- - - - ,

Objective
To demonstrate the equation of a plane in normal form.
MatcriaJs Rec1uired
Two pieces of plywood of size 10 cmx 12 cm each, a thin wooden rod with nuts and bolts fixed on both sides,
3 pi eces of wires, and pen/pencil
Pre-activity Knowledge

I. Knowledge of the concept of dot product of two vectors.

2. Knowledge of the concept of positions vector of a point.

I. Fix the wooden rod in between two wooden pieces with nuts and bolts. The rod should be 1 to the two wooden
pi eces . So, it represents the normal to the plane.
PA represents
2. Take three wires and fix , such thatffi represents the vector~ and QA represents-; . Then the wire
th e vec tor -
r-- a.

l Lab Man a thematics-XII

 -I . _, ;, P,, Q 0 ~ I unil s
_1·, ~ P , Q , ~ 0 . 99 unil s
Y : = P 0 Q 0 = 0 . 9 7 uni1 s
y , = P ,Q , = 0 .95u nits
y . = P, Q . = 0.92 unit s
y , = P, Q , = 0.87 unit s
y ., = P,,Q ,, = 0.8 unit s
Y - = P-Q 7 = 0. 71 unit s
Y s = PsQ s = 0.6 unit s
Y ~ = PQQ 9 =
0.43 unit s
Y,o = P10Q, o= whi ch is very sma ll
nea r to 0.
5. Are a of the Qua dra nt of the Circ
le (Ar ea Bou nde d by the Cur ve and

l
Tra pez ium s. the two Axi s) = Sum
of th e Areas of
1
l(l
+ 0.99 ) + (0.9 9 + 0.97 ) + (0.9 7 + 0 .95)
= X 0.1 +(0 .92 + 0.87 ) + (0.8 7 + 0.8) + (0.8
+ (0.9 5 + 0.92 )
2 + 0.71 ) + (0.7 1 + 0.6)
+(0 .6 + 0.43 ) + (0.4 3)
= 0.1 [0.5 + 0.99 +0. 97 +0. 95 + 0.92
+ 0.87 +0. 80+ 0.71 + 0.6 0+ 0.43 ]
=0. 1 x 7.7 4=0 .77 4sq . unit s. (ap pro
x.)
6. Def init e inte gra l= J~ ✓1- x dx
2

Thu s, the area of the qua dra nt as a lim

it of a sum is nea rly the sam e as area obta
ined by actu al inte grat ion.
')b se· atio i.
1. Fun ctio n rep rese ntin g the arc of
the qua dra nt of the circ le is y= _ _ _
_
I
2. Are a of the qua dra n t of a circ le wit h
radi us 1 uni t J✓1- x 2
dx=
0
3. Are a of the qua dra nt as a lim it of a sum
= _ _ _ _ sq. unit s.
4. T h e two area s are nea rly _ _ __

T his acti v ity can be use d to dem ons

trat e the con cep t of area bou nd ed by a curv e and can also be app
th e a ppr oxi mat e v a lue of re. lied to find

La b Man ual Math e mati cs-XII

48

,:-
 •

objecth·c h definite integral Jb .J (1 - x 2) dx as the limit of a sum and verify it by actual integration.
To evaluate t e a

ials Required
Ma~ r .
cardb Oard white paper, scale, pencil and graph paper.
'
-activity Knowledge
·
· mtegra
pre Knowledge of the concept o fd e fi mte 1.
1.
I(nowiedge of the concept of area of the bounded curve.
2.
3. !(now ledge of the concept of area of trapezium.

procedure
I. Take
a cardboard of a suitable size. Paste a white paper on it.

