ASSIGNMENT

MR, s. TAJAMUL SHAHZAD

OPERATING SYSTEM(OS)

3/12/2023
Table of Content: -

 History of Operating System (brief; in your own words)

 Survey of Current Operating Systems (Features/Variants)

 Multiprogramming, Multiprocessing and Multitasking (Differentiate)

List of Figure Content: -

History of Operating System.................................................................................................................3
Current on Operating System...............................................................................................................4
Differentiate Multiprogramming, Multiprocessing and Multitasking...............................................5

Reference

1) https://history-computer.com/complete-history-of-the-operating-
system/

2) https://www.mygreatlearning.com/blog/what-is-operating-system/

3) Books
History of Operating System
Definition of Operating System (OS)

An operating system acts as an intermediary between the user of a computer and the computer
hardware. The purpose of an operating system is to provide an environment in which a user can execute
programs in a convenient and efficient manner.

1940s:
the earliest electronic digital computers did not include operating system. Machines of the time were so
primitive (ancient).

1950s:

These computers were called single-stream batch-processing systems.

1960s:

It is also called the batch processing systems but using resources more efficiently by running several
jobs at once. The systems improved resource utilization, Multiprogramming, Interactive users,
Timesharing, Real-time systems, and reduce Turnaround time.

1970s:

Personal computers posted by early and continuing developments in microprocessor technology and
using LAN with more problem in security.

1980s:

It was the decade of the personnel computers, Software such as spreadsheet programs, word processors,
database packages and graphics packages and develop GUI, distributed computing became wide spread
under client/server model.

1990s:

Object technology: each software object encapsulates a set of attributes and methods. This allows
applications to be built with components that can be reused in many applications. Open-source
movement: open-source software is distributed with the source code, allowing individuals to examine
and modify (Linux operating system). Operating system became increasingly user friendly (GUI
features). Operating system designers developed techniques to protect computers from attacks and
Microsoft became the dominant.

2000 and beyond:

Middleware is a software that links two separate applications to communicate and exchange data via
the internet, Massive parallelism, Computing on mobile devices which are used for e-mail, web
browsing.
Current on Operating System
Windows OS:

 Developed by Microsoft Corporation

 Available in several variants, including Windows 10, Windows 8.1, Windows 7, etc.
 User-friendly graphical interface
 Compatibility with a wide range of software and hardware
 Built-in security features such as Windows Defender

macOS:

 Developed by Apple Inc.

 User-friendly graphical interface
 Designed to work seamlessly with Apple hardware and software
 Built-in security features, including Gatekeeper and File Vault

Linux:

 Developed by various organizations and individuals, including the Linux Foundation and Linus
Torvalds
 Available in many different variants or "distributions," such as Ubuntu, Fedora, and Debian
 Open-source and free to use and distribute
 Highly customizable and configurable
 Widely used in servers and other enterprise environments

Android OS:

 Developed by Google
 Designed for mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets
 Highly customizable and configurable
 Available in many different variants, depending on the device manufacturer
 Access to the Google Play Store and a wide range of apps

iOS:

 Developed by Apple Inc.

 Designed for mobile devices such as iPhones and iPads
 User-friendly graphical interface
 Highly secure and private, with features like Touch ID and Face ID
 Access to the Apple App Store and a wide range of apps

Chrome OS:

 Developed by Google
 Designed for use with Chromebook laptops and other devices
 User-friendly graphical interface
 Built-in integration with Google's suite of cloud-based apps
 Highly secure and low-maintenance, with automatic updates and malware protection
FreeBSD:

 Developed by the FreeBSD Project

 Open-source and free to use and distribute
 Designed for use on servers and other enterprise environments
 Highly customizable and configurable
 Strong focus on security and reliability

 These are just a few examples of the many operating systems available today, each with its own
unique features and strengths. The choice of which OS to use depends on individual needs and
preferences, as well as factors such as cost, compatibility, and security.

Differentiate Multiprogramming, Multiprocessing and Multitasking

Multiprogramming, multiprocessing, and multitasking are all techniques used in operating systems to
maximize the use of computing resources. However, each technique serves a different purpose and has
different characteristics:

Multiprogramming:
Multiprogramming refers to a technique in which multiple programs are loaded into main memory and
executed concurrently. The CPU switches between the programs so quickly that it gives the illusion that
they are running simultaneously. In other words, the CPU executes instructions from one program for a
short period, then switches to another program, and so on. The goal of multiprogramming is to
maximize CPU utilization by keeping the CPU busy with work.

Multiprocessing:

Multiprocessing refers to a technique in which multiple CPUs are used to execute multiple programs
simultaneously. Each CPU executes a different program, and the programs can communicate and share
resources as needed. Multiprocessing is typically used in high-performance computing environments
where large amounts of data need to be processed quickly.
Multitasking:
Multitasking refers to a technique in which a single CPU executes multiple tasks or processes
simultaneously. The CPU switches between the tasks quickly, giving the illusion that they are running
simultaneously. Multitasking is a fundamental feature of modern operating systems, allowing multiple
applications to run concurrently on a single computer.

In summary, multiprogramming and multitasking are techniques used to maximize CPU utilization,
while multiprocessing is used to maximize overall system performance by using multiple CPUs.