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SELF LEARNING
MODULE IN
CHEMISTRY I
First Quarter-WEEK 2

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 General Chemistry 1
Atomic Structure & Formulas and Names of Compounds
(Week 2)

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Recognize common isotopes and their uses; and
2. Represent compounds using chemical formulas, structural formulas and
models; and
3. Name compounds given their formula and write formula given the name of
the compound

Pre-Test

1. Uranium-235 has 92 protons. How may neutrons does it have?

a. 143 b. 235 c. 92 d. 90
2. What are isotopes?
a. Atoms that have the same number of neutrons but have different
numbers of protons.
b. Atoms that have the same number of electrons but have different
numbers of protons.
c. Atoms that have the same number of protons but have different
numbers of neutrons.
d. Atoms that have the same number of neutrons and protons.
3. Uranium-238 has 92 protons. How many neutrons does it have?
a. 239 b. 92 c. 146 d. 330
4. Why is deuterium 2H1 sometimes called heavy hydrogen?
a. It has extra nucleus c. It has extra electron
b. It has extra proton d. It has extra neutron
5. The beta particle has a charge of ___
a. -1 b. +1 c. -2 D. d. +4
6. When a metal and a nonmetal react, the __________ tends to lose
electrons and the __________ tends to gain electrons.
a. metal, metal
b. nonmetal, nonmetal
c. metal, nonmetal
d. nonmetal, metal
7. What is the formula of the compound formed between strontium ions
and nitrogen ions?
a. SrN b. Sr3N2 c. Sr2N3 d. SrN2
8. Magnesium reacts with a certain element to form a compound with the
general formula MgX. What would the most likely formula be for the
compound formed between potassium and element X?
a. K2X b. KX2 c. K2X3 d. K2X2
9. Which pair of elements is most apt to form a molecular compound
with each other?
a. aluminum, oxygen c. magnesium, iodine
b. sulfur, fluorine d. potassium, lithium

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 10. Which of the following anions is polyatomic?
a. Iodide c. sulfide
b. nitrite d. bromide
11. What is the oxidation number of N in KNO3?
a. +5 b. -3 c. -5 d. +3
12. How many atoms of C are present in a compound with a chemical formula
K4[Fe(CN)6]2?
a. 4 b. 12 c. 6 d. 48
13. Which of the following formula is correctly written?
a. ZnCl b. NH4SO4 c. HgCl d. H2S
14. If water is chemical known as dihydrogen monoxide having the formula,
H2O. What is the chemical name of chloroform (CCl4)?
a. carbon tetrachloride c. methylene chloride
b. carbon trichloride d. carbon chloride
15. What is the chemical formula of the compound formed when Mg reacts with
S?
a. MgS2 b. MgS c. Mg2S d. Mg2S3

1. Isotopes and their Uses

The study of atoms entails a lot of concepts such as their subatomic

particles, atomic structures, discoverer and properties. One fascinating area of
study of atoms is the isotopes. Many of us have heard this word already but have
limited clear understanding what the concept is.

Isotopes are often related to nuclear energy which is being used in many
industries. This is because the nuclear energy usually comes from radioisotopes- a
kind of isotopes that is radioactive. Many of the food products in the market were
subjected to radiation that comes from radioisotopes. Only few people knew this
because the industries are aware that people are sensitive to the use of nuclear
energy. This module will discuss the nature of isotopes as well as their kinds,
examples and uses.

Learning Task 1.1

Picture Analysis. Analyze the picture below then answer the corresponding guide
questions.

Guide Questions
1. What is the picture showing to us? Why did you say so?
2. Which instrument or device was used to capture the image? Why?
3. How is isotope related to the image?

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Isotopes
The word isotope was derived from Greek words isos and topos which means
“the same place”. Isotopes variants of an element are still found in the same
location in the periodic table of elements. This term was introduced by a British
Chemist Frederick Soddy.
Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have the same number of
protons but different in the number of neutrons. For example, the most common
oxygen isotope has 8 neutrons inside the nucleus, but other isotopes have 9 or 10
neutrons.

