1. What is C++?

- Answer: C++ is a general-purpose programming language that extends the C programming language. It
supports object-oriented programming and is widely used for developing a wide range of software
applications.

2. What is the difference between C and C++?

- Answer: C is a procedural programming language, whereas C++ is an extension of C that supports both
procedural and object-oriented programming. C++ adds features like classes, objects, and inheritance that C
lacks.

3. What is a variable in C++?

- Answer: A variable in C++ is a named memory location used to store data. It has a data type (e.g., int,
double, string) and a name that you can use to refer to it in your code.

4. What is a function in C++?

- Answer: A function in C++ is a self-contained block of code that performs a specific task. Functions are
used to modularize code and make it more organized and reusable.

5. What is the 'cout' statement in C++ used for?

- Answer: The 'cout' statement is used for output in C++. It is part of the Standard Library and is used to
display text and data on the console.

6. How do you declare a constant in C++?

- Answer: You can declare a constant in C++ using the 'const' keyword.
For example: `const int myConstant = 42;`

7. What is the 'cin' statement in C++ used for?

- Answer: The 'cin' statement is used for input in C++. It is part of the Standard Library and is used to read
data from the console.

8. What is a class in C++?

- Answer: A class in C++ is a blueprint for creating objects. It defines the properties (data members) and
behaviors (member functions) that objects of the class will have.

9. What is inheritance in C++?

 - Answer: Inheritance is a key concept in object-oriented programming. It allows a class to inherit
properties and behaviors from another class, promoting code reuse and creating a hierarchy of classes.

10. What is the difference between 'new' and 'malloc' in C++?

- Answer: 'new' is an operator in C++ that is used to dynamically allocate memory for objects, while
'malloc' is a function in C that is used to allocate memory for data structures. 'new' also calls the constructor
for objects, while 'malloc' does not.

1. What is C++? What are the advantages of C++?

C++ is an object-oriented programming language that was introduced to overcome the
jurisdictions where C was lacking. By object-oriented we mean that it works with the
concept of polymorphism, inheritance, abstraction, encapsulation, object, and class.

Advantages of C++:
1. C++ is an OOPs language that means the data is considered as objects.
2. C++ is a multi-paradigm language; In simple terms, it means that we can program the
logic, structure, and procedure of the program.
3. Memory management is a key feature in C++ as it enables dynamic memory allocation
4. It is a Mid-Level programming language which means it can develop games, desktop
applications, drivers, and kernels

2. What are the different data types present in C++?

Different types of data types in C++

3. Define ‘std’?
‘std’ is also known as Standard or it can be interpreted as a namespace. The command
“using namespace std” informs the compiler to add everything under the std
namespace and inculcate them in the global namespace. This all inculcation of global
namespace benefits us to use “cout” and “cin” without using “std::_operator_”.
5. What do you mean by Call by Value and Call by Reference?
In this programming language to call a function we have 2 methods: Call by Value and Call
by Reference

Call by Value Call by Reference

A copy of a variable is passed. A variable itself is passed fundamentally.

Calling a function by sending the values by Calling a function by sending the address of the
copying variables. passed variable.

The changes made in the function are never The changes made in the functions can be seen
reflected outside the function on the variable. In outside the function on the passed function. In
short, the original value is never altered in Call short, the original value is altered in Call by
by Value. reference.

Passed actual and formal parameters are stored Passed actual and formal parameters are stored in
in different memory locations. Therefore, the same memory location. Therefore, making Call
making Call by Value a little memory insufficient by Reference a little more memory efficient.

5. What do you mean by Call by Value and Call by Reference?

In this programming language to call a function we have 2 methods: Call by Value and Call
by Reference

Call by Value Call by Reference

A copy of a variable is passed. A variable itself is passed fundamentally.

Calling a function by sending the values by Calling a function by sending the address of the
copying variables. passed variable.

The changes made in the function are never The changes made in the functions can be seen
reflected outside the function on the variable. In outside the function on the passed function. In
short, the original value is never altered in Call short, the original value is altered in Call by
by Value. reference.

Passed actual and formal parameters are stored Passed actual and formal parameters are stored in
in different memory locations. Therefore, the same memory location. Therefore, making Call
 Call by Value Call by Reference

making Call by Value a little memory insufficient by Reference a little more memory efficient.