2. Draw two perpendicular lines to

represent coordinate axes XOX' and YOY'.
in Fig. 19 .1.
3. Draw a quadrant of a circle with Oas centre and radius 1 unit ( 10 cm) as shown
The curve in the I st quadrant represents the graph of the function ✓1- x 2 in the interval [O, 1].
y

"
YI
Fig. 19.1
p ' ~tr'1 tion
1. by PO and the points where the curve meets the x-axis and y -axis be denoted by p 10 and
Let origin O be denoted
.
Q, respectively.
2. P 9.
Divide PaP 10 into 10 equal parts with points of division as, P 1, P 2, P 3 , • ••• ,

3.
From each of the points, P;, i = 1, 2, ... , 9 draw perpendiculars on the x-axis to meet the curve at the points,
0 1, Q2, Q3, ..... , Q 9_Measure the lengths of P 0Q 0 , P1 Q1 .... , P9Q9and call them as y 0 , y 1,... , y 9 whereas width of
· o. I units
each part , p op 1, p 1p 2···· , 1s · .
►
.\ ft:,1 (l
rn.·ct:111g k (i1·) 15 cm , 9 cm 135cm:
· ·,~•c t:lll l.!lr l1·) - I ➔ cm ' IO t: 111 140 c111 ·
.\rf:I l) 1 '"" -
· -.,,·1 ·111 1.d c ( 1·i) IJ cm ' 11 cm 1-D cm'
,\ ft' :tll 11''"' ~
• 1·r1.:•r1:111!.!k l 1·ii) 12 ('I\\ , 12 cm 1-14 cm·
\ ('l'!I () -
· ·,.,,,•1·111 !.! k 1 r iii) 12.5c m , 11 .St.m l43. 75c m1
. \ t'l':I ( 11 l ' ' • ~ '

\ rY:t l,fthl·:-c f'l't: t:111 g ks arc di th.- rL' nl . whereas their peri meter i s same .
4.
.. 1l \\
1
' t'tl tt' rt't' l:Ht!.!k l,·ii) is maximum. i.e.. 144 cm\ when Length of the Rectangle
.\ rt'.I l ' '
· iirt·.idth l)f till' Rertnn gk - I~ cm .
. ()Lil l the rt:c rnngles with same perimeter, the square has the maxim
f lt'lll'X. um area.

,.' ~
n,,~. rt-,,ult is. \'cry
•
useful is preparing economical packages. This activity is also useful
. in understandin g the idea of
\\ 1111 ot a ltmct 10 11.
111.J\ ll1
, . d b be the length and .
l _-( l .l11 breadth of the rectangle, respectively
Perimeter= 2/ + 2b = 48 ⇒ l = 24-b
Area (A) of Rectangle= l x b
= (24- b)b = 24b - b2
dA
-=24 -2b
db
. . dA
:or. maximum or rrummum, put db= 0 ⇒ b = 12

d 2A
-=-
2 2 <0
db '
Area (A) is maximum,when b = 12
Again ,/= 24-12 = 12
0. l = b =12cm
fence. amonast all rectang les, the square has the maximum area.
, 0 - ~

Viva-Voce j
- - -- - - - ' - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- --
-------
.:·•• ,. \i nrnof fatap ointc E (a,h). C ED/ if
( has local maxima at c E Df is :3 a real 8 > 0 such f(x) ~ f(c) V x E Dr-
that
Q4. Absolute maxima and absolute minima , alucs
((x)~/ (c) VxE (c - 8,c+ 8) ofa function if they exist, are unique . Is it true'!
Here/ (c) is called local maximum value and c is Ans. Yes, it is true.
called point oflocal maxima. QS. Among ~ht ·cctangles of gh en area, the square
has the ..... .......... perimeter.
Points where first derivative is zero are called l\n Minimum.
cri tical points. Q6. 1\, o ..... 1.bers, "ho\e ~um is 24 and \\ ho~c
product is as large as possible area arl ........... ..
Let f' be a real valued function with domain DI' Let
c E D.. .\n . 12,12
The fu nction ! is said to have absolute maxima at