Isotopes of Oxygen
To identify a specific isotope of an element, write the name of the element
followed by a hyphen and the mass number of the isotope. Isotopes of oxygen are
presented below:
 Oxygen-16 for the isotope with mass number of 16
 Oxygen-17 for the isotope with mass number of 17
 Oxygen-18 for the isotope with mass number of 18
An oxygen atom with eight protons and eight neutrons and has a mass
number of 16, its name is Oxygen-16. Oxygen-17 has eight protons and nine
neutrons, and its mass number is 17. And lastly, an oxygen atom with eight
protons and ten neutrons and has a mass number of eighteen.
Due to the variations of the mass number of the isotopes like Oxygen-16,
Oxygen-17 and Oxygen-18, the relative atomic mass should be computed as
indicated in the periodic table. The atomic mass of oxygen indicated in the periodic
table is 15.999. How this figure obtained? To calculate the atomic mass of an
element, you have to multiply the mass number of each isotope by its percentage
abundance in decimal form. Then add these amounts together to find the relative
atomic mass.
For example, Chlorine-35 makes up 75.53 percent of all the chlorine in
nature, and Chlorine-37 makes up the other 24.47 percent. The relative atomic
mass of chlorine is calculated as follows;

Isotope Mass Number Atomic Mass Percent Relative

Unit Abundance Atomic Mass

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 Chlorine-35 35 34.969 75.53%
Chlorine-37 37 36.966 24.47% 35.45

Learning Task 1.2

Direction: Solve the following problems

1. Boron has two isotopes, Boron-10 and Boron-11, whose percentage
abundances are 19.8% and 80.2% respectively. The atomic masses of Boron-10
and Boron-11 are 10.0129 amu and 11.0093 amu respectively. Write the symbols
for the two isotopes of boron and determine the relative atomic mass.
Isotope Mass Number Atomic Mass Percent Relative
Unit Abundance Atomic Mass

2. Silicon has three isotopes, Silicon-28, Silicon-29 and Silicon-30, whose

percentage abundances are 92.21%, 4.70% and 3.09% respectively. The atomic
masses are 27.977 amu, 28.976 amu and 29.974amu respectively. Write the
symbols for the three isotopes of silicon and determine the relative atomic mass.
Isotope Mass Number Atomic Mass Percent Relative
Unit Abundance Atomic Mass

When we talk about the chemical properties of isotopes of a given element,

the
y
are
alm
ost
the
sa
me
or
ide
ntic
al.
Diff
ere
nt
isot
ope
s
exhibit nearly identical chemical behaviors. However, when it comes to physical
properties of isotopes like the mass, melting point, melting point, density and
freezing point they are all different. Some isotopes of an element have unique
properties because they are unstable. An unstable atom is an atom whose nucleus
can change its composition. This type of isotope is called radioisotope.
Radioisotopes are radioactive isotope because they produce radiation as they
breakdown in the process.

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Learning Task 1.3- Isotope Brochure
Procedure:
1. Choose an isotope that you want to discuss and present it in a brochure
format. Discuss the history, applications in various fields like medicine,
agriculture, industries and health, as well as the adverse effects.
2. Prepare 1 long special cardboard paper, pen, cut-outs of the chosen
isotopes and adhesive material such as glue.
3. Fold the special cardboard paper into 3 then make a lay out of your isotope
brochure

Guide Questions:

1. Which filed is the chosen isotope most useful?

2. Is there any adverse effect in using the chosen isotope? How?

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2. Formulas and Names of Compounds
Compounds may often very strange to us because of our lack of
understanding or idea about them especially if they are expresses in their chemical
formula and chemical name. The chemical formula and chemical name are always
written in the food, medicine and other product labels. But being familiar on
writing the chemical formula and chemical name of various compounds is not sole
responsibility of those who work in chemical-related industries but rather it is a
skill that a person must learn.
The chemical formula of a substance is a notation that uses atomic symbols
with numerical subscripts to convey the relative proportions of atoms of the
different elements in the substance.

Learning Task 2.1

Direction: Analyze the figures below then answer the corresponding guide
questions.

Guide Questions
1. What are the two figure all about?
2. What chemical symbols do you see in both figures?
3. How is figure A different from figure B?

Types of Chemical Formulas

1. Molecular formula indicates the actual numbers of atoms in a molecule. It
gives the composition of the molecule in terms of the actual number of atoms
present.
Examples:
 a molecule of NaOH is composed of 1 Sodium atom and 1 Oxygen
 a molecule of Mg3N2 is composed of 3 Magnesium atoms and 2 nitrogen
atoms.
2. Empirical formula gives only the relative number of atoms of each type in a
molecule. The subscripts in an empirical formula are always the smallest
possible whole-number ratios.
Examples:
 Benzene, C6H6, has the simplest form of CH, its empirical formula
 Butane, C4H10, has the simplest form of C2H5, its empirical formula
3. Structural Formula shows the location of the atoms relative to one another
in a molecule and the number of chemical bonds between the atoms.
Examples:

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 Compound Structural Formula
H2 O H-O-H
HF H-F

General procedures in naming and writing chemical formula:

 Ion with positive oxidation number is written first followed by the ions of
negative oxidation number.
 Criss-cross method wherein the oxidation number of the positive ions
becomes the subscript of the negative ion.

