Earthing 1

VIRTUAL CLASS ROOM
LECTURE SERIES
S1E5-SWITCHGEAR AND PROTECTION
TECHNOLOGY.
Eng Weeraratne M. W.
O71-8137736 -Personal
071-0542102 -Office
DEPUTY PRINCIPAL-IT
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY-(IET)
KATUNAYAKE.
WELCOME TO OUR SUPPORTIVE STAFF BEHIND
Mr. E.A.G.B. Ekanayake Ms. J.A.Y.P.Jayasinghe

Instructor Instructor
Ms. I.U.Pinnaduwa Mr. A.S.R.Fernando

Instructor Instructor
BY IET MGT AND ALL STAFF-SPECIALLY INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY (IT) DIVISION UNDER ELECTRICAL DEPT.
WARMLY WELCOME ALL STUDENTS OF

2016B –SIP-EP
FOR ON-LINE STUDIES
ON LINE STUDIES IMPLEMENTED BY IET STAFF
TRADITIONAL STUDIES IN A LECTURE HALL
OPTIMIZATION OF “ON LINE” STUDIES
When you are enjoying with “ON LINE “ study mode:
❖ Think a little bit to understand the main differences between
traditional lecture room base studies and on line study mode
lecture.
❖ Try to over come the disadvantages.
❖ And also improve the advantages.
❖ Your contribution towards the on line mode lecture series should
be self disciplined accordingly.
❖ Specially, reading and self understanding the power point based
lecture notes in regular practice and attending to all assignments
beyond the on line period with our supportive staff.
NAME OF THE SUBJECT:
SWITCHGEAR AND PROTECTION

TECHNOLOGY-(S1E5)
LECTURE NO:13
UNIT#6- TRANSIENT OVER VOLTAGES.

DATE-2020.12.15. TUE
BETWEEN 1900-2100 HRS
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS TO BE FOLLOWED.
1. Keep the silence through out the lecture as before with “In House Lectures”.
2. Follow the IET rules and regulations applicable for “On Line Studies”.
3. Determine to study this HV pragmatic (practicable) subject (S1E5) with self
discipline to avoid future risky wrong operations.
4. Use one minute now itself for making your mind to do it successfully.
5. Note down important things, doubts related to our lecture in a separate log
book for S1E5.
6. Doubts can be forwarded at the end of lecture-(10 minutes).
7. However at extreme situations, urgent and important problems can be
forwarded via email to our staff assistants.
8. Your presence will be scanned during the entire lecture period.
9. Try to give best answers with logics for given small quiz.
10. your active contributions towards the lecture is warmly welcome.
THEORY CONTENTS OR MODULES TO BE STUDIED
 UNIT-01- Faults and abnormal conditions. (03 hrs) done.
 UNIT-02- Substations. (05 hrs) done.
 UNIT-03- Circuit breakers and isolators.(08 hrs) done.
 UNIT-04- Fuses and their applications. (02 hrs) done.
 UNIT-05- LV circuit breakers & contactors. (02 hrs). Done.

MODULE CONTENTS-REST:
 UNIT-06- Transient over voltages. (04 hrs) done.
 UNIT-07- Earthing (neutral grounding and equipment grounding). (04 hrs)

Expected to be finished Part-A only today.
 UNIT-08- Protective relays. (10 hrs)
 UNIT-09- Operations and safety. (02 hrs)

FIELD VISITS & UNIT#3
CIRCUIT BREAKERS AND ISOLATORS
1. Outdoor HV GRID SUBSTATION .-CEB. (Generating station preferred)
2. Indoor Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIS) HV GRID SUBSTATION -CEB.
3. SWITCHGEAR manufacturing factory. – FTZ.(mostly LV)
(Note: Pl collect more information about protection against Transient Over Voltages
when you physically visit to HV GRID SUBSTATION during your planned field
visits in future).
MODULES COVERED UP TO LAST SESSION- DAY#12
UNIT-06 (B)- Transient over voltages. (02 hrs)

REVIEW OF ENTIRE PAST SO FAR WE HAVE DISCUSSED.
UNIT-01-Faults and abnormal conditions. (03 hours)
 Introduction to faults. –done.

