CLASS ROOM

LECTURE SERIES
S1E5-SWITHGEAR AND PROTECTION
TECHNOLOGY.

Eng Weeraratne M. W.
O71-8137736 –Personal
FORMER DEPUTY PRINCIPAL-IT
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY-(IET)
KATUNAYAKE.
BY ALL IET STAFF-SPECIALLY ELECTRICAL DEPT.

WARMLY WELCOME ALL STUDENTS OF

2018 B –SIP-EP
FORMER - ON LINE STUDIES IMPLEMENTED BY IET STAFF
FORMER - ON LINE STUDIES IMPLEMENTED BY IET STAFF
 INTRODUCTION TO THE SUBJECT- (01 HOUR)
 NAME OF THE SUBJECT:

SWITHGEAR AND PROTECTION

TECHNOLOGY-(S1E5)
 LECURE NO#01
 DATE-2023 JUNE 22 THU
 TIME-1700-2100 HRS
 GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS TO BE FOLLOWED.
1. Keep the silence through out the lecture as before with “In House Lectures”.
2. Follow the IET rules and regulations applicable for “On Line Studies”.
3. Determine to study this HV pragmatic (practicable) subject (S1E5) with self
discipline to avoid future risky wrong operations.
4. Use one minute now itself for making your mind to do it successfully.
5. Note down important things, doubts related to our lecture in a separate log
book for S1E5.
6. Doubts can be forwarded at the end of lecture-(10 minutes).
7. However at extreme situations, urgent and important problems can be
forwarded via email to our staff assistants.
8. Your presence will be scanned during the entire lecture period.
9. Try to give best answers with logics for given small quiz.
10. your active contributions towards the lecture is warmly welcome.
 WHAT IS MEANT BY “SWITHGEAR”?
 DEFINITION OF SWITCHGEAR:

 The apparatus used for basically switching and

protecting the electrical circuits or networks and
equipments is known as switchgear.
 SWITCHING DEVICES
Following are the commonly used switching devices to control the
circuits or equipments.
 Fuse. (DDLO in PMT substations)
 Fuse switch. (Switch- disconnector with fuses, used in RMU substations)
 Circuit breaker.(MCB RCCB MOTOR STARTER)
 Disconnector, (Isolator).
 Earth switch.
 Contactor.
 Load break switch. (used in HV distribution networks and HV
substations)
 Auto re-closure. (used in HV transmission and distribution networks)
 WHAT IS MEANT BY PROTECTION?
 DEFINITION OF PROTECTION IN A POWER SYSTEM:
Power system protection is a branch of electrical power
engineering that deals with the safe guard of electrical power
system from faults through the disconnection of faulty parts from
the rest of the electrical network.
The objective of a protection scheme is to keep the power system
stable by isolating only the components that are under fault,
whilst leaving as much of the network as possible still in
operation. ( isolation of particular village due to corona)
Thus, protection schemes must apply a very pragmatic
(practicable) and pessimistic (fair for all) approach to clearing
system faults.
The devices that are used to protect the power systems from
faults are called protective devices.
 PROTECTIVE DEVICES
Following are the commonly used protective devices to
protect the circuit (net work) or valuable equipments in a
power system.
 Fuses (Ex-DDLO fuses in pmt substation.)
 Current and voltage sensors.(generally CTs and VTs.)
 Protective relays (Ex. OCR, EFR, buchholtz relay etc.)
 Pilot wires.(Ex-SLT communication wires)
 Power supply for protective circuits. (batteries, rectifiers with main supply)
 CIRCUIT BREAKERS.
 Communication devices and channels.
 EQUIPMENTS ARE TO BE PROTECTED

 What are the valuable equipments at home or office to

be protected?
1. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
 VALUABLE EQUIPMENTS TO BE PROTECTED IN PS.
SIMILARLY AT HOME OR OFFICE,
FOLLOWING ARE THE COMMONLY USED VALUABLE EQUIPMENTS TO BE PROTECTED
IN A POWER SYSTEM.
 Generators
 Step up power transformers at generating stations.
 Step down power transformers at grid stations and distribution stations.
 Transmission lines-HVAC or HVDC transmission lines
 Underground (UG) cables.
 HT and LT bus bars.-(Considering reliability of power system)
 WHAT IS MEANT BY “TECHNOLOGY”?
MEANING OF TECHNOLOGY :
 It is the simply a set of techniques, skills processes, procedures which
are based on scientifically or logically gathered with technical &
engineering knowledge used for enhancing our daily life and living
standards.
 Ex-1: Smart Phone.
 Ex-2: Smart Relay used in power system.
 Ex-3: Auto Re-closure used in power system.
Note-All above is based on their own micro processor.

