Class XI – Work, Power and Energy Happy Valley Senior Secondary School

Q 37: A girl of mass 40 kg sits in a swing formed by a rope of 6 m length. A
person pulls the swing to a side so that the rope makes an angle of 60o with
the ver cal. What is the gain in poten al energy of the girl?
Q 38: how high must a body be li ed to gain an amount of poten al energy
equal to kine c energy it has when moving at speed 20 ms-1? The value of
accelera on due to gravity at a place g = 9.8 ms-2?
Q 39: Two springs have force constants k1 and k2 (k1 > k2). On which spring is
more work done, if i) they are stretched by the same force and ii) they are
stretched by the same amount?
Q 40: The length of a steel wire increases by 0.5 cm when it is loaded with a
weight of 5kg. Calculate i) force constant of the wire and ii) work done in
stretching the wire.
Q 41: A man weighing 60 kg climbs up a staircase carrying a load of 20 kg on
his head. The stair case has 20 steps each of height 0.2 m. if he takes 10
seconds to climb, find his power.
Q 42: A 10kg ball and 20kg ball approach each other with veloci es 20 ms-1
and 10 ms-1 respec vely. What are their veloci es a er collision if the
collision is perfectly elas c?
Q 1: Discuss dot and cross product.
Work
Work is said to be done whenever a force acts on a body and the body moves
through some distance in the direc on of the force.
Condi ons for work to be done on a body
Work is done on a body only if the following two condi ons are sa sfied:
i) A force acts on a body
ii) The point of applica on of the force moves in the direc on of the
force.
Work done when force acts along the direc on of mo on
When force 𝐹⃗ is applied parallel to the direc on of displacement,
Work done = Force x distance moved in the direc on of force
That is, W = F s
Work done when force and displacement are inclined to each other

When force 𝐹⃗ is applied such that it is inclined to the displacement

Work = Component of force in the direc on of displacement x magnitude of
displacement
𝑊 = 𝐹 cos 𝜃 × 𝑠
Or 𝑊 = 𝐹𝑠 cos 𝜃
Or 𝑊 = 𝐹⃗. 𝑠⃗

12 1
 Class XI – Work, Power and Energy
Q 2: Is work done a scalar quan ty?
Posi ve Work
If a force ac ng on a body has a component in the direc on of the
displacement, then the work done by the force is posi ve.
That is when the angle between the force applied and the direc on of
displacement is an acute angle then the work done is posi ve.
Nega ve Work
If a force ac ng on the body has a component in the opposite direc on of
displacement, then the work done is nega ve.
Zero Work
Work done by force is zero if the body gets displaced along a direc on
perpendicular to the direc on of the applied force. Also, the work done is
zero if 𝐹⃗ or 𝑆⃗ or both are zero.
2 11
Happy Valley Senior Secondary School
magnitude of rela ve velocity of separa on a er collision to the magnitude
of rela ve velocity of approach before collision.
It is given by
|𝑣 − 𝑣 | 𝑣 − 𝑣
𝑒= =−
|𝑢 − 𝑢 | 𝑢 − 𝑢
The value of e depends on the materials of the colliding bodies. For two glass
balls, e = 0.95 and for the lead balls, e = 0.20
The coefficient of res tu on can be used to dis nguish between the different
types of collisions as follows:
i) For a perfectly elas c collision, e = 1, that is rela ve velocity of
separa on is equal to the rela ve velocity of approach.
ii) For an inelas c collision, 0< e < 1, that is the rela ve velocity of
separa on is less than rela ve velocity of approach.
iii) For a perfectly inelas c collision, e = 0, that is the rela ve velocity of
separa on is zero. The two bodies move together with a common
velocity.
iv) For a superelas c collision, e > 1, that is the kine c energy increases.
Q 33: If the kine c energy of a body increases by 300% by what percentage
will the linear momentum of the body increase?
Q 34: The momentum of a body of mass 5 kg is 500 kg m s-1. Find its kine c
energy.
Q 35: A vehicle of mass 15 quintals climbs up a hill 200 m high. It then
moves on a level road with speed of 30 ms-1. Calculate the poten al energy
gained by it and its total mechanical energy while running un the top of the
hill.
Q 36: Calculate the velocity of the bob of a simple pendulum at its mean
posi on if it is able to rise to a ver cal height of 10cm. Take g = 9.8 ms-2.
 Class XI – Work, Power and Energy Happy Valley Senior Secondary School

Perfectly inelas c collision

If two bodies s ck together a er the collision and move as a single body with
a common velocity, then the collision is said to be perfectly inelas c collision.
Example: Mud thrown on a wall and s cking to it.

