Kuantiti vektor (terdapat arah
kilogram kuantiti skalar. disertakan pada jarak)
Consider the following Vector quantity (there is direction
s
quantities listed in the listed for the distance)
T table. Categorise each
quantity as being either a Kuantiti skalar (arah tidak terlibat)
ampere vector quantity or a scalar Scalar quantity (there is no
quantity. direction involved)
JAWAPAN / ANSWER

2
Kuantiti skalar (arah tidak terlibat)
V l × l × l = l3 m3 Scalar quantity (there is no
direction involved)
m m m
ρ ρ= = 3
v l×l×l l Kuantiti skalar (arah tidak terlibat)
Scalar quantity (there is no
v ms –1
direction involved)
m m
a = 2 m s–2
t×t t Contoh / Example
kg m s ;–2
F (a) 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0
newton (N)
3.0 6.0 9.0 12.0 15.0
p p=m×v kg m s–1

kg m–1 s–2; (b)

P Isi padu, V / cm3
pascal (Pa) Volume, V / cm3

kg m2 s–2;
W 16
joule (J)

Q Q=I×t 14

12
ml 1 ml2 kg m2 s–3;
P × = 2 10
t2 t t watt (W)

( ) = ml2t
2
1 1 1 2
8
Ke Ke = × m × v2 ×m×
2 2 t 2

6 Δy = y2 – y1
l ml2
Ep m× 2 ×l= 2
t t 4
W
V V= 2
Q
Δx = x2 – x1
V Jisim, m / g
R R= 0 20 40 60 80 100 Mass, m / g
I

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 MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 4

(c) V berkadar terus dengan m. LATIHAN PENGUKUHAN / ENRICHMENT EXERCISE

V is directly proportional to m. Soalan Objektif / Objective Questions
(d) V = 7.4 cm3
1 C 2 A 3 B 4 B 5 B 6 D
Δy
(e) m = 7 A 8 C
Δx
y –y Soalan Struktur / Structure Question
= 2 1
x2 – x1 1 (a) x bertambah apabila F bertambah.
(15 – 0) cm3 x increases with F.
=
(100 – 0) g (b) Bagi setiap nilai F, ambil sekurang-kurangnya dua bacaan
= 0.15 cm3 g–1 bagi x. Kemudian ambil nilai purata bagi x.
(f) Luas di bawah graf / Area under the graph Take at least two measurements of x for each value of F.
1 Then take the average of x.
= × 100 g × 15 cm3
2 (c) x adalah berkadar terus dengan F.
= 750 cm3 g x is directly proportional to F.
(g) V = 18.0 cm3 (d) Elakkan ralat paralaks dengan memastikan aras mata adalah
sama dengan aras penunjuk.
Eksperimen / Experiment Avoid parallax errors by making sure that the eye-level is
the same as the pointer level.
Panjang bandul ringkas mempengaruhi tempoh
Inferens ayunan bandul ringkas.
Inference The length of a simple pendulum affects the Unit
Unit DAYA DAN GERAKAN I
period of oscillation of the simple pendulum. 152 FORCE AND MOTION I
Semakin panjang benang bandul ringkas, 2.1
Hipotesis semakin panjang tempoh ayunan.
Hypothesis The longer the length of the simple pendulum, Terangkan jarak. Skalar / Scalar
the longer its period of oscillation. Explain distance. meter (m)
Untuk menyiasat hubungan antara panjang Terangkan sesaran. Vektor / Vector

JAWAPAN / ANSWER
bandul ringkas dengan tempoh ayunan. Explain displacement. meter (m)
Tujuan
To investigate the relationship between the
Aim
length of a simple pendulum and its period of Contoh / Example
oscillation.
(a) (i) 1.5 km ke timur / 1.5 km to the east
Panjang bandul, l (ii) 0.5 km ke barat / 0.5 km to the west
The length of the pendulum, l (b) (i) 1.5 km + 1.5 km + 0.5 km + 0.5 km = 4 km
Pemboleh ubah
Tempoh ayunan bandul ringkas, T (ii) 0 km
Variables
The period of the simple pendulum, T
Jisim ladung bandul / Mass of pendulum bob Terangkan halaju. 1 Vektor / Vector
Explain velocity. 2 (a) arah gerakan / direction
Ladung bandul, benang 70 cm panjang, kaki (b) magnitud / magnitude
Bahan dan retort dan pengapit, jangka sudut, jam
radas randik dan pembaris meter. Contoh / Example
Materials and Pendulum bob, 70 cm length of thread, retort
(a) Jarak antara dua gambar berturut-turut bertambah. Halaju kereta
apparatus stand and clamp, protractor, stopwatch and
itu bertambah. Kereta itu memecut.
metre rule.
The distance between two consecutive images increases. Velocity
of the car is increasing. The car accelerates.
10.0 (b) Jarak antara dua gambar berturut-turut berkurang. Halaju kereta
itu berkurang. Kereta itu mengalami nyahpecutan.
20.0
The distance between two consecutive images decreases. Velocity
30.0 of the car is decreasing. The car decelerates.
Keputusan
Results 40.0 Latihan / Exercises
Jumlah jarak
50.0 1 (a) Laju purata =
Jumlah masa
60.0 Jarak OA = LajuOA × MasaOA

= 300 km j–1 × 1 jam
= 300 km
Analisis data 3 Ya / Yes
Jarak AB = LajuAB × MasaAB
Analysis of data
= 400 km j–1 × 1 jam
= 400 km
Semakin panjang benang bandul ringkas,
(300 km + 400 km)
Kesimpulan semakin panjang tempoh ayunan. ∴ Laju purata =
2 jam
Conclusion The longer the length of the simple pendulum,
the longer its period of oscillation. 700 km
=
2 jam
= 350 km j–1

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Total distance
Average speed = LANGKAH 4: Menentukan pecutan
Total time
STEP 4: Determine the acceleration
Distance OA = SpeedOA × TimeOA

= 300 km h–1 × 1 hour 1.5 cm
= 300 km uAB = = 7.5 cm s–1 t = (4 – 1) × 0.2 s = 0.6 s
2s
Distance AB = SpeedAB × TimeAB (37.5 – 7.5) cm s–1
7.5 cm a=

= 400 km h–1 × 1 hour vDE = = 37.5 cm s–1 0.6 s
0.2 s
= 400 km = 50.0 cm s–2
(300 km + 400 km)
∴ Average speed =
2 hours Latihan / Exercises
700 km
= 0.2 cm
2 hours 1 u= = 10 cm s–1
0.02 s
= 350 km h–1
(b) Dari (a); / From (a); 1.4 cm
v= = 70 cm s–1
JarakOA / DistanceOA = 300 km 0.02 s
JarakAB / DistanceAB = 400 km t = (5 – 1) × 0.02 s = 0.08 s
∴ SesaranOB / DisplacementOB (70 – 10) cm s–1
a= = 750 cm s–2 = 7.5 cm s–2
0.08 s

= (300 km)2 + (400 km)2 8.0 cm
= 400 km 2 u= = 80.0 cm s–1
0.1 s
∴ Halaju purata / Average velocity
2.0 cm
Sesaran / Displacement v= = 20.0 cm s–1
= 0.1 s
Masa / Time
t = (4 – 1) × 0.1 s = 0.3 s
500 km (20.0 – 80.0) cm s–1
= a= = –200 cm s–2 = –2.0 cm s–2
2j/h 0.3 s
= 250 km j–1 / km h–1
1
2 Kelajuan kedua-dua kereta itu adalah sama iaitu 80 km j–1 tetapi 3 (a) s = 0.02 s
50
halaju adalah tidak sama kerana arah kedua-dua kereta itu
(b) 0.02 × 10 = 0.2 s
berbeza.
JAWAPAN / ANSWER

2.0 cm
The speed of both cars is the same, that is, 80 km h–1 but the (c) u = = 10.0 cm s–1
0.2 s
velocity is not the same because the cars are in different
directions. 12.0 cm
(d) v = = 60.0 cm s–1
3 Halaju awal / Initial velocity, u = 0 0.2 s
Halaju akhir / Final velocity, v = 70 m s–1 (e) t = (11 – 1) × 0.2 s = 2.0 s
Masa yang diambil / Time taken, t = 10 s (60.0 – 10.0) cm s–1
(a) a = = 25.0 cm s–2
v–u 2.0 s
pecutan / acceleration, a =
t
(70 – 0) m s–1 Mengkaji jenis pergerakan linear
a = Study the types of linear motion
10 s
a = 7 m s–2
(i) • Halaju seragam / Uniform velocity
4 u = 50 m s–1, v = 0 m s–1, t = 20 s
v–u (ii) • Pecutan seragam / Uniform acceleration
Pecutan / acceleration, a =
t • bertambah / increases
0 – 50
= (iii) • Nyahpecutan seragam / Uniform deceleration
20
• berkurang / decreases
= –2.5 m s–2
Nyahpecutan / Deceleration = 2.5 m s–2
Latihan / Exercises
Kaedah pengiraan halaju dan pecutan bagi gerakan linear 1 u = 0, v = 25 m s–1, t = 4 s, a = ?
Calculation method of velocity and acceleration of linear motion v = u + at
v – u 25 m s–1 – 0
LANGKAH 1: Menentukan masa diambil untuk jumlah detik. a= = = 6.25 m s–2
t 4s
STEP 1: Determine the time taken for total ticks.
2 u = 0, a = 3 m s–2, t = 4 s, s = ?
(b) 0.02 1 2
s = ut + at
(c) 10; 0.2 2
1
LANGKAH 2: Menentukan sesaran = 0 + (3 m s–2)(4 s)2
2
STEP 2: Determine the displacement
= 24 m
8.0 3 u = 20 m s–1, t = 5 s, a = –3 m s–2, v = ?
v = u + at
LANGKAH 3: Menentukan halaju = 20 m s–1 + (–3 m s–2)(5 s)
STEP 3: Determine the velocity = 5 m s–1
4 u = 40 m s–1, v = 0, t = 8 s, s = ?
40.0
s = (
u+v
2 )
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 MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 4

(40 m s + 0)(8 s)
–1
1
t= = 160 m = (20 m s–1)(10 s)
2 2
Jarak penghalang dari kereta itu selepas berhenti = 100 m
The distance of the obstacle from the car after it stopped (ii) Sesaran / Displacement (LM)
= 180 m – 160 m = 10 m s–1 × 10 s = 100 m
= 20 m (iii) Sesaran / Displacement
1
= (10 m s–1)(10 s)
2.2 2
Pentafsiran jenis gerakan daripada graf halaju-masa = 50 m
Interpretation of types of motion for velocity-time graph (pada arah bertentangan / in opposite direction)
(d) (i) Jarak / Distance
1 • 0 1 1 1
= (10)(20) + (10 + 20)10 + (10)(10) + (5)(10)
• 0 2 2 2
• rehat / rest 1
(10)(10)
2
2 • 0
• 10 m s–1 × 2 s = 20 m = (100 + 150 + 100 + 25 + 50) m
• 20 = 425 m
• seragam / uniform (ii) Sesaran / Displacement

3
•
18 m s–1
= 6 m s–2
= [
1
2
1
(10)(20) + (10 + 20)10 + (10)(10) +
2

• 6ms
3s
–2
1
2 ] 1
(5)(10) – (10)(10)
2
1 = (100 + 150 + 100 + 25) m – 50 m
• (18 m s–1)(3 s) = 27 m
2 = 325 m
• 27 (e) (i) Laju purata / Average speed
• seragam / uniform 425 m
= = 9.44 m s–1
45 s
4 • malar; negatif / constant; negative
(ii) Halaju purata / Average velocity
• nyahpecutan / deceleration
325 m