Note-
1.Technology can be embedded in machines to allow for operation
without detailed knowledge of their workings.
2. Automation is the most development stage of the technology.
 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SWITCHGEAR
EQUIPMENTS, PROTECTION & TECHNOLOGY?

Technology
SWGR INCLUDING PROTECTION
ssss
PROTECTION
 USE OF TECHNOLOGY
USE OF TECHNOLOGY WITH SWGR :
 Ex-1: GIS (indoor type) Substation with HV compact nature.
 Ex-2: Static VAR compensators in transmission lines for voltage control.
 Ex-3: Auto Re-closure facility in transmission and distribution
lines.

USE OF TECHNOLOGY WITH PROTECTION :

 Ex-1: Static relay.-(Electronic relay)
 Ex-2: Smart Relay.-(Electronic relay with programmable nature)
 Ex-3: carrier aided distance protection scheme for OHL with
optical fiber technology.
 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SWITCHGEAR EQUIPMENTS
& PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENTS

CB

B=PROTECTION EQUIPMENTS
A=SWGR EQUIPMENTS
 ENTIRE CONTENTS TO BE STUDIED
 SECTION-01- Theory components.

 SECTION-02- Laboratory practical components.

 SECTION-03- Field visit components with

Industrial Training modules.
 THEORY CONTENTS OR MODULES TO BE STUDIED

 UNIT-01- Faults and abnormal conditions.

 UNIT-02- Substations.

 UNIT-03- Circuit breakers and isolators.

 UNIT-04- Fuses and their applications.

 UNIT-05- LV circuit breakers & contactors.

 MODULE CONTENTS-Contd:

 UNIT-06- Transient over voltages.

 UNIT-07- Earthing (neutral grounding and equipment grounding).

 UNIT-08- Protective relays.

 UNIT-09- Operations and safety.

 PRACTICAL TO BE DONE AT
POWER SYSTEM-LABORATORY
1. DIFFERENTIAL RELAY

2. OVER CURRENT RELAY

3. REVERSE POWER RELAY

4. DISTANCE RELAY

(Note: Refer unit#8 for more details in future)

 FIELD VISITS TO BE PLANNED

1. Outdoor HV grid substation.-CEB

2. Indoor gas insulated substation (GIS).-CEB

3. Switchgear manufacturing factory. - FTZ

 TOPIC FOR -DAY#01

 UNIT-01-FAULTS AND ABNORMAL CONDITIONS.

 SUB CONTENTS OF UNIT-01
UNIT-01-Faults and abnormal conditions. (02 hours)

 Introduction to faults.
 Normal conditions should be in a power system.
 Quality power supply.
 Faults and abnormal conditions in a power system.
 Fault clearing process.
 Switching phenomena.
 Circuit breaker ratings.
 SUB CONTENTS OF UNIT-02
UNIT-02- Substations. (05 hours)
 Classification of substations.
 Substation equipments, electrical layouts & schematic
diagrams.
 Bus bar arrangements.
 Introduction to gas insulated substations (GIS).
 Station supplies (AC & DC).
 SUB CONTENTS OF UNIT-03
UNIT-03- Circuit Breakers & Isolators (08 hours)
 Ratings, principles of arc extinction, arc voltage, recovery voltage &
restrikting voltage.
 Classification of circuit breakers according to arc extinguishing medium.
 Detailed discussion about each type of circuit breaker & their operating
mechanisms (Minimum oil & bulk oil, Air break, Air blast, SF6, Vacuum).
 Use of isolators and earth switches, requirement of interlocking devices,
isolator types & their operating mechanisms. Use of load break switches
 Auto reclosures for transmission and distribution lines
 Installation, testing, commissioning and maintenance of HV circuit
breakers.
 SUB CONTENTS OF UNIT-04
UNIT-04- Fuses and their applications . (02 hours)
 Different types of fuses (construction, advantages & disadvantages)
 HRC fuse, specifications and selection of a fuse link.
 Co-ordination of fuses and circuit breakers.
 Applications of HV current limiting fuses.
 SUB CONTENTS OF UNIT-05
UNIT-05- LV Circuit Breakers & Contactors. (02 hours)
 MCCBs & MCBs, thermal tipping and magnetic tripping
 MCB types (type 2, type 3 etc)
 Specifications and ratings of contactors, main contacts and auxiliary
contacts, utilization categories,
 LV load control centers.
 SUB CONTENTS OF UNIT-06
UNIT-06- Transient over voltages (04 hours)
 Insulation levels.

