Republic of the Philippines

AURORA STATE COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

Brgy. Zabali Baler, Aurora 3200

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
Bachelor Of Science in Civil Engineering

Group Name: C

Group Leader: Nortez, Rodelyn

Group Members: del Rosario, Geraldine

Rubio, Reynald

Soriano, Coleen Joyce

WASTE COOKING OIL AS A BINDER EXTENDER FOR ASPHALT PAVING

Importance

This study helps to improve the management of cooking oil

wastage and to lessen the usage of bitumen as an asphalt binder.

The use of Waste Cooking Oil as a bitumen extender may be a good

contribution to solving the problem of high petroleum demand

which is widely used in the industry, specifically in road

constructions, such as asphalt paving. Ramadhansyah et al. (2020)

stated that the use of Waste Cooking Oil as a modifier has the

potential to improve engineering value in terms of rheological

and mechanical performance for both modified binder and asphalt

mixture. Furthermore, this study secures lesser cost as compared

to the pure bitumen binder while managing the cooking oil waste

properly, making it economically and environmentally acceptable.

Output

This research study aims to prove that Waste Cooking Oil can

be an effective asphalt binder extender. This aims to provide a

solution to the bad effects of petroleum-based binders on the

environment and people. This is to use a renewable, environment-

friendly, and economical material as a binder for asphalt paving.

Aziz et al. (2016b) stated that bio-based source energy is

renewable, efficient, cost-effective, and environment friendly

and can be a great asset to any country. The researchers also aim

to use Waste Cooking Oil as a binder extender, which means 25%-

75% of the bitumen would be replaced as a binder.

Problem

Asphalt binders are mostly petroleum-based binders that

have a bad impact on the environment and other living beings.

“Bitumen fume consists of minute hazardous particles which are

formed by the condensation from the vapor stage after

volatilization of bitumen. This vapor mixes with the air consumed

by the pavers and at the same time, it mixes with the other

environmental elements and pollutes them” (Aziz et al., 2016b).

In addition, petroleum-based binders such as bitumen are not

renewable resources. Due to its high demand and continued usage,

depletion and shortage may occur in no time. According to Zahedi

(2023), 85% of bitumen production is used for road construction,

while the other 15% is for other construction and other

industries.

Disposal of Waste Cooking Oil is also one of the world’s

problems. From daily residential use to different restaurants, it

is safe to say that the world can produce numerous gallons of

used cooking oils. Ramadhansyah et al. (2020b) wrote that

approximately 15 billion gallons of Waste Cooking Oil are being

collected annually. However, many are still lacking appropriate

practice on how to dispose of Waste Cooking Oil properly,

contributing to the environmental issues the world has today.

Why

Due to the problems stated above, the researchers have come

up with the idea of using Waste Cooking Oil as an asphalt binder

extender. Since the largest percentage of bitumen production is

being used in the construction of roads, the researchers thought

of focusing on asphalt paving. The researchers would want to find

a solution to the stated problems while maximizing the available

resources and considering its cost and total impact.

References

Aziz, M. M. A., Rahman, M. T., Hainin, M. R., & Bakar, W. W. A.

(2016a). Alternative binders for flexible pavement.

ResearchGate.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269693860_Alternati

ve_Binders_for_Flexible_Pavement

Ramadhansyah, P. J., Masri, K. A., Azahar, W. N. a. W., Mashros,

N., Norhidayah, A. H., Warid, M. N. M., Satar, M. K. I. M.,

& Yaacob, H. (2020a). Waste Cooking oil as bio Asphalt

Binder: A Critical review. IOP Conference Series, 712(1),

012040. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/712/1/012040

Zahedi, M. (2023, July 3). Bitumen - What is bitumen? - Infinity

Galaxy. Infinity Galaxy. https://infinitygalaxy.org/bitumen/

 Republic of the Philippines
AURORA STATE COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
Brgy. Zabali Baler, Aurora 3200

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
Bachelor Of Science in Civil Engineering

Group Name: C

Group Leader: Nortez, Rodelyn

Group Members: del Rosario, Geraldine

Rubio, Reynald

Soriano, Coleen Joyce

EFFECTS OF INSTALLING ROADSIDE FENCING IN CROWDED AREAS

Importance

In Aurora, it is important to place fences in certain areas

along the roadside, particularly in crowded areas, to minimize

accidents and guide pedestrians where to walk. It will benefit

drivers by allowing them to drive safely without the fear of

harming anyone. Moreover, people often stand in the middle of the

road, which causes traffic and puts them at risk of being hit by

a vehicle. Installing fences will also benefit young people and

the elderly who may not be aware of approaching cars, providing

them with protection. According to Roadside and Security Wire

Fencing, the fencing will act as a visual barrier to prevent

drivers from driving onto the roadside, but it will not stop

vehicles from colliding with the barrier if necessary.

