Module 1
He performance of a power plant can
be expressed through some common
performance factors:
Heat rate (energy efficiency), thermal
efficiency, capacity factor, load factor,
economic efficiency, operational
efficiency.
Heat Rate (Energy efficiency) –
Overall thermal performance or
energy efficiency for a power plan for
a period can be defined as:
Thermal Efficiency – Of a power plant
can be expressed as:
Capacity Factor – The capacity factor
for a power plant is the ratio
between average load and rated load
for a period and can be expressed:
Load Factor – Is the ratio between
average load and peak load an can be
expressed as:
Economic Efficiency – is the ratio
between production costs, including
fuel, labor, materials and services,
and energy output from the power
plant for a period. It can be
expressed as:
Operational Efficiency – is the ratio of
the total electricity produced by the
plant during a period of time
compared to the total potential
electricity that could have been
produced if the plan operated at 100
% in the period.
Power Plant Engineering / Power
Station Performance
Power Plant Engineering – Deals with
the study of energy, its sources and
utilization of energy for power
generation.
Power Distribution System Peak load – A maximum load
consumed or produced by a unit or
group of units in a stated period.

Connected load – Sum of continuous

ratings of all the equipment and
outlets on the customer’s circuit.

Formulas:

Demand Factor, D.F. =

𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑

Group Diversity Factor, Div.F =

𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝑆𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑

Note: The group diversity factor is

Load (Electrical Load) – is an always greater than unity.
electrical component or potion of a
For residential, Div. F = 5
circuit that consumes electric power,
such as electric machines, electric For industrial, Div. F = 1.3
appliances lights inside an industrial
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒
building, commercial establishments, Load factor, L.F = 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 =
and residences in the community. 𝐿𝑎𝑣𝑒
𝐿𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐸 = 𝐿𝑎𝑣𝑒 ℎ
Ideal (Steady) Load – Load of
Where: E = energy output
constant magnitude and steady
duration. H = total number of hours for the
period considered
Variable Load – Load that varies in
𝐸
magnitude and duration. ℎ
Hence, L.F = 𝐿𝑛𝑎𝑥
Load Curve – Curve of capacity
𝐿
(power) versus time, showing the 𝑎𝑣𝑒
Capacity Factor, C.F = 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
magnitude of specific load of the
period covered. Output Factor or Useful Factor, O.F =
𝐸
Load duration curve – Curve showing 𝐸′
the total time within a specified Where E’ = energy output if the
period, during which the load plants operated at its full rating
equaled or exceeded the power during the actual hour (h’) the plant
values shown. was in operation during the period
considered.
E’ = capacity(h’)
𝐿𝑚𝑎𝑥
Utilization Factor U.F =
𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦

ℎ′
Operation Factor = Oper.F = ℎ

h’ = actual number of hours the plant

was in operation during the period
considered

h = total number of hours for the

period.

Reverse Over peak, ROP = Capacity –

Maximum Load

ROP = Cap – 𝐿𝑚𝑎𝑥

 #

xample * A unit has rated capacity a of 80 , 000 kw . It operates for 6 950 has
,

during the year and generates 350

,
000 000
,
kw-hr with a peak load of
75 000 kw .

Solution :

Capacity
=

80, 000kW == 350 , 000, 000 wihr

h =
6, 950 his (max =
75 , 000 kW
21 hws
345daY
8760hrs
x
n =

yN
day
=

E 350 , 000 , 000 kwha

a) Lave 39 , 951 33kW L F Lave 39 , 951 33kW
= =
=

n
= .

53
.

0
.
=
=

8 , 760 hr
.

↳max 7 5 , 000 kw

b) Racapacity ( -
F =

39 951 33kw
80
. .

- 0 . SO

,
000 kw

2) Oper F .
.

= Oper F .
=
6 , 950
8 ,760
=
0 .
79
OF
=
350 , 000, 000kwhr => 0 . 63
d) .
0 F . = F 556 , 000 , 000 kwhr
E E =

capacity (h)
=

80 , 00076 , 950)
I' =
560 , 000 , 000 kwhr

e.) U . F = (max V F .
=
75 , 000 =

0 .
99
capacity 80, 000

9) ROP =

Cap- (max ROP =

80 , 000 -
75 , 000 =
5 , 000 kW

Example z Central station is

supplying energy to a community through a two substations .