JAWAPAN / ANSWER
= = 7.22 m s–1
45 s
Latihan / Exercises
20 m Ringkasan bagi bentuk graf gerakan linear
1 (a) (i) v= = 2 m s–1 Summary of shapes of linear motion graphs
10 s
(ii) v=0
s
20 m
(iii) v= = –4 m s–1
5s
Halaju sifar
(b) (i) A dan B: Halaju malar
Zero velocity
A and B: Constant velocity
(ii) B dan C: Dalam keadaan rehat
0 t
B and C: At rest
(iii) B dan C: Halaju malar tetapi objek bergerak dalam v
arah bertentangan atau bergerak semula ke belakang
B and C: Constant velocity but the object moves in Halaju negatif
0 t
opposite direction or going backward Negative velocity
(c) (i) (20 + 0 + 20) m = 40 m
(ii) (20 + 0 – 20) m = 0
jumlah jarak / total distance a
(d) (i)
masa / time
40 m Halaju seragam
= = 1.14 m s–1
35 s Uniform velocity
sesaran / displacement
(ii) =0
masa / time 0 t
20 m s–1 v
2 (a) (i) a= = 2 m s–2
10 s
(10 – 20) m s–1
(ii) a= = –1 m s–2 Pecutan seragam
(20 – 10) s
Uniform acceleration
(iii) a = 0
10 m s–1 0 t
(iv) a=– = –2 m s–2
5s
(b) (i) JK: pecutan malar / constant acceleration
(ii) LM: halaju malar / pecutan sifar
(iii) KL: nyahpecutan malar (tetap) / constant deceleration
(iv) MN: nyahpecutan malar (tetap) / constant deceleration
(c) (i) Sesaran / Displacement

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Terangkan pecutan yang disebabkan oleh graviti, g

s
Explain acceleration due to gravity, g
kekuatan medan graviti / gravitional field strength
Nyahpecutan seragam
kekuatan medan graviti / gravitional field strength
Uniform deceleration

0 Contoh / Example
t
1 (a) Halaju bola itu meningkat dengan seragam
The velocity of the ball increases uniformly
Latihan / Exercises (b) Kecerunan ialah pecutan bola itu
20 m The gradient is the acceleration of the ball
1 (i) OP: halaju / velocity = = 10 m s–1
2s (c) Bola tersebut bergerak dengan pecutan seragam
20 m The ball moves with uniform acceleration
QR: halaju / velocity = – = –10 m s–1 2 (a) Halaju meningkat dengan seragam.
2s
10 m The velocity increases uniformly.
RS: halaju / velocity = – = –10 m s–1 (b) Sama / Same
1s
(ii) s = (20 + 0 – 20 – 10) m = –10 m (c) Jisim tidak mempengaruhi pecutan.
10 m s–1 Mass does not affect the acceleration.
2 (i) OA: pecutan / acceleration = = 1 m s–2
10 s
Eksperimen / Experiment
10 m s–1
BC: pecutan / acceleration = = –2 m s–2 Tujuan / Aim
50 s
(ii) Jumlah sesaran / Total displacement Menentukan nilai pecutan graviti Bumi.
1 To determine the Earth’s gravitational acceleration.
= (25 + 10)s (10 m s–1)
2 Perbincangan / Discussion
= 175 m 1 Objek bergerak sangat laju. / The object moves very fast.
2 Pecutan seragam. / Uniform acceleration.
Kesimpulan / Conclusion 3 Rintangan udara yang kecil boleh diabaikan.
1 halaju / velocity The small air resistance is negligible.
2 pecutan / acceleration 4 Pegang pita detik dalam keadaan menegak dan lepaskannya.
JAWAPAN / ANSWER

3 sesaran / displacement Pastikan ia jatuh melalui jangka masa detik dengan lancar.
Hold the ticker tape vertically when releasing it. Make sure it
2.3 slips through the ticker timer smoothly.
Apakah jatuh bebas? / What is free fall? 5 Pengiraan akan menjadi lebih tepat kerana ralat eksperimen
• vakum / vacuum dikurangkan.
• graviti / gravitational The calculation will be more accurate because experimental
errors are reduced.
Contoh / Example s s v–u
6 u = 1     v = 2     a =
1 (a) (i) Bola golf. / The golf ball. t1 t2 t
(ii) Kertas mempunyai luas permukaan yang besar. Jadi 7 Nilai daripada eksperimen adalah lebih rendah berbanding
lebih banyak rintangan udara yang bertindak ke dengan nilai sebenar. Alasannya ialah rintangan yang disebabkan
atasnya. oleh jangka masa detik.
The paper has large surface area. As such, the air The value from the experiment is lower than the actual value.
resistance acting on it is greater. The reason is the resistance caused by the ticker timer.
(b) (i) Kedua-duanya mencecah tanah pada masa yang sama. 8 Keputusan sepatutnya sama.
Both reach the floor at the same time. The result should be the same.
(ii) Kedua-dua objek mempunyai saiz dan luas permukaan 9 Jisim tidak mempengaruhi pecutan graviti, g.
yang sama. Jisim tidak memberi kesan kepada pecutan Mass does not affect the gravitational acceleration, g.
graviti.
Both objects have same size and surface area. Mass Latihan / Exercises
does not affect the gravitational acceleration. 1 (a) u = 0, s = 45 m,
2 (a) Penjelasan bagi (a) / Explanation on (a) g = 10 m s–2, t = ?
Rintangan udara; luas permukaan 1
air resistance; surface area s = ut + gt2
2
graviti; rintangan udara / gravitational; air resistance
1
(b) Pemerhatian / Observation 45 m = 0 + (10 m s–2)(t2)
2
Kedua-dua objek mencecah ke bawah pada masa yang
t2 = 9 s2
sama.
t = 3 s
Both objects reach the bottom at the same time.
(b) v = u + gt
Penjelasan bagi (b) / Explanation on (b) = 0 + (10 m s–2)(3 s)
rintangan udara; graviti / air resistance; gravity = 30 m s–1
jatuh bebas; jisim; bentuk / free fall; mass; shapes

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2 Untuk gerakan ke atas, / For the upward motion,

1 Tempoh ayunan / Period of oscillation
u = 30 m s–1, v = 0, g = –10 m s–2,
2 Semakin panjang tempoh ayunan, semakin
v = u + gt
besar inersia.
∴0 = 30 m s–1 + (–10 m s–2)(t)
The longer the period of oscillation, the
10t = 30 s
larger the inertia.
t = 3 s (gerakan ke atas / upward motion)
3 (a) Semakin besar jisim, semakin panjang
Maka, masa untuk gerakan ke bawah juga mengambil 3 saat. Perbincangan
tempoh ayunan.
Oleh itu, ia mengambil masa 6 saat. Discussion
The larger the mass, the longer the
The time taken for the downward motion is also 3 seconds.
period of oscillation.
So it takes a total of 6 seconds.
(b) Semakin besar jisim objek, semakin
3 (a) u = 0, s = 20 m, g = 10 m s–2, t = ?
besar inersianya.
1
s = ut + gt2 The larger the mass of the object, the
2
larger its inertia.
1
20 m = 0 + (10 m s–2)(t2)
2 Apabila jisim objek bertambah, inersianya juga
t2 = 4 s2 Kesimpulan bertambah.
t = 2 s Conclusion When the mass of an object increases, its inertia
(b) v2 = u2 + 2gs also increases.
v2 = 0 + 2(10 m s–2)(20 m)
∴v = 20 m s–1
Contoh-contoh situasi yang melibatkan inersia
4 (a) W = 5 kg × 10 m s–2 = 50 N
Examples of situations involving inertia
(b) g = 10 N kg–1 atau / or 10 m s–2
Kapal minyak yang besar mempunyai jisim yang lebih besar, jadi
(c) u = 0, s = 500 m, g = 10 m s–2
inersianya juga lebih besar. Oleh itu, ia adalah lebih sukar untuk
1
s = ut + gt2 memberhentikan kapal minyak.
2
The massive oil tanker has larger mass, so it has a larger inertia. So
1 it is more difficult to stop the oil tanker.
500 m = 0 + (10 m s–2)(t2)
2
t2 = 100 s2 Kaedah mengurangkan kesan buruk inersia
t = 10 s

JAWAPAN / ANSWER
Method to reduce the negative effects of inertia
1 hadapan / forward
2.4
2.5
Apakah Hukum • daya luar
Gerakan Newton external force Berikan definisi • kg m s–1; N s (Newton saat)
Pertama? momentum. kg m s–1; N s (Newton second)
What is the Newton’s Define momentum.
First Law of Motion? Apakah unit S.I. bagi
momentum?
Eksperimen / Experiment What is the S.I. unit
for momentum?
Inferens Inersia bergantung kepada jisim objek
Inference The inertia depends on mass of object Contoh / Example
Apabila jisim objek bertambah, inersianya juga 2 Momentum nenek / Momentum of granny, p1
Hipotesis bertambah. = m1v1 = (80 kg)(6 m s–1)
Hypothesis When the mass of an object increases, its inertia = 480 kg m s–1
also increases. Momentum Bobby / Momentum of Bobby, p2
= m2v2 = (40 kg) × (0 m s–1)
Jisim plastisin, m = 0 kg m s–1 (dalam keadaan rehat / at rest)
Mass of plasticine, m
Tempoh ayunan, T Situasi-situasi yang melibatkan Prinsip Keabadian Momentum
Pemboleh ubah Period of oscillation, T Situations that involved the Principle of Conservation of
Variables Panjang bilah Hacksaw / amplitud ayunan / Momentum
kekerasan bilah Hacksaw 1 (a) berkurang; bertambah / decreases; increases
Length of the Hacksaw blade / amplitude of (b) Ya / Yes
oscillation / stiffness of Hacksaw blade 2 (a) Duit syiling A berhenti, duit syiling B bergerak.
Coin A stops, coin B moves.
(b) Momentum duit syiling A dipindahkan kepada duit syiling
B selepas perlanggaran.
Momentum of coin A is transferred to coin B after collision.
3 (a) sama / same
(b) Ya / Yes

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(c) Bola A dan B akan bergerak ke ketinggian yang sama

Hubungan antara a • berkadar songsang
dengan bola D dan E masing-masing. Bola C akan berada
dan m inversely proportional
dalam keadaan rehat.
Relationship between
Balls A and B will move rise to the same heights of balls D
a and m
and E respectively. Ball C is at rest.

