Light “Refraction” and “Reflection”

Presented by: Dr. Yehya Haidar

Email: haidar_88@live.com
Phone: 70049665

Thursday, December 2 @ 4 PM (CS)

Friday, December 3 @ 3 PM (ENG)
 𝜃መc
Critical angle 𝜃መ1

If 𝜃መ1 < 𝜃መ𝑐

𝜃መ2
• The refracted angle is less than 90 °.
• The refracted ray moving away the normal.

𝜃መ1 = 𝜃መc

If 𝜃መ𝑐 = 𝜃መ1 𝜃መ2 = 90 °

• The refracted angle is equal to 90 °.

• The refracted ray grazing the separation surface.
 If 𝜃መ1 > 𝜃መ𝑐 መ
𝜃መ1 𝜃c 𝜃መ 2

The reflected angle 𝜃መ2 is equal to the incident

angle 𝜃መ1 .
𝜃෠1 = 𝜃෠2

 𝜃෠1 < 𝜃෠c , then refraction ray moving away the

normal.
 𝜃෠c = 𝜃෠1, then refraction ray grazing the surface.
 𝜃෠1 > 𝜃෠c , then total reflection.
 Law of Reflection
• The normal is a line
perpendicular to the surface.
• It is at the point where the
incident ray strikes the surface.
•The incident ray makes an angle of
θ1 with the normal.
•The reflected ray makes an angle of
θ1’ with the normal.
• The angle of reflection is equal to
the angle of incidence.
• θ1’= θ1
• This relationship is called the Law
of Reflection.
•The incident ray, the reflected ray
and the normal are all in the same
plane.
 Example
Two mirrors make an angle of 120° with each other as illustrated in
the next Figure. A ray is incident on mirror M1 at an angle of 65° to
the normal. Find the direction of the ray after it is reflected from
mirror M2.
Multiple Reflections

•The incident ray strikes the

first mirror.
•The reflected ray is directed
toward the second mirror.
•There is a second reflection
from the second mirror.
•Apply the Law of Reflection
and some geometry to
determine information about
the rays.
 𝛿 = 90° − 65° = 25°
𝛾 = 180° − 25° − 120° = 35°
𝜃𝑀2 = 90° − 35° = 55°
𝜃 , 𝑀2 = 𝜃𝑀2 = 55°
The Reflected and Refracted Rays

•Ray ①is the incident ray.

•Ray ②is the reflected ray.
•Ray ③is refracted into the lucite.
•Ray ④is internally reflected in the lucite.
•Ray ⑤is refracted as it enters the air from the lucite.
Refraction in a prism
A prism is a transparent medium limited by two flat sides 1
and 2 forming an angle A between them, called apex angle.
The main section of the prism is a triangle.

𝑛1 1 2
𝛼 𝛽
t1 t2
I1 I2
𝑛1
𝑛2
 According to the Snell’s law
Side 1: 𝑛 A
1
𝑛1 × sin 𝑖 = 𝑛2 × sin 𝑡1
1 2
𝑛1 = 1, 𝑠𝑜 1 × sin 𝑖 = 𝑛2 × sin 𝑡1
𝛼 𝛽
sin 𝑖 = 𝑛2 × sin 𝑡1 I1 t1 t2 I2
𝑛2 𝑛1
Side 2:
𝑛2 × sin 𝑡2 = 𝑛1 × sin 𝑟

𝑛1 = 1, 𝑠𝑜 𝑛2 × sin 𝑡2 = 1 × sin 𝑟

𝑛2 × sin 𝑡2 = sin 𝑟
 In the triangle AI1I2
𝐴 + 𝛼 + 𝛽 = 180°
𝛼 + 𝑡1 = 90°𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛽 + 𝑡2 = 90°

𝛼 + 𝛽 = 90° − 𝑡1 + 90° − 𝑡2 = 180° − 𝑡1 + 𝑡2

𝐴 + 180° − 𝑡1 + 𝑡2 = 180°

𝐴 = 𝑡1 + 𝑡2
Deviation angle δ
𝛿1 = 𝑖 − 𝑡1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛿2 = 𝑟 − 𝑡2
𝛿 = 𝛿1 + 𝛿2 = 𝑖 − 𝑡1 + 𝑟 − 𝑡2 = 𝑖 + 𝑟 − 𝑡1 + 𝑡2

𝛿 =𝑖+𝑟−𝐴