1.

Investigations on machinability and machining stability of turning super duplex

stainless steel
N. Subhash Machine Tool Dynamics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India Email: subhashn@iitk.ac.in
T. Jagadeesha Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology,
Calicut, Kerala 673601, India Email: jagdishsg@nitc.ac.in
Mohit Law* Machine Tool Dynamics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India Email: mlaw@iitk.ac.in
*Corresponding author
Published Online:July 20, 2020
https://doi.org/10.1504/IJMMM.2020.109849

The authors of this paper investigate the machinability and machining stability of dry turning Super
duplex stainless steels (SDSS). They find that SDSS has good mechanical and chemical properties, but
it is difficult to machine with dry turning due to its high cutting forces. The authors perform a
systematic experimental study to identify the cutting force coefficients that characterize
machinability and show that they are relatively speed independent. They also show that surface
characteristics improve with cutting speeds. Using identified coefficients and measured dynamics,
they predict the stability behavior and experimentally validate the predictions. The authors conclude
that the nose radius on cutting tools plays a significant role in improving the chatter vibration-free
turning of SDSS.

Here are the key findings of the study:

 SDSS has good mechanical and chemical properties, but it is difficult to machine with dry
turning.
 Cutting force coefficients are relatively speed independent.
 Surface characteristics improve with cutting speeds.
 Nose radius on cutting tools plays a significant role in improving the chatter vibration-free
turning of SDSS.

The authors of the study recommend using high-performance strategies for turning of SDSS, such as
using a nose radius on the cutting tool and using a cutting speed that is high enough to improve
surface quality and reduce chatter.
 2.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
336317938_Turning_processes_investigation_of_materials_austenitic_martensitic_and_dupl
ex_stainless_steels_and_prediction_of_cutting_forces_using_artificial_neural_network_ANN
_techniques

This is a literature review of the effects of machining parameters on cutting forces and surface
roughness in the turning processes of AISI 304, AISI 420, and AISI 2205 stainless steels. The study was
conducted using coated cemented carbide tools and cutting parameters were chosen according to
cutting tool manufacturer recommendations. Machining forces and surface roughness were
measured during the turning processes. An ANN model was developed using the experimental
results and was then compared to the actual experimental results. It was found that the cutting
forces could be modeled using ANN techniques and that the ANN results were very close to the
actual experimental results.

The study found that the cutting forces varied depending on the cutting speed and material type.
Generally, increasing the cutting speed decreased the cutting forces. The highest cutting forces were
obtained for AISI 2205 due to its mechanical properties. The lowest cutting forces were obtained for
AISI 304.

The surface roughness values were found to be quite high in most cases. The work piece material
and cutting speed influenced the surface roughness of the machined work pieces. The higher surface
roughness values were attributed to the high ductility of the work piece materials and the cutting
edge wear which was indirectly contacted with newly operated surface. It was observed, surface
roughness was increased between 120-210 m/min for AISI 420 but surface roughness was fluctuated
between 120-210 m/min for AISI 304 and 2205.

The best surface roughness values were obtained at cutting speeds of 180 m/min for AISI 304 and
AISI 2205 and 120 m/min for AISI 420.
3. posted 14 Apr, 2023

Machinability Study of Super Duplex Stainless Steel S32750 with Magnetorheological Fluid
Assisted Nano Finished Cutting Tool Inserts

M. Thiyagu Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences

G. Anbuchezhiyan Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences

J. Elanchezhian Anand Institute of Higher Technology

Kumaran Palani (  kumaran.palani@wsu.edu.et ) Wolaita Sodo University

S.K Narendranathan Agni College of Technology

DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2746753/v1

This literature review discusses the use of magnetorheological fluid (MRF) with diamond abrasives to
nano-finish coated carbide tool insert surfaces. The review found that MRF-assisted nano finishing
can improve tribological properties in the tool chip contact zone, which can lead to longer tool life
and reduced cutting forces. The review also found that MRF-assisted nano finishing can be used to
effectively turn super duplex stainless steel under dry cutting conditions.

The review concluded that MRF-assisted nano finishing is a promising new tool finishing method that
can improve machining performance and environmental sustainability.

Here are some of the key points from the review:

 MRF-assisted nano finishing can reduce surface roughness on tool inserts by up to 50%.
 MRF-assisted nano finishing can improve tribological properties in the tool chip contact zone.
 MRF-assisted nano finishing can reduce cutting forces by up to 18%.
 MRF-assisted nano finishing can be used to effectively turn super duplex stainless steel under
dry cutting conditions.

The review recommends further research into the effectiveness of MRF-assisted nano finishing for
high-speed machining of titanium alloys.
4 Machinability and tool wear mechanism of Duplex
stainless steel – A review

Author links open overlay

a a b
panelP.S. Gowthaman , S. Jeyakumar , B.A. Saravanan
a

Department of Mechanical Engineering, PSNA College of

Engineering & Technology, Dindigul 624622, Tamil Nadu, India
b

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sri Ramakrishna

College of Engineering & Technology, Coimbatore 641022,
Tamil Nadu, India
Received 16 December 2019, Revised 8 January 2020, Accepted
13 February 2020, Available online 5 March 2020, Version of
Record 15 June 2020.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.02.295

Duplex stainless steel is a combination of Cr-Ni-Mo-Fe based alloys with an equal

grain proportion of γ-Austenite (FCC) and α-ferrite (BCC). It offers improved yield
strength, corrosion resistance, better toughness, and adequate pitting resistance.
Applications include nuclear plants, chemical equipment, vessels, heat exchangers,
cellulose, and seawater processing.