One substation feeds four

distributing circuits, the other substation , six . The maximum daily
recorded demands are :

Power Station 12, 600 sw

solution :
=

Substation A =
6 ,
000 kw Substation B =

9 ,000 kw
a) between feeders on substation A :

Feeders :

1 .
=
1 , 700kw Feeders :
1 . =620kw
Div . F =
Sum of individual maximum demand
2 .
=
1 , 800kW 2 .
=
1
, 500kW Simultaneous maximum demands

Div F = 1 ,700 + 1 800 + 2 800+ 600

.
, ,
3 .
=
2 ,
800kW .
3 =
1 , 000 kn 6 , 000

600kw - 1,400kw
=

1
=
.
.

Div I =
. 1 IS
.

S .
=

2 , 200kW

b) between feeders on substation B :

Div I
.
=
620 + 1 500 ,
+ 1 , 000 + 2 900 + 2 200
, ,
+
3 , 000
9 , 000

Div F .
=
1 1S.

of between substation
:

Div 1
00089
=
6, 000
1.2
.
=
,
Example 3 An electric system has a linear variations in load so that the daily load curves

can be described by the following instantaneous readings :

Time Locid , few time load

, Mw

12mn 30 1pm 60

lam 20 Spin 70

Sam 20
6pm 90

Gam 10
Spin 80

8 am 60 Ilpm SO

12 Mn 30

To meet this load three turbine generator

,
units at sorw each are installed The. electrical plant

whole year round

operates .

= =
4( =
D + Az
,
+
(2 +

(3 +

x+ +
(s +
(4 + (7 + 10 +

Ag +
(10 +All Ai +
A1 +
11a +
(1s +A14 +
117 +110 +(19

+ (20 + ke+ Azz

A1 = (I 10) =
SMWhr Ai =
(1)(60) =
60Mwhw

Az
=
(1)(10) =
20MWhr
A1x =

"(z(i)(20) =
10MWhr

A14 = (1)(70) =
70MWdw
Ab =
(1)(20) =
80MINhr
Als =
1/2 (2) (10) =
18 MWhr
A+ = /z(l)(20) =
10Mwhr
A16
A
=
(2)(86) 160MXh = -
r
=
(1)(20) =

20MWhr A1
1/2 (1)(20) 20MWhir
=
:

Ab = 2 (1) (10) =
SM* he
A18 (2) (60) 120MWhr
=
=

A= (1)(40) =
40MX)(w
A1a
1/ 2 (1) (10) SMWhr
=

=
=

18 =
12(1)(10) = 5MWhr Az =

(1) (S0) SOMWhr

=

Aq
=
(1)(50) =
So MWhr A2
1/2(1)(20) 10MXhr
=
=

A10 =
(8)(60) =
180MWhr A22
(1) (30) 30MW hr
=
=

All
1/2 (1)(10) 5MXh ~
=
= .

[A= +
=
1, 265 MWhr

a) Lave =
y =

1 165MWhr
, => S2 HMW
.

21 hm

.)
b 2 F = Lave = 52 7 .

= 0 59
.

Imax 90

c) .
UF
.
= (max =
90
capacity = 0 .
60
150

af ox =

I Capacity (h) =

and h h = =

ethrs

hence, # =
150MW (2thrs) =

3 , 600MWhr

01 . =
1 ,265
=
0 35
.

3 , 600

ef Oper ..
Oper - F .
=
21
-
1O
.

24
 It =
1 055K5
.

119 =
2 20S
.
Ibs

Factor of Evaluation, f – The ratio of the

actual heat absorbed to the energy of
evaporation.