Output

Roadside fencing is a necessary safety measure for

separating roads and roadsides while preserving the surrounding

environment. Installing the fencing has both positive and

negative effects, which researchers and readers will learn about.

It is important to understand the standards and specifications,

as well as the various types of roadside fencing available.

Causes of accidents related to roadside fencing will also be

explored. Thank you for your interest in our research.

Problem

The first thing that will be encountered in placing a fence

on the roadside is the area, whether it fits on the road. Another

problem is sagging or misalignment which leads to a lack of

tension that causes breaks. Regular inspections and maintenance

of good condition of a fence can prevent these problems on

roadside fencing. Another challenge that will be faced on

roadside fencing will be rust and corrosion which can weaken and

cause it to fail after. To prevent this kind of problem it needs

to check and clean regularly and do the things that make the

material life last longer.

References

Safe Fence Ltd. (n.d.). Roadside & security wire fencing.

https://safefence.co.uk/wire-fencing-roadside-and-

security.html#:~:text=The%20fencing%20will%20act%20as,Fence

%27s%20Road%20Side%20Barrier%20Department

Overcoming Challenges With Wire Fencing: A Comprehensive Guide.

(n.d.). https://www.lahabrafence.com/blog/overcoming-

challenges-wire-fencing-comprehensive-guide
 Republic of the Philippines
AURORA STATE COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
Brgy. Zabali Baler, Aurora 3200

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
Bachelor Of Science in Civil Engineering

Group Name: C

Group Leader: Nortez, Rodelyn

Group Members: del Rosario, Geraldine

Rubio, Reynald

Soriano, Coleen Joyce

DEVELOPMENT OF PRECAST FORMWORKS ON MAKING STRUCTURE MEMBERS

Importance

One of the reasons for this research is to make the

structure easier and faster to be done in less time. The

importance of precast formworks is they will be very economical

and will not use wood because it made of hard plastic. On the

other hand, it can be used again on the other structure. This

innovative process compresses project schedules, maintaining

safety and project costs by requiring fewer people on site in

construction. It is a temporary construction but can be used

again multiple times which serves as a mold for pouring concrete.

It is a vertical or horizontal shape used to preserve concrete in

place as it grows strength and form.

Output

This is intended solely for particular structure members,

including balconies or terraces that have repeated and identical

members. This unit fits seamlessly onto its structural complement

and can be easily removed after the concrete has been set. Also,

it only allows for concreting the members. Precast formworks can

also be used on the columns as well as on the beams. The

researcher will notice if these precast formworks can carry the

strength of concrete once pouring at a time. The readers will

know different kinds of formworks how will be created and how

they will be placed before pouring the concrete on the specific

structure members.

Problem

The problems that will be faced in this research are how we

will provide the materials that are needed and the efficient and

recycled thing which economical and lightweight that can carry

the designed strength of the concrete that it will be carried.

And also, if there are sufficient manufacturers of these precast

formwork that will produce these materials needed. The other

thing that might be the problem is using recycled materials in

producing the formwork according to Wei Li, Xiaoshan Lin, Ding

Wen Bao, and Yi Min Xie (ELSEVIER) in recent years, the use of

economical and environmentally friendly materials for formwork

fabrication has drawn worldwide attention. Formwork systems made

of recyclable materials could be fabricated using digital

fabrication techniques, such as CNC milling and 3D printing, to

obtain non-standard geometries. At present, the investigation of

recyclable formwork is still at an early stage, and the

application of recyclable formwork in real concrete construction

is limited.

References
Sander, J., Sander, J., & Sander, J. (2016). How to build

formwork | HowToSpecialist - How to Build, Step by Step DIY

Plans. HowToSpecialist - How to Build, Step by Step DIY

Plans | How to Build, Step by Step DIY Plans for Your:

Kitchen, Bath, Deck, Garden.

https://howtospecialist.com/structure/how-to-build-formwork/

Team, D. (2022). Construction Of Formwork For Structures (Steps).

DAILY CIVIL. https://dailycivil.com/construction-of-

formwork/

Li, W., Lin, X., Bao, D. W., & Xie, Y. M. (2022). A review of

formwork systems for modern concrete construction.