Machining Duplex stainless steel is challenging due to its work hardening rate, high
strength, low thermal conductivity, fracture toughness, and built-up edge (BUE)
formation. The ferrite phase solidifies completely for standard grades and cooling
rates. Tool wear results from high heat impact on the cutting tool, lower cutting
speed, and less heat dissipation.

This paper reviews the machining characteristics and tool wear mechanism of
Duplex stainless steel. It discusses the impact of various machining parameters on
tool wear and surface integrity. The paper also explores non-conventional and
unconventional machining processes for Duplex stainless steel.
The authors conclude that the present work intends to study the machining behavior
and tool wear mechanism of Duplex stainless steel. It recommends tougher insert
grades for machining Duplex stainless steel

5
DOI:10.1016/j.promfg.2017.07.061

 Super duplex stainless steels (SDSS) are widely used in marine environments due to their
excellent mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. However, their two-phase
microstructure makes them difficult to machine.
 Multilayer coated cutting tools have been shown to improve the cutting performance of SDSS
during dry machining. In this study, the performance of four different coated tools was
investigated.
 [MT-TiCN]-Al2O3 coating provided the best overall performance in terms of tool wear,
cutting force, cutting temperature, and surface integrity. This is due to the higher hardness of
MT-TiCN and the oxidation stability of Al2O3 at the interface.
 TiOCN-Al2O3-TiCN-[MT-TiCN]-TiN coating also provided good performance in terms of tool
wear and surface integrity. However, it generated higher cutting forces.
 AlTiN coating generated higher cutting temperatures due to its low thermal conductivity. It
also exhibited higher tool wear.
  TiN-[MT-TiCN]-Al2O3 coating exhibited higher tool wear and poorer surface finish compared
to the other coatings. This is due to the dominance of plastic deformation by mechanical
load over temperature effects during machining.
 In conclusion, [MT-TiCN]-Al2O3 coating is the best choice for dry machining of SDSS. TiOCN-
Al2O3-TiCN-[MT-TiCN]-TiN coating is also a viable option, but it generates higher cutting
forces. AlTiN coating should be avoided due to its high cutting temperatures and tool wear.
TiN-[MT-TiCN]-Al2O3 coating is not recommended due to its poor surface finish and higher
tool wear.

6.
Experimental investigation of turning process parameter under several cutting conditions
for duplex steels for minimization of cutting temperature
Author links open overlay panel
KK. Arun a, VR. Navaneeth a, S. Prabhu a, M. Ramesh kumar a, M. Giriraj b
a
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore 641035,
India
b
School of Mechanical Engineering, VIT University, Vellore, India
Available online 11 February 2022, Version of Record 17 June 2022
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.01.447

Super duplex stainless steel (SDSS) is a challenging material to machine due to its high strength and
toughness. In this study, the authors investigate the effect of different cooling methods on the cutting
temperature during the turning of SDSS. They find that gas cooled machining gives the best
performance, followed by wet machining and dry machining. They also find that the cutting speed is
the most influential parameter in the optimization of minimization of cutting temperature while
turning of SDSS.

The authors' findings are consistent with previous studies that have shown that gas cooled machining
is an effective way to improve the machinability of SDSS. This is because gas cooling helps to
dissipate heat from the cutting zone, which reduces tool wear and improves surface finish. The
authors' findings also suggest that Taguchi analysis is a useful tool for optimizing machining
parameters for SDSS.

Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the machining of SDSS. The authors' findings can be
used to improve the performance of machining operations for this material.
7. Machinability Study of Super Duplex Stainless Steel S32750
with Magnetorheological Fluid Assisted Nano Finished Cutting
Tool Inserts
 March 2023
 Posted Date: April 14th, 2023

DOI:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2746753/v1

Authors:

 Thiyagu Murugaiyan
 G. Anbuchezhiyan
 J. Elanchezhian
 Kumaran Palani
 S.K Narendranathan

 This paper investigates the use of magnetorheological fluid (MRF) with diamond abrasives
for nano-finishing of coated carbide tool inserts. The authors found that this process can
significantly improve the tribological properties of the tool inserts, resulting in longer tool life
and reduced cutting forces.
 The authors developed a special MRF-aided polishing tool and a processing strategy to
minimize damage to the tool's cutting edges. They found that roughnesses less than 40 nm
Ra on the flank and less than 50 nm Ra on the rake could be achieved, regardless of the
original surface conditions of the tool inserts.
 The authors also found that the working DC voltage and polishing time were the key process
parameters for achieving uniform surface roughness at the nano level. At 36 V working
voltage and 20 min polishing time, average surface roughness values of 22 nm and 32 nm
were achieved on the flank and rake surfaces, respectively.
 In turning tests, the authors found that nano-polished inserts had an average tool life of 27
min, compared to 19 min for unprocessed inserts. This is a 30% improvement in tool life. The
authors also found that the tangential cutting force and thrust force were reduced by 18%
with nano-polished inserts.
 The authors concluded that MRF-assisted nano-finishing is a promising technique for
improving the tribological properties of coated carbide tool inserts. They also noted that
further study is needed to understand the effects of the finishing process on the cutting-edge
radius and to investigate the effectiveness of MRF-assisted insert polishing for high-speed
machining of titanium alloys.
8. Machinability evaluation of coated carbide inserts in turning of super-
duplex stainless steel
Research Article

