G12

SELF LEARNING
MODULE IN
CHEMISTRY I
First Quarter-WEEK 1

1
General Chemistry 1
The Properties of Matter and its Various Forms
(Week 1)
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. Use properties of matter to identify substances and to separate them;
2. Recognize the formulas of common chemical substances;
3. Compare consumer products on the basis of their components for use,
safety, quality and cost; and
4. Describe various sample separation techniques such as distillation and
chromatography.

Pre-Test
1. Bicarb of soda is used in cooking as a leavening agent. It is also called
bicarbonate of soda. The correct formula for bicarb of soda is
a. NaHCO3 c. Na2CO3
b. NaOH d. Na2HCO3
2. Nitric acid is used in the manufacture of fertilizer and explosives. The
chemical formula for nitric acid is
a. NO2 b. NH3 c. HNO2 d. HNO3 3. Permanent marker ink is best
separated by which process?
a. filtration c. crystallization
b. distillation d. chromatography
4. If you want to separate iron fillings from sand, which of the following
apparatus will you use?
a. Funnel b. filter c. magnet d. sieve 5. What process is used to
separate heterogeneous mixtures of solids and liquids?
a. filtration c. crystallization
b. distillation d. chromatography
6. The following are examples of a chemical change EXCEPT_________.
a. A silver spoon tarnishing c. a cake baking in an oven b. a popsicle
melting d. a car rusting
7. What property of matter is being measured by placing the object in a
graduated cylinder with water and measuring how much water is displaced? a.
mass b. density c. volume d. solubility 8. The melting point of a solid is the
temperature at which it changes state from a solid to a liquid at a given
pressure. The melting point of a substance is the same no matter how much of
the substance is present. This makes melting point a ______ physical property.
a. intensive b. extensive c. reflexive d. unpredicted 9. Which of the
following incorrectly describes matter?
a. It has mass. c. It occupies space.
b. It has volume. d. It has a definite shape.
10.Which of the following is used to release fragrance in different parts of the
home?
a. air freshener b. bleach c. disinfectant d. detergent 11.You
accidentally spilled mango juice on your cousin's favorite white shirt. Which
of the following should you use to remove the stain and whiten the shirt?

2
a. ethyl alcohol c. chlorine-based bleach
b. liquid detergent d. scented candle
12.While cleaning the cookware, you find a greasy stain that water alone cannot
remove. Which among the household products is best used to remove the
grease?
a. bleach c. aerosols
b. disinfectant d. detergent
13.Salmonella is a bacterium that causes food poisoning of humans when
ingested. Live poultry, such as chicken, often carry the bacteria. Hence,
kitchenware and even countertops should be cleaned after preparing
chicken. Which of the following should you do to prevent contamination of
kitchenware and countertops?
a. Use cold water to wipe the kitchenware.
b. Use essential oils in countertops to prevent contamination and odor.
 c. Wash the kitchenware with warm water and liquid detergent. d. Wipe
the kitchenware with chlorine-based bleach.
14.Which of the following sets of properties are all extensive properties of a
substance?
a. color, odor, taste c. mass, volume, height
b. density, boiling point, solubility d. mass, density, thickness 15.Why is
freon continuously used as coolant despite protests from environmentalists?
a. It is cheap.
b. It is safe to use.
c. It is unreactive, non-toxic and non-flammable.
d. There wouldn’t be hair sprays or fire extinguishers without it.

Properties of Matter
Do not judge the book by its cover. A saying or quote that is applicable not
only to the persons we encounter every day but also to the things we use. The said
saying reminds us to avoid making unnecessary or offending comment to someone
or something which we know little about them. That is why, it is important for us
to understand the process of knowing the properties of matter that will lead us to
discern on what makes an object different from other objects. Our understanding
on the different properties of matter could help us to avoid accident in selecting the
right material. Furthermore, those properties of matter could help us to make new
inventions or device that could make our work easier.
This module will discuss the different properties of matter and how the
knowledge on properties of matter has influenced the behavior and actions of
people when it comes to their every changing surroundings.