Lab Manual Mathematics-XII

 (I} 1 i'5Cm ( 11 ) 1 / cm (i ii J 16cm

9cm 10cm 11cm

(i v) 15cm (v) 14cm (vi) 13cm

12cm 11. 5cm

(\ 'ii) 12cm (viii) 12. 5cm

Fig. 18.1
e these rec tangles on the dra,.,ving board.
Lab Manual Mathema tics-Xll 44
 2 U!
K'.lC f

f(
n 12
~

II '
'
~

I\
•j 14 n
t U) I 111 I (rot
n\

P,.. 24
R 20
16 R. 18

12 II 10 9 8
( \ 'I ) (\ 11 ) (u.
Fig, 17.l
, , • •l p

, ! __.n~th ofthcrcctanglc isdccrcasmg at the rate of I cm sand ~ breadth is increas:::iiz. 1 cx~ of:cr:. ~
• 1) .\ ~~H1fthc g1\'C.:n rectangle R = 16 x 8 = 128 cm·.
111\ :-\re:1 of rectangle R: 15 x 10 = l SOcm: (after l sec)
\ 111 ) .-\rcJ of rcctanglc R,"'- 168cm: (aficr2 scc).

11 , \ An.'a of rectangle R. = 182 cm=(after 3 :-.ec).

(, ) Arca of rl'Ctangk R. = 192 cm· (aftcr-l ~ ).
(n ) Arc:J of rcct:rn gleR,,= l98cm·( after5sec ).
( \11) Are:10f rcc1:rngle R. = 200 cnf (after 6 ::.cc).

1, 11.i) Area of rectangle R,. = 198 cm· (after 1 sec ) and soon.
Tnus the area of the rectangle is maximum after 6 sec.

' .-\rea of the rectangle R: (after 1 sec)=

- - -- - --
' -\rea of the rectangle R4 (after 3 sec )= _ _ _ _ _ __
.-"...:ea of the rectangle R.,(after 5 sec )= _ _ _ _ _ __
- .-\rca of the rectangle R. (after6 sec) = _ _ __ _ __
_...J1.-,ao f the rnctangle ~ (after 7 sec )= _ _ _ _ _ __
• :...rca of the rectangle R., (after 8 sec) = _ _ _ _ _ __
- ~ : .. t:mgleofmaxirnum area(after ...... seconds )= _ _ __
• !.Jc11of the rectangle ismaxirnumafter _ _ _ _ s....-"'.C .
-1 ',fax1murn area of the rectangle is _ _ _ _ __

r~. '::Lt1 , n~ c.:an be used in explaining the concept of rate of change :md ~~~ o: ~ ~-n.
 O b~'-·n .u io n
Volume of the box is max imu m whe
n val ue ofx, i.e., side of the square
"-' t
~o e is 5 cm for the 0 ·
. . i:,lVen rectangu1
Volume of the open box 'V' 1s given as: ~~
eet
·
V = (45-2x)(x)(24-2x)=4x3-138/ + 108
0x,0 <x<l2
dV 2
= 12x -27 6x + 1080 = 12( / - 23x+ 90)
dx
= l 2(x - l 8) (x - 5), 0 < x < 12
Put dV
=0
dx
⇒ 12( x-1 8)( x - 5) =0, 0< x <
12
⇒ X =18orx=5, 0< x<\2
⇒ X =5,·: 0<x <l2
Also ,
d.x2 =24x - 276
d2V l
dx2 l,,,s=24(5) - 276= - 156 < 0
Hence, volume sh_ould be maximum at
box to have a maximum volume. x = 5 cm, i.e.' a squ are of side 5 cm should
be cut from
.\pplication eac h comer fortht

Thi s activity is use ful in exp laining the

concepts of maxima/minima of function s.