Published: 31 October 2020

volume 2, Article number: 1933 (2020)

 Pranay Kumar Parsi,

 R. Sreeram Kotha,

 Thomas Routhu,

 Shashank Pandey &

 Maheshwar Dwivedy

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-03570-9

 Super-duplex stainless steel (SDSS) is a highly sought-after material due to

its exceptional mechanical properties and enhanced corrosion resistance.
However, its machining poses a significant challenge due to its complex
microstructure and the presence of multiple alloying elements. This review
delves into the state-of-the-art development of insert coatings aimed at
improving the machinability of SDSS.
 The study investigated the performance of monolayers of AlTiN and AlCrN
coatings deposited on commercial carbide inserts using the physical vapor
deposition (PVD) technique. The machining performance was evaluated in
terms of tool wear, chip characteristics, tool life, and surface finish.
 The results revealed that AlTiN-coated inserts exhibited superior tool life and
surface finish compared to AlCrN-coated and uncoated inserts under low to
moderate cutting speeds. This can be attributed to the formation of Al–Ti
oxides on AlTiN-coated inserts, which provide better abrasion resistance.
However, AlCrN-coated inserts demonstrated improved performance at high
cutting speeds, possibly due to the presence of Cr in the coating, which
enhances the plasticity of the coating under severe wear conditions.
 The study also highlighted the influence of cutting speed on wear
mechanisms. At lower cutting speeds, adhesion and abrasion were the
dominant wear mechanisms, leading to chipping and flank wear. At higher
cutting speeds, adhesion was less pronounced, and the gradual and
consistent evolution of flank wear was observed.
  Overall, the study emphasizes the importance of selecting the appropriate
insert coating based on the desired machining conditions and performance
requirements. AlTiN-coated inserts are suitable for low to moderate cutting
speeds, while AlCrN-coated inserts are better suited for high-speed machining
applications.

9. Multi-Objective Optimization of CNC Turning

Process Parameters Considering Transient-Steady
State Energy Consumption
 Shun Jia(1)
 Shang Wang(1)
 Jingxiang Lv(2)
 Wei Cai(3)
 Na Zhang(1)
 Zhongwei Zhang(4)
 Shuowei Bai(5)
 Department of Industrial Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology,
Qingdao 266590, China
 Institute of Smart Manufacturing Systems, School of Construction Machinery, Chang’an
University, Xi’an 710064, China
 College of Engineering and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
 School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou
450001, China
 School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
 Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Sustainability 2021, 13(24), 13803; https://doi.org/10.3390/su132413803

Received: 3 November 2021 / Revised: 9 December 2021 / Accepted: 10 December

2021 / Published: 14 December 2021

 In the context of escalating climate change concerns, energy conservation and emission
reduction have emerged as crucial measures for mitigating its detrimental effects. The
manufacturing industry, a significant energy consumer, can play a pivotal role in achieving
these goals through energy modeling and process optimization techniques.
 The authors of this study propose a multi-objective optimization approach to achieve high-
quality and low-energy consumption machining in CNC lathe operations. They meticulously
analyze the energy consumption characteristics throughout the machining process and
incorporate practical constraints such as machine tool performance and tool life into their
optimization model.
 To achieve their objectives, the authors employ the non-dominated sorting genetic
algorithm-II (NSGA-II) to optimize the spindle speed, feed rate, and cutting depth. Their
 findings demonstrate a substantial reduction of 38.3% in energy consumption, accompanied
by a remarkable 47.0% improvement in workpiece surface roughness.
 The study's strength lies in its comprehensive analysis of energy consumption patterns and
the incorporation of transient energy consumption into the model, enhancing its accuracy.
The proposed multi-objective optimization framework effectively balances energy efficiency
and machining quality.
 While the study provides valuable insights, it acknowledges the limitation of not considering
the influence of cutting tools. Future research should focus on the integrated optimization of
machining tools and process parameters to further enhance energy savings and machining
quality.

10. Comparingthe performance of uncoated insert and TiC insert in

CNC novel machining of LDX 2101 duplex stainless steel for
minimizing surface roughness
C Thiagarajan1 and Mandu Yagnesh1

1Department of Automobile Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of

Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

DOI 10.1088/1742-6596/2484/1/012038

 The study aimed to investigate the effect of using titanium carbide (TiC)
inserts compared to uncoated inserts on the surface roughness (SR) of LDX
2101 steel during CNC machining. The researchers conducted an
experimental study using two groups: a control group with uncoated inserts
and an experimental group with TiC inserts. They tested the effect of three
drilling parameters: cutting speed, feed rate, and cut depth. A total of 27
samples were used for each group. The results showed that the standard SR
value for TiC inserts was significantly lower than that for uncoated inserts
(0.06778 µm vs. 0.145880 µm). This indicates that TiC inserts can effectively
reduce SR when machining LDX 2101 steel.
 The study's findings are consistent with previous research, which has also
shown that TiC inserts can produce a lower SR than uncoated inserts when
machining various materials. This is because TiC is a harder and more wear-
resistant material than the uncoated inserts. As a result, it can withstand the
high temperatures and pressures generated during machining, which helps to
prevent the formation of burrs and other defects that contribute to SR.
 The study's findings have implications for the machining industry. By using
TiC inserts, manufacturers can produce components with a smoother surface
finish, which can improve the performance and appearance of the finished
product. Additionally, using TiC inserts can reduce the need for grinding or
other finishing processes, which can save time and money.
 Overall, the study provides valuable insights into the benefits of using TiC
inserts for machining LDX 2101 steel. The findings can be used to guide
manufacturers in selecting the appropriate tooling for their specific machining
applications.
G. Ortiz-de-Zarate, D. Soriano, A. Madariaga, A. Garay, I. Rodriguez, P.J. Arrazola "Experimental and
FEM analysis of dry and cryogenic turning of hardened steel 100Cr6 using CBN Wiper tools" 18th
CIRP Conference on Modelling of Machining Operations (2021), 10.1016/j.procir.2021.09.002

