For clarification regarding Smoke Management System, may we highlight the importance and necessity

of CFD Simulation. By definition Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is a tool used extensively by fire
safety engineers to ensure escape routes are kept clear and smoke extraction systems are designed
efficiently to help save lives. Therefore CFD modelling will provide information to confirm the design and
demonstrate that sufficient air movement is provided in the carpark. CFD modelling can be used in
determining the amount of smoke that needs to be exhausted. Additionally, CFD models can account for
the impact of irregular shapes and unusual air movements that cannot otherwise be addressed.

So, without CFD Simulation, can the contractor/consultant be able to provide the above data and give
assurance and confirm that the smoke management system design can demonstrate that sufficient air
movement is provided in the carpark.

Modelling Input Data and Acceptance Criteria

Contractor to consider

CFD modelling will provide information to confirm the design and demonstrate that sufficient air
movement is provided in the carpark.

PUCHOVSKY: CFD modeling is typically used to determine the production, movement

and temperature of smoke as a function of time and space for a specific volume of a
building. In some instances, models are used in determining the amount of smoke that
needs to be exhausted. In other situations, the models may be used to study various
pressure differentials—for example, across the boundaries of exit stair enclosures.

BARNETT: There are also other types of models and packages, including finite element
programs for structural fire-protection and egress prediction modeling. Even more
common is the software used for sprinkler and other suppression system design.

PUCHOVSKY: It also helps to know where we’re coming from. Traditional fire-
protection software, such as zone models, divides a building space into upper and lower
layers and a fire plume. Algebraic equations can also be used to approximate fire and
smoke behavior.

But with CFD modeling, the space in question is approximated by a large number of
three-dimensional cells. The appropriate calculations pertaining to heat, mass and
momentum transfer are then conducted between the individual cells. Through the use of
a large number of small cells, CFD models allow for the examination of a particular
situation in much greater detail than can be accomplished through zone models and
algebraic equations. Additionally, CFD models can account for the impact of irregular
shapes and unusual air movements that cannot otherwise be addressed.