Eksperimen / Experiment Eksperimen / Experiment

Perbincangan / Discussion
1 Jumlah momentum sebelum dan selepas perlanggaran adalah Semakin besar daya, Semakin besar jisim,
sama. semakin besar pecutan. semakin kecil pecutan.
Hipotesis
The total momentum before collision and after collision are The larger the force, The greater the mass,
Hypothesis
equal. the greater the the smaller the
2 Tanpa kehadiran daya luar, jumlah momentum sebelum acceleration. acceleration.
perlanggaran adalah sama dengan jumlah momentum selepas
Pemboleh ubah Daya yang dikenakan Jisim, m
perlanggaran.
dimanipulasikan ke atas objek, F Mass, m
In the absence of any external force, the total momentum before
Manipulated Force applied on the
collision is equal to total momentum after collision.
variable object, F
3 Troli bergerak dengan halaju malar.
The trolley moves with constant velocity. Pemboleh ubah Pecutan, a Pecutan, a
bergerak balas Acceleration, a Acceleration, a
Latihan / Exercises Responding
1 mAuA + mBuB = mAvA + mBvB variable
(1 000 kg)(20 m s–1) + (1 200 kg)(10 m s–1) = (1 000 kg)vA + (1 200 kg)(15 m s–1)
20 000 kg m s–1 + 12 000 kg m s–1 = (1 000 kg)(vA) + 18 000 kg m s–1 Pemboleh ubah Jisim, m Daya yang dikenakan
(1 000 kg)(vA) = 14 000 kg m s–1 dimalarkan Mass, m ke atas objek, F
∴ vA = 14 m s–1 Constant Force applied on the
2 m1u1 + m2u2 = (m1 + m2)v variable object, F
(5 kg)(20 km j–1) + (60 kg)(0 km j–1) = (5 + 60) kg × v Jangka masa detik dan pita detik, bekalan
(100 + 0) kg km j–1 = (65 kg)v
JAWAPAN / ANSWER

kuasa, landasan terpampas geseran, pembaris,

∴ v = 1.54 km j–1 Bahan dan troli, takal licin (dengan pengapit), tali tak
3 m1u1 + m2u2 = (m1 + m2)v radas kenyal, pemberat berslot
(1 200 kg)(30 m s–1) + (1 000 kg)(–20 m s–1) = (1 200 + 1 000)kg × v Materials and Ticker timer and ticker tape, power supply,
(36 000 – 20 000) kg m s–1 = (2 200 kg)v apparatus friction-compensated runaway, ruler, trolley,
(2 200 kg)v = 16 000 kg m s–1 smooth pulley (with clamp), inelastic string,
v = 7.27 m s–1 slotted weights
4 0 = m1v1 + m2v2
m1v1 = –m2v2
Latihan / Exercises
(1.5 kg)(v1) = –(0.010 kg)(300 m s–1)
∴ v = –2.0 m s–1 1 (a) F = ma
8 N = 2 kg(a)
Aplikasi Prinsip Keabadian Momentum dalam teknologi 8.0 N
a =
pelancaran roket air 2 kg
Application of Principle of Conservation of Momentum in water = 4 m s–2 / 4 N kg–1
rocket launching technology (b) F = ma
(14 + 6) N = 8 kg(a)
• dimampatkan / compressed (14 + 6) N
• Tekanan / Pressure a=
8 kg
• ditolak; halaju / pushed; velocity 20 N
• bawah / Downward =
8 kg
• Momentum; magnitud / momentum; magnitude = 2.5 m s–2 / 2.5 N kg–1
• diabadikan / conserved (c) F = ma
(18 – 2) N = 10 kg(a)
2.6 (18 – 2) N
a=
10 kg
Nyatakan definisi • berkadar terus 16 N
Hukum Gerakan directly proportional =
10 kg
Newton Kedua. = 1.6 m s–2 / 1.6 N kg–1
State the definition of (d) F = ma
Newton's Second Law 10 N – (5 + 5) N = 12 kg(a)
of motion. 10 N – (5 + 5) N
a=
Hubungan antara a • berkadar terus 12 kg
dan F directly proportional = 0
Relationship between = 0 m s–2
a and F

© Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. 8

 MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 4

2 (a) R ialah daya geseran / R is the frictional force Aktiviti: Mereka cipta model kenderaan yang mengaplikasikan
F1 – R = ma Hukum Gerakan Newton
∴ R = F1 – ma
Activity: Create a vehicle by applying Newton's Laws of Motion
Oleh kerana halaju malar / Because the velocity is constant,
a = 0 Beg udara / Airbag
∴ R = F1 – 0 Menyerap hentakan dengan menambahkan masa impak apabila
= F1 kepala pemandu terhentak ke stereng. Oleh itu, daya impuls
= 5 N dikurangkan.
(b) F2 – R = ma Absorbing impact by increasing the impact time when the driver’s
17 N – 5 N = (2 kg) (a) head is thrown towards the steering. So, the impulsive force is
a = 12 N reduced.
2 kg = 6 m s–2
Bumper hadapan / Front bumper
3 (a) v2 = u2 + 2as
Menyerap hentakan akibat daripada kemalangan. Diperbuat daripada
0 = (40 m s–1)2 + 2a(2 500 m)
keluli, aluminium, plastik, getah dan fiber komposit.
∴ 5 000a = –1 600 m s–2
Absorb the shock from the accident. Made from steel, aluminium,
a = –0.32 m s–2
plastic, rubber and composite fibres.
(b) F = ma
= (2 000 kg)(–0.32 m s–2) Penyandar kepala / Headrest
= –640 N Untuk mengurangkan kesan inersia terhadap kepala pemandu.
(Negatif bermaksud daya untuk menentang gerakan) Mengurangkan kecederaan leher apabila kereta dilanggar daripada
(Negative means force to resist the motion) belakang.
To reduce the inertia effect on the driver’s head. Reduce neck injury
2.7 when the car is hit from behind.
Zon remuk belakang / Rear crumple zone
Berikan definisi daya tindak balas; magnitud
Boleh dimampatkan ketika kemalangan. Jadi ia akan meningkatkan
Hukum Gerakan reaction force; magnitude
masa yang diperlukan kereta untuk berhenti sepenuhnya. Maka, ia
Newton Ketiga.
akan mengurangkan daya impuls.
Give the definition
Can be compressed during an accident. So it can increase the time
of Newton’s Third
taken by the car for a complete stop. So, it can reduce the impulsive

JAWAPAN / ANSWER
Law of Motion.
force.
Berikan definisi • daya; masa Tali pinggang keselamatan / Safety belt
impuls. force; time Untuk mengurangkan kesan inersia dengan mengelakkan pemandu
Give the definition • perubahan daripada tercampak ke hadapan.
of impulse. change To reduce the inertia effect by preventing the driver from being
Berikan definisi kadar perubahan momentum thrown forward.
daya impuls. change of momentum
Give the definition of Latihan / Exercises
impulsive force. 1 (a) mv – mu = m(v – u)
= (60 kg)(0 – 6) m s–1
= –360 kg m s–1
5 Bahan yang lembut dan mudah dimampatkan menghasilkan
Impuls adalah –360 kg m s–1 kerana momentumnya
masa perlanggaran yang panjang. Ia menyerap hentakan. Jadi ia
dikurangkan sehingga sifar.
mengurangkan daya impuls.
The impulse is –360 kg m s–1 because its momentum is
Soft and compressible material provides longer time of impact. It
reduced to zero.
absorbs the shock. So it can reduce the impulsive force.
mv – mu –360 kg m s–1
(b) F = = = –720 N
t 0.5 s
Contoh-contoh Situasi Daya Impuls Ditingkatkan [F besar,
t pendek] mv – mu –360 kg m s–1
(c) F = = = –7 200 N
Examples of Situation for Impulsive Force Needs to be Increased t 0.05 s
[F larger, t shorter] (b) dan (c) : Tanda negatif bagi daya bermakna daya ini telah
menyebabkan kehilangan momentum
• singkat; besar / shorter; large (b) and (c) : The negative sign to the force means that the force
has caused a loss of momentum
• pendek; besar / shorter; large (d) Dengan membengkokkan kaki semasa mendarat, dia akan
meningkatkan masa impak dan mengurangkan daya impuls.
• pendek; besar / shorter; large
Jadi ia dapat mengurangkan kecederaan.
• pendek; besar / shorter; large By bending his legs upon landing, he will increase the
time of impact and reduce the impulsive force. So, it will
minimise the injuries.
2 Impuls/Impulse = Ft = 1 500 N × 0.01 s
= 15.0 N s
= 15.0 kg m s–1
mv – mu = 15 kg m s–1   u = 0
(0.5 kg)v = 15 kg m s–1
v = 30 m s–1

9 © Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd.

 MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 4

3 (a) Impuls / Impulse = m (v – u) Low density material // Strong material // High

= (0.2 kg)[(40 – (–20)] m s–1 melting point → Lighter // Does not break easily
= 12.0 kg m s–1 (iii) Ada oksigen cecair → Mencepatkan pembakaran //
= 12.0 N s membekal oksigen untuk pembakaran
12 N s Has liquid oxygen → Boosting combustion // supply
(b) F = = 1 200 N
0.01 s oxygen for combustion
(iv) Roket retro. Terdapat beberapa peringkat yang boleh
Nyatakan perbezaan ditanggalkan → Untuk mengurangkan jisim
antara berat dan Daya graviti yang Jumlah jirim di
Retro rocket. Has several stages that can slip/strip off
jisim. bertindak ke atas dalam objek.
→ To decrease mass
State the difference objek. The amount of
(v) Menambah saiz kebuk pembakaran → Lebih ruang
between weight and The force of gravity matter in the
untuk pembakaran bahan api
mass. acting on the object.
Increase the size of combustion chamber → More
object.
space for combustion of fuel
berubah tidak berubah
changes unchanged Teknik Menjawab [Format Kertas 2: Perbandingan]
Answering Technique [Paper 2 Format: Comparison]
vektor / Vector skalar / Scalar
1 (a) Rajah 1(a) / Diagram 1(a)
Newton, N Kilogram, kg 22 + (–2) = 20 N
Newton, N Kilogram, kg F = ma
20a = 20
a = 1 m s–2
LATIHAN PENGUKUHAN / ENRICHMENT EXERCISE Rajah 1(b) / Diagram 1(b)
Soalan Objektif / Objective Questions 22 + (–2) = 20 N
F = ma
1 C 2 A 3 D 4 A 5 B
25a = 20
a = 0.8 m s–2
Soalan Struktur / Structure Question
1 (a) Penumpang bergerak ke hadapan dan sos cili mengalir Lebih kecil Lebih besar
JAWAPAN / ANSWER

(b)
keluar daripada botol. Smaller Larger
The passengers move forward and the chilli sauce comes
out from the bottle. Lebih besar Lebih kecil
(b) (i) 70 km/j / 70 km/h Larger Smaller
(ii) Halaju yang sama iaitu 70 km/j. Sama Sama
The same velocity that is 70 km/h. Same Same
(c) Halaju sifar. / Zero velocity.
(d) (i) Apabila bas membrek, halaju bas berkurangan dengan (c) Semakin berkurang jisim troli, semakin bertambah pecutan
tiba-tiba, penumpang terus bergerak dengan halaju troli.
awalnya. As the mass of trolley decreases, the acceleration of trolley
When the bus brakes, the velocity of the bus decreases increases.
suddenly, the passenger continues to move with its
initial velocity. Sama Sama
(ii) Inersia / Inertia 2 (a)
Same Same
(e) Saya perlu berlari secara zig zag. Anak gajah akan terus
bergerak dalam garis lurus apabila saya menukar arah Dua orang Satu orang
dengan tiba-tiba. Two One
I have to run in a zig zag manner. The baby elephant will
Lebih besar Lebih kecil
continue to move in a straight line when I change my
Larger Smaller
direction suddenly.
2 (a) 1. Bahan api terbakar di dalam kebuk pembakaran. Lebih besar Lebih kecil
Fuel burns in the combustion chamber. Larger Smaller
2. Gas panas dipancut keluar dengan halaju tinggi.
Hot gases are expelled at high speed / high (b) Semakin bertambah daya tujah ke depan, semakin
momentum. bertambah pecutan basikal.
3. Momentum besar ke bawah terhasil. As the thrust force increases, the acceleration of bicycle
A large downwards momentum is produced. increases.
4. Roket memperoleh momentum ke atas yang sama (c) Hukum Newton Kedua / Newton's Second Law
magnitud. (d) (i) Daya, F / Force, F
Rocket gains upwards momentum of equal magnitude. (ii) Pecutan, a / Acceleration, a
(b) (i) Bentuk aerodinamik / larus / torpedo → (iii) Jisim basikal, m / Mass of bicycle, m
Mengurangkan rintangan udara
Aerodynamic shape / stream line / torpedo → Reduces
air resistance
(ii) Ketumpatan bahan rendah // Bahan kuat // Takat lebur
tinggi → Lebih ringan // Tidak mudah pecah

© Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. 10

 MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 4

4π2 (3.84 × 108 m)3

Unit
Unit KEGRAVITIAN 4 M=
(6.7 × 10–11 N m2 kg–2)(2.5 × 106 s)2
153 GRAVITATION M = 5.34 × 1024 kg

3.1
3.3
Apa yang • berkadar terus
Berikan contoh Malaysia East Asia Satellite
dikemukakan oleh directly proportional
satelit yang dimiliki Malaysia East Asia Satellite
Isaac Newton tentang • berkadar songsang
oleh Malaysia.
daya graviti? inversely proportional
Give examples of
What is presented by
satellites owned by
Isaac Newton about
Malaysia.
the gravitational
force?
Nyatakan ciri-ciri • Bumi
satelit Geopegun. • 24 jam
Latihan / Exercises State the features of • (a) geosinkronous/geosegerak
1 Daya graviti antara Bulan dengan Bumi. geostationary satellite. (b) bulat
The gravitational force between Moon and Earth. (c) landasan khatulistiwa Bumi
GmbmB • Earth
FbB =
rbB2 • 24 hours
(6.67 × 10–11 N m2 kg–2)(7.35 × 1022 kg)(5.97 × 1024 kg) • (a) geosynchronous
= (b) round
(3.84 × 108 m)2
= 1.98 × 1020 N (c) equator of the Earth
Daya graviti Bulan dengan Matahari.
Nyatakan ciri-ciri • lebih pendek; lebih panjang
The gravitational force between the Moon and the Sun.
satelit bukan • berubah-ubah
GmbmM geopegun. • shorter; longer
FbM =
rbM2 State the features of • different
(6.67 × 10–11 N m2 kg–2)(7.35 × 1022 kg) (1.99 × 1030 kg) non-geostationary

JAWAPAN / ANSWER
=
(1.50 × 1011 m)2 satellites.
= 4.34 × 1020 N
Kerana daya kedua-dua ini saling bersudut tegak maka daya
paduan graviti yang bertindak pada bulan ialah: Perbandingan antara satelit geopegun dan satelit bukan
Because these two forces are perpendicular to each other, the geopegun
resultant gravitational force that acts on the moon is: Comparison between geostationary satellites and non-geostationary
satellites
Fb = FbM2 + FbB2
= (1.98 × 1020 N)2 + (4.34 × 1020 N)2
= 4.77 × 1020 N
(6.67 × 10–11 N m2 kg–2)(5.97 × 1024 kg) × (200 kg)
2 F=
(3 × 107 m)2 lebih pendek;
lebih panjang
= 88.49 N
shorter;
24 jam longer
Contoh gerakan membulat; daya memusat 24 hours
Example circular motion; centripetal force

Contoh situasi yang 1 geseran

mengaplikasikan frictional
daya memusat 2 daya graviti
sama berubah-ubah
Examples of gravitational force
√
GM
the same r different
situations which
apply centripetal
force

3.2 • Kaji cuaca

Latihan / Exercises Weather forecast

1 A
2 C
TJ2 rJ3
3 2 = 3
TB rB
(12 tahun / years)2 × rB3
rJ3 =
(1 tahun / year)2
rJ3 = 144 rB3
3
rJ = 144 rB

11 © Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd.

 MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 4

Berikan definisi halaju minimum; daya graviti LATIHAN PENGUKUHAN / ENRICHMENT EXERCISE
halaju lepas. minimum velocity; gravitational force Soalan Objektif / Objective Questions
Give the definition 1 C 2 A 3 B 4 B 5 A 6 C
of escape velocity. 7 D 8 B 9 D
Nyatakan perkaitan mengatasi Soalan Struktur / Structure Question
antara halaju lepas overcome
dengan tenaga. 1 (a) Bulan / Moon
State the relation (6.67 × 10–11 N m2 kg–2)(7.35 × 1022 kg)
gB =
between escape (1.74 × 106)2 m
velocity and energy. gB = 1.62 m s –2

Mengapakah kapal khatulistiwa Marikh / Mars

terbang tidak 11.2 km s–1 (6.67 × 10–11 N m2 kg–2)(6.39 × 1023 kg)
gM =
terlepas dari Bumi equator (3.39 × 106)2 m
berdasarkan halaju 11.2 km s–1 gM = 3.71 m s–2
lepas Bumi?
(b) Bulan / Moon
Why airplanes did not
escape from the Earth 2(6.67 × 10–11 N m2 kg–2)(7.35 × 1022 kg)
vB =
based on the escape 1.74 × 106 m
velocity of the Earth? vB = 2.37 × 103 m s–1
Marikh / Mars
Latihan / Exercises
2(6.67 × 10–11 N m2 kg–2)(6.39 × 1022 kg)
2GM vM =
1 vescape = 3.39 × 106 m
R
vM = 5.01 × 103 m s–1
2(6.67 × 10–11 N m2 kg–2)(5.97 × 1024 kg)
= (c) Pecutan graviti dan halaju lepas di Bulan lebih kecil
6.37 × 106 m
berbanding pecutan dan halaju lepas di Marikh kerana jisim
= 1.25 × 10 N m kg
8 2 –1
JAWAPAN / ANSWER

Bulan lebih kecil daripada jisim Marikh.

= 11 181 m s–1 The gravitational acceleration and the escape velocity of
2GM the Moon is smaller than the gravitational acceleration and
2 vescape = the escape velocity of the Mars because mass of the Moon
R
is smaller than the mass of the Mars.
2(6.67 × 10–11 N m2 kg–2)(7.35 × 1022 kg)
=
1.74 × 106 m
= 5.635 × 106 N m2 kg–1 Unit
Unit HABA
= 2 374 m s–1 154 HEAT

( )
1
2GM 2
3 vescape = 4.1
R
2GM 2 (a) darjah kepanasan objek / degree of hotness
v escape =
2
(b) Kelvin (K)
R
2GM
R = 2 Aktiviti : Mengkaji keseimbangan terma di antara dua jasad
v escape
yang bersentuhan secara terma
2(6.67 × 10 –11
N m kg )(1.99 × 10 kg)
2 –2 30
Activity : To study thermal equilibrium between two bodies in
R=
(3.0 × 108 m s–1)2 thermal contact
R = 2.95 km Perbincangan / Discussion:
1 dibebaskan / released
2GM
4 vesc = 2 menurun; meningkat; sama / decreasing; increasing; same
R
3 Haba; B; A; sifar / Heat; B; A; zero
∴ Zuhrah / Venus:
2(6.67 × 10–11 N m2 kg–2)(4.87 × 1024 kg) Definisi keseimbangan terma
vesc = = 10.36 km s–1
6.05 × 106 m Definition of thermal equilibrium
∴ Marikh / Mars: • sama / equal

2(6.67 × 10–11 N m2 kg–2)(6.42 × 1023 kg) Aplikasi keseimbangan terma dalam kehidupan harian
vesc = = 5.02 km s–1
3.40 × 106 m Application of thermal equilibrium in daily life
∴ Musytari / Jupiter:
(b) sama / same (a) terma / thermal
2(6.67 × 10–11 N m2 kg–2)(1.90 × 1027 kg)
vesc = = 60.22 km s–1 (c) pengaliran bersih haba (b) air sejuk / cold water
6.99 × 106 m
net heat flow (c) menurun; meningkat
decreases; increases

© Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. 12

 MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 4

2 Badan / Body
(b) udara panas / hot air (b) mengalir / flows
• rendah / Low
(c) meningkat / increases (c) menurun; segar
Pemegang / Handle
decreases; fresh
• plastik / plastic
• tinggi / High
• termometer / thermometer
3 (a) Bayu laut / Sea breeze
Latihan / Exercises • lebih / more
1 SuhuP / TemperatureP, θ • tinggi / higher
• rendah / lower
lθ – l0
= × 100 ºC • rendah / lower
l100 – l0
• lebih tinggi / higher
(23.0 – 5.0) cm
= × 100 ºC
(40.0 – 5.0) cm (b) Bayu darat / Land breeze
18.0 cm • kurang / less
= × 100 ºC • tinggi / higher
35.0 cm
= 51.43 °C • tinggi / higher
lθ – l0 • lebih / more
2 θ= × 100 ºC • rendah / lower
l100 – l0
(27.0 – 5.0) cm • rendah / lower
θ= × 100 ºC
(65.0 – 5.0) cm
Latihan / Exercises
22 cm
= × 100 ºC 1 Q = mcΔθ
60 cm
= 36.67 °C = (2 kg) × (500 J kg–1 °C–1) × (70 – 30) °C
24.5 cm = (2 × 500 × 40) J
3 θ= × 100 ºC = 87.5 °C = 40 000 J
28.0 cm
Q
16 cm 2 c=
4 (a) θ = × 100 ºC = 64 ºC mΔθ
25 cm
(8.4 × 105) J
lθ – l0 =
(b) 30 °C = × 100 ºC 4 kg × (90 – 40) °C

JAWAPAN / ANSWER
25 cm
= 4 200 J kg–1 ºC–1
30 °C × 25 cm
lθ – l0 = = 7.5 cm 3 Haba yang dibebaskan = Haba yang diserap
100 °C
Heat released = Heat absorbed
(0.2 kg)(ca)(100 – θ)°C = (0.25 kg)(ca)(θ – 10)°C
4.2 di mana ca = muatan haba tentu air
where ca = specific heat capacity of water
Nyatakan definisi • meningkatkan; 1 °C 20 – 0.2θ = 0.25θ – 2.5
dan unit S.I. bagi increase; 1 °C 20 + 2.5 = 0.25θ + 0.2θ
muatan haba, C. • joules per celsius 22.5 = 0.45θ
State the definition joules per celsius 22.5
and the S.I. unit for θ=
22.5
heat capacity, C.
= 50 ºC
4 Pt = mcΔθ
Nyatakan definisi 1; 1 (2 000 W)(8 × 60 s) = 3 kg × 4 200 J kg–1°C–1 × Δθ
bagi muatan haba (2 × 103 × 8 × 60) J
tentu, c. Δθ =
3 kg × 4 200 J °C–1
State the definition of = 76.2 ºC
specific heat capacity, 5 Pt = mcΔθ
c. (1.2 × 103 W) × t = macaΔθ + mkckΔθ
(1 200 W) × t = Δθ (maca + mkck)
Eksperimen / Experiment 1 200 t = 20°C [(0.2 kg × 4 200 J kg–1 °C–1)
+ (0.05 kg × 400 J kg °C–1)]
Untuk menentukan Untuk menentukan 17 200 J
t=
nilai muatan haba nilai muatan haba 1 200 J s–1
Tujuan tentu air. tentu aluminium. t = 14.33 s
Aim To determine the To determine the
specific heat capacity specific heat capacity 4.3
of water. of aluminium.
Nyatakan definisi diserap; dibebaskan
haba pendam. absorbed; released
1 (a) • tinggi / higher
State the definition of
• lama / longer
latent heat.
• haba / heat
(b) • tinggi / high

13 © Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd.

 MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 4

Terangkan konsep (a) pepejal; cecair; gas (b) NO / PQ / RS

bagi haba pendam solid; liquid; gases 1 dibebaskan / released
tentu dengan (b) perubahan keadaan jirim 2 menurun / decreases
perubahan keadaan change in state of matter 3 berkurang / decreases
jirim. (c) penyerapan; pembebasan
Explain the concept absorption; release OP
of latent heat with (d) haba pendam; melemahkan; 1 dibebaskan / released
the change of state of mengatasi 2 tidak berubah / unchanged
matter. latent heat; weaken; overcome QR
(e) tidak berubah / unchanged 1 menguatkan / strengthen
(f) malar / constant 2 bergetar / vibrate
3 suhu / temperature
• Pendidihan / Boiling

Gas

• Peleburan / Melting
Gas Eksperimen / Experiment
• Haba pendam diserap • Kondensasi / Condensation
Latent heat is absorbed • Haba pendam dibebaskan Untuk menentukan Untuk menentukan
Latent heat is released
haba pendam tentu haba pendam tentu
Pepejal / Solid
pelakuran ais, lf pengewapan air, lv
• Pembekuan / Freezing Tujuan
Cecair / Liquid To determine the To determine the
• Haba pendam dibebaskan Aim
Latent heat is released specific latent heat of specific latent heat of
fusion of ice, lf vaporisation of water,
lv
Nyatakan rumus dan J kg–1
unit S.I. bagi haba 1. Radas disusun 1. Radas disusun
pendam tentu, l. seperti yang seperti yang
State the formulae ditunjukkan. ditunjukkan.
and S.I. unit for 2. Jisim bagi setiap 2. Satu bikar
specific latent heat, l. bikar kosong, A diletakkan di atas
JAWAPAN / ANSWER

dan B ditimbang neraca elektronik.

Berikan dua jenis (i) Haba pendam tentu pelakuran (lf) menggunakan 3. Pemanas rendam
haba pendam tentu. Specific latent heat of fusion (lf ) neraca. elektronik direndam
Give two types of (ii) Haba pendam tentu pengewapan (lv) 3. Setiap satu daripada sepenuhnya di
specific latent heat. Specific latent heat of vaporisation (lv) dua corong penapis dalam air dan diapit
dipenuhi dengan menggunakan kaki
kiub ais. retort.
Lengkung Pemanasan / Heating Curve
4. Pemanas rendam 4. Pemanas elektrik
(a) AB Pepejal / Solid dalam Set A dihidupkan untuk
ialah eksperimen memanaskan air
BC Pepejal dan cecair / Solid and liquid
kawalan (tidak tersebut pada takat
Prosedur
CD Cecair / Liquid disambungkan didih.
Procedure
DE Cecair dan gas / Liquid and gas kepada bekalan 5. Apabila air mula
kuasa). Ini adalah mendidih pada
EF Gas / Gas untuk menentukan kadar yang tetap,
jisim ais dicairkan jam randik
(b) AB / CD / EF oleh haba sekitar. dimulakan dan
1 diserap / absorbed Pemanas di Set B bacaan pada neraca
2 meningkat / increases dihidupkan. elektronik, m1
3 kinetik; bertambah / Kinetic; increases 5. Apabila air mula direkodkan.
menitis dari corong 6. Air dibiarkan
BC penapis pada kadar mendidih selama
1 diserap / absorbed yang tetap, jam tempoh t saat.
2 dibebaskan / released randik dimulakan
3 tidak berubah / unchanged dan bikar kosong,
A dan B diletakkan
DE di bawah corong
2 dipisahkan / separated penuras.

Lengkung Penyejukan / Cooling Curve

(a) NO Gas / Gas

OP Gas dan cecair / Gas and liquid
PQ Cecair / Liquid
QR Cecair dan pepejal / Liquid and solid
RS Pepejal / Solid

© Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. 14

 MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 4

Latihan / Exercises
6. Selepas tempoh 7. Pada akhir tempoh
1 mlf
t saat, pemanas B t saat, bacaan pada Air / Water mcΔθ Air / Water Ais / Ice
dimatikan. Jisim neraca elektronik, 20 °C 0 °C 0 °C
kedua-dua bikar m2, direkodkan.
berisi air, A dan 8. Kuasa pemanas Jumlah tenaga haba / Total heat energy
B ditentukan rendam, P, = mcΔθ + mlf
menggunakan direkodkan. = [(4.0 kg) × (4.2 × 103 J kg–1 °C–1) × (20 – 0)°C]
neraca elektronik. 1. The apparatus was + [(4 kg) × (3.34 × 105 J kg–1)]
Kuasa pemanas, P set up as shown. = (3.36 × 105 J) + (13.36 × 105 J)
direkodkan. 2. A beaker is placed = 16.72 × 105 J
1. The apparatus was on a platform of an = 1.672 × 106 J
set up as shown. electronic balance. 2 Tenaga elektrik yang dibekalkan
2. The mass of each 3. An electronic Electric energy provided
of the two empty immersion heater = Tenaga haba yang diterima / Heat absorbed
beakers, A and is fully immersed in Pt = mlv
B is determined the water and held (800 W) t = 4 kg × 2.26 × 106 J kg–1
using the electronic in this position by a 4 × 2.26 × 106) J
t=
balance. retort stand. 800 J s–1
3. Each of the two 4. The electric heater =1.13 × 104 s
filter funnels is filled is switched on to 3 Ais / Ice miciΔθi Ais / Ice mlf Air / Water
with ice cubes. heat the water to its –15 °C 0 °C 0 °C
4. The immersion boiling point.
mwcwΔθw mlv
heater in Set A 5. When the water Air / Water Stim / Steam
is the control starts to boil at a 100 °C 100 °C
experiment (not steady rate, the
Jumlah tenaga haba / Total heat energy
connected to the stopwatch is started
power supply). This and the reading
= miciΔθi + mlf + mwcwΔθw + mlv
is to determine the on the electronic miciΔθi = (4 kg) × (2.1 × 103 J kg–1 °C–1) × (15 °C)
= 1.26 × 105 J

mass of ice melted
by the surrounding
heat. The heater in 6. The water is
Set B is switched
on.
5. When water starts 7. At the end of the
to drip from the
filter funnels at a
steady rate, the
stopwatch is started
and the empty 8. The power of the
beakers, A and
B are placed on
beneath the filter
funnels.
6. After a period of t
seconds, the heater
B is switched off.
The masses of
both beakers of
water, A and B are
determined using
the electronic
balance. Power
of heater, P is
recorded.
Aplikasi haba pendam tentu dalam kehidupan harian
Application of specific latent heat in daily life
2 • tersejat / evaporates
• menurun / drops
3 • tinggi / high
• diserap / absorbed
JAWAPAN / ANSWER
balance, m1 is
recorded. mlf = (4 kg) × (3.34 × 105 J kg–1)
= 1.336 × 106 J
allowed to boil for a mwcwΔθw = (4 kg) × (4.2 × 103 J kg–1 °C–1) × (100 °C)
period of t seconds. = 1.68 × 106 J
mlv = (4 kg) × (2.26 × 106 J kg–1)
period of t seconds, = 9.04 × 106 J
the reading on the ∴ Jumlah tenaga haba / Total heat energy
electronic balance, = (1.26 × 105 J) + (1.336 × 106 J) + (1.68 × 106 J) + (9.04 × 106 J)
m2, is recorded. = 1.218 × 107 J
4 Q = mlf
immersion heater, P, = (2.0 kg) × (3.34 × 105 J kg–1)
is recorded. = 6.68 × 105 J
5 Pt = mlf
(100 W) × (1 050 – 300) s = 0.5 kg × lf
75 000 J
lf =
0.5 kg
= 1.5 × 105 J kg–1
4.4
2 (a) berkadar songsang / inversely proportional
(b) tekanan / pressure
(c) berkadar terus / directly proportional
Eksperimen / Experiment
Hubungan antara isi padu gas dan tekanan gas
Relationship between volume of gas and pressure of gas
Tujuan / Aim
Untuk menyiasat hubungan antara isi padu dan tekanan untuk jisim
gas yang tetap pada suhu yang malar.
To investigate the relationship between the volume and pressure for a
fixed mass of gas at constant temperature.
Pemboleh ubah / Variables
Isi padu, V / Volume, V
Tekanan, P / Pressure, P
Jisim dan suhu udara / Mass and temperature of air

15 © Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd.

 MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 4

Prosedur / Procedure Eksperimen / Experiment

1. Radas disediakan seperti dalam rajah di atas. Hubungan antara suhu gas dan tekanan gas
The apparatus is set up as shown in the diagram above. Relationship between temperature of gas and pressure of gas
2. Pam ditekan supaya aras minyak pada tiub kapilari adalah Tujuan / Aim
20 cm3. Isi padu direkodkan. Untuk menyiasat hubungan antara suhu dengan tekanan untuk jisim
The pump is pushed so that the level of oil in the capillary tube gas yang ditetapkan pada isi padu malar.
is 20 cm3. The volume is recorded. To investigate the relationship between the temperature and pressure
3. Bacaan tekanan udara pada tolok Bourdon dicatatkan. for a fixed mass of gas at constant volume.
The reading of pressure of air on Bourdon gauge is recorded.
4. Eksperimen diulangi dengan isi padu, V = 25 cm3, 30 cm3, Pemboleh ubah / Variables
35 cm3 dan 40 cm3. Suhu, θ / Temperature, θ
The experiment is repeated with volume, V = 25 cm3, 30 cm3, Tekanan, P / Pressure, P
35 cm3 and 40 cm3. Jisim dan isi padu udara / Mass and volume of air
1 Prosedur / Procedure
5. Nilai-nilai isi padu, V, tekanan, P, dan dijadualkan.
V 1. Radas disediakan seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah di atas.
1
The values of volume, V, pressure, P, and are tabulated. The apparatus is set up as shown in the diagram above.
V
2. Campuran air dan ais dikacau secara berterusan supaya udara di
Analisis data / Analysis of data dalam kelalang mempunyai suhu yang sama seperti air.
2 Ya / Yes The mixture of water and ice is stirred continuously so that the
air in the flask has the same temperature as the water.
Kesimpulan / Conclusion
4. Apabila bacaan termometer adalah 30 °C, bacaan tekanan, P,
Apabila isi padu gas menurun, tekanan gas meningkat.
pada tolok Bourdon direkodkan.
When the volume of the gas decreases, the pressure of the gas
When the reading of the thermometer is 30 °C, the reading of the
increases.
pressure, P on Bourdon gauge is recorded.
5. Eksperimen diulang dengan suhu air yang berlainan, iaitu
Eksperimen / Experiment
θ = 40 °C, 50 °C, 60 °C dan 70 °C.
Hubungan antara suhu gas dan isi padu gas The experiment is repeated with different temperatures of water,
Relationship between temperature of gas and volume of gas that is, θ = 40 °C, 50°C, 60 °C and 70 °C.
Tujuan / Aim 6. Nilai-nilai tekanan udara, P dijadualkan.
JAWAPAN / ANSWER

Untuk menyiasat hubungan antara suhu dan isi padu untuk jisim gas The values of pressure of the air, P is tabulated.
yang tetap pada tekanan malar.
To investigate the relationship between the temperature and volume Analisis data / Analysis of data
for a fixed mass of gas at constant pressure. 2 Ya / Yes

Pemboleh ubah / Variables Kesimpulan / Conclusion

Suhu, θ / Temperature, θ Apabila suhu gas meningkat, tekanan gas meningkat.
Isi padu, V / Volume, V When the temperature of the gas increases, pressure of gas increases.
Jisim dan tekanan udara / Mass and pressure of air
Rumusan bagi 3 hukum gas / Summary of 3 gas laws
Prosedur / Procedure
1. Radas disediakan seperti rajah di atas. (i) • berkurang (i) • meningkat (i) • meningkat
The apparatus is set up as shown in the diagram above. decreases increases increases
2. Air di dalam bikar dipanaskan perlahan-lahan dan dikacau • bertambah • tidak berubah • tetap
dengan seragam dan perlahan. Apabila bacaan termometer itu increases constant constant
adalah 30 °C, panjang turus udara yang terperangkap, l cm, • bertambah • tetap • meningkat
direkodkan. increases constant increases
The water in the beaker is heated slowly and stirred unifromly • tetap (ii) terus • meningkat
and gently. When the reading of the thermometer is 30 °C, the constant directly increases
length of the trapped air, l cm is recorded. (ii) songsang (iii) terus (ii) terus
3. Eksperimen diulangi dengan suhu, θ = 40 °C, 50 °C, 60 °C dan inversely directly directly
70 °C. (iii) songsang (iii) terus
The experiment is repeated with θ = 40 °C, 50° C, 60 °C and inversely directly
70 °C.
4. Nilai-nilai panjang turus udara, l, dijadualkan. Latihan / Exercises
The values of length of column of air l, are tabulated. 1 Menggunakan Hukum Boyle, / Using Boyle’s Law,
Analisis data / Analysis of data P1V1 = P2V2
2 Ya / Yes (60 m) (250 cm3) = (10 m) × V2
(60 m × (250 cm3)
Kesimpulan / Conclusion V2 =
10 m
Apabila suhu gas meningkat, isi padu gas meningkat. = 1 500 cm3
When the temperature of the gas increases, the volume of the gas
increases.

© Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. 16

 MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 4

2 Menggunakan Hukum Charles, / Using Charles’ Law, (d) Hukum Tekanan / Pressure Law
V1 V2 2 (a) (i) Kedalaman gelembung udara di kedudukan X >
=
T1 T2 Kedalaman gelembung udara di kedudukan Y
A (L1) A (L2) The depth of air bubble at position X > The depth of
= air bubble at position Y
T1 T2
29 cm L2 (ii) Tekanan yang dialami oleh gelembung udara di
= kedudukan X > Tekanan yang dialami oleh gelembung
(17 + 273) K (57 + 273) K
udara di kedudukan Y
29 cm × 330 K
L2 = = 33 cm The pressure acting on the air bubble at position X >
290 K
The pressure acting on the air bubble at position Y
3 Menggunakan Hukum Boyle, / Using Boyle’s Law,
(iii) Isi padu gelembung udara di kedudukan X < Isi padu
P1V1 = P2V2
gelembung udara di kedudukan Y
1 atm × 100 cm3 = P2 × 20 cm3
The volume of the air bubble at position X < The
100 cm3
P2 = × 1 atm = 5 atm volume of the air bubble at position Y
20 cm3
(iv) Suhu udara gelembung udara di kedudukan X = Suhu
4 Menggunakan Hukum Charles, / Using Charles’ Law, udara gelembung udara di kedudukan Y
V1 V2 The temperature of the air bubble at position X = The
=
T1 T2 temperature of the air bubble at position Y
20 cm3 V2 (b) (i) Semakin bertambah kedalaman gelembung udara,
=
(37 + 273) K (87 + 273) K semakin bertambah tekanan udara di dalam
20 cm3 × 360 K gelembung udara
V2 = = 23.23 cm3
310 K As the depth of the air bubble increases, the pressure
Peningkatan isi padu / Increase in volume inside the air bubble increases
= (23.23 – 20) m3 = 3.23 m3 (ii) Semakin bertambah tekanan udara di dalam
5 Menggunakan Hukum Tekanan, / Using Pressure Law, gelembung, semakin berkurang isi padu gelembung
P1 P2 udara ATAU sebaliknya
= As the pressure inside the air bubble increases, the
P1 P2
1.4 × 105 N m–2 P2 volume of air bubble decreases OR vice versa
= (c) Hukum Boyle / Boyle’s law
(33 + 273) K (55 + 273) K

JAWAPAN / ANSWER
1.4 × 105 N m–2 × 328 K
P2 = = 1.5 × 105 N m–2
360 K

LATIHAN PENGUKUHAN / ENRICHMENT EXERCISE Unit

Unit GELOMBANG
Soalan Objektif / Objective Questions 155 WAVES
1 A 2 D 3 B 4 D 5 C 6 C
5.1
7 C 8 A 9 A 10 B 11 D 12 C
13 B Aktiviti : Mengkaji bahawa gelombang memindahkan tenaga
tanpa memindahkan jirim.
Soalan Struktur / Structure Question Activity : To study on waves that transfer energy without
1 (a) Tekanan udara. Pascal atau N m–2 transferring matter.
Air pressure. Pascal or N m–2 Perbincangan / Discussion:
(b) (i) Bacaan tolok Bourdon dalam Rajah 1.2 lebih tinggi 1 gelombang / waves
daripada bacaan tolok Bourdon dalam Rajah 1.1. 2 tenaga / energy
The reading of Bourdon gauge in Diagram 1.2 is 3 memindahkan jirim / transferring matter
higher than that of Diagram 1.1.
(ii) Bacaan termometer dalam Rajah 1.2 lebih tinggi Perbandingan antara gelombang melintang dan gelombang
daripada bacaan termometer dalam Rajah 1.1. membujur
The reading of the thermometer in Diagram 1.2 is Comparison between transverse wave and longitudinal wave
higher than that of Diagram 1.1.
(iii) Apabila suhu menaik, tekanan gas, X dalam kelalang Definisi berserenjang selari
menaik. Definition perpendicular parallel
When the temperature increases, the pressure of gas, X Gelombang air, Gelombang bunyi
in the flask increases. Contoh gelombang cahaya Sound waves
(c) Apabila molekul-molekul gas dalam kelalang menerima Example Water waves, light
haba, halaju molekul-molekul gas bertambah. Ini waves
menyebabkan tenaga kinetik molekul-molekul gas itu
bertambah. Apabila tenaga kinetik molekulmolekul gas
bertambah, frekuensi perlanggaran di antara molekul- Definisi istilah-istilah yang berkaitan dengan gelombang:
molekul gas dengan dinding kelalang bertambah, maka The definition of terms related to waves:
tekanan gas dalam kelalang bertambah.
When the gas molecules in the flask receive heat, the Frekuensi, f 1
•
velocity of these molecules increases. This causes the Frequency, f f
kinetic energy of the gas molecules to increase.When the Puncak sesaran positif
kinetic energy of the gas molecules increases, the frequency Crest maximum positive
of collision between the gas molecules and the walls of the
flask increases, thus the gas pressure in the flask increases.

17 © Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd.

 MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 4

5.2
Lembangan sesaran negatif
Trough maximum negative Resonans / Resonance
• maksimum / maximum

Satu ayunan lengkap kedudukan yang asal • tenaga / energy

One complete original position • malar / constant
oscillation
Teknik Menjawab [Format Kertas 2 : Kefahaman / Esei Pendek]
Graf T = Tempoh / Period Answering Technique [Paper 2 Format : Comprehension / Short
Graph λ = Panjang gelombang / Wavelength Essay]
• Bandul B berayun dan memindahkan tenaga kepada bandul-bandul
Eksperimen / Experiment lain.
Pendulum B oscillates and transfers energy to others pendulum.
Panjang gelombang air / Wavelength of water waves
• Panjang bandul B = Panjang bandul D
Tujuan / Aim
Length of pendulum B = Length of pendulum D
Menentukan panjang gelombang, frekuensi dan laju gelombang.
• Frekuensi bandul B = Frekuensi bandul D
To determine the wavelength, frequency and wave speed.
Frequency of pendulum B = Frequency of pendulum D energy to
Radas dan bahan / Apparatus and materials others pendulum.
Tangki riak, stroboskop mekanikal, pembaris meter, motor penggetar, • Bandul D mengalami resonans
kertas putih, bekalan kuasa, lampu dan bar kayu. Pendulum D undergoes resonance
Ripple tank, mechanical stroboscope, metre rule, vibrator motor, • Bandul D berayun dengan amplitud maksimum
white paper, power supply, lamp and wooden block. Pendulum D oscillates with the maximum amplitude
Prosedur / Procedure
5.3
1 Tangki riak disediakan seperti dalam rajah dan sehelai kertas
putih diletakkan di bawah tangki riak.
Nyatakan definisi fasa
A ripple tank is set up as shown and a sheet of white paper is
muka gelombang. in phase
placed under the ripple tank.
State the definition
2 Hidupkan suis motor penggetar pada frekuensi 10 Hz.
of wavefront.
JAWAPAN / ANSWER

Switch on the vibrator motor at a frequency of 10 Hz.

3 Perhatikan gelombang air dengan menggunakan stroboskop, Nyatakan jenis berserenjang
ukur panjang gelombang dan rekodkan. muka gelombang. perpendicular
Observe the water waves by using the stroboscope, measure the State the types of
wavelength and record it. wavefront.
4 Ulangi eksperimen sekurang-kurangnya empat kali pada
frekuensi yang berbeza.
Repeat the experiment at least four times at different frequencies Latihan / Exercises
of vibrator motor. 1 A 2 D 3 D

Latihan / Exercises 5.4

1 Diberi / Given
f = 4 Hz, λ = 0.6 m Halaju Lebih perlahan
v = f λ = 4 Hz × 0.6 m = 2.4 m s–1 Speed Slower
2 Diberi / Given
Panjang gelombang Lebih panjang
v = 3 × 108 m s–1, f = 200 MHz
Wavelength Longer
v = fλ
(3 × 108 m s–1) = (200 × 106 Hz) × λ
λ = 1.5 m (a)
3 (a) a = 0.5 m
(b) λ = 0.8 m
(c) v = f λ = 8 Hz × 0.8 m = 6.4 m s–1
4 cm
4 (a) (i) a = = 2 cm
2
(ii) 3λ = 150 cm
λ = 50 cm (b)
(b) v =fλ
Sinar terbias
330 m s–1 = f × 0.5 m Refracted ray
r
f = 660 Hz r Sinar terbias
Refracted ray
5 (a) a = 10 m
(b) T = 0.4 s Pembiasan gelombang air / Refraction of water waves
1 (e) • lebih besar daripada / is larger than
(c) f =
T • lebih besar daripada / is larger than
1 (f) bertambah / increases
=
0.4 s
= 2.5 Hz

© Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. 18

 MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 4

Teknik Menjawab [Format Kertas 2 : Kefahaman / Esei Pendek] Frekuensi gelombang di kawasan Q adalah bersamaan dengan
Answering Technique [Paper 2 Format : Comprehension / Short frekuensi gelombang di kawasan P.
Essay] Frequency of wave in region Q is the same as the frequency of
• Lapisan udara di lapisan bawah lebih sejuk berbanding lapisan wave in region P.
atas. 8λQ = 12 cm
Air layer near the ground is colder than the top layer. 12
• Ketumpatan lapisan udara sejuk lebih tinggi daripada lapisan udara λQ = cm = 1.5 cm
8
panas.
Oleh itu, / Hence, vQ = f λQ
The density of colder air layer is greater than hotter air layer.
• Gelombang bunyi terbias menjauhi normal. vQ = (6 Hz) × 1.5 cm = 9.0 cm s–1
Sound waves refracted away from normal.
• Panjang gelombang di lapisan udara sejuk lebih kecil daripada 5.5
lapisan udara panas.
Wavelength of colder air layer is smaller than hotter air layer. Kesan pembelauan
ke atas ciri-ciri Panjang Amplitud
• Laju gelombang di lapisan udara sejuk lebih kecil daripada lapisan
gelombang. gelombang, λ berkurang
udara panas.
Effects of the Wavelength, λ Amplitude
Wave speed of colder air layer is smaller than hotter air layer.
diffraction on Frekuensi, f decreases
• Gelombang bunyi terbias dan mendekati permukaan darat
charactenistics of Frequency, f Arah perambatan
disebabkan pantulan dalam penuh.
waves. Laju, v / Speed, v Direction of
Sound waves is refracted and move towards the ground surface
propagation
due to total internal reflection.
Tenaga berkurang
Energy decreases
Eksperimen / Experiment
Pembiasan gelombang air / Refraction of water waves
Inferens / Inference
Panjang gelombang air bergantung pada kedalaman air. Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pembelauan gelombang dan
The wavelength of water waves depends on the depth of water. kesannya:
Factors which affecting diffraction of waves and their effects:
Hipotesis / Hypothesis Lebih ketara / More significant