11.G. Ortiz-de-Zarate et al (2021) have published on the topic "Experimental and

FEM analysis of dry and cryogenic turning of hardened steel 100Cr6 using CBN
Wiper tools". In this study, they have said that Cutting fluids are used in machining
operations to increase surface integrrty, chip evacuation, and tool life, especially for
materials that are challenging to cut. Alternatives are needed since oil- and water
based cutting fluids are harmful to the environment and the health of the workforce.
, Due to its low boiling point (-l 97C) and the fact that it may be found in the•
environment at normal temperature, liquid nitrogen (LN2) is a cryogenic fluid that
may be a possibility. Wet and cryogenic turning of hardened steel 100Cr6 employing
Cubic Boron Nitride (CBN) inserts with wiper geometry is compared to fundamental
and industry outputs. Turning experimental experiments were conducted for this
reason under both cooling settings while adjusting the cutting speed (150 -550
m/min). During the experiments, machining forces were measured, and afterward,
tool wear, microstructural damage, and workpiece residual stresses were identified.

M. Jebaraj & M. Pradeep Kumar "Effect of cryogenic CO, and LN, coolants in
milling of aluminum alloy" MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURING
PROCESSES, doi.org/10.1080/10426914.2018.1532591.
12.M. Jebaraj & M. Pradeep Kumar (2019) have submitted paper on the topic
"Effect
of cryogenic CO2 and LN2 coolants in milling of aluminum alloy". They subjected
that Al 6082-T6 alloy end milling was the subject of research using wet, cryogenic
CO?, and LN2conditions. Cryogenic LN2 machining yielded the highest axial force
(Fz), normal force (Fy), and feed force (Fx) values. Utilizing cryogenic LN2enabled
a 38.29% decrease in cutting temperatures and 32.8%, respectively, compared to wet
and cryogenic CO2 environments. At feed rates of 0.015 and 0.02 mm/tooth and
cutting speeds of 100 m/min, the conventional fluid coolant outperformed cryogenic
coolants in terms of surface_roughness value (Ra). When milling an aluminium
alloyinto a slot under cryogenic circumstances using the specified machining
parameters, the quality of the workpiece's surface decreased.
Domnita Fratila & Cristian Caizar, "Investigation of the Influence of Process
Parametersand Cooling Method on the Surface Quality of AISI-1045 During
Turning", Materials and Manufacturing Processes,
dx.doi.org/10.1080/10426914.2012.677905

13.Domnita Frăţilă et al (2013) work on "Investigation of the Influence of Process Parameters and
Cooling Method on the Surface Quality of AISI-1045 during Turning” demonstrates that it is possible
to do turning with a carbide insert under finishing circumstances without negatively influencing the
surface quality by creating high signal to noise ratio to maximize quality while limiting deviation from
the target.

Moganapriya Chinnasamy, Rajasekar Rathanasamy, Samir Kumar Pal, Sathish

Kumar Palaniappan, "Effectiveness of cryogenic treatment on cutting tool
inserts: A review", International Journal of Refractory Metals and Ilard
Materials, doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2022.105946