 Lighting over –voltages (lighting, lighting arrester types and

selections, lightning masts & over head shielding wire)

 Switching over – voltage surges, protection from switching surges.

 Travelling waves .
 SUB CONTENTS OF UNIT-07
UNIT-07
EARTHING (Neutral earthing and equipment earthing) (04 hours)
 Advantages of neutral earthling (comparison with ungrounded system)
 Types of neutral grounding, (direct, resistance, arc suppression coil, earthling
transformer)
 Substation earthing system (earth electrodes, earth mat, touch & step
potentials, resistance of earthing system)
 SUB CONTENTS OF UNIT-08A
 UNIT-08A- Introduction to protective relaying; (10 hours)
 Protective zones.
 back-up protection.
 selectivity and reliability.
 Classification of relays by type, by time of operation and actuating quantities.
 Distinction between relay unit, protective scheme and protective system.
 Electromechanical relays.
 Static relays.
 CTs & PTs for protective relays.
 Common relays their connections and operating principles – over current, Earth fault,
Over & Under voltage, Over & under Frequency, Reverse power, Differential, Distance
and Gas actuated (Buchholtz)
 SUB CONTENTS OF UNIT-08B.
UNIT-08B- Introduction to protective relaying; (CONTD)
 Introduction to power line carrier communication system, its use for
protection of power system,
 Introduction to SCADA.
 Protective schemes :
 Protection of alternators.
 Protection of transformers.
 Bus bars protection.
 Protection of transmission lines.
 Combined protective schemes .
 SUB CONTENTS OF UNIT-09
UNIT-09- Operations and safety (02 hours)
 Bus transferring operations.
 Connecting a transmission line to bus bars.
 Voltage control.
 Record keeping.
 Work permits.
 Safety clearances.
 Fire prevention and control.
 SUB CONTENTS OF UNIT-01
UNIT-01-Faults and abnormal conditions. (02 hours)

 Introduction to faults.
 Normal conditions should be in a power system.
 Quality power supply.
 Faults and abnormal conditions in a power system.
 Fault clearing process.
 Switching phenomena.
 Circuit breaker ratings.
 1.1-INTRODUCTION TO NORMAL
CONDITIONS OF A POWER SYSTEM.
 MAIN OBJECTIVES OF MAINTAINING A POWER
SYSTEM IN A COUNTRY.
 To support and maintain the National Security in the country.
 To drive mechanical and other engineering plants in industries and thereby
supporting National Economy.
 To provide illumination against darkness specially in night hours.
 To provide electric heating against cold specially in cold environments or
cold countries.
 To provide electric heat for cooking when other heat source are not
available or not economical.
 To make easy control of all possible day today work tasks of general
public.
 To enhance living standards of the citizens.
 GENERAL VISION & MISSION OF SUPPLY AN UTILITY ( Ex-CEB )
VISION
 To provide uninterrupted higher Quality Power Supply to all the consumers
of the power system under normal conditions as well as during abnormal
conditions too.
MISSION
 To maintain power system Stability & Reliability with higher indexes by
introducing standard advanced protection system and safe operation and
maintenance procedures for generation & transmission backbone and
along with distribution up to consumer authority.
 MAIN PARTS OF POWER SYSTEM
 MAIN PARTS OF A POWER SYSTEM:

1. GENERATION.

2. TRANSMISSION.

3. DISTRIBUTION.

4. UTILIZATION.

NOTE: GENERATION AND TRANSMISSION IS THE BACKBONE OF THE PS.