 Normal conditions should be in a power system. -done .
 Quality power supply. -done.
 Faults and abnormal conditions in a power system. –done.
 Fault clearing process. –done.
 Switching phenomena. -done .
 Circuit breaker ratings. -done .
UNIT-02- Substations. (05 hours)
 2-1. Classification of substations. -done

 2-2. Substation equipments. -done
 2-3. Electrical layouts & schematic diagrams.-done
 2-4. Bus bar arrangements. -done
 2-5. Introduction to gas insulated substations (GIS). -done
 2-6. Station supplies (AC & DC). -done
 2-7. Substation automation. –Newly added by myself-done
UNIT-03- CIRCUIT BREAKERS AND ISOLATORS.
UNIT-03 (A) : INTRODUCTION TO CB. -done (02 hours)
1. Circuit breakers (CB) ratings. -done
2. Principles of arc extinction. -done
3. Arc voltage. -done
4. Recovery voltage. -done
5. Re-striking voltage. -done

UNIT-3B-CLASSIFICATION OF CIRCUIT BREAKERS
ACCORDING TO ARC EXTINGUISHING MEDIUM.
UNIT-03(B) :CLASSIFICATION OF CB. -done (0.5 hours)
1. Air break circuit breakers (ACB). –done
2. Bulk oil circuit breakers. (OCB). done
3. Vacuum circuit breakers. (VCB). done
4. Minimum oil circuit breakers.(MOCB). done
5. Air blast circuit breakers. (ABCB). done
6. SF6 circuit breakers. (SF6CB). done
7. HVDC circuit breakers.(HVDC CB). Newly added & Done.
UNIT-3C-DETAILED DISCUSSION ABOUT EACH TYPE OF
CIRCUIT BREAKER & THEIR OPERATING MECHANISMS:
UNIT-03C :DETAILED DISCUSSION OF EACH CB.(1.5 hours)
1. Air break circuit breakers (ACB). Done.
2. Bulk oil circuit breakers. (OCB). Done.
3. Vacuum circuit breakers. (VCB). Done.
4. Minimum oil circuit breakers. (MOCB). Done.
5. Air blast circuit breakers. (ABCB). Done.
6. SF6 circuit breakers. (SF6CB). Done.
7. HVDC circuit breakers (HVDC CB).Newly added & Done.
UNIT-03:CIRCUIT BREAKERS & ISOLATORS
UNIT-03 (D)- O & M,TESTING AND COMMISIONING OF CB (04 hrs)
1. Use of isolators and earth switches. Done.
2. Requirement of interlocking devices. Done.
3. Isolator types & their operating mechanisms. Done.
4. Use of load break switches. Done.
5. Auto re-closures for distribution lines. Done.
6. Auto re-closures for transmission lines. Done.
7. Installation of HV circuit breakers. Done.
8. Testing of HV circuit breakers. Done.
9. Commissioning of HV circuit breakers. Done.
10. Maintenance of HV circuit breakers. Done.
UNIT-04: FUSES AND THEIR APPLICATIONS
UNIT-04- sub contents (02 hours)
1. Introduction to fuses. Done.
2. Different types of fuses and their construction. Done.
3. advantages & disadvantages of them. Done.
4. HRC (High Rupturing Capacity)fuses. Done.
5. Specifications of them. Done.
6. Selection of a fuse link. Done.
7. Co-ordination of fuses and circuit breakers. Done.
8. Applications of HV current limiting fuses. Done.
UNIT-05: LV CIRCUIT BREAKERS & CONTACTORS
UNIT-05- sub contents (02 hours)
1. Introduction to LV circuit breakers . Done.
2. MCB RCCB and MCCB Done.
3. Thermal and Magnetic tripping. Done.
4. Introduction to contactors. Done.
5. Specification and ratings of contactors. Done.
6. Main and auxiliary contacts. Done.
7. Utilization categories. Done.
8. LV load centers. Done.
UNIT-06 : Transient over voltages. (04 hrs)
UNIT-06(A) - sub contents (02 hrs)
1. Introduction to over voltages. (15 minutes) Done.
2. Introduction to transient state. (15 minutes) Done.
3. Concept of transient over voltages. (15 minutes) Done.
4. Insulation levels. (15 minutes) Done.
5. Insulation co-ordination. (15 minutes) Done.
6. Lightning concept. (15 minutes) Done.
7. Lightning over –voltages. (15 minutes) Done.
8. Lighting protection. (15 minutes) Done.
UNIT-06 : TRANSIENT OVER VOLTAGES. (04 hrs)
UNIT-06 (B)- sub contents. (02 hrs)
9. lighting arrester types. (15 minutes) Done.
10. lighting arrester selections, (15 minutes) Done.
11. lightning masts. (15 minutes) Done.
12. over head shielding wire. (15 minutes) Done.
13. Switching over – voltage. (15 minutes) Done.
14. protection from switching surges(15minutes) Done.
15. ZnO Gapless Lightning Arrester.(15 minutes) Done.
16. Travelling waves (15 minutes) Done.
MODULES TO BE COVERED TODAY- DAY#13
UNIT-07(A)- Earthing and grounding. (02 hrs) .

