Chapter 2 Measurement and Calculation

CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 2 ISHIK BOYS’ HIGH SCHOOL

➢ The process researchers use to carry out their investigations is often

called the scientific method.
➢ The scientific method is a logical approach to solving
problems by observing and collecting data, formulating
hypotheses, testing hypotheses, and formulating theories that
are supported by data.
▪ Observing is the use of the senses to obtain information.

Observation often involves making
measurements and collecting data.
▪ Observing salesman’s behavior on sales
calls.
▪ Observing customers behavior to
advertisements.
▪ Focus group Lesson.
▪ Qualitative: Descriptions to explain data,
small, white, good, quiet.
▪ Quantitative: Use numbers to describe
data, 4 cm, 5.30 grams, 15.65 minutes

- Scientists use generalizations about the

data to formulate a hypothesis, or
testable statement.
- The hypothesis serves as a basis for
making predictions.
- “if-then” statements. The “then” part of
the hypothesis is a prediction that is the
basis for testing by experiment.

- Example:
- If I water plants daily
then they will grow
faster.
- Daily exposure to the
sun leads to increase
level of happiness.
- Consumption of sugar
drinks every day leads to
obesity.
Testing a hypothesis requires

experimentation that provides
data to support or refute a
hypothesis or theory.
If testing reveals that the predictions were not correct, the hypothesis on
which the predictions were based must be discarded or modified.
4

Example:
Manufacturing processes, where quality control tests whether the products
meet the acceptable standards.
Clinical trials, where new treatments or drugs are compared to placebo or
existing ones.
When the
data from
experiments show that the predictions of

the hypothesis are successful, scientists
typically try to explain the phenomena
they are studying by constructing a
model.
A model in science is more than a
physical object; it is often an explanation
of how phenomena occur and how data or
events are related.
If a model successfully explains many phenomena, it may become part of a

theory.
theory is a broad generalization that explains a body of facts or
phenomena.
Example:
The atomic model is a part of the
atomic theory

kinetic-molecular theory
collision theory

MULTIPLE QUESTIONS:
1- …………………. are quantitative?

A.the liquid floats on water
B. the metal is malleable
C. the liquid has a temperature of 55.6°C
D.the non-metal is brittle.
2- …………………………. is more than a physical object; it is often an
explanation of how phenomena occur and how data or events are
related.
A.Hypothesis
B. Observing and collecting data
C. Model
D.Theory
3- Which one of the statements is NOT CORRECT about the formulating

hypothesis?
A. testable statement
B. use of the senses
C. basis for making predictions
D. “if-then” statements
4- ………………. Can be a part of theory

A. Model
B. Observing and collecting data
C. Hypothesis
D. Testing

quantity is something that has magnitude, size, or amount.

A quantity is not the same as a measurement.
the quantity represented by a teaspoon is volume. The teaspoon is a unit of measurement,
while volume is a quantity.
SI Measurement
Scientists all over the world have agreed on a single measurement system called Le Système
International d’Unités, abbreviated SI
SI now has seven base units, and most other units are derived from these seven.
In the United States, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) plays the
main role in maintaining standards and setting style conventions.
SI Base Units
Prefixes added to the names of
SI base units are used to
represent quantities that are
larger or smaller than the base
units.

This table is only for your information.

Mass:
mass is a measure amount of matter.
The SI standard unit for mass is the kilogram.
Mass is often confused with weight.
Mass Weight
Mass is measure of a matter Weight is a measure of the

in an object gravitational pull on matter.
Mass, does not depend on the Weight, depend on gravity.

gravity.
Mass is measured on weight is typically measured on
instruments such as a a spring scale.
balance. Ex: Person’s heaviness, the
Ex: Table, Chair, and even heaviness of an object, weight
air of watermelon.
Note: As the force of Earth’s gravity on an object increases, the object’s weight increases. The
weight of an object on the moon is about one-sixth of its weight on Earth.
Length:
The SI standard unit for length is the meter.
A distance of 1 m is about the width of an average doorway.
10

Derived SI Units
▪ Combinations of SI base units form derived units.
▪ Many SI units are combinations of the quantities.
Volume:
- Volume is the amount of space occupied by an object.
- The derived SI unit of volume is cubic meters, m3.
- measure the volumes of liquids and gases, they often use a non-SI unit called the
liter.
- Another non-SI unit, the milliliter, mL, is used for smaller volumes
11