Learning Task 1.1

Direction: Use each of the terms below just once to complete the passage.

chemical mass
physical properties substance mixture density
Matter is anything (1) _____________and volume. A (2) _________ is a form of matter
with a uniform and unchanging composition. Substances have specific, unchanging
(3) ___________ that can be observed. Substances have both physical and chemical
properties. (4) _________ properties can be observed without changing a substance’s
chemical composition. Color, hardness, and (5) ___________ are examples. Other
properties cannot be observed without changing the composition of a substance.
These are called (6) ___________ properties. An example is the tendency of iron to
form rust when exposed to air.

3
If we are to find the meaning of the word property, it means characteristics,
traits or qualities. This only means that properties of matter are about the
observable characteristics, traits or qualities of matter.

Learning Task 1.2 - Testing the Properties of Matter

Procedure:
1. Prepare a spoon of sugar, salt, water, cooking oil and tissue paper using
measuring spoon then place each in separate containers.
2. Observe the five substances then complete the table below by determining
their physical and chemical properties.
Substance Mass Color Solubility Flammability

Sugar

Salt
 Water

Cooking oil

Tissue Paper

Guide Questions
1. Which substances have similar physical property? Explain your answer.
2. Which substances have the same mass? How about color, taste and
flammability?
3. Which substance is said to be flammable? What precautionary measure
could you cite about flammable materials?
4. Which property is extensive physical property? How about the intensive
physical property and chemical property of matter?

Physical Property
This refers to the characteristic or trait of matter that can be observed or
perceived with our senses easily without changing its chemical composition.
Physical properties of matter can be classified into two; intensive physical property
and extensive physical property. How is intensive physical property different form
the extensive physical property? To find out, let us read the difference of Intensive
Physical Property and Extensive Physical Property.

1. Intensive Physical Property

This is the characteristic or trait of matter that does not depend on
the amount. Color, shape, temperature, malleability, diffusion and ductility
are the examples of intensive physical property of matter.
∙ Ductility is the ability of substance to be stretched into wire. A very good
example of this property is found in the strings of the guitar or wires inside
the electrical connections. Do you see sample of this inside your house?
∙ Malleability is the ability of substance to be hammered or transformed into thin
sheet. This can be seen among metals like bracelet, tin cans and metallic
roofs of our houses. Do you see sample of this inside your house?
∙ Diffusion is the ability of matter to be scattered or spread out. This can be
observed when you add ink into the water. The ink will mix to the water even
without stirring it. Can you cite another example of this?

2. Extensive Physical Property

It is the characteristic or trait of matter which is dependent on the
amount or quantity. Examples of extensive physical properties of matter are
size, mass, volume, density, length and width. This means that if the
amount of matter or particles is increased, it may cause change in the size,
mass, volume, density, length and width of an object.

4
Chemical Property
This is the characteristic or trait that can be observed when a matter reacts
to another substance. Combustibility/flammability and oxidation like rusting are
examples of chemical properties of matter.

Learning Task 1.3

Direction: Classify the following properties of matter as intensive physical property,
extensive physical property or chemical property.
1. Coal is used to produce electricity by burning them to power the generator.
2. Water freezes at O0C.
3. Salt and refined sugar are both white in color.
4. 5 kg. rice is as heavy as 5 kg. newly harvested cotton.
 5. Silver is usually tarnished when exposed to air forming silver oxide.
6. Color of the paper
7. Combustibility of plastic
8. Length of paper
9. Mass of the paper
10.Boiling point of water

2. Common Formula and Chemical Substance

Chemicals play a huge role in different industries. It is commonly used in
pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, agriculture, and food. Chemicals are basically
everywhere. Even in everyone’s home there are chemicals. These are the common
chemical substances found at home:
a. Table sugar C12H22O11 sucrose
b. Vinegar CH3COOH acetic acid
c. Alcohol C2H6O ethanol
d. Table salt NaCl sodium chloride
e. Baking powder NaHCO3 sodium bicarbonate

Learning Task 2.1

`Chemists once said that we are living in a world of Chemistry. There are
hundreds of thousands of substances available. It is important for us to familiarize
with their common name and chemical formula. Try to identify the common name/
chemical name of some substances commonly found in our homes.
Common Name Chemical Name Formula Uses