(ℎ − ℎ )
𝑓=
𝐵𝑡𝑢
970.3
𝑙𝑏
(ℎ − ℎ )
𝑓=
𝐾𝐽
2,257
𝑘𝑔

can laypas to 100 %

Willan’s Line – A straight line equation which
indicates the relation between a steam
consumption and load of steam turbine
generator unit.
Example !
Steam boiler evaporates 3 , 000 "9/hr of water from the fered cater of agoc into

a steam at 1 90 MPa
.
and 340° The .

higher heating value of fuel is 29 , 075 g and each kilogram

fuel generates 9
of
lig of steam .

solution
a) DBH ms(hs - hf)
:

hf hf3+ 410
61ks/ky
=

q8c
=
=
.
=

35
Is/hp hr
kg/hr (116 -10 61) 175/19
500 .

DBA =
3, 000 .
9 -
.

T =

3402
h h] P ks/g -s , 500
is/hphr
=

3116 9
1 qMpa
=
=
.
.

DBH 228 7 bo
b) hp
MB ms(hs - hf)
=
. .

x100 %
000/
xB 3,
(3116 9
=

Mf HHV 41)
!Pg
-x10
x 100%
. .

1f
33 kgfuel
333
3
kg steam 129 075 ,eu)
= .

000
, ,

nr

33kyue)
=
333
11
.

ky 83 77 %
=

steam .

kg fuel
#xample 2. . A water tube steam boiler having 193 .
4m? of heating surface has a steaming

capacity of 6 , 800
lig/hr of steam is generated at 18MPa and 300° from 2000 Feedwater

a) RBH =

Heating surface me ,

" h) T =

300c
91m2/bo hp
=

0
3029 215
. =

P
.

1.8MPa
= .

RBA =
153 1 m2
.
kg
h= =

h+)+
0 .
91 m2 =

168 S7bo hp
.
.
=
2002 =
852 .
15k5
bo hp 6,
800k9/hr (3029 2"
.

DBH
b) DBH
852 15) /-
=

ms/hs f) 116 95S

.

hp
.

= - =
.
bo .

35 , 500K5
14
35 , 500 k5
...
C) B0 Rtg DBHx100% BoRtg
1169 % 247 %
= =

x100 2.
.
=
or
.

RBH

d)
ms!
= 4, 800
kelhr (3019 2-852 15) 15 k
=

==
/hr
.

6, 558
.

29
=
=

257155/kg
2,

--
*

sity=13029
es 2-852 15) 19 f
.
.

= 0 967
.

below ideal (1 is ideal)

k5/kg
0
2 ,257
.

Example 3 .
An ultimate analysis of coal given below is consumed at the rate of
600 kg hr in a steam generator with a rated boiler
horsepower of 200 .

The feed water temperature is 8200 and the steam generated is at 1 08

.

Mpa and Saturated . The developed boiler horsepower is 30s .

Ultimate analysis of fuel Solution

78
2 S 0 68 Heating surface
= =

a) RBH RBAX me m
.

11
=

Heating
.

surface 200b0 .p
=
=
x I 1
H2 bo hp
.

4 92A bobp
.

m2
=

6 1 1 1
Heating surface
.
= . .

02 =
67
=
220m
bo up
.

M 17 .

N2
= .

=
1 6
.

b) DBH ms(hs h+)

hs hg]P
=
-

C 35 ,500 1
hphr 1 08MPa 27 8) k5/g
= =

=
.

H
hf h + 3+ 343
O
On Co2+ H20 + So +N2 82 30k-175
= =
= .

i HAV 19, 6000 62, 000 (H2 -8) 4 , 0so(s)

Bulb
= +
+

HAV 11 , 600(0 78)

0492)-080 050(0 068)
=

. +

62, 000(0 . +
9 .

HAV 13 946 69 Bulb X 1 0ss 1 Bux1 20s Ib

kg
-
= .
.
.

HAV = 32
, 143 5915 Ky . 31 , 690 22 .

K5 19
ms =
(DBA) 35 500 ,
is hphr
(hs - hf)

(30s)sSodesig
ms=
4 441 69
kg
-

,
tr
.

c) Bo Rtg HAV 3 1 690

=

722125 19
DB4
.

= ,
388

↳
%
.

%
.

x 100 =
/ 100 =
182 S
100%
.

d) = =

(hs h()
-

=
(7 81 -
313 .
30)k- 19 =
1 08
.
MB =
1 141
,
-

69kghr(2x8) -

31336)15e
2,
2571519 2,
257k5/kg 600ks hr(31 690 722k5kg
, .

es nB =
ms(hs - hf) RB SS 62%
100%
=

HHV 000(()
21(12 -8)
x .