7. What is the difference between C and C++?

C C++

It is a procedural programming language. In It is a mixture of both procedural and object-

simple words, it does not support classes and oriented programming languages. In simple words,
objects it supports classes and objects.

It does not support any OOPs concepts like

polymorphism, data abstraction, encapsulation, It supports all concepts of data
classes, and objects.

It does not support Function and Operator It supports Function and Operator Overloading
Overloading respectively

It is a function-driven language It is an object-driven language

8. What is the difference between struct and class?

Struct Class

Members of the struct are always by default Members of the class can be in private, protected,
public mode and public modes.

Structures are of the value type. They only hold Classes are of reference type. It holds a reference of
value in memory. an object in memory.

The memory in structures is stored as stacks The memory in classes is stored as heaps.

9. What is the difference between reference and pointer?

Reference Pointer

The value of a reference cannot be reassigned The value of a pointer can be reassigned

It can never hold a null value as it needs an It can hold or point at a null value and be termed as
existing value to become an alias of a nullptr or null pointer
 Reference Pointer

It cannot work with arrays It can work with arrays

To access the members of class/struct it uses a To access the members of class/struct it uses a ‘ -
‘.‘ >‘

The memory location of a pointer cannot be

The memory location of reference can be
accessed easily as we have to use a dereference ‘
accessed easily or it can be used directly
‘

10. What is the difference between function overloading and operator

overloading?
Function Overloading Operator Overloading

It is basically defining a function in numerous

It is basically giving practice of giving a special
ways such that there are many ways to call it
meaning to the existing meaning of an operator or in
or in simple terms you have multiple versions
simple terms redefining the pre-redefined meaning
of the same function

Parameterized Functions are a good example Polymorphism is a good example of an operator

of Function Overloading as just by changing overloading as an object of allocations class can be
the argument or parameter of a function you used and called by different classes for different
make it useful for different purposes purposes

Example of Function Overloading: Example of Operator Overloading:

1. int GFG(int X, int Y); 1. int GFG() = X() + Y();
2. int GFG(char X, char Y); 2. int GFG() = X() – Y();

11. What is the difference between an array and a list?

Arrays Lists

Array are contiguous memory locations of Lists are classic individual elements that are linked or
homogenous data types stored in a fixed connected to each other with the help of pointers and
location or size. do not have a fixed size.

Arrays are static in nature. Lists are dynamic in nature

Uses more memory as it has to store the value and the

Uses less memory than linked lists.
pointer memory location

12. What is the difference between a while loop and a do-while loop?
 While Loop do-while Loop

The do-while loop is termed an exit control

While loop is also termed an entry-controlled loop
loop

Even if the condition is not satisfied the

If the condition is not satisfied the statements inside
statements inside the loop will execute for at
the loop will not execute
least one time

Example of a do-while loop:

Example of a while loop: do {
while(condition)
statements to be executed;
{statements to be executed;};
} while(condition or expression);

13. Discuss the difference between prefix and postfix?

prefix postfix

It simply means putting the operator before the It simply means putting the operator after the
operand operand

It executes itself before ‘; ‘ It executes itself after ‘; ‘

Associativity of prefix ++ is right to left Associativity of postfix ++ is left to right

14. What is the difference between new and malloc()?

new malloc()

new is an operator which performs an operation malloc is a function that returns and accepts values

new calls the constructors malloc cannot call a constructor

new is faster than malloc as it is an operator malloc is slower than new as it is a function

new returns the exact data type malloc returns void

18. What are the various OOPs concepts in C++?
 Classes: It is a user-defined datatype
 Objects: It is an instance of a class
 Abstraction: It is a technique of showing only necessary details
 Encapsulation: Wrapping of data in a single unit
 Inheritance: The capability of a class to derive properties and characteristics from
another class
 Polymorphism: Polymorphism is known as many forms of the same thing

35. What are the C++ access modifiers?

The access restriction specified to the class members( whether it is member function or
data member) is known as access modifiers/specifiers.
Access Modifiers are of 3 types:
1. Private – It can neither be accessed nor be viewed from outside the class
2. Protected – It can be accessed if and only if the accessor is the derived class
3. Public – It can be accessed or be viewed from outside the class

HTML

Certainly, here are some common HTML interview questions:

1. What is HTML, and what does it stand for?

- Answer: HTML stands for HyperText Markup Language. It is the standard markup
language used to create web pages.

2. What is the purpose of HTML tags?

- Answer: HTML tags are used to structure and format content on a web page. They
define elements like headings, paragraphs, links, images, and more.

3. Explain the difference between HTML and XHTML.

- Answer: XHTML is a stricter and more XML-compliant version of HTML. It requires
proper syntax, closing tags, and lowercase tag names. HTML is more forgiving of syntax
errors.

4. What is the DOCTYPE declaration in HTML, and why is it important?

- Answer: The DOCTYPE declaration defines the version of HTML being used. It's
essential for browsers to render web pages correctly and consistently.

5. What is semantic HTML, and why is it important?

- Answer: Semantic HTML uses tags that convey the meaning of the content (e.g.,
<header>, <nav>, <section>). It improves accessibility, SEO, and helps browsers and
assistive technologies understand the page's structure.

6. What are HTML entities, and when should you use them?
- Answer: HTML entities are special characters represented using their entity names or
codes (e.g., &lt; for < and &amp; for &). You should use them to display characters that
have a special meaning in HTML, like <, >, and &.

7. Explain the difference between <div> and <span> in HTML.

 - Answer: <div> is a block-level element used to group and style larger sections of
content, while <span> is an inline element used to style smaller parts of text or content
within other elements.

8. What is the difference between the <script> and <link> elements in HTML?
- Answer: The <script> element is used to include JavaScript code within the HTML
document, while the <link> element is used to link external resources such as stylesheets.

9. What is the purpose of the HTML <meta> tag?

- Answer: The <meta> tag provides metadata about the HTML document, such as
character encoding, author, and viewport settings.

10. What is an HTML form, and what are some common form elements?
- Answer: An HTML form is used to collect and submit user input. Common form
elements include <input>, <textarea>, <select>, <button>, and form controls like
checkboxes and radio buttons.

11. How can you create a hyperlink in HTML?

- Answer: You can create a hyperlink using the <a> element with the `href` attribute.
For example, `<a href="https://www.example.com">Visit Example</a>`.

12. What is HTML5, and what are some of its new features?
- Answer: HTML5 is the latest version of HTML. Some of its new features include the
<video> and <audio> elements, the <canvas> element for drawing graphics, and improved
support for web forms.

13. What is an HTML table, and how do you create one?

- Answer: An HTML table is used to display data in rows and columns. You can create
one using the <table>, <tr> (table row), <td> (table data), and <th> (table header) elements.

14. Explain the purpose of the HTML <iframe> element.

- Answer: The <iframe> element is used to embed another web page or external
content within the current page. It is often used for displaying maps, videos, or other
external content.

15. What are HTML5 semantic elements, and why are they important?
- Answer: HTML5 introduced semantic elements like <header>, <nav>, <main>, and
<footer. They help improve the structure and accessibility of web pages by providing a
clearer hierarchy and meaning to content.

CSS

Certainly! Here are some common CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) interview questions:

1. What is CSS, and what is its purpose in web development?

- Answer: CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets. It is a stylesheet language used to describe the
presentation and styling of web documents, including HTML and XML documents.
2. Explain the difference between inline, internal, and external CSS.
- Answer: Inline CSS is applied directly to an HTML element using the `style` attribute. Internal CSS is
defined within the `<style>` element in the HTML document's `<head>`. External CSS is defined in a
separate .css file and linked to the HTML using the `<link>` element.

3. What is the "cascading" in Cascading Style Sheets, and how does it work?
- Answer: Cascading refers to the order of priority when multiple CSS rules conflict. The order of
importance is inline styles, internal styles, and external styles. Specificity and source order within the same
type of rule also play a role in determining which style is applied.

4. What is the box model in CSS, and how does it work?

- Answer: The box model describes how elements are rendered on a web page. It consists of content,
padding, border, and margin. The width and height of an element are calculated based on these components.

5. Explain the concept of specificity in CSS.

- Answer: Specificity determines which CSS rules are applied when multiple rules target the same element.
It is based on the type of selector (ID, class, element), and the more specific rule takes precedence.

6. What are pseudo-classes in CSS, and can you provide some examples?
- Answer: Pseudo-classes are used to define a special state of an HTML element. Examples include
`:hover`, `:active`, `:focus`, and `:nth-child`.