1. Sodium chloride NaCl Gives salty taste

to food

Table sugar 2. C12H22O11 Gives sweet taste

3. Sodium bicarbonate NaHCO3 Leavening of bread

Slaked lime 4. Ca(OH)2 Making mortar

and plaster

5
5. Potassium KHC4H4O6 For baking cakes
hydrogen
tartarate

Milk of magnesia 6. Mg(OH)2 Antacid

7. Hydrochloric acid HCl Cleanser

Vinegar 8. CH3COOH Preservative

and
condiments

9. Hydrogen peroxide H2O2 Antiseptic/

disinfectant
 Alcohol 10. (CH3)2CHOH Antiseptic/
disinfectant

3. Consumer Products
Cleaning Products
Cleaning products contain substances that remove dirt, stain, and bad smell. There
are different cleaning products, and some of them are used to clean surfaces such
as bathroom tiles, floors, sinks, and drains. Others are used to clean clothing,
blankets, and curtains. Cleaning products include detergent, bleach, air freshener
or purifier, and disinfectant
A detergent contains surfactants, which are substances with cleaning properties.
Surfactants have long water-insoluble hydrocarbon tail and water-soluble polar
heads. When these molecules are placed in water, they form micelles. They orient
themselves with the hydrocarbon tails, sticking to one another while the polar
heads are pointing outwards and into the water.

Bleach is a household cleaning agent used to remove dyes and whiten clothing.
The color that stains white fabrics typically arise from organic dyes and pigments.
For example, when carrot juice spills on your white garment, the pigment beta
carotene binds with the fabric.
Air freshener or purifier is used to emit fragrance in different spaces at home,
especially in restrooms. It can be in the form of spray, candle, oil, bead, or gel. Its
main purpose is to eliminate or mask unpleasant odors. Its name is misleading
though because it does not really freshen or purify the air.

A disinfectant is an antimicrobial household product. It kills microorganisms on

surfaces of inanimate objects. Note that it is different from antiseptics, which are
used on living things to kill microorganisms. The effectiveness of a disinfectant
depends on the number of microorganisms, environment (temperature), time of
exposure, and nature of microorganisms.

Learning Task 3.1

Direction: Answer the following questions
1. Check the cleaning agents you use at home. What are the kinds of surfaces those
agents clean?
2. What are the things you consider in buying those cleaning products?
3. What are the safety precautions that must be done when using cleaning products?
6
Personal Care Products
Personal care products are products that people use for personal hygiene and
beautification. Different personal care products that we usually use are listed below
as well as their active ingredients.

Deodorants
The major ingredients of deodorant include aluminum-based compounds such as
aluminum chloride, aluminum chlorohydrate, and aluminum zincronium.
Body Lotions
Body lotions can be classified as emulsions. Emulsions are dispersions of fine
particles that do not dissolve in a medium. An emulsifier is a class of surfactant
that is usually added to make two immiscible substances miscible. Cetearyl alcohol
is an example of an emulsifier.

Perfume
A perfume will contain essential oils and glycerol as its major components.
Essential oils are naturally extracted oils from plant or animal sources that have a
strong fragrance. You will notice that most of these compounds are organic by
nature, and will require an organic solvent.

Shampoo/Conditioner
Major ingredients of shampoos include surfactants that form micelles. These
shampoos usually use ammonium compounds due to their high versatility to
function as a surfactant and thickening agents.

Soaps
Specialized soaps for skin are still made of surfactants that act the same way as
detergents. The application of surfactants can also be found in hand lotions,
shampoos, and conditioners.

Make-ups
Make-ups are usually made up of colored pigments and/or metal oxides. Pigments
and metal oxides give color due absorption of visible light at a certain wavelength.
This absorption is possible due to certain structural configuration or electronic
transitions.

Learning Task 3.2

Direction: Answer the following questions
1. How do we make sure that our personal care products remain safe?
2. What hazards are present in handling these products?

Effects on Human Health

Personal care products are applied on the body, so there is a possibility that their
ingredients enter the body through skin absorption or by ingestion. Therefore, it is
important that these products are healthy and nontoxic.
When choosing a personal care product, learn to read the labels. Be aware of toxic
substances that may be found in the product you want to buy. Below are some of
the substances you have to avoid.
∙ Poisonous heavy metals such as lead, arsenic, and mercury can be found in
a wide range of personal care products. When these heavy metals enter the
body, they can accumulate and replace the metals that are normally