33 141,
HHV 930 %)
=

mf
+
,
+

HAV= 33
, 000(0 -8) +
199, 212(0 .

0192-084( 930x(0 0068) +

.

Example 4. A small steam turbine generator power plant of full load steam No
capacity
Gear
.
5 000
, kW has a rater of

No load steam full load consumption

consumption maybe taken as 10% of the .

solution

a) Fullload consumption =

5000kw(6 ,m) =

30,
0001

Tax
bx
No load consumption 30, 000
ky/hr(0 10) 3, 000 kg
= =

hr
.

3 , 000
y s
4x//
=
+
.

b = full load -
no load (30, 000 3 , 000) 19 nr
9kBh
-

=
= s .

capacity 5 , 000 kW

b) 860%
↳ 3 , 000
=

+
S 1X.
-

y 3 , 000kg tr
(S 1kgkwhr)(5 000kw)(0 3)
=

.
+

, .

Y =
19 , 200
kg hr

Example S
The hourly steam consumption of certain turbo-generator unit is
given by the equation, y
=
20 , 000 +
8 5x where
.

, y is in kghw and x is

in kilowatt .

Steam conditions :

Initial condition 3 45 MPa 320° :

.

Final condition Atmospheric

:

Barometric reading IsommIy:

solution

Overall
efficiency ,
eo= TSR
100 %
~ For actual steam rate SR
SR
,
TSR =
theoretical steam rate
SR =
actual steam rate Yx =

Y 10 000kw =
10, 000
5/10 000)
8 105, 000
ky/hr
+
=
,
TsR =

3 , 600
.
,

SR xx
n1 k2 103 , kg hr
=

Sky/kw hr
000
=
-

=
10 .

SR Yx
.

W =

10 , 000 kw
xx
To test the condition at p2 .
:

S]
51
3*spa
=

=
0 .

519K5 kg .

Sy]P2 = 0 -

/Mpa
=

= .

359415kg .
K ptz is Wet
.

hi hfe
xzhfgw
= +

S =

Str + x2hfg2
sfz
5413026
x 32 -
6
% 86 5 %
.

=
= x 100 =
.

sfgt
hz = 4
17 46 .
+
0 .

865(2258) =

1370 .

6315kg
TSR =
3 , 600k5
kwr he .

63)k ,
=

(3 031 ,
- 2370 . 5 .
15k3kwhr
y
· .. 20 =
54 x 100 % =
51 . 9%
Powerplant Assignment

1) Explain "The :

power plant product is not completed until the instant it is needed and then
, only in quantities exactly
equal to the instantenous demand"

The quote underscores the fact that energy generated by power plant is unlike other items Unlike tangible products,
a
many
.

which may be made and kept for later use

, electricity is produced on the
spot and only in the exact amount

required at
any
time
. There are two points in the quote that I would like to point out The first . one
,
"Not completed
until needed" This operational
.

indicates that in power plant the process of generating energy

,
is continual and continuous The power .
plant is

but the real deemed complete until it

product electricity is not is
required

"
For the second one is , Quantities exactly equal to instantaneous demand" This section emphasizes the real-time of
.
aspect power

delivery. Power plants must create power in response to instant costumer demand There . is no room for large surplus or
scarcity ,

it must precisely match the demand at that time The .

statement emphasizes the crucial relevance of electrical grid supply and

demand balance It also demonstrates the and distribution

.

complexity and precision necessary in

controlling power generating
networks to maintain consistent
a and dependable supply of
electricity to costumers .

2) According to Morse What

,
is the fundamental factor which produces the variable rather than the steady load ?

In general ,
it can be concluded that both industrial operations and domestic needs place fluctuating

demands on the plant's capacity .

3) Is the load factor the same as power factor

?
If not , why?

Load factor and power factor differ . Load factor is the average load divided by the peak load over a
specified

time , while power factor is for technical aspects AC circuits isn't relevant in variable load
used of and
terminology .

4)
Why is
diversity factor always more than unity

The diversity factor is the total of individual peak demands in

system subdivisions during the daily cycle ,
divided by the system's

peak demand .