.
 NORMAL CONDITIONS IN A POWER SYSTEM

 For domestic supply in distribution, followings are the normal condition of

the power system.
 Then only equipments of consumers are operating effectively.

 Voltage=230 V for single phase=220V~240V (range of voltage)

 Voltage=400 V for three phase =380V~420V (range of voltage)
 Frequency=50 Hz =50.3Hz ~ 49.7Hz (range of Frequency)
 Wave form is approximately sinusoidal)
1. .
 POWER SYSTEM QUALITY STANDARDS-GENERAL
Rated Deviation

Reliability 100% 0%

400V ±6%
Voltage
33kV ±10%

132kV ±12%

Frequency 50Hz ±0.6%

Power Factor 0.8 1 ̴ 0.8

Balanced 3Phase 100% 0%

Waveform- Harmonic Sinusoidal

40
3 ̴ 5%
NORMAL CONDITIONS IN A PS - SINGLE PHASE VOTAGE
NORMAL CONDITIONS IN A PS - 3 PHASE VOTAGE
 ABNORMAL CONDITIONS IN A POWER SYSTEM
 Deviation from normal condition of power supply is known as abnormal
conditions in a power system.
 This situation may create due to a fault in a power system.
 Cause of fault can be divided into two main categories.
 One is the operational fault.
 Second one is the net work and equipment fault.
 Operational faults can be minimized by trained personnel with better safe
procedures and automation techniques such as AVR and AGC etc.
 Net work and equipment faults can not be made zero practically due to
natural environmental facts such as lightning, stormy weather conditions
etc.
 Abnormal conditions of power supply causes the damage and malfunction
of equipments of both utility and consumer authority.
1. .
ABNORMAL CONDITIONS IN A POWER SYSTEM

Normal
Condition

Abnormal
Conditions

Fault

44
VOLTAGE VARIATIONS AS ABNORMALITIES
VOLTAGE ABNORMALITIES
 FAULTS IN A POWER SYSTEM

 Faults are inevitably occurred in a power system and they can not
be completely eliminated.
 The probability of taking place a fault in a power system can be
reduced by following methods;
 Good initial design with sophisticated and standard protection
system.
 Betterplanned maintenance of plants and equipments in the power
system including switchgear and protection.
 Adopting and executing proper operating procedures.
 FAULTS

 The main objective of a protective system is to minimize the impact

of faults and maintain quality power supply as much as possible.
 Due to a fault the normal condition of the power system becomes
abnormal condition.
 Sometimes poor or wrong operations can also be caused to have a
abnormal conditions.
 Same abnormal conditions can be re-utilized to operate a suitable
protective circuit to protect valuable equipments in the power
system.
DURING A FAULT FOLLOWINGS CAN BE OBSERVED

 Abnormal conditions such as deviations beyond the upper and lower

limits of voltages, current, frequency may exist in the system.
 System probably be unbalanced except symmetrical faults.
 Loosing synchronism of generators and transmission lines.
 Loosing stability.
 Arcing, fire, flash over may be taken place due to failure of
insulation. This is a cyclic operation and trends to a major
disaster.
 Damage of equipments.
 Mal operation of equipments.
 DURING A FAULT contd:

 Personnel hazards.
 Shows transient conditions.
 Total failure.
EQUIPMENT FAILURE - 220KV -POWER TRANSFORMER

5
Electrical fire in a Grid substation
1
EQUIPMENT FAILURE - 220KV -POWER TRANSFORMER

5
Electrical fire in a Grid substation
2
 CLASSIFICATION FAULTS

 Faults are generally different each other and they can be

classified in different way.
 Two faults are practically not equal but similar faults can be
grouped.
 Faults are generally belong to network or equipments.
 Network faults as open circuit and short circuit configuration with
sub divisions
 Again can be divided as symmetrical and unsymmetrical nature.
CLASSIFICATION OF FAULTS
SYMMETRICAL SHORT CIRCUIT FAULTS
UNSYMMETRICAL SHORT CIRCUIT FAULTS
TYPE OF FAULTS
 EQUIPMENT FAULTS