(equipment earthing and neutral grounding ).
UNIT-07:
UNIT-07: Earthing and grounding. (04 hrs)

.
(Neutral grounding and equipment earthing)
UNIT-07 : EARTHING AND GROUNDING. (04 hrs)
1. Definition of Earthing and Grounding (15 minutes).
2. Neutral Grounding types. (15 minutes).
3. Ungrounded system (15 minutes).
4. Introduction to neutral ungrounded system (15 minutes).
5. Advantages of neutral grounding. (Comparison with ungrounded
system (15 minutes).
6. Types of neutral grounding. (15 minutes).
7. Direct or solid grounding. (15 minutes).
8. Resistance grounding. (15 minutes).
UNIT-07(B) - sub contents (02 hrs)
9. Reactance grounding. (15 minutes).
10. Arc suppression coil.(15 minutes).
11. Earthing transformer. (15 minutes).
12. Substation earthing system. (15 minutes).
13. Earth electrodes. (15 minutes).
14. Earth mat. (15 minutes).
15. Touch potentials & Step potentials. (15 minutes).
16. Resistance of earthing system. (15 minutes).
UNIT-07 : EARTHING AND GROUNDING.
7.1- Definition of earthing and grounding.

7.1- DEFINITION OF EARTH
7.1- INTRODUCTION TO EARTH
Sun is in right hand
side.
If UK Greenwich
mean time is
reference as 0000 hrs
then Sri Lanka time is
0530hrs.(leading)
7.1- EARTHING OF HUMAN BEING
Grounding is the act of

balancing your spiritual
and physical energy by
connecting yourself with
the earth.
SPIRITUAL EARTHING
 In our village Folk talking, we have heard that “POLOWE
PAYA GAHALA INNA OONA”.
 And also when we are entering to temple we used to
remove shoes. Why?
 Spiritual energy waves should be grounded through your
body starting from your head bowl to feet.
 Caps should be removed and no slippers or shoes should be
wore, when we are entering to temple too.
 Better to touch tiny ends of natural grasses with your bare
footed feet.
 Effective spiritual earthing may results with tiny hairs of
your head along with bare foots.
DEFINITION OF BODY EARTHING AND ELECTRICAL
GROUNDING
EQUIPMENT BODY EARTHING AND

ELECTRICAL GROUNDING.
DEFINITION OF BODY EARTHING
The ‘earthing’ means the
connection of non-
current carrying part of
the equipment to the
earth.
When the fault occurs in

the system, then the
potential of the non-
current part of the
equipment raises, and
when any human or stray
animal touch the body of
the equipment, then they
may get shocked.
DEFINITION OF BODY EARTHING
 The earthing discharges the leakage current to the earth and
hence avoid the personnel from the electric shock.
 It also protects the equipment from lightning strokes and
provides the discharge path for the surge arrester, gap and
other devices.
 The earthing is achieved by connecting the parts of the
installation to the earth by using the earth conductor or
earth electrode in intimate contact with the soil placed with
some distance below the ground level.
7.1- DEFINITION OF ELECTRICAL GROUNDING.
 Electricity can be divided into following two categories and grounding involves in both.:
1. Static electricity
2. Current electricity.
 Current electricity in DC and AC form.

 DC current electricity grounding we generally used with measuring and testing as well as
controlling purposes mainly.
 AC Current electricity is in the form of three phase with neutral in generation transmission
distribution and utilization.
 Three houses with three different single phase supply in RYB can be considered as a one
usage of three phase supply.
 Neutral grounding performs a major role in application of three phase AC HV and LV power
system for protection and controlling.
7.1- CONCEPT OF ELECTRICAL GROUNDING.
STATIC ELECTRICITY
7.1- DEFINITION OF ELECTRICAL GROUNDING
NEUTRAL GROUNDING
7.1- DEFINITION OF ELECTRICAL GROUNDING
In grounding, the
current carrying
parts are directly
connected to the
ground.
The grounding
provides the
return path for the
leakage current
and hence protect
the power system
equipment from
damage
DEFINITION OF NEUTRAL GROUNDING (NG)
 When the fault occurs in the equipment, the current in all the
three phases of the equipment become unbalance.
 The grounding discharges the fault current to the ground and
hence makes the system balance.
 The grounding has several advantages like it eliminates the
surge voltage and also discharge the over voltage to the ground.
 The grounding provides the great safety to the equipment and
improves the service reliability.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GROUNDING AND EARTHING
 One of the major difference between the grounding and the

earthing is that in grounding, the current carrying part is
connected to the ground whereas in earthing the non-
current carrying parts is connected to ground.
 The other differences between them are explained below in
the form of the comparison chart.
Basis For Comparison Grounding Earthing