Rules in Naming Compound

1. Binary Compound
A. Ionic Compound is made up of a cation and an anion. They are named by
giving the name of the cation first, followed by the name of the anion. The
name of the anion includes only the English root plus –ide.
Example: KBr Potassium Bromide
KI Potassium Iodide
If the binary compound contains metals of variable oxidation numbers,
the stock and traditional systems of naming may be employed.
 Stock system -the English name of the metal is followed by the
oxidation number written in Roman numeral and enclosed in
parenthesis then the name of the nonmetal ending in –ide.
Examples:
FeCl2 Iron (II) chloride
Fe2O3 Iron (III) oxide)
 Classical or traditional system- the Latin Name of the metal is used
ending in –ic or –ous(-ic is referring to higher oxidation number
and –ous if referring to lower oxidation number) followed by the name
of negative ion ending in –ide.
Examples:
FeCl2 Ferrous Chloride
Fe2O3 Ferric Oxide
B. Molecular compounds- made up of two non-metals. They are named by
giving the name of the first nonmetal and that of the second nonmetal
with the proper prefix (indicating the number of atoms) modified by the
ending-ide. Molecular compounds are usually gases.
Example: CO2 Carbon dioxide
SO3 Sulfur Trioxide
2. Ternary Compound is made up of three or more elements. The naming
follows the same rule as that of binary ionic compound: the name of the
cation is given first, followed by the name of the anion.
Example: NaNO3 Sodium Nitrate
BaCrO4 Barium Chromate
Acids
1. Binary acids are composed of hydrogen and another element, usually a
nonmetal. The first part of the name starts with the prefix hydro- followed by
the name of the element, modified by the ending –ic. The second part
consists of the word „acid‟. Name = hydro- (root name of element) -ic + acid
Example
HCl hydrochloric acid
H2 S hydrosulfuric acid
HI hydroiodic acid
2. Ternary acids – made up of hydrogen and an anion, usually containing
oxygen. The first part of the name consists of the root word of the name of

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 the element, modified by the ending –ic. The second part consists of the
word „acid‟. If there is another acid with the same atoms, the suffix –ous is
used to denote the one with less number of atoms. Name = (root name of
element) -ic (or –ous) + acid
Examples:
HNO3 nitric acid
HNO2 nitrous acid
H2SO4 sulfuric acid
H2SO3 sulfurous acid
H3PO4 phosphoric acid

In writing the formula, the total positive charges of the cations should
be equal to the total of the negative charges of the anion. The net charge
should be zero.

Learning Task 2.2 Writing Formulas from Chemical Names

Direction: Write the formula of the ions expected from the following compounds

Compound Positive Ion Negative Ion Formula

Barium Oxide
Nickel Hydroxide
Zinc Chloride
Tin(IV) oxide
Sodium Chromate
Chromium(III) nitrate
Nitrogen trichloride
Zinc carbonate
Lead(II) chromate
Potassium iodide
Hydrobromic acid
Ammonium nitrite
Copper(II) sulfite
Sodium hydrogen sulfite
Sodium carbonate

Learning Task 2.3 Chemical Names from Formulas

Direction: Write the chemical name of the ions expected from the following
compounds.
Formula Positive Ion Negative Ion Chemical Name
ZnCl2
K3(PO4)
BaO
Ni(OH)2
Cu(NO3)2

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Learning Task 2.4 Call and Write My Name
1. Write and name the chemical formula of the following compounds and classify
them as binary or ternary compounds. Refer to periodic table of elements for the
oxidation number.

Cation Anion Chemical Chemical Name Classification

formula

NH4 Br
Zn C2O4

Na Cr2O7

Sn+4 F

Ca AsO4

2. Write and name the following compounds with variable oxidation numbers of
common cations.

Cation Anion Stock Name Classical Name

Pb+4 BO3-

Sn+4 C2O4-2

Cu+ Br-

Fe+2 N-3

Hg+2 ClO-

3. Name the following covalent compounds correctly.

Chemical formula Chemical Name
PBr5
N2O5
SF6
N2O

P4O10

4. Give the acid name (aqueous solution) of the following compounds.

Chemical Formula Chemical Name

H2CO3

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 HBrO3

H3BO3
H2C2O4
HMnO4
HI
HCl
HF

HCN
H2S

Learning Task 3
In this module, you learned the atomic structure & formulas and names of
compounds. Your task is to complete the reflection activity below.

I learned that ________________________________________________________________________

I realized that ________________________________________________________________________
I can apply what I have learned in
____________________________________________________________________________________

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