17 Activity
{)h j""t i, ,.
To find the tim e when the area of a rect
angle of given dimensions becomes max
and the breadth is increasi ng at give n rate imum, if the length is decre as,, .
s.
l\ht Pri ah Rl·n
Colour ed chart paper, scisson,. scale, pen
cil , eraser, cardboard, and adhesive
P, l' ,,ct, h. HI\\ l ll 1 l

\ . Knowledge of the concept of rate of

change.
2. Knowled ge of the concep t ofop1im
izauon of a functlOn .
01.' l'dll ll'

\. Take a rectangle R of dimensiom, l 6

1 cm x 8 cm.
2. Let the length of the rectangle decreas
ing at the rate of l crruseco nd and t he bread h . .ng at the rat, o1
t mcreaSl
2 cm/ second.

Lab Manual Mathematics-XU 42 ~

 _ _ _-_..._,_ _
Ob _;.,ct h C
To co nstru c t a
n open b o x o f
_•___~- ~
corner. m a x im u m vo\u
rnc from a giv
en rec tangu\ar
, . r ·
sheet by cuttin
1 h lh 'w •i r"li g equal square s
from each
While sh ee ts o f
chart pap e rs , p
air o f scissors,
p ~ -1 • h it~ K ce\lotape, calc
n ·m le d ge ulator, geomet
ry box , and fev
I. Know\edge istik
o f b a si c p ap er
folding activit
2. Know le d g ies.
e o f fo rm u la ti
o n o f v o lu m e /
\>rr --·r •ition /P area o f rectilin
n'S Pntation for ear solid figure
.
th e Activity
l . Take a re c ta
n g u la r w h it e sh
e e t o f chart p ap
2. C ut four sq er o f size say 45
cm b y 24 cm an
u a re s o f si d e x
c m each, from d label it as PQR
3. M a k e th e th e corners P, Q S.
c re a se , fo ld a , R a n d S.
lo n g the crease
F ig .1 6 .l . s an d b y u si n g
s x cellotape and fe
vistik , make an
I open box as sh
own in
X
X x R
1 - ~,1 --------
x : -------- ---------- X X
----------- ------ --
' ------ ---- -----r--
--
: X --
''
'
:'
' '
'' '
'
'' 24cm
' ''
'
X ~ '
--------- ------ --
-- ---- -------- -- : X
X ---- --- -- ------ --
X ---- -- .. .. -- -
L _ L1- - - -
1
P x --- ----::- X X
-:-----
4 . Whenx= l Fig. 1 6 .l - -~ ~ Q
c m ,V o lu m e o x
fb o x = 4 3 x l x 2
W h e n x = 1.5
When x = 2 cm
c m , Volume o
fb o x = 4 2 x l .5
V o lu m e o f b o
2 = 9 4 6 e m3
x2 l = 1323 cm
3
\
x = 41 x 2 x 2 0 =
'
1640 cm3
W h e n x-- 2 . 5 c m Volume o f
, b o x = 40x 2 .5 x
When x= 3 cm 19 = 1900 cm 3
,V o lu m e o fb o 3
x = 3 9 x 3 x l8 =
W h e n x = 3 .5 2106cm 3
c m , Volume o
fb o x = 3 8 x 3 .5
= 4 c m V o lu m x l 7 = 2 2 6 \c m
When x e o fb o x = 3 7 x 4
.h , x l6 = 2 3 6 8 c m
W e n x--4 . 5 c m, V o lu m e o fb o
x = 3 6x 4.S x l5 = 2 4 3 0 c m3
Whenx = 5 cm
, Vo lu m e o fb o x = 3 5 x 5 x l4 = 2 4 5 3
0cm
W h e n x = S .S
c m ,V o lu m e o fb = 3 4 x 5 .S x 1 3 = 2 3
ox 4 3 lc m
When x = 6 cm fb 3
, Volume o . o x = 3 3 x 6 x l2 = 2 3 7 6 c m
C le arly, v olu m . when value o f
e o f th e b o x is x is 5 cm.
m a x im u m
Lab Manual M
athemarics- Xll · 41