7. How can you center an element horizontally and vertically using CSS?
- Answer: To center an element horizontally, you can use `margin: 0 auto;`. To center an element
vertically, you can use `display: flex;` or other techniques, depending on the context.

8. What is the purpose of the `float` property in CSS, and how does it work?
- Answer: The `float` property is used to position elements to the left or right within their containing
element. It is often used for creating multi-column layouts, wrapping text around images, and more.

9. What is the difference between `display: block`, `display: inline`, and `display: inline-block` in CSS?
- Answer: `display: block` makes an element a block-level element, `display: inline` makes it an inline-level
element, and `display: inline-block` combines characteristics of both block and inline elements.

10. What is a CSS selector, and can you provide examples of different types of selectors?
 - Answer: A CSS selector is used to target HTML elements for styling. Examples include element selectors
(e.g., `p`), class selectors (e.g., `.my-class`), ID selectors (e.g., `#my-id`), descendant selectors (e.g., `div p`), and
more.
DJANGO

Basic Django Interview Questions

1. Explain Django Architecture?

Django follows the MVT (Model View Template) pattern which is based on the Model View Controller
architecture. It’s slightly different from the MVC pattern as it maintains its own conventions, so, the controller
is handled by the framework itself. The template is a presentation layer. It is an HTML file mixed with Django
Template Language (DTL). The developer provides the model, the view, and the template then maps it to a
URL, and finally, Django serves it to the user.

2. Explain the django project directory structure?

 manage.py - A command-line utility that allows you to interact with your Django project
 __init__.py - An empty file that tells Python that the current directory should be considered as a Python package
 settings.py - Comprises the configurations of the current project like DB connections.
 urls.py - All the URLs of the project are present here
 wsgi.py - This is an entry point for your application which is used by the web servers to serve the project you have
created.

3. What are models in Django?

A model in Django refers to a class that maps to a database table or database collection. Each attribute of the
Django model class represents a database field. They are defined in app/models.py

Example:
 4. What are templates in Django or Django template language?

Templates are an integral part of the Django MVT architecture. They generally comprise HTML, CSS, and js in
which dynamic variables and information are embedded with the help of views. Some constructs are recognized
and interpreted by the template engine. The main ones are variables and tags.

A template is rendered with a context. Rendering just replaces variables with their values, present in the
context, and processes tags. Everything else remains as it is.

The syntax of the Django template language includes the following four constructs :

 Variables
 Tags
 Filters
 Comments

To read more about templates you can refer to this: https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/3.1/topics/templates/

5. What are views in Django?

A view function, or “view” for short, is simply a Python function that takes a web request and returns a web
response. This response can be HTML contents of a web page, or a redirect, or a 404 error, or an XML
document, or an image, etc.

Example:

from django.http import HttpResponse

def sample_function(request):
return HttpResponse(“Welcome to Django”)

There are two types of views:

 Function-Based Views: In this, we import our view as a function.

 Class-based Views: It’s an object-oriented approach.

6. What is Django ORM?

This ORM (an acronym for Object Relational Mapper) enables us to interact with databases in a more pythonic
way like we can avoid writing raw queries, it is possible to retrieve, save, delete and perform other operations
over the database without ever writing any SQL query. It works as an abstraction layer between the models and
the database.

7. Define static files and explain their uses?

Websites generally need to serve additional files such as images. Javascript or CSS. In Django, these files are
referred to as “static files”, Apart from that Django provides django.contrib.staticfiles to manage these
static files.

9. What is django-admin and manage.py and explain its commands?

django-admin is Django’s command-line utility for administrative tasks. In addition to this, a manage.py file is
also automatically created in each Django project. Not only does it perform the same purpose as the django-
admin but it also sets the DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE environment variable to point to the project's settings.py
file.

 django-admin help - used to display usage information and a list of the commands provided by each application.
 django-admin version - used to check your Django version.
 django-admin check - used to inspect the entire Django project for common problems.
 django-admin compilemessages - Compiles .po files created by makemessages to .mo files for use with the help of built-
in gettext support.
 django-admin createcachetable - Creates the cache tables for use in the database cache backend.
 django-admin dbshell - Runs the command-line client for the database engine specified in your ENGINE setting(s), with
the connection parameters (USER, PASSWORD, DB_NAME, USER etc.) specified settings file.
 django-admin diffsettings - Shows the difference between the existing settings file and Django’s default settings.
 django-admin dumpdata - Used to the dumpdata from the database.
 django-admin flush - Flush all values from the database and also re-executes any post-synchronization handlers
specified in the code.
 django-admin inspectdb - It generates django models from the existing database tables.
 django-admin loaddata - loads the data into the database from the fixture file.
 django-admin makemessages - Used for translation purpose and it generates a message file too.
 django-admin makemigrations - Generates new migrations as per the changes detected to your models.
 django-admin migrate - Executes SQL commands after which the database state with the current set of models and
migrations are synchronized.
 django-admin runserver - Starts a light-weight Web server on the local machine for development. The default server
runs on port 8000 on the IP address 127.0.0.1. You can pass a custom IP address and port number explicitly if you want.
 django-admin sendtestemail - This is used to confirm email sending through Django is working by sending a test email to
the recipient(s) specified.
 django-admin shell - Starts the Python interactive interpreter.
 django-admin showmigrations - Shows all migrations present in the project.
 django-admin sqlflush - Prints the SQL statements that would be executed for the flush command mentioned above.
 django-admin sqlmigrate - Prints the SQL statement for the named migration.
 django-admin sqlsequencereset - output the SQL queries for resetting sequences for the given app name(s).
 django-admin squashmigrations - Squashes a range of migrations for a particular app_label.
 django-admin startapp - Creates a new Django app for the given app name within the current directory or at the given
destination.
 django-admin startproject - Creates a new Django project directory structure for the given project name within the
current directory or at the given destination.
 django-admin test - Runs tests for all installed apps.
 django-admin testserver - Runs a Django development server (which is also executed via the runserver command) using
data from the given fixture(s).
 django-admin changepassword - offers a method to change the user's password.
 django-admin createsuperuser - Creates a user account with all permissions(also known as superuser account).
 django-admin remove_stale_contenttypes - removes stale content types (from deleted models) in your database.
 django-admin clearsessions - Can be used to clean out expired sessions or as a cron job.

11. What are Django URLs?

URLs are one of the most important parts of a web application and Django provides you with an elegant way to
design your own custom URLs with help of its module known as URLconf (URL Configuration). The basic
functionality of this python module is to
You can design your own URLs in Django in the way you like and then map them to the python function (View
function). These URLs can be static as well as dynamic. These URLs as present in the urls.py where they are
matched with the equivalent view function.

Basic Syntax:

from django.urls import path

from . import views
urlpatterns = [
path('data/2020/', views.data_2020),
path('data/<int:year>/', views.data_year)
]
12. What is the difference between a project and an app in Django?

In simple words Project is the entire Django application and an app is a module inside the project that deals
with one specific use case.
For eg, payment system(app) in the eCommerce app(Project).

Certainly! Here are some basic Python interview questions with answers:

1. What is Python, and why is it popular?

Answer: Python is a high-level, interpreted programming language known for its simplicity and readability.
It's popular for its versatility, as it can be used for web development, data analysis, machine learning, and more.
Python's extensive standard library and a large community of developers contribute to its popularity.

2. How do you comment in Python?

Answer: In Python, you can use the `#` symbol to create single-line comments. Anything following `#` on the
same line is considered a comment and is ignored by the Python interpreter.

3. What is the difference between Python 2 and Python 3?

Answer: Python 2 and Python 3 are different versions of Python. Python 3 was introduced to fix
inconsistencies and improve the language. Some key differences include:

- Print Statement: In Python 2, you use `print` as a statement, while in Python 3, it is a function (`print()`).

- Division: In Python 2, division of integers truncates the result, while in Python 3, it returns a float.

- Unicode: Python 3 handles text as Unicode by default, whereas Python 2 uses ASCII.

4. How do you declare a variable in Python?

Answer: In Python, you can declare a variable by assigning a value to it. For example:

```python

my_variable = 42

```

5. What is the difference between a list and a tuple in Python?

Answer: Lists and tuples are both used to store collections of items, but the key difference is that lists are
mutable (can be modified), while tuples are immutable (cannot be changed after creation).