Superelas c or explosive collision

In such a collision, there is an increase in kine c energy. This occurs if there is
a release of poten al energy on an impact.
Example: Burs ng of a cracker when it hits the floor forcefully, etc.

Head-on or one -dimensional collision

It is the collision in which the colliding bodies move along the same straight-
line path before and a er the collision.
Example: Collision between two railway compartments.
Oblique or two-dimensional collision
If two bodies do not move along the same straight-line path but lie in the
same plane before and a er the collision, the collision is said to be oblique or
two-dimensional collision.
Example: Collision between two carrom coins.
Q 30: Show that linear momentum is conserved between two carrom coins.
Q 31: prove that in an elas c one-dimensional collision between two
bodies, the rela ve velocity of approach before collision is equal to the
rela ve velocity of separa on a er the collision. Hence derive expressions
for the veloci es of the two bodies in terms of their ini al veloci es before
collision. Discuss the special cases also.
Q 32: Show that kine c energy is invariably lost during a perfectly inelas c
collision.
Co-efficient of res tu on
The coefficient of res tu on or coefficient of resilience gives a measure of
the degree of res tu on of a collision and is defined as the ra o of the
Q 3: What are the dimensions of work?
Q 4: What are the various absolute and gravita onal units of work? And
state the rela on between them.
Q 5: Write the expression for work done in terms of rectangular
components of force and displacement.
Q 6: A gardener pushes a lawn roller through a distance of 20m. If he
applies a force of 20 kg wt in a direc on inclined at 60 0 to the ground, find
the work done by him. Take g = 9.8 ms-2.
Q 7: A person is holding a bucket by applying a force of 10 N. he moves a
horizontal distance of 5 m and then climbs up a ver cal distance of 10 m.
Find the total work done by him.
Q 8: It is well known that a raindrop falls under the influence of the
downward gravita onal force and the opposing resis ve force. The la er is
known to be propor onal to the speed of the drop but is otherwise
undetermined. Consider a drop of mass 1.00 g falling from a height 1.00
km. It hits the ground with a speed of 50.0 m s-1. (a) What is the work done
by the gravita onal force ? What is the work done by the unknown resis ve
force?

10 3
 Class XI – Work, Power and Energy Happy Valley Senior Secondary School

Q 9: A cyclist comes to a skidding stop in 10 m. During this process, the

force on the cycle due to the road is 200 N and is directly opposed to the Q 30: Define one kilowa hour.
mo on. (a) How much work does the road do on the cycle? (b) How much
work does the cycle do on the road? Collisions
A collision is said to occur between two bodies, either if they physically
Q 10: A force 𝑭⃗ = + 𝟓 + 𝟕𝒌 acts on a par cle and displaces it through collide against each other or if the path of one is affected by the force
𝒔⃗ = 𝟔 + 𝟗𝒌 . Calculate the work done if the force is in newton and exerted by the other.
displacement in metre.
Elas c Collision
Q 11: Explain how work done by a variable force can be measured. If there is no loss of kine c energy during a collision, it is called an elas c
Q 12: A force F = (15 + 0.50x) acts on a par cle in the X-direc on where F is collision.
in newton and x in metre. Find the work done by this force during a Example: Collision between subatomic par cles, collision between glass balls,
displacement from x = 0 to x = 2.0 m. etc.

Q 13: A body moves from point A to B under the ac on of a force as shown Characteris cs of elas c collision
in the figure. Force F is in newton and distance x in metre. What is the 1. The momentum is conserved.
amount of work done? 2. Total energy is conserved.
3. The kine c energy is conserved.
4. Forces involved during collision are conserved.
5. The mechanical energy is not converted into heat, light, sound, etc.

Inelas c Collision
If there is a loss of kine c energy during a collision, it is called inelas c
collision.
Example: Collision between two vehicles, collision between a ball and floor.

Characteris cs of inelas c collision

1) The momentum is conserved.
2) Total energy is conserved.
Q 14: The figure shows F-x graph. Here the force F is in newton and distance 3) The kine c energy is not conserved.
x is in metre. What is the work done? 4) Some or all of the forces involved are non-conserva ve.
5) A part of the mechanical energy is converted into heat, light, sound, etc.

4 9
 Class XI – Work, Power and Energy Happy Valley Senior Secondary School

Q 26. A bob of mass m is suspended by a light string of length L. It is

imparted a horizontal velocity vo at the lowest point A such that it
completes a semi-circular trajectory in the ver cal plane with the string
becoming slack only on reaching the topmost point, C. This is shown in Fig.
Obtain an expression for (i) vo; (ii) the speeds at points B and C; (iii) the
ra o of the kine c energies (KB/KC) at B and C. Comment on the nature of
the trajectory of the bob a er it reaches the point C.
Q 27: Show that the elas c force of a spring is a conserva ve force. Hence
write an expression for the poten al energy of an elas c stretched spring.
Q 28: What is Einstein’s mass-energy equivalence. Men on some of its
prac cal applica ons.
Energy
Energy of a body is defined as the capacity or ability to do work.
Principle of conserva on of energy Energy is a scalar quan ty. The dimensional formula of Energy is [ML2T-2]. The
Energy can neither be created, nor be destroyed. It may be transformed from SI unit of energy is joule and the CGS unit is erg.
one form to another. The total energy of an isolated system remains
constant. Mechanical Energy
The energy produced by mechanical means is called mechanical energy. It
Q 29 How much mass is converted into energy per day in a nuclear power has two forms : i) Kine c energy ii) Poten al energy.
plant operated at 107 kW?
Kine c Energy
Power The energy possessed by a body by virtue of its mo on is called its kine c
Power is defined as the rate of doing work. P = Work / me energy.
Power is a scalar quan ty.
The dimensions of Power is [ML2T-3] Q 15: Derive an expression for the kine c energy of a body of mass m
The SI unit of power is wa (W) moving with velocity v.
Q 16: Derive an expression for the kine c energy of a body by calculus
Instantaneous power
The instantaneous power is defined as the limi ng value of the average method. Deduce its rela on with linear momentum.
power as the me interval approaches zero.
If ∆𝑊 is th work done in a small interval of me ∆𝑡, then the instantaneous Work Energy Theorem
power is given by, It states that the work done by the net force ac ng on a body is equal to the
∆𝑊 𝑑𝑊 change produced in the kine c energy of the body.
𝑃 = lim =
∆ → ∆𝑡 𝑑𝑡

8 5
 Class XI – Work, Power and Energy
Q 17: Prove Work Energy theorem for a constant force and a variable force.
Q 18: A body of mass 4 kg ini ally at rest is subjected to a force of 16 N.
What is the kine c energy acquired by the body at the end of 10s?
Q 19: A toy rocket of mass 0.1 kg has a small fuel of mass 0.02 kg which it
burns out in 3 s. Star ng from rest on a horizontal smooth track it gets a
speed of 20 ms-1 a er the fuel is burnt out. What is the approximate thrust
of the rocket? What is the energy content per unit mass of the fuel? (ignore
the small mass varia on of the rocket during fuel burning.)
Q 20. A bullet weighing 10 g is fired with a velocity of 800 ms-1. A er
passing through a mud wall 1 m thick, its velocity decreases to 100 ms-1.
Find the average resistance offered by the mud wall.
Q 21: A shot travelling at the rate of 100 ms-1 is just able to pierce a plank 4
cm thick. What is the velocity required to just pierce a plank 9 cm thick?
Q 22: If the linear momentum of a body increases by 20%, what will be the
percentage increase in the kine c energy of the body?
Poten al Energy
Poten al energy is the energy stored in a body or a system by virtue of its
posi on in a field of force or by its configura on.
Gravita onal Poten al Energy
It is the poten al energy associated with the state of separa on of two
bodies, which a ract one another though the gravita onal force.
Elas c Poten al Energy
It is the poten al energy associated with the state of compression or
extension of an elas c object.
Electrosta c Poten al Energy
The energy due to the interac on between two electric charges is
electrosta c poten al energy.
6 7
Happy Valley Senior Secondary School
Mechanical Energy
The sum of the kine c and poten al energies in bulk is called mechanical
energy. Kine c energy is due to mo on while the poten al energy is due to
posi on or configura on.
Internal Energy
The molecules of a body vibrate with respect to one another. These
molecules have kine c energy due to their mo on and poten al energy due
to their a rac on and repulsions. The sum of the kine c and poten al
energies of all the molecules is called the internal energy of the body. As the
temperature increases, the internal energy also increases.
Heat or thermal energy
A body possesses heat energy due to the random mo on of its molecules.
Heat energy is also related to the internal energy of the body.
Conserva ve forces
A force is conserva ve if the work done by the force in displacing a par cle
from one point to another is independent of the path followed by the
par cle and depends only on the end points.
Non-conserva ve forces
If the amount of work done in moving an object against a force from one
point to another depends on the path along which the body moves, then
such a force is called a non-conserva ve force.
Q 23: Derive an expression for the gravita onal poten al energy of a body
of mass m lying at a height h above the earth’s surface.
Q 24: State and prove the principle of conserva on of mechanical energy.
Q 25: Show that the total mechanical energy of a freely falling body
remains constant throughout its fall.