Density:
Density is the ratio of mass to volume, or mass divided by volume.
The Unit of density is , , , and
Density is a characteristic physical property of a substance. It does not depend on the

size of the sample because as the sample’s mass increases, its volume increases
proportionately.
Note: specifies the temperatures at which the densities were measured. That is because
density varies with temperature. Most objects expand as temperature increases, thereby
increasing in volume. Because density is mass divided by volume, density usually
decreases with increasing temperature.
Video link: (11) Density of Pennies lab - YouTube
Question/ A sample of aluminum metal has a mass of 8.4 g. The volume of the sample is 3.1 cm3. Calculate
the density of aluminum?
12

Answer:
Question/ What is the density of a block of marble that occupies 310. cm3 and has a mass of 853 g?
Answer:
Given: mass: 853g
Volume: 310 cm3
Unknown: density (D) =?
Question/ What is the volume of a sample of liquid mercury that has a mass of 76.2 g, given that the density
of mercury is 13.6 g/mL?
13

Question:
A. What is the density of an 84.7 g sample of an unknown substance if the sample occupies 49.6 cm3?
B. What volume would be occupied by 7.75 g of this same substance?
Answer:
Given: mass = 84.7 g, volume = 49.6 cm3, second mass = 7.75 g
Unknown: A. Density? B. Volume?
A.
B.
Conversion Factors:
Conversion factor is a ratio derived from the equality between two different units that can be used to convert
from one unit to the other.
quantity sought = quantity given × conversion factor
Another way:
14

- determine the number of quarters in 12 dollars?
Deriving Conversion Factors
Question/ Express a mass of 5.712 grams in milligrams and in kilograms.
Answer:
Given: mass = 5.172 g
Unknown: mass in milligram and in kilogram?
First: Convert gram to milligram 1g = 1000 mg , 1 kg = 1000 g
First method:
Second method:
15

Second: Converting gram to kilogram Unit needed=number x (power of 10) of given – (power
of 10) of unknown = (result) unit of unknown
Question/ Express a length of 16.45 m in centimeters and in kilometers.

Answer:
Given: length = 16.45 m
Unknown: length in centimeter, and kilometer
First: Converting meter to centimeter 1m = 100 cm
Second: Convert meter to kilometer 1 km = 1000 m
Question/ A lab worker measures the mass of some sucrose as 0.947 mg. Convert that
quantity to grams and to kilograms.
16

TRUE-FALSE Questions:
Question: Mark the followings (True) or (False) and correct the following.
1. Combinations of SI base units form Conversion factor.
2. One kilometer is equal to 100 meters.
3. One milligram is equal to 1x10-6meters.
4. Density is the ratio of length to volume.
5. Converting 100 g to kg will be 1000kg.
SHORT ANSWER: Answer the following questions in the space provided.

1. Complete the following conversions:
a. 100 mL L
b. 0.25 g………………………………………… mg
c. 400 cm3………………………………….… L
d. 400 cm3 …………………………….……… m3
Use the data found in Table 4 on page 37 of the text to answer the following questions:
…………………………………………………………………a. If ice were denser than liquid
water at 0°C, would it float or sink in water?
…………………………………………………………………. b. Water and kerosene do not
dissolve readily in one another. If the two are mixed, they quickly separate into layers. Which
liquid floats on top?
……………………………………………………………………c. The other liquids in Table
4 that do not dissolve in water are gasoline, turpentine, and mercury. Which of these liquids
would settle to the bottom when mixed with water.
17

Practice: Write the answer on the line to the left. Show all your work in the space provided.
Aluminum has a density of 2.70 g/cm3. What would be the mass of a sample whose volume is
10.0 cm3?
A certain piece of copper wire is determined to have a mass of 2.00 g per meter. How many
centimeters of the wire would be needed to provide 0.28 g of copper?
18

Accuracy and Precision:

Accuracy: refers to the closeness of measurements to the correct or accepted value of the quantity measured.
Precision: refers to the closeness of a set of measurements of the same quantity made in the same way.
For example, four groups of students counted the number of tomatoes on their tomato plant,
the real number (accepted value) is 50
Group A Group B
How many tomatoes are on the plant? How many tomatoes are on the plant?
Student responses: 49, 50, 49, 51, 50 Student responses: 46, 48, 50, 52, 54
very precise, and very accurate very accurate, but low precise
19

