60 NGON NGU' & DOI SONG $6 9(276)-2018 NGOAINGU VOI BAN NGO MOT SO LOI PHAT AM TIENG HAN CUA NGUOI VIET TU GOC NHIN “NGU TRUNG GIAN” (INTERLANGUAGE) LE MINH THANH* - TOM TAT: Bai viét nay van dung Ii thuyét “ngit trung gian” (Interlanguage) tién banh phan tich vé mat ngit Am gidta tiéng Viet va tiéng Han dé Hm ra nhiing diém tuong dong va khdc bigt giita ching; chi ra 18i ca sinh vién Vigt Nam khi phat am tiéng Hén do anh hudng cia cdch phat am tiéng Vig. To 46, bai viét dé xuat cdch gidng day ngit am ciing nhu cach khic phyc 15i ngit am. TU KHOA: ngit trung gian; ngit am; tiéng Viet, tiéng Han. NHAN BAL: 8/7/2618. BIEN TAP-CHINH SUA-DUYET DANG: 1 1/9/2018 1, Méddu Trong tiéng Han, vigc ging day ngiy am lu6n dit trong moi quan hé voi cdc binh dién khdc cla ngon ngit. Chang han, khi day chit Han cén day vé am doc cia cdc chit Han d6 (thanh mau, véo miu, thanh diéu); khi day tir va cam ti ciing cin day vé sy bién 4m; khi day cau va ngit phdp cing cén n6i vé ngir digu va bién am trong ngit luv... Noi chung, ngit am cb mdi lién hé ch§t ché véi cdc thinh phin khéc cia ngdn ngit. Tir 46 c6 thé thay duge tm quan trong cila viée gidng day ngir am trong vige day va hoe ngén ngit thir hai, Cho dén nay, da 06 rét nhigu phurong phép day va hoc ngit 4m dugc dura ra va 4p dung vio thye tign, ké c4 diéu kign If tng nhat 1 hoc ngoai ngir ngay tai nude ban xi. Tuy nhién, sau mot qué trinh hoc tgp va ren luyén, cdc giéo vién ban xi van c6 thé nhgn ra ngudi hge la ngudi mréc ngodi, thim chi c6 thé nghe ra ngudi hoc dé 14 hoc sinh dén tir dau. Diéu nay cho thay 4é dat durgc dén trinh 46 phat am nbu ngudi ban xi la gan nhu Khéng thé, Hign tugng nay duge L-Selinker trong Ii thuyét “ngit trung gian” (Interlanguage) m6 ta nhu 1a hign tuong “‘héa thach” Fossilization'- mdt trong nhilng dic diéro ndi bat cua Interlanguage. ‘Thuat ngit “ ngit trung gian” duge Selinker sit dung lan dau trong bai viét “Sy chuyén dich ngén ngit” (language transfer); nim 1971, trong bai viét “Hé théng tigm can cla ngudi hoc ngoai ngit” (Approximative Systems of Foreign Language Leamers) trén “Tap chi Ngén ngit hoc tng dung Quéc té” (International Journal of Applied linguistics) W. Nemsers 4@ dong gop thém vio syr hinh thanh cia thuyét “ngit trung gian”. Nam 1972, L. Selinker trén “Dign dan Quoc té vé Ngén ngit hoc img dung” (International Review of Applied Linguistics IRAL), 43 m6 ta va tin bay sit cy thé 16 rang vé “ngit tung gian”, danh dau sy ra ddi chinh thite cia hoc thuyét nay. Lién quan dén “ngit trung gian” cé hai khdi nigm dng chi y: Nemser sir dung “hg théng tim fn” (Approximative System)’ dé nhdn manh vao qué trinh khéng ngimg tiép cén ngén ngtr thir hai cia ngudi hgc; Corder sir dung “phuong ngit cd nhan" (Idiosyncratic Dialect)’ 4é cht trong dén dic tinh van dung ngén ngir cia ngudi hoc. Ca hai cach goi nay tuy od nhimg diém nhan khac nhau, nhung déu bao him chung khdi niém, d6 la mot hé thoug dgc fap. Hé thing ngén ngit déc lap nay duge Selinker tinh bay r5 hon va goi 1a “ngit trung gian (Interlanguage), chi qué trinh tang thai ngOn ngir ciia ngudi hoc tién dan ti tiéng me dé sang ngon ngir dich. M6t trong nhimg ngi dung chinh ma L.Selinker giéi thigu trong “ngit trung gian” dé 1a hign tugng hda thach ciia ngén ngit. Trong bai viét, Selinker 44 néu ra khdi nigm Fossilization ding dé giai thich 13 hon nguyén nhan vi sao da sd ngudi hoc ngoai ngir khong cé kha ning sir dung ngén ngit nur tiéng me 4é. Tir