Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Quantitative Reviewer
Quantitative Reviewer
According to Albert Einstein “The only main source of knowledge is the experience”
Ex. Choosing the right person you will love is you to have a boyfriend or girlfriend then experience
w/your previous experience is pain.
PERSONAL EXPERIENCE – you can find the best route from your house – school (result of
experience) much wisdom come from generation to generation.
“Kaya nga ang mga matatanda kapag may sinabi dapat making ka, dahil na experience
na nila”
AUTHORITY
For things that is impossible to know by experience or wala pang experience – people we
frequently turn to higher authority in order to seek knowledge and to seek answers from your
questions.
Ex. “Love” pag nag fail ang tinatanong naten sa friends, tough naman sila authority
“nakasakit ka” – we usually tend to ask those in authority (doctors, physicians, expert) -> (
parents, lola, lolo ) like maglaga ng dahoon-dahon, luya, bayabas, etc. because they are person
from authority -> people accurate as truth from the person in authority, the word of recognize
authority gaya ng doctor etc. as correct and true source of knowledge.
DEDUCTIVE REASONING
A thinking process in which one proceeds from general to specific knowledge that use
LOGICAL ARGUMENTS
INDUCTIVE REASONING
Direct observation
Ex. The investigator should stablish general conclusion on the basis of facts gathered through
direct observation.
Observation are needs on particular events in a class (or category) and then on the basis of the
observed events. Made inferences about the whole class. Not only in the eyes but all the senses.
Ex. The coin I pulled from the bag is penny, therefore all the coin in the bag are pennies.
DEDUCTIVE REASONING
INDUCTIVE REASONING
• Every rabbit that has been observed has lungs. Therefore, ‘every rabbit has lungs.
SCIENTIFIC APPROACH
In the 19th century scholars began to integrate the most important aspects of the inductive
and deductive methods into a new technique, namely the Inductive-deductive method, or
the scientific approach.
He might hypothesize
Experimental Research
• Involves a study that effect of the systematic manipulation of one variable(s) on another
variable.
• The observed and measured variable is called the dependent variable (effect)
• The researcher identifies variables and may look for relationships among them but does
not manipulate variables.
Example:
o Using two sections of economics taught by the same professor, the researcher using a
random procedure would select
✓ the other section would receive feedback during their next class session
(independent variables).
o The researcher would compare the two sections’ exam scores and their final grades in
the course (dependent variable).
o If test scores and final grade were higher than could be accounted for by chances in the
section receiving online feedback the researcher could tentatively conclude that there is
evidence the online feedback (treatment or independent variable) contributed to greater
learning than the in-class feedback.
▪ True Experimental Design
▪ Manipulates the experimental variables, One Experimental and one control group
• Quasi Experimental
▪ No control group
• Pre-Experimental
▪ One-group pretest-posttest
Significant forms of non-experimental research are relationship studies, including ex post and
correlational research and survey research.
• Survey
▪ Conducted through self-report
▪ Uses questionnaire and interviews
▪ Aims to describe characteristics and opinions as they exist in a population
• Correlational
▪ Gathers data from individuals on two or more variables
▪ Seeks to determine if the variables are related (correlated)
▪ Coefficient of correlation
Lesson 3: stages of research
The systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources in order to establish facts
and reach new conclusions.
Stages of research
Variables
variables are any characteristics that can take on different values, such as height, age,
temperature, or test scores.
Kinds of variables
▪ Categorical
▪ Dichotomous
▪ Polychotomous
▪ Continuous
• Variables used in an experiment
▪ Independent
▪ Dependent
▪ Concrete variable
▪ Abstract variable
▪ Univariate
▪ Bivariate
▪ Polyvariate
Lesson 4: Introduction to Quantitative Research
Research
• “the more formal, systematic, and intensive process of carrying on a scientific method of
analysis” (Best and Kahn, 1986, p. 18).
Quantitative Research
Types of Research
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
Type of research that allows the researcher to establish a causal relationship between
independent and dependent variables by controlling extraneous variables.
Types of Research
1. Selecting a Problem
9. Designing instruments
Population vs sample
population sample
the entire group that you’re is a smaller group taken from the
interested in studying. This may be a population. The sample is the group of
group of people (e.g., all adults in the US elements that you will actually collect
or all employees of a company), but it data from.
can also mean a group containing other
kinds of elements: objects, events,
organizations, countries, species,
organisms, etc.
Population vs sample
You want to identify the level of support for the death penalty among US
residents. Since the population you’re interested in is all US residents, it’s not practical
to collect data from the whole population. Instead, you use random sampling to survey
a sample of 2000 participants.
Sample statistic
Population parameter
1. Independent Variable
2. Dependent Variable
“a response variable or output” (Tuckman, 1999, p. 93)
In research, variables are any characteristics that can take on different values, such as
height, age, temperature, or test scores.
➢ The independent variable is the cause. Its value is independent of other variables
in your study.
➢ The dependent variable is the effect. Its value depends on changes in the
independent variable.
You design a study to test whether changes in room temperature have an effect on math
test scores.
➢ Your independent variable is the temperature of the room. You vary the room
temperature by making it cooler for half the participants, and warmer for the other
half.
➢ Your dependent variable is math test scores. You measure the math skills of all
participants using a standardized test and check whether they differ based on
room temperature.
3. Moderator Variable
“a special type of independent variable, a secondary independent variable
selected to determine if it affects the relationship between the study’s primary
independent variable and it dependent variable” (Tuckman, 1999, p. 97).
4. Control Variables
“Factors controlled by the experimenter to cancel out or neutralized any
effect they might otherwise have on observed phenomena” (Tuckman, 1999, p.
100)
5. Intervening Variable
“a factor that theoretically affects observed phenomena but cannot be seen,
measured, or manipulated; its effect must be inferred from the effects of the
independent and moderator variable on the observed phenomenon” (Tuckman,
1999, p. 101)
1. Nominal Scale
Example: gender
2. Ordinal Scale
3. Interval Scale
4. Ratio Scale
Example: Salary
Scales of Measurement