7
present for specific functions in the body. They can often be found in
products such as whitening toothpaste, lipstick, sunscreen, and concealers. ∙
Hydroquinone is often found in skin lighteners and facial cleansers. This
substance has been reported as a cancer-causing agent and respiratory tract
irritant. It has been banned in Europe and restricted in Canada. However, many
products sold in Asia still contain hydroquinone.
 ∙ Phthalates are substances often found in color cosmetics, fragrance lotions,
and hair care products. They are linked to endocrine disruption and
reproductive toxicity. They are often written in labels as phthalate, DEP,
DEHP, or DBP. Choose products labelled "phthalate-free," but consider their
other ingredients.
∙ Nitrosamines are substances produced by diethanolamine (DEA) and
truethanolamine (TEA) which are both found in nearly every kind of personal
care product. They cause organ system toxicity and endocrine system
disruption. It is safe to avoid products containing DEA and TEA.
Effects on the Environment
Cleaning products are often disposed in the environment. For instance,
detergents are mixed with water that goes down the drain. Hence, the detergent
may find its way into the ground and into bodies of water. It is important that these
products are safe for the environment. Below are some properties you need to
consider in buying products.

∙ Corrosive
These corrosive products are often presented in dilute amounts,
some, may not be even harmful upon acute exposure. However,
prolonged exposure (if not immediately washed and rinsed with
water) can lead to corrosive burns. These also serve as a
warning to keep away from the eyes and nose. Aerosolized
products once dispersed can be light enough to linger in the air. These
molecules can then make contact with the eye, or be inhaled.
∙ Poison/Toxic
As mentioned in previous topics, certain products are really
meant to act as a poison. A pesticide is harmful towards certain
organisms. But remember, toxicity is a function of
concentration. If you are exposed constantly, certain toxins
may accumulate.

More than symbols, product labels provide certain information that is essential for
the product’s use and maintenance.

Storage Instructions
∙ Products contain information about specific storage instructions to keep their
functionality.
Directions for Use
∙ Products such as pesticides have specific instructions to better use the
product while maintaining the health of the user and the materials which
these household products are applied to.
Manufacturing and Expiration Date
∙ Keeping track of the expiration date has obvious reasons. You would not want
the product to be expired before using it. However, the manufacturing date is
also important to keep track of. In the event of an incident (poisoning, etc.),
manufacturers can track the product down in order to make sure that the
batch of products is recalled for further testing and

Learning Task 3.3

 Direction: Answer the question below
8
1. What do you think we should do to lessen the effects of various
compounds from a variety of cosmetics and cleaning products to the
environment given that we are continuously creating new products?
analysis. This is a process called quality assurance wherein products are
randomly tested for the concentration of their ingredients and other
parameters.

4. Simple Separation Techniques

Mixture is a physical combination of two or more pure substances. The
components of mixture can be mixed in any proportion. The characteristics of the
components of mixture are retained in the mixture. Mixture can be separated by
ordinary physical processes.
Separation techniques are used to separate mixtures into its constituent
elements and/or compounds. Recall that a mixture is contains elements and/or
compounds which are not chemically combined. By separating the constituents of
the mixtures, we can find out the properties of the known/unknown substances
from mixtures and possibly use them for the production of useful substances such
as medicines.
Depending on the physical and chemical properties of the substances in the
mixture, we can choose the most appropriate separation technique to isolate them
from the mixture.

Learning Task 4.1

Materials:
∙ jar

∙ rubbing alcohol

∙ ordinary bond paper

∙ ball pens – red and black

∙ ruler

∙ pencil

∙ pair of scissors

Procedure:
1. On the bond paper or mimeographing paper, draw a rectangle whose
measurements are 6 in by 8 in.
1. Cut the rectangle. Then, draw a line 2 cm from the bottom of the rectangle.
Use pencil in drawing the line.
2. Cut the ball point of the pen and then
let the tip of the ink tube
touch the
line on the bond paper.
Notice that
you are able to put some ink. Put
some more ink on the same spot and
then let it dry.
3. Do step 3 but this time use the other ball pen.
 4. Then attach both ends of the paper with the use of the staple wire.
5. Put the paper into a jar with
rubbing
alcohol. Make sure that the
rubbing
alcohol does not touch the
ink.

Guide Questions
1. Did you notice the different colors that make up your red ink?

9
2. What about the black ink?