Structures, 38, 52–63.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2022.01.089
 Republic of the Philippines
AURORA STATE COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
Brgy. Zabali Baler, Aurora 3200

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
Bachelor Of Science in Civil Engineering

Group Name: C

Group Leader: Nortez, Rodelyn

Group Members: del Rosario, Geraldine

Rubio, Reynald

Soriano, Coleen Joyce

EVACUATION ROUTE PLANNING IN FLOOD-SUSCEPTIBLE AREA OF BALER,

AURORA USING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS)

Importance

The instant and immediate escape from an imminent risk or

danger is known as evacuation. People are frequently forced to

evacuate their homes, communities, cities, and occasionally even

states in the wake of disasters. When a tragedy happens, one

might not have much time to evacuate, so it is crucial to have a

plan in place to get everyone out of harm's way as fast and

effectively as possible (Disaster Preparedness: Family Evacuation

Plan | Habitat for Humanity, n.d.). To avoid stampedes and other

accidents during natural disasters, an effective evacuation route

plan would be the main solution to ensure everyone’s safety. This

would be useful in locating the shelter house that is in the

lowest amount of time and distance possible taking into account

the impact of the flood on the speed of evacuees (Parajuli et

al., 2023).
Problem

For the past few years, numerous typhoons have hit Aurora

which have caused landslides, floods, property damage, food and

water scarcity, and casualties in the province. The following

information shows a few of the many typhoons that devastated

Aurora from 2015 to the present: Typhoon Nona affected Baler in

December 2015 (GMA News Online & GMA News, 2015); Typhoon Sarika

(also known as Typhoon Karen locally) made landfall over Baler in

October 2016 (Philippines: Typhoon Sarika - DREF (MDRPH021)

Preliminary Final Report - Philippines, 2017); floods of tropical

storm “Ramil” damaged more than Php 1 million worth of crops last

November 2017 (Interaksyon, 2017); a state of calamity was

declared in Baler after Typhoon Ulysses assaulted the province in

November 2020 (De Asis, 2020); and Typhoon Betty’s 3-m high storm

surge robbed a resident’s family of their house, way of life, as

well as school supplies for their children and grandchildren (GMA

Integrated News, 2023). This has proved that Aurora is a typhoon-

prone province with no natural barriers (Tolentino, 2023). Out of

all these typhoons, the same statement was released by the

Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction Management Office (MDDRMO) of

Aurora, that they would assist the affected individuals.

Output

This study seeks to produce an extensive evacuation route

mapping for flood-susceptible areas in the Municipality of Baler,

Aurora Province, where several flood events have occurred in the

past and are likely to occur in the future. The anticipated

results will be produced using an Analytical Hierarchy Process

(AHP) based on a Geographic Information System (GIS) and other

flood conditioning parameters (Parajuli et al., 2023).

Why

This study identifies potential locations for additional

shelter place allocations. This study can help the government

make decisions on the planning of early warning systems and flood

risk assessments. It also aids in developing an effective

evacuation strategy for risk reduction (Parajuli et al., 2023).

Since Aurora has been proven to be a typhoon-prone province, an

effective evacuation route mapping would be of great help to its

municipalities, particularly in Baler, to mitigate the effects of

typhoons that might hit the province in the future.

References

De Asis, J. (2020, November 14). Aurora placed under state of

calamity. Philippine News Agency.

https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1121835

Disaster preparedness: Family evacuation plan | Habitat for

Humanity. (n.d.). Habitat for Humanity.

https://www.habitat.org/our-work/disaster-response/disaster-

preparedness-homeowners/family-evacuation-

plan#:~:text=Disasters%20often%20force%20people%20to,of

%20danger%20quickly%20and%20efficiently.

GMA Integrated News. (2023, May 29). Big waves due to typhoon

Betty flatten houses in Baler | News |. GMA News Online.

https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/regions/871470/bi

g-waves-due-to-typhoon-betty-flatten-houses-in-baler/story/

GMA News Online & GMA News. (2015, December 21). Baler, Aurora

residents still plagued with brownout, flood | News |. GMA

News Online.

https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/regions/548600/ba
 ler-aurora-residents-still-plagued-with-brownout-flood/

story/

Interaksyon. (2017, November 5). LOOK, WATCH | Ramil-spawned

floods cause P1-M farm damage in Baler; weekend rains flood

villages. Interaksyon.

https://interaksyon.philstar.com/breaking-news/2017/11/05/10

7370/look-watch-ramil-spawned-floods-cause-p1-m-farm-damage-

in-baler-weekend-rains-flood-villages/

Parajuli, G., Neupane, S., Kunwar, S., Adhikari, R., & Acharya,

T. D. (2023). A GIS-Based evacuation route planning in

Flood-Susceptible area of Siraha Municipality, Nepal. ISPRS

International Journal of Geo-information, 12(7), 286.

https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi12070286

Philippines: Typhoon Sarika - DREF (MDRPH021) preliminary final

report - Philippines. (2017, April 30). ReliefWeb.

https://reliefweb.int/report/philippines/philippines-

typhoon-sarika-dref-mdrph021-preliminary-final-report