6. How do you define a function in Python?

Answer: You can define a function in Python using the `def` keyword. For example:

```python

def my_function(parameter1, parameter2):

 # Function code here

return result

```

7. Explain what "PEP 8" is.

Answer: PEP 8 (Python Enhancement Proposal 8) is a style guide for writing clean and consistent Python
code. It covers naming conventions, indentation, code structure, and other guidelines to make Python code
more readable and maintainable.

8. How do you handle exceptions in Python?

Answer: In Python, you can handle exceptions using `try` and `except` blocks. For example:

```python

try:

# Code that may raise an exception

except SomeException as e:

# Handle the exception

```

9. What is the purpose of the `if __name__ == "__main__":` statement in Python scripts?

Answer: This statement is used to check whether the Python script is being run as the main program or if it's
being imported as a module into another script. Code within the `if __name__ == "__main__":` block will only
execute if the script is the main program, not when it's imported as a module.

10. What is a Python dictionary, and how do you access values in it?

Answer: A Python dictionary is an unordered collection of key-value pairs. You can access values in a
dictionary by using the key as the index. For example:

```python

my_dict = {"name": "John", "age": 30}

print(my_dict["name"]) # Access the value associated with the "name" key

```

These are some basic Python interview questions with answers to help you prepare. Depending on the job
position and the level of expertise required, interview questions can vary in complexity.

What are some advantages of using OOPs?

 OOPs is very helpful in solving very complex level of problems.

 Highly complex programs can be created, handled, and maintained easily using object-oriented programming.
 OOPs, promote code reuse, thereby reducing redundancy.
 OOPs also helps to hide the unnecessary details with the help of Data Abstraction.
 OOPs, are based on a bottom-up approach, unlike the Structural programming paradigm, which uses a top-
down approach.
 Polymorphism offers a lot of flexibility in OOPs

a. Encapsulation: It is the bundling of data (attributes) and methods (functions) that operate on that
data into a single unit called a class. This helps in data hiding and protecting data from unauthorized
access.

b. Inheritance: Inheritance allows you to create a new class based on an existing class, inheriting its
attributes and methods. This promotes code reuse and establishes an "is-a" relationship between
classes.

c. Polymorphism: Polymorphism allows objects of different classes to be treated as objects of a

common base class. This enables method overriding and dynamic binding, improving flexibility in
code.

d. Abstraction: Abstraction is the process of simplifying complex reality by modeling classes based
on their essential characteristics. It hides the unnecessary details and shows only the relevant
attributes and behaviors.

MapmyIndia is an Indian technology company that builds digital map

data, telematics services, location-based SaaS and GIS AI technologies.[2][3] The
company was founded in 1995 and is headquartered at New Delhi with regional
offices in Mumbai and Bengaluru and smaller offices across India. It also has
international offices in the San Francisco Bay Area and Tokyo.[1]

MapmyIndia's cloud mapping services are also used by many developers and
tech companies in India such
as PhonePe, Paytm, Amazon, Alexa voice, Flipkart, Uber, Ola Cabs, Blinkit, etc.
for planning, operations and customer experience.

MapmyIndia was founded by Rakesh and Rashmi Verma in 1995.[4] The couple
launched a startup called CE Info Systems in 1995 at New Delhi, India.[5][6] The
company started working upon developing a web mapping technology and
provide products and services required for enhancing marketing and logistics
efficiency in existing organizations in the country.
 MapmyIndia

Formerly C.E. Infosystems Pvt. Ltd. (1995–2021)

Type Public

NSE: MAPMYINDIA
Traded as
BSE: 543425

Industry Technology
Mapping data
GPS navigation software
Web mapping

Founded 1995; 28 years ago

Founder Rakesh Verma

Rashmi Verma

Headquarters Okhla Phase-III, New Delhi, India[1]

Area served Indian subcontinent

Key people Rakesh Verma (CMD)

Rohan Verma (CEO)
Sapna Ahuja (COO)
Ankeet Bhat (CSO)
Anuj Jain (CFO)

Services IoT, Navigation, Maps, GIS Services

Owner CE Info Systems Ltd. (Cestem)

Number of employees 1410[citation needed]

django-admin startproject projectname

python manage.py startapp appname

python manage.py runserver

python manage.py createsuperuser

python manage.py migrate

python manage.py makemigrations

python manage.py migrate