The body of the
The current carrying part
Definition equipment is connected
is connected to ground.
to ground.
Between the equipment
Between the neutral of
body and earth pit which
Location the equipment and
is placed under the earth
ground
surface.
Symbol
Zero Potential Does not have Have
Protect the power system Protect the human from
Protection
equipment. electric shock.
Basis For Comparison Grounding Earthing
It discharges the
Application Provide the return path electrical energy to the
to the current. earth.
Five (Pipe, Plate, Rod

Three (Solid, Resistance earthing, earthing
Types
and Reactance grounding) through tap and strip
earthing)
Color of wire Black Green
For balancing the For avoiding the
Use
unbalance load. electrical shock.
The enclosure of the
Neutral of generator and
transformer, generator,
Examples power transformer is
motor etc. are connected
connected to ground.
to the earth.
KEY DIFFERENCES BETWEEN GROUNDING AND EARTHING
 The earthing is defined as the connection of the non-current
carrying part like the body of the equipment or enclosure to
earth.
 In grounding the current carrying part like neutral of the
transformer is directly connected to the ground.
 For grounding, the black colour wire is used, and for earthing the
green colour, the wire is used.
 The grounding balanced the unbalanced load whereas the earthing
protect the equipment and human from an electrical shock.
 The grounding wire is placed between the neutral of the
equipment and the earth whereas in earthing the earth electrode
is placed between the equipment body and the earth pit which is
placed under the ground.
KEY DIFFERENCES BETWEEN GROUNDING AND EARTHING
 In grounding the equipment is not physically connected to the ground, and
the current is not zero on the ground, whereas in earthing the system is
physically connected to the ground and it is at zero potential.
 The grounding gives the path to an unwanted current and hence protects the
electrical equipment from damage, whereas the earthing decrease the high
potential of electrical equipment which is caused by a fault and thus protects
the human body from the electrical shock.
 The grounding is classified into three types. They are the solid grounding,
resistance grounding and reactance grounding.
 Earthing can be done in five ways.
 The different methods of earthing are the pipe earthing, plate earthing, rod
earthing, earthing through tap and strip earthing.
SPECIFICATIONS FOR EARTH ELECTRODES
 The earthing electrode should not be placed near the building whose
installation system is earthed more than 1.5 m away.
 The resistance of the earth wire should not be more than 1 ohm.
 The wire use for electrode and circuit should be made up of the same material.
 The electrodes should be placed in vertical position so that it can touch the
layers of the earth.
 The size of the conductor should not be less than 2.6 mm2 or half of the wire
used for electrical wiring.
 Bare copper wire is used for earthing and grounding. Green 6 THHN
(Thermoplastic high heat neutral coating wire) and gauged copper wire of
different sizes like 2,4,6,8 etc. are also used for earthing and grounding.
7.1- ELECTRICAL USAGE WITHOUT EQUIPMENT EARTHING (BG)
7.1- ELECTRICAL USAGE WITH EQUIPMENT EARTHING (BG)
7.1- DEFINITION OF GROUNDING.
7.1- NEUTRAL GROUNDING.
7.1- CLOSER EQUIPMENTS - BODY EARTHING.
7.1- CLOSER EQUIPMENTS - BODY EARTHING.
.
UNIT-07: EARTHING AND GROUNDING
7.2- Neutral grounding types.

7.2- GROUNDING TYPES.
1. With an ungrounded neutral (isolated neutral).
2. With a grounded neutral.

UNIT-07 : EARTHING AND GROUNDING
7.3- Ungrounded system

UNGROUNDED NEUTRAL SYSTEM
 Ungrounded Neutral System
 In an ungrounded neutral system, the neutral is not connected
to the grounded.
 In other words, the neutral is isolated from the ground.
 Therefore, this system is also known the isolated neutral
system or free neutral system shown in the figure below.
UNGROUNDED NEUTRAL SYSTEM
UNIT-07 : EARTHING AND GROUNDING
7.4- Neutral grounded system

7.4- INTRODUCTION TO NEUTRAL UNGROUNDED SYSTEM
 Grounded System
 In neutral grounding system, the neutral of the system is connected to the ground.
 Because of the problems associated with ungrounded neutral systems, the neutrals
are grounded in most of the high-voltage systems.
 Neutral Grounding
 In neutral grounding system, the neutral of the system or
rotating system or transformer is connected to the ground.
 The neutral grounding is an important aspect of power
system design because the performance of the system
regarding short circuits, stability, protection, etc., is
greatly affected by the condition of the neutral.
 A three phase system can be operated in two possible ways
UNIT-07 : EARTHING AND GROUNDING.
7.5- Advantages of neutral earthing.

7.5- ADVANTAGES OF NEUTRAL EARTHING.
 The process of connecting neutral point of 3-phase system to earth
(i.e. soil) either directly or through some circuit element (e.g.
resistance, reactance etc.) is called neutral grounding.
 Neutral grounding provides protection to personal and equipment.
 It is because during earth fault, the current path is completed
through the earthed neutral and the protective devices (e.g. a fuse
etc.) operate to isolate the faulty conductor from the rest of the
system.
 This point is illustrated in Figure.
 Figure shows a 3-phase, star-connected system with neutral earthed
 (i.e. neutral point is connected to soil).
 Suppose a single line to ground fault occurs in line R at point F.
 This will cause the current to flow through ground path as shown in Figure.
 Note that current flows from R phase to earth, then to neutral point N and back to R-phase.
 Since the impedance of the current path is low, a large current flows through this path.
 This large current will blow the fuse in R-phase and isolate the faulty line R.
 This will protect the system from the harmful effects (e.g. damage to equipment, electric
shock to personnel etc.) of the fault.
 One important feature of grounded neutral is that the potential difference between the live
conductor and ground will not exceed the phase voltage of the system i.e.
 it will remain nearly constant.
ARCING GROUNDS
ARCING GROUNDS
 Arcing Ground
 Definition: Arcing ground is the surge, which is produced if the

neutral is not connected to the earth.
 The phenomenon of arcing ground occurs in the ungrounded three-
phase systems because of the flow of the capacitance current.
 The capacitive current is the current flow between the conductors
when the voltage is applied to it.
 The voltage across the capacitances is known as the phase voltage.
 During the fault, the voltage across the capacitance reduces to
zero in the faulted phase, while in the other phases the voltage is
increased by the factor of √3 times.
ARCING GROUNDS
 Arcing Ground Phenomena
In a three phase line, each phase has a

capacitance on earth.
 When the fault occurs on any of the phases, then
the capacitive fault current flows into the ground.
If the fault current exceeds 4 – 5 amperes, then it
is sufficient to maintain the arc in the ionised
path of the fault, even though the fault has
cleared itself.
ARCING GROUNDS
 Arcing Ground Phenomena
 The capacitive current over 4 to 5 ampere flows through the fault give rise to an
arc in the ionized path of the fault.
 With the formation of the arc, the voltage across it becomes zero, and therefore
the arc is extinguished.
 The potential of the fault current restored due to which the formation of a
second arc takes places.
 The phenomenon of intermitting arcing is called the arcing grounding.
 The alternating extinction and re-ignition of the charging current flowing in the
arc build up the potential of the other two healthy conductors due to the setting
of the high-frequency oscillations.
 The high-frequency oscillations are superimposed on the network and produce the
surge voltage as high as six times the normal value.
 The overvoltage damages the healthy conductor at some other points of the
system.
HOW TO ELIMINATES ARCING GROUND?
ARCING GROUNDS
 How to Eliminates Arcing Ground?
 The surge voltage due to arcing ground can remove by
using the arc suppression coil or Peterson coil.
 The arc suppression coil has an iron cored tapped reactor
connected in neutral to ground connection.
 The reactor of the arc suppression coil extinguishes the
arcing ground by neutralizing the capacitive current.
 The Peterson coil isolates the system, in which the healthy
phases continue supplies power and avoid the complete
shut down on the system till the fault was located and
isolated.
THEORY OF ARCING GROUND-UNGROUNDED SYSTEM
 Ungrounded System is one where the neutral is not connected to earth.
Thus, neutral of ungrounded system is isolated.
 Arcing Ground is an electrical phenomenon in which the voltage of faulty
phase fluctuates due to capacitive charging current.
 This arcing ground phenomenon is prevalent in three phase ungrounded
neutral system.
 We know that, a transmission line has shunt capacitance associated.
 Due to this shunt capacitance, a charging current flows from line to ground
under normal operating condition.
 Let us consider a three phase ungrounded neutral system as shown in figure
below.
READ BY YOURSELF
ADDITIONAL READING
 As shown in figure above, shunt capacitance for each line is C.
 IA, IBand IC are the charging current corresponding to three

phases A, B and C.
 Under normal operating condition, these charging currents will

lead their corresponding phase voltage by 90°.
 Thus if we draw the phasor for this, then it will look like below.
 Carefully observe that IA, IB and IC are leading phase voltage VA, VB and VC by
an angle 90°.
 But the angles between the three charging currents are maintained 120°.
 Thus we can say that, the charging currents are balanced and therefore,
 IA+IB+IC =0
 Thus there will be no flow of current through the neutral.
 Hence the potential of neutral will be maintained at the ground potential
 Let us now consider a fault condition. Suppose a single line to ground fault
takes place in C phase as shown in figure below.
 The fault current this case will complete its circuit as shown in
figure above.
 Fault current IC will be equal to the vector some of IA and IB.
Therefore,
 IC = IA + IB
 Mind here that, IC in C phase will flow toward the neutral.
Therefore we can say that, phase voltage of C phase has reversed
its direction.
 This in turn means that, the voltage of neutral point has shifted
from ground potential to phase voltage.

Because of this shifting of neutral voltage, the voltage of healthy phase will
become equal to the line voltage. This can be well understood by applying
Kirchhof’s voltage law in the current loop of phase A.
(VC – VN) + (VN-VA) + (VA-VC) = 0
So,
(VA-VN) = (VC – VN) + (VA – VC)
= -VC + (VA – 0)
= -VC + VA
= VA – VC = Line Voltage = VAC
But VA – VN = Phase Voltage of A phase. Thus we observe that, the voltage of
healthy phase rises to line voltage i.e. √3Vph. Due to this raised voltage of
healthy phases, charging currents will increase
IA = √3Vph / XC
and IB = √3Vph / XC
where XC is capacitive reactance.
These charging currents will now lead with their respective voltages by 90° as
shown in phasor diagram above.
But notice that, this time the voltage is line voltage.
Therefore the fault current will be,
IC = IA + IB (vector sum, please correlate with phasor diagram)
= 3Vph/XC
From the above expression of fault current, it is clear that charging
current in faulted phase is three times that of the normal charging
current.
Due to this heavy arcing will take place in the faulted phase.
This phenomenon of arcing is known as Arcing Ground.
Peterson coil is used for the elimination of arcing ground.
EFR is generally
provided with N-
grounding facility.
7.6- Types of neutral grounding.

7.6- TYPES OF NEUTRAL GROUNDING
Method Of Neutral Grounding
The methods commonly used for grounding the system neutral
are:
1. Solid grounding (or effective grounding)
2. Resistance Grounding
3. Reactance Grounding
4. Peterson-coil grounding (or resonant groundings)
5. With earthing transformer.
The selection of the type of grounding depends on the size of
the unit, system voltage and protection scheme to be used.
7.7- Direct grounding.

7.7- DIRECT OR SOLID GROUNDING.
 Solid Grounding
 A power system is said to be effectively grounded or solidly grounded when
the neutral of a generator, power transformer or grounding transformer
are directly connected to the ground through a conductor of negligible
resistance and reactance.
 considering the type of fault and see the under mentioned unbalance
current components:
1. positive-sequence impedance -load
2. negative-sequence impedance –LL fault-OCR
3. zero sequence resistance-LG fault-EFR
 A part of a system or system is said to be solidly grounded when the
positive-sequence impedance of the system is greater or equal to the zero
sequence resistance, and positive sequence reactance is three times
greater than or equal to the zero sequence reactance.
 Consider a system having three phases a, b and c shown in the
figure above.
 If the single-ground-fault occur in phase a the voltage of the phase
becomes zero.
 However, the remaining two phases b and c will still have the same
voltages as before shown in the figure below.
 When the fault occurs in the system, in addition to the charging
current the power source also feeds the fault current.
 For the solidly neutral grounded system, it is necessary that the
ground fault current should not exceed 80% of the three-phase
fault.
 It is usually used for keeping the fault current within safe limits.
7.8- Resistance grounding.

7.8- RESISTANCE GROUNDING.
 Resistance grounding
 In this type of neutral grounding, the neutral of the system
is connected to ground through one or more resistance.
 Resistance grounding limits the fault currents.
 It protects the system from transient over voltages.
 Resistance grounding decreases the arcing grounding risk
and permits ground-fault protection.
 The value of resistance used in the neutral grounding
system should neither be very high nor be very low shown
in the figure below.
7.8 - RESISTANCE GROUNDING.
 A very low resistance makes the system to the solidity grounded,
whereas a very high resistance makes the system ungrounded.
 The value of resistance is chosen such that the ground-fault
current is limited, but still sufficient ground current flows
permit the operation of ground faults protections.
 In general, the ground fault may be limited up to 5% to 20% of
that which occur with a three-phase line.
7.4- APPLICATION OF NEUTRAL GROUNDING WITH:
 Land side - Alternator.
 Land Side - Transformer.
 Marine Ship - Alternator.
 Marine Ship - Transformer.
 Air Craft - Alternator.
NEUTRAL GROUNDING IN SHIPS
 Insulated Neutral on Ships
 The difference between land based power delivery and the earthing
system on ships (most, but not all).
 Land based = Connected neutral & earth
 Earthing systems on ships = Insulated neutral, not connected to ships hull
1.Land based connections