These different colors are actually the components of the ink and you are able to
separate them by paper chromatography. Paper chromatography is a separation
technique that uses paper as the stationary phase and a liquid solvent (in our
experiment, it’s the rubbing alcohol!) as the mobile phase.
The solvent is the mobile phase since it moves slowly along the surface of the
paper.
And since the ink spot, which is on the paper, is soluble in rubbing alcohol then
the ink will be dissolved once the solvent moves over it. The ink will move along
with the solvent. Each component of the ink has its own characteristic and will be
moving along the solvent at its own rate. The difference in the rates of the
components of the ink makes it possible for the components of the mixture to be
separate

Filtration involves separation of fine insoluble solids

from the liquid portion. It can be done by pouring the
mixture allowing it to pass through the funnel with
filter paper. The solids that stay in the filter paper
becomes the residue while the liquid that passed

through becomes
the filtrate.

Distillation is the process of evaporating and

condensing a liquid in a repeated manner in
order to get and collect the desired pure form.
One of its application is the separation of
gasoline from crude oil.

Learning Task 4.2

Direction: Write the appropriate separation techniques for the following
given. 1. Purification of alcoholic beverages.
 2. Removal of impurities in tap water
3. Identifying amino acids on food
4. Refining oil
5. Extracting piperine (active ingredient of pepper) from black pepper

Learning Task 5
In this module, you learned the properties of matter and its various form. Your task
is to complete the reflection activity below.

I learned that ________________________________________________________________________

I realized that
________________________________________________________________________ I can apply
what I have learned in
____________________________________________________________________________________

10
Post-Test
1. Bicarb of soda is used in cooking as a leavening agent. It is also called
bicarbonate of soda. The correct formula for bicarb of soda is
a. NaHCO3 b. Na2CO3 c. NaOH d. Na2HCO3
2. Nitric acid is used in the manufacture of fertilizer and explosives. The
chemical formula for nitric acid is
a. NO2 b. NH3 c. HNO2 d. HNO3 3. Permanent marker ink is best
separated by which process?
a. filtration c. crystallization
b. distillation d. chromatography
4. If you want to separate iron fillings from sand, which of the following
apparatus will you use?
a. Funnel b. filter c. magnet d. sieve 5. What process is used to
separate heterogeneous mixtures of solids and liquids?
a. filtration c. crystallization
b. distillation d. chromatography
6. The following are examples of a chemical change EXCEPT_________. a. A
silver spoon tarnishing c. a cake baking in an oven b. a popsicle melting d.
car rusting
7. What property of matter is being measured by placing the object in a
graduated cylinder with water and measuring how much water is displaced? a.
mass b. density c. volume d. solubility 8. The melting point of a solid is the
temperature at which it changes state from a solid to a liquid at a given
pressure. The melting point of a substance is the same no matter how much of
the substance is present. This makes melting point a ______ physical property.
a. intensive b. extensive c. reflexive d. unpredicted 9. Which of the
following incorrectly describes matter?
a. It has mass. c. It occupies space.
b. It has volume. d. It has a definite shape.

10.Which of the following is used to release fragrance in different parts of the

home?
a. air freshener b. bleach c. disinfectant d. detergent
11.You accidentally spilled mango juice on your cousin's favorite white shirt.
Which of the following should you use to remove the stain and whiten the
 shirt?
a. ethyl alcohol c. chlorine-based bleach
b. liquid detergent d. scented candle
12.While cleaning the cookware, you find a greasy stain that water alone cannot
remove. Which among the household products is best used to remove the
grease?
a. Bleach c. aerosols
b. Disinfectant d. detergent
13.Salmonella is a bacteria that causes food poisoning of humans when
ingested. Live poultry, such as chicken, often carry the bacteria. Hence,
kitchenware and even countertops should be cleaned after preparing
chicken. Which of the following should you do to prevent contamination of
kitchenware and countertops?
a. Use cold water to wipe the kitchenware.
b. Use essential oils in countertops to prevent contamination and odor.
c. Wash the kitchenware with warm water and liquid detergent. d. Wipe
the kitchenware with chlorine-based bleach.

11
14.Which of the following sets of properties are all extensive properties of a
substance?
a. color, odor, taste c. mass, volume, height
b. density, boiling point, solubility d. mass, density, thickness 15.Why is
freon continuously used as coolant despite protests from environmentalists?
a. It is cheap.
b. It is safe to use.
c. It is unreactive, non-toxic and non-flammable.
d. There wouldn’t be hair sprays or fire extinguishers without it.
12