5) What are the effects of variable load on power plant operation?

Once the power plant is constructed and integrated into the distribution system , dealing with variable load conditions becomes

challenging . From deciding which generating units to use to serve customers , all the
way to financial interactions involving billing rates ,
load

variability plays a
significant role in shaping operational procedures .
CORCUERA IVE MAE R .

CEF42

1) GIVEN : 3 )
. GIVEU :

p PHP5000 5 %-i 0 05
=
=
.

30 days 12 3 1080 F 2x P X
=

x
=

n x
=
=

i
=

10 % =
0 10. REQ'D :

REQ'D : n =
1

F ? =

SOL'N :

SOL'N : F =

P(1 +

i)
ORDINARY SIMPLE INTEREST * (x
21 x(1 = +
0 .

054
I pni 5000 2 1 05
=
=

x x 0 16.
= .

-M%195
I =
PHP 1508
,
F P 1 5000 1500
=

PHP 4508
= =
+ +

COMPOUND INTEREST n 14 2027

yrs
=
.

F =
P(1 is + =

x000(1 +
0 -
10)

F
=

PHP Celes

DIFFERENCE OF TE AMOUNT IN 3YRS 4) .

GIVEN :

F
=

(15-4500 p =

PHP 2000

F =

PHP 155 F =

12 % i 0 12
- =
.

RED: 'D :

!
2)
=

GIVEN : n

p PHP 200000 SOL'N :

=

4 % semi-annual -

I +
i 104
=

2
F =

P(1 +
i)

5 5 yrs
.
semi-annual -> (n)(2) (5 5)(2) =
.

le
-
2000
000
-
=

50(1+) o

REQ'D :
3 479 yrs
=

n .

F =

SOL'N :
.
4)
*

F =
P(1 +
i) =

200000) +

F
=
PHP 248674 8417 .
Module 2

Bypass factor -
not all air or not all water vapor came into contact .
 "As fired ,
as recieved" Or =
8
a
excess
-

He=
·
Combustible basis" q
excess

Wa
UHe Formula of correction
=

1 - 10
moisture aft

VOz correction CWyoM

UNI
=

A
· Deduct
M

100%

Analysis of
dry air

ma =

Mdy +
8 H2
.
8 -Cab - S -

Na

T((02) +
02 +
700
ndg
=

3 (O2 -CO

cab = C -

cr
Module 3 -

Geothermal Power Plant

Compressed liquid -

Liquid whose actual pressure is

greater than the

saturated pressure
corresponding to the given
temperatured
Geothermal power plant utilizes geothermal energy that produces and delivers flow mechanical and electrical energy
of
energy
-
a

Geothermal energy Energy stored below the earth's surface .

M
1

I. -
well bottom
-

-- ~
well head

⑳ ... -
!
a
Turbine Generator

3 -
⑲
34

8 5
S
· z Well Bottom
⑱ Brine

Condenser S

condensate

1 Well Bottom

Example! . A flashed steam geothermal power plant is located where underground not water is available at tookpa and saturated liquid . The well head pressure is 600 KPa .

The well head pressure 600kPa The flashed steam enters turbine sookPa and 10 IS
kpa flow rate from the wall
is . a at
expands ,
where it is condensed . The

is 29 .

61.
flow rate in '

S
a) mass of steam to the turbine
P4 =
500kPa
⑤
60 kPa
4 pi

=:...
1 1 -

s
L

sookpa
PI's 500
E
2

pasPae
-

3
·
- ⑤
4
13kP
=
q
5 PS 15kPa
-
=
&
S
&
3

· 2 P2 =
600KPa

⑳
tha
· I

· 1 P1 700 kPa
=

SAT LIQ
maha= mehetrahy
.

mi =
29 6 .
! E. --- a -
·
ma
- =
m+ +
m3
8.
⑳

3
my = ma -
m

mana"

·
Man e

maha myh + -my)k3

=

ma
n =
ha ha =

mana
=
mahy+ maky-mahs
meh
ma ha-b =
my hy h3 -

m4 = ma ha -h3
SAT VAPOR hy - h3

mo 29 6

697
=

=0 8
,
.

b .
WE =
me hy -hs

51 =
S3

54
Sg
=

p 0 SMpa 6
8213k5/kg 1
= =
.
.
-

59 Wet
p 0
015Mpa 8
0085k5/kg pt S is
=
=

1
.
.
.
.