14.Moganapriya Chinnasamy et al (2022) study on "Effectiveness of cryogenic

treatment on cutting tool inserts" reflects one of the crucial factors in sustainable
production is tool life. Increasing the lifespan of cutting tools is essential for
reducing manufacturing costs. Cutting fluids, various heat treatment methods,
coatings, etc. can all be used to incr:ease tool life during milling. Cutting fluids are
seen as harmful and unfriendly to the environment once they have served their
purpose. Cryogenic therapy, or sub-zero heat treatment, is used as an
environmentally friendly substitute for conventional procedures to increase tool life,
cutting insert wear resistance, dimensional stability, and product quality. This is
accomplished by converting any remaining austenite to martensitic,
precipitatingcarbides, forming eta-carbide, forming uniform crystal structures,
improving heat conductivity, and reducing chemical deterioration. Performance of CT
is influenced by both the CT technique and the kind of cutting tool used. A number of
studies have used CT in recent years to test various optimization strategies for factors
including treatment temperature,soaking time, tempering temperature, and tempering
durationto improve the performance of cutting tools. This review paper presents a
thorough investigation of several CT methodologies and their major impact on •the
microstructure of cutting tools. The effect of soaking time on micro-hardness, grain
size, elemental composition, flank wear, and tool life following CT is specifically
discussed. Due to its capacity to significantly increase tool life and surface quality
through reduced tool wear via controlled CT of cutting tools at low temperatures, it
has been recognized as one of the most advantageous methods for cutting operations.
Lalatendu Dash, Smita Padhan, Sudhansu Ranjan Das, "Experimental
investigations on surface integrity and chip morphology In hard tuning of AISI
D3 steel under sustainable Nano fluid-based minimum quantity lubrication",
Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering,
doi.org/10.1007/s40430-020-02594-x
15.Lalatendu Dash et al (2020) reported a study on "Experimental investigations on
surface integrity and chip morphology in hard tuning of AISI D3 steel under
sµstainable Nano fluid-based minimum quantity lubrication". Their experimental
study aims to investigate the viability of a low-cost multilayer (TiCN/AhOJ/TiN)
cpated carbide tool in hard machining applications as well as to evaluate the
advantageous role of minimal quantity lubrication using graphene nanoparticles with
enriched radiator coolant-based Nano-cutting fluid for improving machinability in
rdened steel. The analysis of variance, an lysis.of desirability functions, and
r4sponse surface methods have all been comb_med mto a smgle composite design
a1proach that has since been used for experimental research, predictive modelling,
apd surface roughness optimization. The work also works with economic analysis
; ahd sustainability assessment in environmentally friendly NFMQL conditions, with a
motivational philosophy of "Go Green-Think Green-Act Green." It is anticipatedthat
the discovered optimized parameters will help with machining end results like a better
surface finish and lower machining cost. The findings demonstrated that NFMQL-
based machining offered an efficient cooling-lubrication strategy, safer and cleaner
manufacturing, environmental friendliness, and assistance in enhancing sustainability.
In summary, the suggested NFMQL turning technique is a reliable approach supported
by statistical analysis for significant industrial applications, particularly in the mold
and die production industries.
16.Mechanistic study on micromilling of the super duplex
stainless steel UNS S32750

Adriane Lopes Mougo a b, Fabio de Oliveira Campos a b, Anna Carla Araujo b

Received 2 November 2017, Revised 28 March 2018, Accepted 20 May 2018, Available online 30
May 2018, Version of Record 30 May 2018

Journal Review
The article "Effect of TiO2 nano particles and LN2 in Turning of Super Duplex Steel" investigates the
effect of TiO2 nanoparticles and liquid nitrogen (LN2) on the turning of super duplex steel. The study
found that the addition of TiO2 nanoparticles reduced the cutting forces and improved the surface
finish of the machined workpiece. The use of LN2 also led to a reduction in cutting forces and an
improvement in surface finish. The combined use of TiO2 nanoparticles and LN2 was found to be the
most effective way to improve the machinability of super duplex steel.
The findings of this study are significant because they suggest that TiO2 nanoparticles and LN2 can
be used to improve the machinability of super duplex steel. This could have a significant impact on
the manufacturing of components made from this material.
The article is well-written and the results are clearly presented. However, the study does not provide
any information on the mechanism by which TiO2 nanoparticles and LN2 improve the machinability
of super duplex steel. Additionally, the study does not compare the performance of TiO2 nanoparticles
and LN2 to other methods of improving the machinability of super duplex steel.
Overall, the article is a valuable contribution to the field of machining. However, further research is
needed to understand the mechanism by which TiO2 nanoparticles and LN2 improve the
machinability of super duplex steel and to compare the performance of these methods to other
methods of improving the machinability of this material.
17. Corrosion Behavior of Super Duplex Stainless Steel S32750 in White Liquor

Hao Feng1 , Huabing Li1,*, Shucai Zhang1 , Qi Wang1 , Zhouhua Jiang1 , Guoping Li2 , Wei Zhang2 ,
Guangwei Fan2

Received: 7 February 2015 / Accepted: 9 March 2015 / Published: 23 March 2015

https://doi.org/10.1016/S1452-3981(23)06607-5

This study investigated the impact of temperature on the corrosion behavior of super duplex
stainless steel S32750 in white liquor, employing various electrochemical techniques. As temperature
increased, corrosion current density and steady-state current density rose, accompanied by a
shortened induction period of pit formation, signifying an accelerated corrosion process and reduced
protective ability of the passive film at elevated temperatures. Pits predominantly formed around
MgO·Al2O3 composite inclusions with residual MnS, indicating preferential partial dissolution of
MnS. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) results indicated that the protective role of the
passive film was mainly attributed to the barrier film, which became more porous and less protective
at higher temperatures. The passive film exhibited a bilayer structure behaving as n-type and p-type,
respectively, becoming more defective with rising temperatures. In conclusion, the corrosion
resistance of S32750, compared to the currently used S32205, was found to be superior, with its
corrosion process accelerating at higher temperatures. The passive film's protective ability
decreased, suggesting that S32750, with better corrosion resistance and higher strength, could
extend service life and reduce facility thickness. The study underscores the complex interplay
between temperature, passive film characteristics, and corrosion behavior in super duplex stainless
steel.