dé, ching ta c6 su nhin nhan hgp li hon vé nhimg | ia ngudi hoc cfing nhu cd nhiig bién php phi hp trong qua trinh khac phyc nhimg Idi sai dé. 2. Dic dim ngir am ciia “ngtt trung gian” Vigt-Hn 2.1. Phy aim * TS; DH KHXH & NV, DHOG TP HCM; Email: leminhthanh@hemussh.edu.vn$6 9(276)-2018 NGON NGU & DOI SONG 61 a. Phy dm tiéng Vigt: Am | Am | Am Am [Am | Am | Am méi- | mai | du tui ayer sau) Am mit) oudng | od . - =. iu dau luai ~ bi | ring | (ringtuaiy | HM | lwai | bong _— ‘(aue Bie ag] | sh Am Kho Ok te | cong | barnes | PLP! co) em feted | iy bat hor ol] Am khong. tice | trong | bat hoi_ | xt bit hoi | Am | trong phi} xfs] s{s] Kh fx) | hf xit__| due viv) giz] | r[z) An | due {mo al] oh tn) _| neto) OE | due 10 b. Phu dm tieng Han: B6 vi phat am Am Am | Am Am Am Am Am méoi- | méi- | dau hud | trade sau mat ng Phuong php mai ring (ring-ludi) | dduludi | dduludi | lui lui phat im Khong bat Amtic | wong | hoi bip) aly alk bat boi ple) | iy KK) * khong bat Am | | wong tet z(t] zh(ts) | j tte) bat hoi celts} [cbt] |qtey | | Amat |22°8 ft) sfs} sh(s)_ | x{s)_ | BEd |" aye rz] Ar | aye m{m) ala) ne(0) Am bien | 4° ‘ ©. Phy dm trong “giz trung gian Vigt-Hén”” Phy am trong hé thong ogi Am oda Ngit tung gian Vigt-Hén chinh la phy am tiéng Han ma ngudi Vigt Nam 6 dugc trong qua trinh hoc t4p tiéng Han. Thong qua so sénh hai hé théng phy am, chang ta cé thé thdy dupe nhimg anh hudng tich cyc cing nhu anh hudng tiéu cuc tir tiéng me dé a qué trinh tiép nhan tiéng Han: ~ Anh huéng tich cyc: Trong ting Viét va tiéng Han déu cé nhimg phy 4m mai (m, n, ng) va phy am bign (\), cling nhur phu am méi (p [p] va b [p]). Am cudng Iwai (c.k [Kk] v8 g (k]) di c6 hinh thire mau ty khéc nhau... tao cho diéu kign thudn loi cho nguéi Viét Nam ndm bat va phat 4m mét cdch d& dang. - Anh huéng tigu eye: voi62 NGON NGU & BOI SONG $6 9(276)-2018 + Trong tiéng Vit Khdng 6 cde nhém phy am bat hoi (ngoai tr phu ara bat hoi nhe “th"), Dic biét, trong tiéng Viét cing khéng cé t6 phy 4m thc-xét (2, c, 2h, ch, j, q)... Cho nén, doi Vi i ngubi Vigt Nam khi hoc nhimg am bat hoi vi am tde-xét nay, do khé moi mé nén 43 gip rét nhigu khé khan, qua mot thai gian hoc tap va rén luy@n c6 thé kha phyc durge mt phan, nhung dé c6 thé bat hoi manh va ty nhién nhwr ngudi ban xi thi van cn la khodng cach. + Cé nhimg phy &m e6 ching mau tyr (chir cli), nhumg am doc kh6ng gidng nhau (abu d, tk ...) hofe e6 am doc gin giéng nhau (b, p,r, x, h...), bude dau da gay khéng it nham ln cho ngudi hoc. + Theo két qua diéu tra thye té, ¢6 dén 75% sinh vién duge hdi khdng phén bigt duge sy Khéic atau giita nhém am mt hr@i va nhém &m dau lu@i trude. Bén canh 46, ning phy dm c6 cing mau tu nhung cach thie phdt m gan giéng nhau da tao sy nham lin cho sinh vign, dc biét la phy 4m “h”* 6 dén 94.75% sinh vign duge diéu tra phat am h (x) thanh 4m h{h] nhu trong tiéng Viet. 2.2. Nguyén din a. Nguyén dm tiéng Vigt: Vj tri tnie- sav eta lai Trude Gita, ‘Sau 1} trdn cha mdi Vici Khang tron Tron Ty nhién Khéng ton Tron cao thdp cia lua ‘Cao LY (i) u(w) u ful Cao vira @ oly) a[y] é i 8 (aii.nginy) | °° Trung binh Thip via ele} opi Thi afa) 8[at ° (Gai, ngan) b. Nguyén dm tiéng Hai Vititrade sav cha lui | Trude Gitta Sau 1} ton cila maGi Vins Khdngtén | Trén | Twohién | Khéngtron | Tron cao thip cia lua Cao ay) uu] Cao vita e (3) ofol Trung binh er [>] Th vira > [Thap ala) &. Nguyén dim trong “ngie rung gian Vigt-Han” Nguyén am trong hé thong ngir 4m cia “ngit trung gian Vigt-Han" chinh la nguyén am tiéng Hin ma ngudi Vigt Nam c6 duge trong qua trinh hoe tap tiéng Han, Thong qua so sanh hai bé thong nguyén am, ching ta c6 thé thy duge nhimg anh huéng tich eye cing nhw anh hudng tiéu eye tir tidng me dé 46i vai qua trinh tip nhdn tiéng Han:S6 9(276)-2018 NGON NGU & DOI SONG 63 Anh huéng tich cye: frong, tiéng Han, hau hét cdc nguyén 4m don o6 hinh thirc mau ny va 4m doc tuong déng véi céc nguyén 4m trong tiéng Viét (nhur a, o, ¢, i, u) tao diéu kign cho ngudi hoc tp thu mét céch dé ding. ~ Anh hudng tigu cy: + Nhing 4m trong tiéng Vigt khéng cb nhu 4m % [Y], va 4m cudn Ludi “er” [or] la nbimg am khé 448i v6i hoc sinh Vigt Nam. Khi sir dung agén ngt Han, di y thite duge sy khéc biét nhumg do khong 6 thi quen phat am nén thudmg phit 4m khéng chun trong thoi gian déu, + Trong tiéng Han, sé lugng mau ty nguyén am tuy rat it (6 mau tz) nbung véi nhimg bién thé trong am doc 4a tao nhiéu khd khan cling nhu nhim lan cho ngudi hoc, dic biét 1a hoc sinh Viét Nam. Vi dy: m6t trong nhiing bién am cia oguyéo am “a” 1a khi dimg trude “a” 18 dm [i] hoe am [¥], déng thdi sau “a” 06 am mii (n}, nhu : tian, xudn, BR yan, i yudn; hodc nhimg bién am cba “e” nhu [3] khi nguyén 4m don hoge dimg mét minh, vi dy: é, 7F che, va [e] khi tude “e” fh dm [i] hoe 4m [Y), vi du: #8 jie, 6 qu’. Ngudi hoc sé bi anh huréng boi tdi quen phit am tiéng Vigt va thudng phat am khéng chinh xdc mét s6 trong hop bién 4m cia céc nguyén 4m tiéng Han, + Két qué digu tra cho thay, van con 25% sinh vién cha phat am ding nguyén am ui [Y], va 58.33% sinh vién chura phat am duge nig am cudn lai “er” [ar]. Cd 50% sinh vién chura doc ding amie [ie]. 2.3. Thanh digu Tuy tiéng Han va tiéng Vigt déu 1a ng6n ngir 6 thanh digu, va mot sé thanh digu cb digu tej gin gidng nhau, song ching van cé nhing dic trmg riéng, nhu: ém vyc cia céc thanh digu tiéng Han réng hon, tiéng Viét khéng cé nhing digu tr Ién hin hay xudng ban nhu trong tiéng Han. So sénh: Thanh digu tng Vigt 6 thanh Thanh digu tiéng Han: 4 thanh Thanh bing: digu ban cao, bing; khong co Ki | 1. Thanh | (am binh ): : digu cao, bing (5-5; ) i 2. Thanh 2 (dwrong binh): én cao (3 5; /). 2. Thanh sée: digu ten cao ( "). 3, Thanh 3 (thuéng thanh):: digu xuéng tép (2- 3. ‘Thanh huyén: digu thap bang, am vuc di| 1-4; V xudnghep(). 4, Thanh 4 (Khir thanh): : digu toan giéng (5- 4, Thanh hoi: digu xudng Ién (’). 1A). 5. Thanh nga: digu bat déu tty cao vita, hoi len, sau 46 nhanh chéng xuéng thép, cudi cing len én am cao (, ki hig la “7” 6. Thanh ning: digu thap ngin (_). 6 Thanh digu trong ngit rung gian Vigt-Han: Tiéng Viet va tiéng Han déu 1a ng6n ngit don lip va cé thanh digu, ngudi Vigt Nam hoc ngit am tiéng Han rat thuan Igh va tong d6i dé dang, dic biét 18 thanh digu. Song, bén canh d6 do bj anh hudng siu dém tir théi quen phat 4m céc thanh digu trong tiéng Viét Ken qué trinh tiép nhan tiéng Han, nén thanh digu trong hé théng Neir trung gian Viét-Han cé nhimg dc img sau: - Thanh 1: nguéi Vigt Nam thudng phat 4m thanh | khéng di dé cao. ~ Thanh 2; nguéi Vigt thay vi phat am fir thap len cao phat am thanb tir ban cao ln cao, - Thanh 3: nguéi Viét khéng phat am ré duge digu trj cua thanh 3 tiéng Hn. - Thanh 4: Vi trong tiéng Viét khéng cé thanh digu ndo cé digu tr tir cao xudng thép (toan gidng), do dé ngudi Vigt Nam khéng cé théi quen phat 4m nay (dic diém cua thanh 4 trong ngit trung gian 1A khong di d6 xuéng/lo limg ho’c ngang ngang).64 NGON NGU & BOI SONG $6 9(276)-2018 Két qua didn tra vé ngit am 46i v6i sinh vign Viét Nam cho thay, co dén 83.33% sinh vin phat am thanh } cia tiéng Han khng di 46 cao tiéu chudn; 25% sinh vién phat arm thanb 2 chua ding bién 4} mo, 6 91.67% sinh vién chua thé phat 4m 15 ring toan 4igu tr cua thanh 3, vi 91.67% sinh vién kchéng thé phat diing digu xuéng hoan toan cia Thanh 4. 