 In addition to network faults in transmission and distribution

circuits, there may be a different kind of equipments failure.
 Switchgear equipments failure as well as protection itself failures
may be existing.
 Statics of failures and cause of failures are very important to
engineering managers to improve the systems.
 Therefore introducing of daily failure report system is a very
administrative tool to reduce the percentage faults and thereby to
improve the power quality of power system.
 EQUIPMENT FAULTS

Major equipment faults are tabulated as follows:

1. OHL and switch yard
2. UG cables.
3. AC generator (alternator).
4. Power transformer.
5. Instrument transformers. CT and VT
6. Switch gear
7. Control circuits and relays.
 CAUSE OF FAULTS
Cause of fault can be initially determined by logically analysis of relay
operations.(Pl avoid possible mal operational relay indications)
Statistics of past records faults may help to approach to the cause of
fault.(Pl refer record keeping under unit-9)
Following are the possible cause of fault for power transformer.
❖ Insulation failure.
❖ Fault in tap changer.
❖ Fault in bushing.
❖ Faults in protection circuit.
❖ Over loading.
❖ Over voltage .
 CAUSE OF FAULTS
Following are the possible cause of fault for generator.
❖ Stator winding fault.
❖ Rotor winding fault.
❖ Faults in generator associated equipments.(AVR or AGC)
❖ Faults in protection circuit.
❖ Over loading.
❖ Over voltage .
❖ Out of step – loosing synchronism.
❖ Over speed.
❖ Reverse power flow.
❖ Protection against vibration.
❖ Bearing over heating protection.
❖ External fault-back up protection.
 FAULT CLEARING PROCESS
Following are the equipments and accessories used for fault clearing process:
❖ Detecting abnormal conditions by relevant CT and VT.
❖ Activating concerned relays for the type fault.
❖ Producing final tripping command by master trip relay.
❖ Activating CB.
❖ Sending inter trip for ring system or transformer associated circuit if any.
❖ Isolation of fault associated section of power system and give work permit to
repairs.
❖ Confirming faulty section is totally isolated by observing alarms and events at
control room as well as at the site.
❖ Restoring remaining possible circuits if any.
❖ Faulty section repairs testing and taken into service after protection re-setting.
❖ Confirm that the normal entire power system has been restored.
FAULT CLEARING PROCESS (to be re drawn)

11/23/2017

63
 SWITCHING PHENOMENA

Switching equipments are basically follows:

 Circuit Breaker (CB)
 Isolator or disconnector
 Earth switch
 SWITCHING STATUS

 Switching status are ON state AND off state.

 State changes of switching may be OFF to ON.
 This is known as energization under normal condition.
 As well, same switching under suspected faulty abnormal condition
is known as test charging.
 Other remaining state changes of switching may be ON to OFF.
 This is known as de-energization or isolation under normal
condition.
 As well, same switching under faulty abnormal condition is known
as tripping.
 Tripping function is must be automatic.
 CB RATNGS

 CB ratings are very important to order and place a CB for given

network position.
 CB should be capable for maximum fault current (If)that may flow
at that point.
 CB should not be damaged or blasted during the fault current
handling.
 Breaking capacity of CB is concerned for tripping under fault with
arcing.
 Making capacity of CB is concerned for test charging with
expected fault while arcing.
 Short time rating of CB is concerned with back up protection of
next higher stage.
FAULT CURRENT DURING TRANSIENT PERIOD
FAULT CURRENT DURING TRANSIENT PERIOD
 CALCULATION OF CB RATINGS
 BREAKING CAPACITY

 MAKING CAPACITY

 SHORT TIME RATING

Note: (Plan to discuss deeply during unit-3: circuit breakers)

 DISCUSSION, REVISION AND CONCLUSION.
 Any doubts and your suggestions?

 Let me know to discuss.

 Revision of entire module.

 Conclusion.
.

THANKS FOR BEING WITH ME

END