18. Microstructure Evolution during Hot Deformation of

UNS S32750 Super-Duplex Stainless Steel Alloy
2021 Jul; 14

Elisabeta Mirela Cojocaru,1 Anna Nocivin,2 Doina Răducanu,1 Mariana

Lucia Angelescu,1 Ion Cinca,1 Irina Varvara Balkan,1 Nicolae
Șerban,1 and Vasile Dănuț Cojocaru1,*
https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14143916

 This study investigates the hot deformation behavior of UNS S32750 Super-Duplex Stainless
Steel during upsetting. The optimal deformation temperature range is determined,
considering the different deformation behaviors of austenite and ferrite due to their distinct
morphology, physical, and mechanical properties. The reduced plastic deformation
accommodation of ferrite compared to austenite can lead to side cracks and fissures during
hot deformation. Hence, finding optimal deformation conditions is crucial to establish
suitable processing parameters without compromising the material's integrity.
 The experimental program involves hot deformation using upsetting on a series of samples
between 1000 °C and 1275 °C, with a total deformation of 30%. The resulting samples are
examined by SEM-EBSD to analyze the evolution of phases in the microstructure, considering
their nature, distribution, morphology, and structural homogeneity. The GROD (Grain
Reference Orientation Deviation) distribution map is also determined, taking into account
 the possible precipitation of the secondary austenite phase (γ2-phase) and dynamic
recrystallization.
 The main conclusion is that UNS S32750 SDSS steel can be safely deformed by upsetting
between 1050–1275 °C, with an experimented total degree of deformation of 30%.

19. Evaluation of Abrasive Wear in UNS S32101 and S32750 Duplex

Stainless Steels Submitted to Friction Stir Processing
https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-5373-MR-2018-0877

Igor Jordão Marques

Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Departmento de Engenharia Mecânica, Av. da
Arquitetura, s/n, Cidade Universitária, CEP: 50750-550, Recife, PE, Brasil

 Publication in this collection

17 Feb 2020

Friction stir processing (FSP) was applied to UNS S32101 and UNS S32750
duplex stainless steels to enhance their wear resistance. Grain refinement and
microhardness were improved by FSP, but abrasive wear resistance decreased.
For UNS S32101, volumetric loss increased from 52.1 to 53 mm3, and for UNS
S32750, it increased from 50 to 56.3 mm3. Tensile tests showed that UNS
S32750 is more prone to work hardening than UNS S32101. SEM images
revealed that microploughing and microcutting mechanisms were active on both
processed and unprocessed samples. For UNS S32750, microploughing was
dominant on unprocessed samples, while microcutting was dominant on FSP
samples. These findings suggest that FSP may not be an effective technique for
enhancing abrasive wear resistance of duplex stainless steels.

20. Hot Deformation Behavior and Softening Mechanism of As-Cast S32750

Super Duplex Stainless Steel at Low and High Strain Rates
Min, Wu ; Guoping, Li ;Lixin, Wang ;Lifeng, Hou ;Yinghui, WeiBaosheng, Liu ;Shoulu, Zhang ;
Publication: Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, Volume 29, Issue 2, p.727-738

Pub Date: February 2020

DOI:10.1007/s11665-020-04571-w

Researchers investigated the hot deformation behavior and softening mechanism of as-cast
S32750 super duplex stainless steel using SEM, EBSD, and TEM techniques. They
conducted hot compression tests at various temperatures and strain rates, revealing two
types of flow curve characteristics: "yield-point-like" and typical dynamic recrystallization.
Dynamic recovery and dynamic recrystallization were identified as the dominant restoration
mechanisms in austenite at low and high temperatures, respectively. DRX grains were
primarily formed through strain-induced boundary migration near the austenite/ferrite
interface. A strong correlation between DRX fraction and Σ3 twin boundary formation was
observed. The relationship between DRX fraction and strain rate was found to be abnormal.
Increasing strain rate from 0.1 to 25 s-1 at 1200 °C promoted DRX due to weakened strain
partitioning and increased dislocation density. However, strain rate had minimal impact on
DRX fraction at 950 and 1050 °C. A high degree of DRX, approximately 60%, was observed
within the ferrite phase under all deformation conditions, with continuous DRX explaining the
softening mechanism.

Towards Optimization of Machining Performance and

21.
Sustainability Aspects when Turning AISI 1045 Steel
under Different Cooling and Lubrication Strategies
by

Adel T. Abbas

Faycal Benyahia

https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12183023

Received: 1 September 2019 / Revised: 14 September 2019 / Accepted: 16 September

2019 / Published: 18 September 2019

Sure, here is a simple and clear journal review with the provided content:

This study investigates the effectiveness of different cooling and lubrication techniques when turning
AISI 1045 steel. Three approaches were employed: dry, flood, and minimum quantity lubrication
based nanofluid (MQL-nanofluid). Three multi-objective optimization models were used to select the
optimal cutting conditions. MQL-nanofluid offered promising results in all three cases compared to
dry and flood approaches. When considering both sustainability aspects and machining outputs, the
optimal cutting conditions were: cutting speed of 147 m/min, depth of cut of 0.28 mm and feed rate
of 0.06 mm/rev using MQL-nanofluid. The three studied multi-objective optimization models provide
flexibility to the decision maker(s) to select the appropriate cooling/lubrication strategy based on the
desired objectives and targets.

22. Experimental of surface roughness and tool wear on coolant

condition technique using Aluminium alloy 319 used in
automotive industries
 October 2017

DOI:10.25125/engineering-journal-IJOER-OCT-2017-9

Ts. Dr. Zainal Ariffin University College TATI, Alias MohdTATI University College
Sure, here is a simple and clear journal review with the given content in a single paragraph:
This study investigates the influence of machining parameters (spindle speed, depth of cut, and feed
rates) on surface roughness and tool wear in three machining conditions (dry, wet, and 1.0 mm
coolant nozzle size) using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) on a two-axis CNC lathe machine.
Aluminum alloy 319 and coated cemented carbide Al2O3 inserts were used as the workpiece
material and cutting tool, respectively. The results show that the coated cemented carbide Al2O3
insert gives the optimal overall performance in terms of surface roughness and tool wear with the
smallest orifice size coolant. The research also found that coolant condition has a significant effect on
both surface roughness and tool wear. The optimum values of cutting parameters have been
achieved for minimum surface roughness with desirability of 0.8352%, which is highly acceptable.
The technique of using a 1.0 mm nozzle size coolant is a relatively new technology that allows cutting
fluid to penetrate the tool-workpiece and tool-chip interfaces more effectively.

23. Hybrid lubricating/cooling strategies to reduce the

tool wear in finishing turning of difficult-to-cut alloys

Author links open overlay panelS. Sartori, A. Ghiotti, S. Bruschi

Version of Record 3 June 2017.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2016.12.047
 This study investigates the effect of hybrid lubricating/cooling strategies on tool wear and
surface integrity when finishing machining the wrought Ti6Al4V titanium alloy. The authors
compare the performance of conventional flood cooling, minimum quantity lubrication
(MQL), cryogenic cooling with liquid nitrogen (LN2), cryogenic cooling with carbon dioxide
(CO2), and hybrid cooling strategies that combine MQL with either LN2 or CO2.
 The results show that hybrid cooling strategies are more effective than conventional flood
cooling or MQL alone in reducing tool wear and improving surface integrity. The hybrid
cooling strategy that combines MQL with CO2 was found to be the most effective, as it
drastically reduced crater wear and produced a smoother surface finish.
 The authors conclude that hybrid lubricating/cooling strategies are a viable alternative to
conventional cooling methods for finishing machining Ti6Al4V titanium alloy. They
recommend that future research should focus on optimizing the parameters of hybrid
cooling strategies to further improve machining performance.
24. Performance Evaluation of Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) Nano Cutting Fluids in CNC Turning of
Aluminium Alloy (AL319) via Minimum Quantity Lubricant (MQL) Technique S. Zainal Ariffin1, *,
A.A.M. Redhwan1, *, A. Arifuddin1, *, A.R.M. Aminullah1 , M.S. Azim1 , W. Nughoro1 , A.M.
Syafiq1 , and A.M. Efendee1 .

The research paper "Investigation of the effect of TiO2 Nanofluid as MQL Cutting Fluid in
CNC Turning of AL319 Aluminium Alloy" investigates the performance of a nano cutting fluid
containing titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles in CNC turning using aluminum alloy AL319
with the MQL (minimum quantity lubrication) technique. The performance of the nano cutting
fluid is evaluated in terms of surface roughness, cutting temperature, and tool wear. The
results show that the nano cutting fluid significantly improves surface roughness and cutting
temperature compared to conventional cutting fluids. The best results are obtained with a
TiO2 concentration of 1.5%. The authors recommend that future research should focus on
using different techniques and environments, as well as increasing the concentration of TiO2
nanoparticles to get more accurate results.

25. Jamil, M., Khan, A. M., Hegab, H., Gong, L., Mia, M., Gupta, M. K., & He, N. (2019). Effects
of hybrid Al2O3-CNT nanofluids and cryogenic cooling on machining of Ti–6Al–4V. The

International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 102(9-12), 3895-3909.

doi:10.1007/s00170-019-03485-9

This journal review highlights the comparative study of cryogenic cooling and hybrid nano
additive–based minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) for turning Ti–6Al–4V. The hybrid
nanofluid, a blend of alumina (Al2O3) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) in
vegetable oil, demonstrated superior performance compared to cryogenic cooling, effectively
reducing surface roughness, cutting force, and enhancing tool life. However, cryogenic
cooling outperformed the MQL-hybrid nanofluids in lowering cutting temperature at both low
and high cutting speed and feed rate settings. This research marks a significant
advancement in sustainable cooling/lubrication techniques for machining titanium alloys.

Wear analysis when machining AISI 304 with ethylene glycol/TIO2 nanoparticle-based coolant

26. Muthusamy, Y. and Kadirgama, K. and Rahman, M.M. and Ramasamy, D. and Sharma,
K.V. (2016) Wear analysis when machining AISI 304 with ethylene glycol/TIO2 nanoparticle-based
coolant. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 82 (1-4). pp. 327-
340.
This paper discusses the tool life and wear mechanism in end-milling of AISI 304 stainless
steel using TiN-coated carbide inserts with water-soluble coolant and nanoparticle-based
coolant (TiO2/EG). The cutting variables are cutting speed, feed rate, and axial depth. The
end-milling operation using nanoparticle-based coolant (TiO2/EG) obtains significantly
higher tool life compared with the end-milling operation using water-soluble coolant. At a
cutting distance of 720mm, the milling process with nanoparticle-based coolant (TiO2/EG)
showed chipping and fracture, while milling with water soluble coolant showed flank wear,
cracking, chipping, and fracture at a cutting distance of 720mm. This is likely due to the
increased heat generation at the tool workpiece interface when using conventional coolant.
Nanofluid not only reduces the heat generation but also enhances the surface quality of the
machined surface. The SEM and EDX spectra show that there are nanolayers of Ti
nanoparticles from the nanofluid embedded in and filling the holes in the insert, forming a
layer which acts as a thermal bridge for the cutting insert. The nanofluid used in this
experiment has a concentration of 1.5% and was made using ethylene glycol as the base
fluid. Muthusamy et al. also found that the tool life is significantly improved when using TiO2
nanofluid, with a 40.55% increase in tool life compared to water soluble cutting fluid.