 Main priority is maximum protection of people and livestock.
 Neutral & earth connected together at local substation (step down
transformer), and also where the cable enters the building.
 2.Earthing systems on ships
 Most ships have an ‘insulated neutral’ electrical system.
 As the name suggests, the neutral wire is insulated from the ships hull, which is the closest thing to a land
based earth aboard ship, at sea.
 Insulated Neutral Practical Differences
 On land, an earth fault would cause the Residual Current Device, or RCD, to trip.
 The system is designed for maximum protection of people & livestock.
 At sea the main priority is safety of the ship.
 If critical systems such as steering gear were the trip, due to a single fault, then it could potentially be
catastrophic.
 Therefore on ships a single earth leakage fault between the power and the ships hull, can happen without
tripping the circuit.
 What happens instead is that an alarm will be triggered on the ships earth fault monitor panel.
 It is important that a single earth fault in an insulated neutral system is repaired as soon as possible.
 This is because if a second fault should occur, then the circuit will trip, which could out the ship at risk.
 Earthing of a ship’s ac distribution system “Earthing” is
a connection between an electrical power grid and
earth which has been made deliberately.
 On board a metallic ship “Earth” is the hull and
superstructure and as a consequence it is everywhere.
 Even if no earthing connection has been made, the grid
is connected to earth through (parasitic) capacitances
and inductive couplings
NEUTRAL GROUNDING IN AIR CRAFTS?
.
NEUTRAL GROUNDING IN AIR CRAFTS?
.
.
CRAFT
NEUTRAL GROUNDING IN AIR

CRAFTS
GAS TURBINE-AIR CRAFT
POWER ELECTRONICS IN AN AIR CRAFT
POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM IN AIR CRAFTS
.
NEUTRAL GROUNDING IN AIR CRAFTS
 General Description
 An electrical system is an integral and essential component of all
but the most simplistic of aircraft designs.
 The electrical system capacity and complexity varies tremendously
between a light, piston-powered, single-engine general aviation
aircraft and a modern, multi-engine commercial jet aircraft.
 However, the electrical system for aircraft at both ends of the
complexity spectrum share many of the same basic components.
 All aircraft electrical systems have components with the ability to generate
electricity.
 Depending upon the aircraft, generators or alternators are used to produce
electricity.
 These are usually engine driven but may also be powered by an APU, a
hydraulic motor or a Ram Air Turbine (RAT).
 Generator output is normally 115-120V/400HZ AC, 28V DC or 14V DC.
 Power from the generator may be used without modification or it may be
routed through transformers, rectifiers or inverters to change the voltage or
type of current.
 The generator output will normally be directed to one or more distribution
Bus.
 Individual components are powered from the bus with circuit protection in
the form of a Circuit Breaker or fuse incorporated into the wiring.
 The generator output is also used to charge the aircraft battery(s).
 Batteries are usually either of the lead-acid or NICAD types but lithium
batteries are becoming more and more common.
 They are used for both aircraft startup and as an emergency source of power
in the event of a generation or distribution system failure.
 Advanced Aircraft Electrical Systems
 More sophisticated electrical systems are usually multiple voltage systems using a
combination of AC and DC buses to power various aircraft components.
 Primary power generation is normally AC with one or more Transformer Rectifier Unit
(TRU) providing conversion to DC voltage to power the DC busses.
 Secondary AC generation from an APU is usually provided for use on the ground when
engines are not running and for airborne use in the event of component failure.
 Tertiary generation in the form of a hydraulic motor or a RAT may also be
incorporated into the system to provide redundancy in the event of multiple failures.
 Essential AC and DC components are wired to specific busses and special provisions
are made to provide power to these busses under almost all failure situations.
 In the event that all AC power generation is lost, a static Inverter is included in the
system so the Essential AC bus can be powered from the aircraft batteries.
 Advanced Aircraft Electrical Systems
 Robust system monitoring and failure warning provisions are incorporated into
the electrical system and these are presented to the pilots when appropriate.
 Warnings may include, but are not limited to, generator malfunction/failure,
TRU failure, battery failure, bus fault/failure and circuit breaker monitoring.
 The manufacturer will also provide detailed electrical system isolation
procedures to be utilized in the event of an electrical fire.
 In compliance with applicable regulations, components such as Standby Flight
Instruments and Aircraft Emergency Floor Path Illumination have their own
backup power supplies and will function even in the event of a complete
electrical system failure.
 Provisions are virtually always provided for connecting the aircraft electrical
system to a fixed or mobile Ground Power Unit (GPU).
.
-END -
END OF SESSION OF THE DAY

QUIZ FOR THE DAY (D#13)
Q
Neutral grounding of distribution transformer (11/0.4 kV) is generally under the category of :
1.ungrounded.
2.Solid grounding.
3.Resistance grounding.
4.Any of All above.
ANSWER FOR THE GIVEN QUIZ
How did you choose the correct answer?