55 =
5) +

xsSfg 0ISMpa
p 0
=
.

xs 35 5) +
-

67349 x100%
0
=

83 63 %
= =

Sty 7 2536 .
.

hs =

he +

xshfg p =
0 .
01SMpn

56g
ns
1)
225
=

. 99 +
0 .
83632373 .
=
2210 .

WI = my hy hs
Wi =
0 .
8 2748 7- 2210 . .

56
WF =
+130 512 .
kw
2
)
. A
geothermal energy system consists of not water well ,
a flash separator collector and a NOMW Rankine
engine . The compressed ground water at

17 .

5Mpa ,
280° leaves the well to enter the flash chamber maintained at 1 .

38Mpa .
The flashed vapor passes thro the separator and collector to enter

the turbine saturated un-flashed

as
vapor
at 1 .
38Mpa The turbine
. exhausts at 0 1 .

Mpa . The water runs as waste .

Determine the hourly

quantity of
ground water required for continuous operation .

m =
WE
WI ha - h5
Py md
=

=
1 .
38Mpa ne-h5

8
he =

hyp 2789 6k5

1 38Mpa
=

= .
.

4 kg
51
Sgp
=

W
=
1 38Mpa =
6 1743 ks
8Mpa
.

10MW

g
1 3
.

... =
kg 12
.
-
.

Flash
....... 51 =

SS
B Separator
39
-

p 0 /Mpa 7 3599k5 wet

=

pt
.

& S is
= .

a
kg K
Turbine
.

55 5f
=

x5Sfg p
=
0 .

/Mpa
-

, 153026x100% 85 39 %
x 5 = =
6 .
=

SPS =
0 .
/Mpa
ns nf
xshfg
=

1Mpa
+

0
N p
=
.

h5 =

417 16 85391238 2343

0
57k5kg
. + . =
.

my =
WE = 10x13 Ks
ho-hs 52113x960
·
22
2 (2789 6
57
=

2315
.
-
. .

my
076k
81 ,
=

consider the flash

separator collector
P1 =
17 .
5Mpa
·
1T1 =

280° ⑧

hy
compressed Liquid m+

-
1

IF PIOR PIM) IS GIVEN &. 1 =

SAT LIQ
.. ...:
-

IF PIT OR TIIS GIVEN & . 1 =

COMPRESSED LIQ ·
.

maha E
·
3
meh

maha=maha+myh3

ma =
M1 +
M3

M3 =
ma -
m1

maha= mehe+ ma-me his

maha= mehet maks make

ma hashy :
me he hi

ma
my (h1 43
=
-

ha -3

From Steam Table, T-A

compressed liquid
na =
h
!. pa=
1231 .

3
h3 =
h -
p = 1 35Mpa
.
=

827 -
29k5
ky

ma
men !43)
81 , 0762789 6-827 a
=

.
=

1231 3
.
-
827 29 -

ma =

393 , 792 .

80 kg/hr
 sat .
Steam

i
4

P,
1
F ·

... i Flash
-

a -
2 &
Pe
separator Turbine
2 3 w ·
-
4 P3= Pa=P4

S wet steam
X throttling
-

value/E V . 3 -
S :
condenser
Briner
2 Well head
I S
condensate 54
1 " 1 SS
=
i

1 well bottom

balance
same enthalphy 1 . 2 . a
=

h
energy of
Flash separator

4 my hy

: maha=myhy-mahs ~
maha
Ya E ma =

m4+ Mg /

3mgh3
Compute for the following items below the 10 , 000 kw turbo coal fired Power plant Under the following conditions
generator of a steam .
.
.

C 66 23 Dry Analysis ORSAT Analysis

=

gas

He =
5 34 .
CO2 =
12 3 .

02 =
17 51 .
02 = 6 6 .
RT -'D

H2 =

1 51.
N2 =
80 8 .

1 .
Ultimate Analysis "As fired as recieved basis"

0 3
S 0 75 20 To excess moisture
= =
.
.
remove

H2 99 774 25
A (8 9 77 5 34
-

02 17 54 8 86
.

8 63 10 Metric per he
=

coal rate
= -
.
-
: . =
. .
.
=

M
=

9 77 . Air properties : corrected

109 77 66 23
c
.

P
160mg
=
.
=

-
100 .
00

9 77 .
(excess T = 250
H2 =
4 . 25

Steam 02 =
8 86
Properties
.

8 6 MPa "SH N 2 1 51
,
.
=

19 . 84°C =
.

5 0 75
Feedwater temperature
=

97°
: .

Steam Flow : A =

8 63 .

M = 9 77 .

Full load capacity =

89 , 000 kg hu

No load
capacity
=
20 000
, kg hr

&
Ultimate
.

Analysis "Combustible Basis"

A. Moisture Free Basis B

. Moisture and Ash Free Basis C . Moisture , Ash , a Sulfur Free Basis

Correction
1-9
** correction 1-9 5611 correction 1
90dd 1 0 9988
: -
: :

0
0 9023
= = = .
. .
.

100
73 1013 .

6 = =

81 1602
0 9094
.

66 23 -

81 1602
73 1013 1 7102
- .

=
81 9138
C 0 9823 H 5 2081
. .

C
= .
= =
0 9908
.
=
. .

0 .
9011
4. 25

A =
=

1 7102 9 8194 A S 2081

10 8579 5 2565
.

0 9023 =
.

= .

=>
.
-
. .

0 9044 9908
.

8 .

0 =
08 =

9 8191
.
N =
1 6735
.

=
1 8504
. 0 =
10 .
8574 - 10 9582
.

0 9044 .

0 .
9908

N = 0923 =

1 6735
.
5 =
0 8312 .

=>
0 9191
. N =
1 .
8504 =
1 .
8676
0 0 9908
0 75 9014 99 9961 100
.

99 995
. =
.
.
.

S = = 0 .
8312
0 9023 .

A
08 9 5641
=
=
.

100
3 .
For combustible basis
,
actual mass of air needed for combustion
. . " Cab =

-(i)
ma =
16 378
.
+

8(0 .
052565 -0 189582
-

8
-
0 .
819138 -
0 -
0 818676
.

Ma =

Mdy +
8 H2
-8 -cab-s - H2 =
0 .

819138 -

-(0) Ma =
15 . 851 10 000kgfuel ,
x
hr
3600S
=0 .

819138
mdg f(02)
0319
02 700 ma 41
= + +
=

Cab
.

3)cO2 +
20

412 3 6 6 700
81913)
= +
. +

0
.

3) 12 3.
+
0 3 .

mdy =

16 378
.

lig da
kg fuel
 Boiler Heat
Energy Balance

HIV · Boiler
·

&6
⑲

a as an as

G =

ms hs - hf

&1 =

Useful
energy

ms :

mass flow rate of steam

us =
enthalphy of steam generated
h) enthalphy
= of
feedwater

Q2 =

mdy Cpdg Tg-Ta

Q2
energy loss due to
dry gas
=

mag : mass flow rate of

d.g produced

Cpdg= specific heat of d.g

Tg =
Temperature of
dig

Ta =
temperature of air

hy-hm)
·

- Q3 qH2+M
=
mrd
,
=

hy-hm

Q3 due to moisture in coal

:

energy loss

He : amount of I in the coal

M= amount of M in the coal

hg =

enthalpy of excess

hm astd condition
:

enthalphy of moisture boiler

-Q1 malt
=

Mr<ps Tg-ta ,
Mrs

Mr moisture in air supplied to the boiler

mas amount of air supplied to the boiler

H
Humidity ratio of
=

air

QS 2020 Cab ctco crico

·

Q5= 18160
=

Cab
,

.
⑧

Si
English
QS
energy loss due to incomplete combustion
=

Q6= 334/S -Cab

Q6 to unburned carbon
energy loss due
:

&1 =

HHV- Q1+ Q2 + . .. ...

Q6

Q1 :
radiation and not accounted for losses