3. Kétluan Khai nigm “hoa thach” trong “ngit trung gian” d chi r6, cho riing sy béo thi (ngung trG) trong qua trinh phat trién cia ngir trung gian ny ng6n ngir me dé sang ngén ngir dich da tao ra nhimg 16i dic trumg ciia ngir trung gian, sy “héa thach” 46 mang tinh lap di lap lai trong qua trinh six dung ngéo ngtt dich, do bi anh huéng sau dém st thoi quen diing ngén ngit me dé khéng chi trong ngt dm, ma con thé hign cd trong ngir phdp va tir mg. Digu nay cho ching ta thay ring, viée mac \di trong qué trinh hoc ngoai nga li khdng thé trinb kboi. Nhu vay, trong qué trinh day va hoc ngoai ngi, ching ta cn c6 thai 46 phd hop ddi voi nhiing Idi sai cu thé, khdng qua cing thang hoic tgo ép lye phai kkhéc phuc duge ahimg 16i sai trong mot som mét chieu. Ngir trung gian khong phai la cé dinh bat bién, né 1a mot qué trinh hoan thign dan dan xudt phat a ngén ngit me dé huéng dén ngén ngit dich. Vi vay, vige xéc dinh va phan tich 181 sai vé mat ngir 4m cia ngudi hgc la rat quan trong 4é khac phyc di sai va din hoan thién kha ning ngén ngit cia minh. Ghi chu: 'L. Setinker, Interlanguage, /RAL; International Review of Applied Linguistics (in Language Teaching), 1972, t.215. 2 W. Nemser, Approximative systems of foreign language learners, International Review of Applied Linguistics, 1971, 115-123, * Corder S., The Significance of learners’ errors, /nternational Review of Applied Linguistics (in Language teaching), 1967, t. 161-168. * Ngit Trung Gian Vigt-Han cbi h@ thing tidng Han (ngén ngi dich) trong qué trinh uép nhan ngén ngi cla ngudi hoe Vigt Nam, do anh huéng tét va anh buéng xdu tir tiéng Viét tao ra, TAI LIEU THAM KHAO 1, Nguyén Thi Hai (2017), Ngie dm hoc tiéng Vigt hign dai, Nxb Thank nién. 2. Lamy Selinker (1972), Interlanguage, IRAL; Intemational Review of Applied Linguistics (in Language Teaching). 3. Nemser William (1971), Approximative systems of foreign language learners, international Review of Applied Linguistics. 4. Corder (1967), The significance of learters’ errors, International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language teaching. 5. DEBE (2009) , PAE SR RIFHS, FARHMLE (Diéu Hiéu Ba (2009), Ngiz trung gian va cong tée gidng day Han ngit déi ngoai, Nxb Hoc Lam.) . 6. SUH) (2000), HAREHR RFS O, IRE AEWA (Lim Tuan (2000), Dan hudn gidng day Han ngir doi ngogi, Nxb Dai hoc Ng6n ngit Bic Kinh) 7. ARB. EFR 1998). FLARSHAREKA, IRBAKE HAL CTrigu Kim Minh, Manh Tir Man (1998), Nghién ci gi dm vé gidng day Han ngiz, Nxb Dai boc Ngdn ngir Bic Kinh.) . The mistake in Chinese pronunciation of Vietnamese learners with “Interlanguage” view Abstract: This paper applies the “interlanguage” theory to make an analysis of Vietnamese and Chinese pronunciation in order to point out the similarities and the differences, and also indicate the mistake of Vietnamese learners in Chinese pronunciation by mothertongue. Thereby this paper also suggest some methods for phonetic teaching in order to correct the mistake of pronunciation Key words: interlanguage; pronunciation; Vietnamese; Chinese.