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UNIT-07 A:
UNIT-07 A: EARTHING AND GROUNDING.-END

DISCUSSION, REVISION AND CONCLUSION.
Revision of entire module of today.
Conclusion.
CONCLUSION FOR THE DAY.
LEARNING OUT COMES.

LEARNING OUT COMES.
Write down the possible learning out comes you may
extracted from my deliver today.
1. practically neutral grounding is used in all over country considering its superior added
advantages.
2. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
8. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
9. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
10. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DISCUSSION, REVISION AND CONCLUSION.
Any doubts and your suggestions?
Letme know to discuss through email via

my supportive staff.
NEXT DAY-TO DO
UNIT-07B : EARTHING AND GROUNDING. (02 hrs)

NEXT DAY-TO DO
UNIT-07B : EARTHING AND GROUNDING.
.
End of the session for today.

(DAY-13)
END OF ENTIRE UNIT#7-A
UNIT-07(A) : EARTHING AND GROUNDING.
.
SPECIAL THANKS FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF “ON LINE” SYSTEM.
Director principal-IET.
Deputy principal-IET.
HOD-(A) –Electrical dept.
All staff- Information Technology Division.
All staff-Instructors and Relief Instructors.
specially Ms Isuri.
All students-2016 batch including batch Rep.
.
THANKS FOR BEING WITH ME

THROUGH ON LINE EDUCATION
MEDIA
END.

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VIRTUAL CLASS ROOM

Mr. E.A.G.B. Ekanayake Ms. J.A.Y.P.Jayasinghe

Ms. I.U.Pinnaduwa Mr. A.S.R.Fernando

WARMLY WELCOME ALL STUDENTS OF

SWITCHGEAR AND PROTECTION

UNIT#6- TRANSIENT OVER VOLTAGES.

 UNIT-01- Faults and abnormal conditions. (03 hrs) done.

 UNIT-02- Substations. (05 hrs) done.

 UNIT-03- Circuit breakers and isolators.(08 hrs) done.

 UNIT-04- Fuses and their applications. (02 hrs) done.

 UNIT-05- LV circuit breakers & contactors. (02 hrs). Done.

 UNIT-06- Transient over voltages. (04 hrs) done.

 UNIT-07- Earthing (neutral grounding and equipment grounding). (04 hrs)

 UNIT-09- Operations and safety. (02 hrs)

1. Outdoor HV GRID SUBSTATION .-CEB. (Generating station preferred)

2. Indoor Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIS) HV GRID SUBSTATION -CEB.

3. SWITCHGEAR manufacturing factory. – FTZ.(mostly LV)

UNIT-06 (B)- Transient over voltages. (02 hrs)

 Introduction to faults. –done.

 2-1. Classification of substations. -done

UNIT-03 (A) : INTRODUCTION TO CB. -done (02 hours)

1. Circuit breakers (CB) ratings. -done

2. Principles of arc extinction. -done

3. Arc voltage. -done

4. Recovery voltage. -done

5. Re-striking voltage. -done

UNIT-07(A)- Earthing and grounding. (02 hrs) .

UNIT-07: Earthing and grounding. (04 hrs)

7.1- Definition of earthing and grounding.

Grounding is the act of

EQUIPMENT BODY EARTHING AND

When the fault occurs in

 Current electricity in DC and AC form.

 One of the major difference between the grounding and the

Basis For Comparison Grounding Earthing

Basis For Comparison Grounding Earthing

Five (Pipe, Plate, Rod

7.2- Neutral grounding types.

1. With an ungrounded neutral (isolated neutral).

2. With a grounded neutral.

7.3- Ungrounded system

7.4- Neutral grounded system

7.5- Advantages of neutral earthing.

 Definition: Arcing ground is the surge, which is produced if the

 Arcing Ground Phenomena

In a three phase line, each phase has a

 IA, IBand IC are the charging current corresponding to three

 Under normal operating condition, these charging currents will

7.6- Types of neutral grounding.

7.7- Direct grounding.

7.8- Resistance grounding.

1.Land based connections

NEUTRAL GROUNDING IN AIR

END OF SESSION OF THE DAY

How did you choose the correct answer?

UNIT-07 A: EARTHING AND GROUNDING.-END

Revision of entire module of today.

LEARNING OUT COMES.

Any doubts and your suggestions?

Letme know to discuss through email via

UNIT-07B : EARTHING AND GROUNDING. (02 hrs)

End of the session for today.