Hazardous Effects of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles in

27.
Ecosystem
Syed Niaz Ali Shah,1,2Zahir Shah,3,4Muzammal Hussain,3and Muzaffar Khan4

Published08 Mar 2017

Article ID 4101735 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/4101735

This comprehensive review explores the critical but often overlooked aspect of the fate of
nanoparticles (NPs) in ecosystems, with a specific focus on titanium dioxide (TiO2) NPs. Despite the
significant advancements in nanotechnology and biomedical research, there is limited understanding
of the environmental impact of NPs. The review underscores nanotoxicity as the second most
pressing biosafety concern in nanotechnology, emphasizing the need for a thorough examination of
the toxicological profile of TiO2 NPs at the molecular level in both in vitro and in vivo systems. The
complex and diverse responses of NPs in ecosystems, influenced by various parameters, pose
challenges in predicting their environmental fate. The review discusses the necessity for a detailed
understanding of NP sources, interactions with the environment, biodegradability, and risk
assessment before their use. It highlights the importance of comprehending the interactions of NPs
with biological molecules and their potential adverse effects, especially before clinical trials. The
varying cellular responses and toxicity of TiO2 NPs are intricately linked to multiple parameters,
necessitating careful consideration for their safe use. The review concludes by stressing the urgency
of a systematic and tested foundation for managing the undefined health and environmental
features of TiO2 NPs, advocating for mandatory regulatory health risk assessments to ensure the safe
use of nanomaterials in consumer products and medicines, including potential effects on
reproduction and fertility.
28. Performance of Al2O3/TiO2 Hybrid Nano-Cutting Fluid in
MQL Turning Operation via RSM Approach
 December 2022
 Lubricants 10(12):366
DOI:10.3390/lubricants10120366

Authors : Ariffin Arifuddin , Abd Aziz Mohammad Redhwan , Wan Hamzah Azmi , Nurul Nadia Mohd Zawawi

The authors investigated the effectiveness of an Al2O3-TiO2 hybrid nano-cutting fluid in turning
operations. They found that the nano-cutting fluid was stable for more than a month and that it
improved the cutting performance of the CNC lathe. The optimal concentration of the nano-cutting
fluid was 4%, and the optimal feed rate was 0.1 mm/rev. The optimal depth of cut was 0.55 mm. The
authors suggest that future research compare the cooling techniques (flood, dry, and MQL) to
demonstrate the superiority of MQL with nanofluid. They also suggest that investigation on the
characteristic analysis involving thermo-properties (thermal conductivity and viscosity) and tribology
is necessary to gain a further understanding of the behavior of Al2O3-TiO2 hybrid nano-cutting fluid.

29. TiO2 nanolubricant: An approach for performance

improvement in a domestic air conditioner
 March 2022
 Results in Materials 13(3):100255
DOI:10.1016/j.rinma.2022.100255

Md. Imteaz Ahmed , Jamal Uddin Ahamed

A study was conducted to investigate the performance of a domestic air conditioner using TiO2
nanolubricant. The air conditioner had a capacity of 1 ton and originally used R22 refrigerant. Three
alternative refrigerant blends were tested: Blend 1 (B1), composed of R32 and R22 (75:25 wt%);
Blend 2 (B2), composed of R32 and R600a (75:25 wt%); and R32. Two concentrations of TiO2
nanolubricant, 0.01% and 0.02%, were used. The results showed that all three refrigerant blends
with nanolubricant had higher COPs than R22. B1 and B2 with nanolubricant had COPs that were
25%–60% higher than R22, while R32 with nanolubricant had a COP that was 20%–30% higher. R32
also showed the highest refrigerating effect, increasing by about 60% compared to R22. B1 and B2
had 45% more refrigerating effect than R22. For compression work, R32 with nanolubricant required
similar compression work to R22, while B1 and B2 required 33% less compression work. Energy
consumption was also reduced for the blends with nanolubricant. B1 and B2 consumed 30% and 28%
less power than R22 with nanolubricant. B1 and B2 with nanolubricant reduced exergy loss by 40–
70%, while R32 reduced exergy loss by 31% compared to R22. Overall, either B1 or B2 can be used as
an alternative to R22 with TiO2 nanolubricant.
30. Effect of high temperature ageing on TiO2 nanoparticles
enhanced drilling fluids: A rheological and filtration study
 October 2020
 Upstream Oil and Gas Technology 5:100019
DOI:10.1016/j.upstre.2020.100019

Authors:

Mukarram Beg

Pranav Kumar

Pratham Choudhary

Shivanjali Sharma

The study investigates the impact of TiO2 nanoparticles on the thermal stability of drilling fluid
properties. Two distinct mud systems, one based on polyanionic cellulose (PAC) and the other based
on hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), were subjected to high-temperature rolling conditions to mimic
downhole conditions. The findings reveal that TiO2 nanoparticles enhance the thermal stability of
both PAC and HEC-based mud systems. Notably, the presence of nanoparticles reduced the increase
in API FL values upon high-temperature exposure. Additionally, nanoparticles mitigated the reduction
in apparent viscosity (AV) at 25°C caused by hot rolling. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis
of filter cakes revealed that nanoparticles effectively filled micro and nano-sized gaps in the mud cake
structure, thereby reducing filtration rate. This study demonstrates that incorporating TiO2
nanoparticles not only improves the efficacy of conventional fluid loss reducer additives but also
enhances the thermal stability and rheological properties of drilling fluids.