JAWAPAN / ANSWER
Apabila kedalaman air meningkat, maka panjang gelombang air Kurang ketara / Less significant
meningkat. Kurang ketara / Less significant
When the depth of water increases, the wavelength of the water Lebih ketara / More significant
waves increases.
Tujuan / Aim Eksperimen / Experiment
Mengkaji hubungan antara kedalaman air dan panjang gelombang air. Pembelauan gelombang air / Diffraction of water waves
To investigate the relationship between the depth of water and the Tujuan / Aim
wavelength of water waves. Mengkaji hubungan antara sudut bengkokan gelombang air dan saiz
celah.
Pemboleh ubah / Variables To investigate the relationship between the angle of bending of the
1 Kedalaman air / Depth of water waves and the size of the slit.
2 Panjang gelombang / Wavelength
3 Frekuensi / Frequency Pemboleh ubah / Variables
1 Saiz celah, a / Size of slit, a
Menjadualkan data / Tabulation of the data 2 Sudut bengkokan gelombang air, θ
Kedalaman air, d / cm Angle of bending of the water waves, θ
Depth of water, d / cm 3 Frekuensi penggetar / Frequency of vibrator

Panjang gelombang, λ / cm Keputusan / Results

Wavelength, λ / cm
Saiz celah, a / cm
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
Analisis data / Analysis of data Size of slit, a / cm
λ / cm Sudut bengkokan gelombang air, θ / °
Angle of bending of water waves, θ / °

Perbincangan / Discussions
0 d / cm 3 Ya / Yes
Kesimpulan / Conclusion
Latihan / Exercises Sudut bengkokan gelombang air, θ meningkat apabila saiz celah, a
1 Kedalaman P: / Deep region P: berkurang.
4λp = 12 cm The angle of bending of the waves, θ increases as the size of slit, a
12 decreases.
λp = cm
4
λp = 3 cm
vp = f λp
18 cm s–1 = f (3 cm)
\ f = 6 Hz

19 © Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd.

 MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 4

Eksperimen / Experiment Keputusan / Results

Pembelauan gelombang air / Diffraction of water waves
λ / nm
Tujuan / Aim
Mengkaji hubungan lebar pinggir cerah di tengah dengan saiz celah. x / cm
To investigate the relationship between the width of the middle bright
fringe and the size of the slit. Eksperimen / Experiment
Pemboleh ubah / Variables Interferens gelombang cahaya / Interference of light waves
1 Saiz celah / Size of slit Pemboleh ubah / Variables
2 Lebar pinggir cerah di tengah 1 Jarak antara pendengar dan dua pembesar suara, D.
The width of the middle bright fringe The distance between the listener and two loudspeakers, D.
3 Cahaya monokromatik (cahaya dengan satu panjang gelombang 2 Jarak antara dua kawasan bunyi kuat yang berturutan, x.
sahaja) The distance between two successive loud regions, x.
Monochromatic light (light of one wavelength only) 3 Panjang gelombang bagi gelombang bunyi / Jarak antara dua
pembesar suara.
Keputusan / Results The wavelength of sound waves / Distance between the two
loudspeakers.
Lebar celah, a / mm
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Width of slit, a / mm Keputusan / Results
Lebar pinggir tengah cerah, x / cm
D/m 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0
Width of middle bright fringe, x / cm
x/m

5.6
Latihan / Exercises
Interferens membina maksimum 1 Diberi / Given a = 2.5 cm, x = 5.0 cm, D = 10.0 cm
Constructive maximum ax 2.5 cm × 5.0 cm
λ = = = 1.25 cm
interference D 10.0 cm
2
2d = v × t
Eksperimen / Experiment 2d = (1 500 m s–1) × (0.8 s)
JAWAPAN / ANSWER

1 500 m s–1 × 0.8 s

Pembelauan gelombang air / Diffraction of water waves d = = 600 m
2
Tujuan / Aim
3 Diberi λHijau / Given λGreen = 5 × 10–7 m,
Mengkaji hubungan antara jarak antara dua sumber koheren, a, dan
jarak antara dua garis nod yang berturutan, x. xHijau / Green = 4 × 10–4 m, xs = 4.8 × 10–4 m
To investigate the relationship between the distance of two coherent ax
Dengan menggunakan λ / By using λ = ,
sources, a, and the distance of two consecutive nodal lines, x. D
a
Pemboleh ubah / Variables λHijau = ( )(xHijau ) (“a” dan D adalah malar di sini),
D
1 Jarak antara dua sumber koheren, a
a
The distance between two coherent sources, a λGreen = ( )(xGreen ) (here, “a” and D are constants),
D
2 Jarak antara dua garis nod yang berturutan, x
The distance between two consecutive nodal lines, x a λ
\ ( ) = Hijau / Green (i)
3 Frekuensi penggetar, panjang gelombang, jarak antara sumber D xHijau / Green
(pencelup) dan kedudukan di mana x diukur. a
Tetapi / But λS = ( )(xS)
Frequency of vibrator, the wavelength, distance between sources D
and the position where x is measured. a λ
\ ( ) = s (ii)
D xS
Keputusan / Results
Pers. (i) = Pers. (ii); / Equation (i) = Equation (ii);
λ / nm λ λ
\ Hijau / Green = s
xHijau / Green xS
x / cm
λHijau / Green
\ λ = ( ) (xS)
S xHijau / Green
Eksperimen / Experiment
(5 × 10–7 m)
Interferens gelombang cahaya / Interference of light waves = × (4.8 × 10–4 m)
(4 × 10–4 m)
Pemboleh ubah / Variables = 6.0 × 10–7 m
1 Panjang gelombang cahaya laser, λ. 4 Diberi / Given:
The wavelength of the laser light waves, λ a = 0.5 mm = 0.5 × 10–3 m
2 Jarak antara dua pinggir cerah berturutan, x. D = 3.0 m
The distance between two consecutive bright fringes, x. 1.4 cm
3 Jarak pemisahan antara celah, a dan jarak antara dwicelah dan x = = 0.28 cm = 0.28 × 10–2 m
5
skrin, D.
ax
Slit separation, a, and the distance between double slit and λ =
D
screen, D.
(0.5 × 10–3 m) × (0.28 × 10–2 m)
=
3.0 m
= 4.67 × 10–7 m

© Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. 20

 MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 4

5 (a) (i) v = fλ LATIHAN PENGUKUHAN / ENRICHMENT EXERCISE

300 = 1 200 × λ Soalan Objektif / Objective Questions
λ = 0.25 m
1 D 2 B 3 C 4 A 5 B 6 C
ax
(ii) λ = 7 C 8 D 9 C 10 C 11 B
D
(2.0)x Soalan Struktur / Structure Question
0.25 =
5.0 1 (a) (i) Q ialah sinaran inframerah / Q is infrared ray
\ x = 0.625 m (ii) Alat kawalan jauh. / Remote control.
(b) • Waktu malam, suhu udara menurun. [M1] (b) Panjang gelombang bagi gelombang mikro lebih panjang
At night, temperatures drop. daripada panjang gelombang sinar-X.
• Ketumpatan udara bertambah. [M2] The wavelength of microwave is longer than wavelength of
Density of air increases. X-ray.
• Panjang gelombang bunyi berkurang. [M3] (c) Gelombang radio // gelombang mikro.
The wavelength of sound wave decreases. Radio wave // microwave.
• x berkadar langsung dengan λ. [M4] (d) Semua gelombang elektromagnet mempunyai laju yang
x is directly proportional to λ. sama dalam vakum.
All electromagnetic waves have the same speed in vacuum.
5.7 (e) Gelombang elektromagnet ialah gelombang melintang
Ciri-ciri Gelombang Elektromagnet manakala gelombang bunyi ialah gelombang membujur. //
Charateristics of Electromagnet Waves Gelombang elektromagnet boleh merambat dalam vakum
manakala gelombang bunyi tidak boleh.
Electromagnetic wave is a transverse wave whereas sound
wave is a longitudinal wave. // Electromagnetic waves can
travel in vacuum whereas sound waves cannot.
2 (a) • Tali gitar dipetik dan bergetar.
Strings of guitar are plucked and strings vibrates.
• Getaran tali gitar menggetarkan molekul-molekul udara
melintang dikutubkan
Transverse polarised
sekeliling.
Vibration guitar strings vibrate the air molecules around.

JAWAPAN / ANSWER
• Molekul-molekul udara mengalami mampatan dan
renggangan secara berselang seli.
The molecules of air undergoes compression and
rarefaction alternately.
• Tenaga dipindahkan ke telinga pendengar.
Energy is transferred to the listener’s ears.
• Gegendang telinga bergetar. / Eardrum vibrates.
(b)

Magnitud daya yang digunakan • Amplitud lebih besar

Tenaga
untuk memetik tali gitar
Energy mestilah lebih besar
The magnitude of the force used
to pluck the strings of a guitar • Lebih nyaring
must be larger
Pantulan, pembiasan, pembelauan Tindakan pelarasan melalui
medium dan interferens
medium Reflection, refraction, diffraction
tombol gitar iaitu tombol
and interference diputar untuk mengetatkan tali-
tali gitar
Action of adjustment made
through the knob which is the
Aplikasi gelombang elektromagnet dan kesan buruknya knob is rotated to tighten the
The applications of electromagnetic waves and its negative effects strings of the guitar
Saiz kotak mesti lebih besar
Gelombang radio / Radio wave Size of the box must be larger
Gelombang mikro / Microwave
Sinaran inframerah / Infrared ray
Cahaya nampak / Visible light
Pengubahsuaian-
Sinar ultraungu / Ultraviolet ray pengubahsuaian lain:
Other modifications:
Sinar-X / X-rays • Tali yang lebih kuat
Stronger strings
Sinar gama / Gamma ray
• Tali yang lebih halus
Thinner strings
Larger amplitude
• Tenaga lebih besar
Larger energy
Louder
• Frekuensi lebih tinggi
Higher frequency
• Lebih langsing
Higher pitch
• Lebih banyak molekul udara
bergetar
More air molecules vibrates
• Lebih banyak tenaga
dipindahkan
More energy transferred
• Tali tidak mudah terputus
Strings are not easily broken
• Frekuensi lebih tinggi / lebih
langsing
Higher frequency / Higher
pitch

21 © Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd.

 MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 4

Teknik menjawab [Format Kertas 2: Bahagian B]

Hitung indeks
Answering technique [Paper Format 2: Part B] 3 × 108 m s–1
biasan, n, bagi n= = 1.33
medium berikut 2.26 × 108 m s–1
Gelombang mikro • Tenaga lebih tinggi
Gelombang mikro Higher energy di dalam jadual.
3 × 108 m s–1
• Frekuensi lebih tinggi Calculate the n= = 1.46
2.05 × 108 m s–1
Higher frequency refractive index, n,
for the following 3 × 108 m s–1
mediums in the n= = 1.52
1.97 × 108 m s–1
Lebih besar Menerima lebih banyak isyarat table.
Larger gelombang pantulan 3 × 108 m s–1
Receive more reflected signals n= = 2.38
1.26 × 108 m s–1

Cekung Menumpukan isyarat gelombang Eksperimen / Experiment

Concave pantulan yang dikesan
Hubungan antara sudut tuju, i dan sudut biasan, r
To converge the reflected wave
Relationship between the angle of incidence, i and the angle of
signals detected
refraction, r

Pada titik fokus
At focal point
Pada titik fokus
At focal point
JAWAPAN / ANSWER
Isyarat gelombang tuju dapat 1 Sudut tuju, i / Angle of incidence, i
Pemboleh ubah
dipancarkan ke jarak yang lebih 2 Sudut biasan, r / Angle of refraction, r
Variables
jauh 3 Indeks biasan / Refractive index
Incident wave signal can be 1 Radas disusun seperti dalam rajah di atas.
transmitted to longer distances The apparatus is set up as shown in the
diagram above.
2 Garis luar blok kaca dilukiskan di atas kertas
Isyarat gelombang terpantul
putih. Lima garis pada sudut tuju yang
ditumpukan pada penerima
berbeza, i = 10º, 20º, 30º, 40º dan 50º dilukis
Reflected signals wave is focused
pada kertas menggunakan jangka sudut.

on a receiver
An outline of glass block is traced on a
white paper. Five lines at different angle of
Tempat yang lebih tinggi dan • Kurang halangan incidence, i = 10º, 20º, 30º, 40º and 50º is
terbuka Less obstacle drawn by using a protractor.
Higher and open place • Tiada gangguan isyarat 3 Sinar cahaya dari kotak sinar dituju ke arah
There is no signal interruption Prosedur tengah blok kaca pada sudut tuju, i = 10º.
Procedure A light ray from ray box is incident at the
centre of the glass block at an angle of
Lebih besar Isyarat gelombang pantulan dapat incidence, i = 10º.
Larger dikesan dengan lebih mudah 4 Sudut biasan, r diukur dan direkodkan.
Reflected signals can be detected The angle of refraction, r is measured and
easily recorded.
5 Langkah 3 dan langkah 4 diulang dengan
sudut tuju, i = 20º, 30º, 40º dan 50º.
Berkilat Pemantul yang lebih baik Step 3 and step 4 are repeated with angles of
Shiny Good reflector incidence, i = 20º, 30º, 40º and 50º.
6 Nilai sin i dan sin r dihitung dan direkodkan.
The values of sin i and sin r are calculated
and recorded.
Unit
Unit CAHAYA DAN OPTIK Apabila sudut tuju, i, bertambah, sudut biasan,
156 LIGHT AND OPTICS Kesimpulan r, juga bertambah.
Conclusion When angle of incidence, i, increases, angle of
6.1 refraction, r, also increases.

1 • lebih besar / bigger

2 di atas / above

Eksperimen / Experiment
Hubungan antara dalam nyata dan dalam ketara
Relationship between real depth and apparent depth

Inferens Dalam ketara dipengaruhi oleh dalam nyata.

Inference The apparent depth influenced by the real depth.

© Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. 22

 MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 4

Aplikasi Pantulan dalam Penuh dalam Kehidupan Harian

Apabila dalam nyata, H suatu objek bertambah, Applications of Total Internal Reflection in Daily Life
Hipotesis dalam ketara, h turut bertambah. 2 (a) Lebih sejuk / Cooler
Hypothesis When the real depth, H of an object increases, (b) Lebih tumpat / Denser
its apparent depth, h also increases. (c) Lebih panas / Hotter
1 Dalam nyata, H / Real depth, H (d) Kurang tumpat / less dense
Pemboleh ubah 2 Dalam ketara, h / Apparent depth, h • besar / bigger
Variables 3 Indeks biasan air, n • Pantulan dalam penuh / Total internal reflection
Refractive index of water, n
Latihan / Exercises
Apabila dalam nyata, H suatu objek bertambah, 1
Kesimpulan dalam ketara, h turut bertambah. 1 (a) n =
sin c
Conclusion When the real depth, H of an object increases,
1
its apparent depth, h also increases. 1.47 =
sin c
sin c = 0.6803
Latihan / Exercises c = 42.86°
sin i sin 60° (b)
1 n= = = 1.51
sin r sin 35° 45°
2 Halaju dalam vakum / Speed in vacuum,
O
c = 3.0 × 108 m s–1
Halaju dalam medium / Speed in medium, Prisma kaca 45°
Glass prism
v = 1.6 × 108 m s–1
Halaju cahaya di udara, c / Speed of light in air, c
n = Sinar cahaya / Light ray
Halaju cahaya dalam medium, v / Speed of light in medium, v
3 × 108 m s–1 (c) Pantulan dalam penuh. / Total internal reflection.
n = = 1.88
1.6 × 108 m s–1 1
2 n =
3 n = 2.2 sin c
c = Halaju dalam vakum / Speed in vacuum = 3.0 × 108 m s–1 1
2.4 =

JAWAPAN / ANSWER
Halaju cahaya di udara, c / Speed of light in air, c sin c
n=
Halaju cahaya dalam medium, v / Speed of light in medium, v c = 24.6°
3 × 108 m s–1 1 1
2.2 = 3 n= = = 1.22
v sin c sin 55°
3.0 × 108 m s–1
v= = 1.36 × 108 m s–1
2.2 6.3
Dalam nyata/Real depth H
4 n = = Apakah itu kanta
Dalam ketara/Apparent depth h menumpu
0.5 m cembung? converge
1.33 = What is convex lens?
h
0.5 m Apakah itu kanta mencapah
h = = 0.38 m
1.33 cekung? diverge
5 Pemerhati What is concave lens?
Observer

Cara Melukis Rajah Sinar bagi Kanta Cembung dan Kanta

Cekung
Way to Draw a Ray Diagram for Convex Lens and Concave Lens
N 1

Imej (c) • Songsang / Inverted

Image • Nyata / Real
• Sama saiz dengan objek / Same size as the object
Z
Objek / Object (d) • Songsang / Inverted
• Nyata / Real
• Diperbesar / Magnified
6.2
(e) • Tegak / Upright
Contoh / Examples
• Maya / Virtual
1 • Diperbesar / Magnified
1 n =
sin c
1 (f) • Tegak / Upright
1.51 = • Maya / Virtual
sin c
• Diperbesar / Magnified
sin c = 0.6667
c = 41.8°
2 C 2 Diperkecil, tegak, maya / Diminished, upright, virtual

23 © Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd.

 MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 4

Latihan / Exercises 2 Ciri-ciri imej pertama, I1 / Characteristics of first image, I1

1 Jarak imej / Image distance, v = 70 cm Songsang, nyata, diperbesar / Inverted, real, magnified
Jarak objek / Object distance, u = 100 cm – 70 cm = 30 cm Ciri-ciri imej terakhir, I2 / Characteristics of final image, I2
ho = 6 cm Songsang, maya, diperbesar / Inverted, virtual, magnified
hi v
m = = 3 Ciri-ciri imej pertama, I1 / Characteristics of first image, I1
ho u
h 70 cm Nyata, songsang, diperkecil / Real, inverted, diminished
=
6 cm 30 cm Ciri-ciri imej terakhir, I2 / Characteristics of final image, I2
70 cm Songsang, maya, diperbesar / Inverted, virtual, magnified
hi = × 6 cm
30 cm
= 14 cm 6.6
Ciri-ciri imej oleh cermin cekung
6.4 Characteristics of image by concave mirror
Eksperimen / Experiment 1 • Nyata / Real
Hubungan antara jarak objek dan jarak imej • Songsang / Inverted
The relationship between object distance and image distance • Diperkecil / Diminished
2 • Nyata / Real
1 Jarak objek, u. / Object distance, u. • Songsang / Inverted
Pemboleh ubah 2 Jarak imej, v. / Image distance, v. • Diperkecil / Diminished
Variables 3 Panjang fokus kanta, f. 3 • Songsang / Inverted
Focal length of the lens, f. • Nyata / Real
• Sama saiz dengan objek / Same size as the object
Apabila jarak objek, u berkurang, jarak imej, v 4 • Songsang / Inverted
Kesimpulan bertambah. • Nyata / Real
Conclusion When the object distance, u decreases, the • Diperbesar / Magnified
image distance, v increases. 5 • Maya / Virtual
• Tegak / Upright
Latihan / Exercises • Diperbesar / Magnified
JAWAPAN / ANSWER

6 • Tegak / Upright
1 (a) ho = 8 cm
• Maya / Virtual
u = +20 cm
• Diperbesar / Magnified
f = –10 cm
1 1 1 Ciri-ciri imej oleh cermin cembung
= +
f u v Charateristics of image by convex mirror
1 1 1 1 • Diperkecil / Diminished
= +
–10 cm 20 cm v • Tegak / Upright
v = –6.7 cm • Maya / Virtual
hi v 2 • Diperkecil / Diminished
(b) =
ho u • Tegak / Upright
6.7 cm • Maya / Virtual
hi = × 8 cm = 2.68 cm
20 cm
2 (a) Kanta cembung kerana imej yang terhasil berada LATIHAN PENGUKUHAN / ENRICHMENT EXERCISE
bertentangan dengan kedudukan kanta dan objek. Imej yang Soalan Objektif / Objective Questions
terbentuk adalah imej nyata. 1 C 2 A 3 B 4 D 5 C 6 C
Convex lens because the image formed is at the opposite
side of the lens and object. The image formed is a real Soalan Struktur / Structure Question
image. 1
v 1 (a) (i) Apabila / When =0
(b) m = u
u 1
v = 0.10 cm–1
6 = v
u
v = 6u
\ 1 = 1 + 1
f u v
1 1 1
+ = 1
u v f = 0.10 cm–1
f
1 1 1 1
+ =
f= = 10.0 cm
u 6u 12 0.10 cm–1
7 1 (ii) Panjang fokus / Focal length
=
6u 12 (0 – 0.10) cm–1
u = 14 cm (b) m =
(0.10 – 0) cm–1
–0.10
6.5 =
0.10
1 Ciri-ciri imej: / The characteristics of the image: = –1.0
Diperbesar, tegak, maya / Magnified, upright, virtual

© Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. 24

 MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 4

2 (a) (i) Diameter kanta di kedua-dua rajah adalah sama.

Diameter of lens in both diagram are the same.
(ii) Ketebalan kanta di Rajah (a) > Ketebalan kanta di
Rajah (b)
Thickness of lens in Diagram (a) > Thickness of lens
in Diagram (b)
(iii) Panjang fokus kanta di Rajah (a) < Panjang fokus
kanta di Rajah (b)
Focal length of lens in Diagram (a) < Focal length of
lens in Diagram (b)
(iv) Kuasa kanta di Rajah (a) > Kuasa kanta di Rajah (b)
Power of lens in Diagram (a) > Power of lens in
Diagram (b)
(b) (i) Ketebalan kanta semakin bertambah, panjang fokus
semakin berkurang.
As the thickness of lens increases, the focal length of
lens decreases.
(ii) Panjang fokus semakin berkurang, kuasa kanta
semakin bertambah.
As the focal length decreases, the power of lens
increases.

JAWAPAN / ANSWER

25 © Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd.