Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

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Materials Today: Proceedings

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Experimental studies on light weight concrete using LECA material

Karthiga Murugan ⇑, Meyyappan Palaniappan, Kathirvel kumar Kalappan
Center for Building Materials, Department of Civil Engineering, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil, Tamil Nadu 626 126, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The past researches has brought down the various construction challenges such as robust design, practi-
Available online xxxx cal difficulties, availability of materials and huge cost etc. looks for the possible solution. In the mean-
while, light weight concrete has several potential advantages like reduction of dead load, thermal and
Keywords: acoustic insulation. Consequently the above said challenges will be more suitably addressed in to the
LECA light weight concrete which is produced from the various light weight aggregates. Hence, an attempt
Sustainability is made to investigate the performance of light weight concrete using LECA material as a partial replace-
Light weight aggregates
ment for conventional aggregates in the replacement levels of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 30%. For the
Compression strength
Spilt tension strength and flexural strength
casted specimens, mechanical (compressive strength, flexural strength and split tensile strength) and
water absorption tests were conducted. In the study, 10% of the LECA material replacement is found to
be the optimal percentage in all aspects.
Copyright Ó 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 3rd International Con-
ference on Recent Advances in Mechanical Engineering Research and Development (ICRAMERD-22).

1. Introduction
For past decades, concrete has been an integral ingredient in the
construction industry. Most predominant practical challenges in
the construction industry are to execute the robust design in the
field. Even if it is implemented with great difficulties, the cost
has reached on the higher extent, since the materials requirement
is very huge. Many researches [1,5,6,10], has in the state of attempt
to arrive the unique solution for addressing robust design, con-
struction difficulties, procuring large volume of materials with
high cost with the light weight concrete material. Lightweight con-
crete is made with low density aggregates [4] rather than tradi-
tional natural aggregates, like perlite, pumice[8], vermiculite[9],
expanded clay [22], thermo cole beads [11], coke breeze [20], arti-
ficial cinders [21], shale [17], slate [18], Cement Clinker aggregate
[13], fly ash aggregate [19], and scoria etc. The typical normal
weight aggregate has a density of around 2250 to 2400 kg/m3
whereas the light weight concrete has density in the range of
1440 to 1850 kg/m3 [7]. The density variations are mainly due to
the light weight aggregate’s density nature and non-porous charac-
teristics [12]. Because of the density reduction, the light weight
concrete has the wide applications in manufacturing precast ele-
ments such as blocks, slabs and panels, as well as in the ready mix-
ture applications with on-site additives [16]. Even though many
light weight aggregates are used in the concrete, the pumice stone
and LECA has grasped much attention because of the availability
and cost effectiveness. The main objective of this experimental
study is to determine the performance of LECA material (Light
weight expanded clay aggregate) against the fresh concrete (slump
test) and hardened concrete characteristics (compressive strength,
split tensile strength, flexural strength and water absorption rate).
The conventional coarse aggregate is replaced with the LECA mate-
rial in the proportions of 0 %, 5 %, 10 %, 15 %, 20 % and 30 %. Also the
work is aimed to establish the relationship between the rate of
water absorption and compressive strength through regression
model.
2. Material and its properties

The testing process in this study uses an OPC grade of 53 that

Abbreviations: LECA, Lightweight Expanded Clay Aggregate.
⇑ Corresponding author. meets the requirements of IS 8112: 1989 [29]. In a 90 lm sieve,
E-mail addresses: m.karthiga@klu.ac.in (K. Murugan), meyyappan@klu.ac.in (M. the cement retains 90 % of its value. In this investigation, manufac-
Palaniappan), kathirkumar1805@gmail.com (K.kumar Kalappan). turing sand (M
sand) was used as an alternative to fine aggregate,

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.11.467
2214-7853/Copyright Ó 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 3rd International Conference on Recent Advances in Mechanical Engineering Research and
Development (ICRAMERD-22).

Please cite this article as: K. Murugan, M. Palaniappan and Kathirvel kumar Kalappan, Experimental studies on light weight concrete using LECA material,
Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.11.467
K. Murugan, M. Palaniappan and Kathirvel kumar Kalappan Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

which was retained on a 4.75 mm sieve and met the requirements Because of the absorption capacity of the LECA substance, pre-
of IS 383:1970 [28] for testing methods. Natural aggregates were soaking is required [2]. In the mixing procedure, coarse, fine, and
used for testing procedures in this study, which were retained on LECA materials are added first, along with 1/3rd of water, and
a 10 mm sieve and met the standards of IS 383:1970 [28]. The test- the mixture is mixed for 1 min. The residual water is then mixed
ing approach in this study uses light weight expanded clay aggre- with the cement. Finally, for at least 5 min, all of the ingredients
gate (LECA) of sizes 2–10 mm that meet the specifications of IS are combined together. The amalgamation of all concrete compo-
383:1970 [28]. Water is a crucial component for concrete and it nents is demonstrated by adequate mixing [15]. After the mix
must meet the standard drinking water requirements. Potable has been made, it is placed into oil-coated cube, cylinder, and beam
water is used in the testing and curing processes. The physical moulds. Layers of the mix are added into the mould, which is then
parameters of the materials used in the study are listed in Table 1. compacted at least 25 times. The moulds are filled with freshly
mixed concrete and the top layer is levelled with a trowel. The
3. Mix proportion and specimen details specimen is left in the mould for a 24 h. The specimen is
demoulded once the concrete has dried and is then given a 28-
The mix design used in this investigation is M25 grade conven- day curing period in the curing tank. Fig. 1(a-i), shows the mixing
tional concrete, which meets IS 10262: 2009 [26] criteria. The of LECA concrete with the appropriate amount of water, casting the
water-to-cement ratio is maintained at around 0.55. The 1 prepared concrete mixture into cube, cylinder, and beam moulds,
(C):1.13(FA):1.99(CA) proportion is adopted in the mix. In this and removing the concrete specimens from the moulds after
investigation, natural coarse aggregate of size 10 mm is replaced 24 h. The concrete specimen is then allowed to cure for 28 days.
with artificial light weight aggregate of size 2–10 mm at various
replacement percentages of 0 %, 5 %, and 10 %, 15 %, 20 % and 5. Testing of specimen
30 % respectively. Cubes of size 100x100x100 mm, cylinders mea-
suring 100x200 mm, and beams measuring 100x100x500 mm The concrete specimens are tested in a compression testing
were used as study specimens. Table 2 shows the concrete mix machine and a universal testing machine after 28 days of curing.
proportions (for 1 m3 of concrete) for various replacement levels. Both fresh and hard concrete properties were tested. A slump cone
test is used to assess the workability of fresh concrete made with
4. Casting and curing of specimen light weight aggregate (LECA) [25]. For the replaced percentages
of LECA, the slump value ranges between 75 and 85 mm. The com-
Table 3 shows the specimen details for various replacement pression strength of the concrete specimens is tested on a com-
levels. Before preparing the freshly mixed concrete, the LECA mate- pression testing machine (CTM) with a capacity of 100 T [27].
rial should be pre-soaked in potable water for around 24 h [23]. Once the specimen is properly centered in the machine, stress is
given at a constant rate of about 14 N/mm2/min and is maintained
until the specimen breaks. The load obtained at failure to the cross
Table 1 sectional area determines the compressive strength of the concrete
Physical properties of concrete ingredients.
[24]. The CTM also measures the split tensile strength of concrete.
Property Cement M
Sand Coarse aggregate LECA During the test, the specimen was kept horizontal in the center of
Consistency (%) 34 – – – the machine, and the load was applied at a rate of 2.4 N/mm2/min.
Setting time- Initial (min.) 36 – – – The split tensile strength is calculated by dividing the load by the
Setting time- Final (min.) 500 – – – appropriate geometric parameters, such as the cylinder specimen’s
Specific gravity 3.14 2.42 2.90 0.79
diameter and length [14].
Water absorption (%) – 2.41 0.49 18
Fineness modulus – 2.95 6.82 5.86 The flexural test is performed using a universal testing machine
Bulk density (kg/m3) – 1566 1717 602 (UTM) with 4-point bending, which gives four points of contact:
two supports and two loading points. The two locations distribute

Table 2
Specimen Id and Mix proportion.

S. No Specimen ID Replacement levels Cement (kg/m3) FA (kg/m3) CA (kg/m3) LECA (kg/m3) Water (kg/m3)
1 CL0 0% 322.64 366.54 645.08 0 180
2 CL5 5% 322.64 366.54 612.826 32.254 180
3 CL10 10 % 322.64 366.54 580.572 64.508 180
4 CL15 15 % 322.64 366.54 548.318 96.762 180
5 CL20 20 % 322.64 366.54 516.064 129.016 180
6 CL30 30 % 322.64 366.54 451.556 193.524 180

Table 3
Casted concrete specimen details.

Description of concrete Replacement proportions No. of cube specimens No. of cylinder specimens No. of prism specimens
Conventional Concrete 0% 5 3 3
Concrete with LECA 5% 5 3 3
Concrete with LECA 10 % 5 3 3
Concrete with LECA 15 % 5 3 3
Concrete with LECA 20 % 5 3 3
Concrete with LECA 30 % 5 3 3

2
K. Murugan, M. Palaniappan and Kathirvel kumar Kalappan
Fig. 1. (a–i), represents the specimen preparation, casting and curing process.
the loading region across the specimen, allowing for bending anal-
ysis of a larger section in the specimen [3]. The flexural response of
the beam is determined when the load is applied gradually and by
recording the applied load and the resulting strain.
6. Result & discussion
(i) Density.
From Fig. 2, it is noticed that, the presence of LECA material has
made a significant effect in the reduction of density. As the per-
centage of LECA increases, the reduction rate in the density of
the concrete is also decreases as shown in Table 4. The density of
3
Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
the conventional aggregate concrete is 2548 kg/m3, once the LECA
material introduced to 5 % replacement for conventional aggregate,
the density is reduced to 6.12 %. For further increase of the replace-
ment by LECA material to 10 %, 15 %, 20 % and 30 %, the density is
reduced significantly by 12.96 %, 17.07 %, 22.98 % and 30.57 %
respectively. The density reduction is achieved by the presence of
LECA material which is a less density material whereas the conven-
tional aggregate is a heavy density material.
(ii) Compressive strength.
Fig. 3, shows the compressive strength of the concrete is inces-
santly decreasing with the increasing content of LECA. For concrete
with conventional aggregate, the compressive strength obtained is
25.63 N/mm2, whereas for the concrete with LECA of replacement
K. Murugan, M. Palaniappan and Kathirvel kumar Kalappan Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig. 2. Rate of decrease in density vs Replacement levels of LECA in Concrete.

Table 4
Test results for compressive, split tensile & flexure strength.

S.no Specimen Id Replacement Density (kg/m3) Compressive Strength (N/mm2) Split Tensile Strength (N/mm2) Flexural Strength (N/mm2)
1 CL0 0% 2548 25.63 3.18 5.64
2 CL5 5% 2392 24.12 2.68 5.41
3 CL10 10 % 2218 21.86 2.54 5.34
4 CL15 15 % 2113 18.31 2.32 5.12
5 CL20 20 % 1962 13.89 2.23 4.6
6 CL30 30 % 1821 7.67 2.02 3.4

Fig. 5. Split tensile strength vs Replacement levels of LECA in Concrete.

Fig. 3. Rate of decrease in compressive strength vs Replacement levels of LECA in

Concrete.

Fig. 4. Specimen tested for compressive strength. Fig. 6. Specimen tested for split tension.

4
K. Murugan, M. Palaniappan and Kathirvel kumar Kalappan Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig. 7. Flexural strength vs Replacement levels of LECA in Concrete.

(iii) Split tensile strength.

Fig. 8. Specimen tested for flexure test.
levels 5 %, 10 %, 15 %, 20 % and 30 % the compressive strength is
24.12 N/mm2, 21.86 N/mm2, 18.31 N/mm2, 13.89 N/mm2 and
7.67 N/mm2 respectively as indicated in Table 4. For 5 % and
10 % of replacement of LECA, the rate of decrease in the compres-
sive strength is about 5.89 % and 14.70 %. Further if LECA content is
increased to 15 % and 20 %, the rate of decrease in the compressive
strength is drastic and it is about 28.56 % and 45.81 % respectively.
The maximum rate of decrease in the compressive is 70.07 % and it
is seen for 30 % replacement of LECA. The presence of LECA mate-
rial with low density and significant air voids is the cause of the
constant rate of decrease in compressive strength. Fig. 4, shows
the specimen tested for compressive strength and gets failed.
After 28 days of curing, the control specimen has an average
tensile strength of 3.18 N/mm2. When conventional aggregate is
replaced with LECA material in the replacement of 5 %, 10 %,
15 %, 20 % and 25 %, split tensile strength of the concrete is found
to be 2.68 N/mm2, 2.54 N/mm2, 2.32 N/mm2, 2.23 N/mm2 and
2.02 N/mm2 as mentioned in Table 4. The test result indicates that,
the presence of LECA materials brings down the split tensile
strength from 3.18 N/mm2 to 2.02 N/mm2, since the volume of
brittle and porous material is increased as shown in Fig. 5. This
light weight concrete makes the concrete more brittle than the
conventional one and its crushing is shown in Fig. 6.
(iv) Flexural strength.
The flexural strength of the concrete without LECA material
(control specimen) is 5.64 N/mm2 as shown in Table 4. As like split
tension test, flexure test also behaves same detrimental effect as
the LECA material replacement is increased as shown in Fig. 7.
But for the replacement levels more than 10 %, the decline effect
of the flexural strength is at very down steep order. The flexural
strength is getting less in a constant rate for the replacement levels
of 5 % to 10 % and it is non agreeing for higher replacement levels.
The specimen is getting failed uniformly as shown in Fig. 8.
(v) Water absorption test.
The Table 5, shows the test results of rate of water absorption in
percentage against various replacement levels of LECA material. It
is absorbed that, the rate of water absorption is enhancing with
respect to increase in the LECA content. For conventional aggre-
gate, water absorption rate is 2.6 %, whereas for 5 % and 10 % of
LECA replacement, the rate of water absorption is increased stea-
dily to 13.33 % and 18.24 % respectively. For higher replacements,

Table 5
Test results for water absorption rate.

S.no Specimen Id Weight of Sample Before Oven Dry (W1) Weight of Sample After Oven Dry (W2) % of Water Absorbed
1 CL0 2.839 2.767 2.6
2 CL5 2.710 2.629 3.0
3 CL10 2.521 2.443 3.18
4 CL15 2.554 2.479 3.28
5 CL20 2.291 2.210 3.6
6 CL30 2.036 1.940 4.9

5
K. Murugan, M. Palaniappan and Kathirvel kumar Kalappan Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

the rate of water absorption is drastic and it is went up to 4.9 % for CS ¼
8:466WA þ 47:11
30 % replacement of LECA (as shown in Fig. 9), which states that the
Whereas,
LECA is a porous material which has the ability to absorb more
CS – Compressive Strength in N/mm2; WA – Water absorption
water than the conventional concrete. In the higher water absorp-
in %.
tion rate, the concrete has not achieved a good homogenous mix-
ing and the mixed concrete immediately shows the segregation
7. Conclusion
effect. It has been identified that, a maximum of 10 % of LECA mate-
rial is advantages in the concrete, since the water absorption is
Based on this experimental study, the following conclusions has
around slightly higher than the conventional aggregate concrete.
arrived.
(vi) Relationship of Water absorption and compressive strength.
Based on the experimental test results, the regression model
1. Light weight concrete using LECA material has performed well
has been obtained to establish the relationship of rate of water
in the workability aspects, since the slump values are in the
absorption and compressive strength. The obtained model is hav-
range of 75 mm to 85 mm. This slump values are adequate to
ing good correlation with the R2 value 0.907 and it is given below.
discharge directly through mixer for PCC and RCC works.
The Fig. 10 shows that, for the lower rate of water absorption leads
2. By the presence of light weight aggregate LECA material, the
higher compressive strength. If the rate of water absorption is pro-
density is reduced from 2548 kg/m3 to 1821 kg/m3.
longed, it is affecting the performance of compressive strength to a
large extent.

5
Water Absorption, %

0
CL0 CL5 CL10 CL15 CL20 CL30
Replacement levels of LECA

Fig. 9. Water absorption rate vs Replacement levels of LECA in Concrete.

30
Compressive Strength, N/mm2

25

20

15

10
y = -8.4662x + 47.111
5 R² = 0.9074

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Rate of Water absorption, %

Fig. 10. Water absorption rate vs Compressive strength.

6
K. Murugan, M. Palaniappan and Kathirvel kumar Kalappan
3. Based on the compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexu-
ral strength, the optimum replacement of LECA is found to be
10 %, since the overall strength is achieved 80 – 85 % of the con-
trol specimen strength. For higher replacements, the strength is
drastically gets affected. For water absorption also, the same
trend is seen.
4. The relationship between compressive strength and water
absorption is arrived with the regression model. This model
performs good correlation of R2 value 0.907.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Karthiga Murugan: Conceptualization, Methodology, Investi-
gation, Writing – original draft. Meyyappan Palaniappan: Supervi-
sion. Kathirvel Kumar: Resources, Formal analysis.
Data availability
Data will be made available on request.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
to influence the work reported in this paper.
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