Group C Group D
How many tomatoes are on the plant? How many tomatoes are on the plant?
Student responses: 38, 39, 40, 41, 42 Student responses: 33, 41, 46, 58, 66
Low accurate, but very precise Low accurate, and low precise
Percentage Error:
Percentage Error is calculated by subtracting the accepted value from the experimental value, dividing the
difference by the accepted value, and then multiplying by 100.
Note: Percentage error has a negative value if the accepted value is greater than the experimental value. It
has a positive value if the accepted value is less than the experimental value.
Question: A student measures the mass and volume of a substance and calculates its density as 1.40 g/mL.
The correct, or accepted, value of the density is 1.30 g/mL. What is the percentage error of the student’s
measurement?
Answer:
Given: Value Experimental = 1.40 g/mL Value accepted = 1.30 g/mL
Unknown: Percentage error?
20

Question: What is the percentage error for a mass measurement of 17.7 g, given that the
correct value is 21.2 g?
Answer:
Given: Value Experimental = 17.7 g Value accepted = 21.2 g
Question: What is the percentage error of a length measurement of 0.229 cm if the

correct value is 0.225 cm?
Question: A handbook gives the density of calcium as 1.54 g/cm3. Based on lab
measurements, what is the percentage error of a density calculation of 1.25 g/cm3?
Answer:
Given: Value Experimental = 1.25 g/cm3 Value accepted = 1.54 cm3
21

Error in Measurement
The skill of the measurer places
limits on the reliability of
results.
The conditions of measurement
also affect the outcome.
You might include a plus-or-
minus value to express the
range, for example, 6.36 cm ±
0.01 cm.
Significant Figures:
Significant figures in a measurement consist of all the digits known with certainty plus one final digit, which
is somewhat uncertain or is estimated.
The term significant does not mean certain.
Determining the Number of Significant Figures:
22

Question: Determine the number of significant figures in each of the following.

a. 804.05 g b. 0.014 403 0 km
c. 1002 m d. 400 mL
e. 30 000. Cm f. 0.000 625 000 kg
Question: Suppose the value “seven thousand centimeters” is reported to you. How should the
number be expressed if it is intended to contain the following?
1. 1 significant figure
2. 4 significant figures
3. 6 significant figures
Rounding:
23

Question: Round 2.6765 into two significant figures.
Question: Round each of the following measurements to the number of significant figures
indicated.
a. 67.029 g to three significant figures
b. 0.15 L to one significant figure
Addition or Subtraction with Significant Figures:

When adding or subtracting decimals, the answer must have the same number of digits to the
right of the decimal point as there are in the measurement having the fewest digits to the right
of the decimal point.
Example: Comparing the two values 25.1 g and 2.03 g
Question: Carry out the following calculations. Express each answer to the correct number of
significant figures.
a. 5.44 m - 2.6103 m
b. 2.099 g + 0.05681 g
c. 87.3 cm − 1.655 cm.
24

Answer:
a.
b.
c.
Multiplication and Division with Significant Figures:

• Suppose you calculated the density of an object that has a mass of 3.05 g and a volume
of 8.47 mL. The following division on a calculator will give a value of 0.360094451 .
• For multiplication or division, the answer can have no more significant figures than are
in the measurement with the fewest number of significant figures.
Question: Carry out the following calculations. Express each answer to the correct number of
significant figures
1- 2.4 g/mL × 15.82 mL 2- 1.34 µm × 0.7488 µm
25

Question: Polycarbonate plastic has a density of 1.2 g/cm3. A photo frame is constructed from
two 3.0 mm sheets of polycarbonate. Each sheet measures 28 cm by 22 cm. What is the mass
of the photo frame?
Question: Divide 94.20 g by 3.167 22 mL
Conversion Factors and Significant Figures:

The change does not happen in significant figure while calculating conversion factor.
The answer still must have the same significant figures.
Example:
convert 4.608 m to centimeter
convert 150.5 km to meter
convert 448 g to kilogram
26

In scientific notation, numbers are written in the form M × 10 n, where the factor M is a
number greater than or equal to 1 but less than 10 and n is a whole number .
M × 10 n
1. Determine M by moving the decimal point in the original number to the left or the right
so that only one nonzero digit remains to the left of the decimal point.
2. Determine n by counting the number of places that you moved the decimal point. If you
moved it to the left, n is positive. If you moved it to the right, n is negative.
Example: write the quantity 65 000 km in scientific notation:
Example: Express 0.000 12 mm in scientific notation:
Question: Write the following numbers in scientific notation:

a. 560 000 b. 0.000 003 010
Question: The following numbers are in scientific notation. Write them in ordinary notation.
a. 7.050 × 103 g
b. 4.000 05 × 107 mg
27

1. Addition and subtraction: These operations can be performed only if the values have
the same exponent (n factor).
- Consider the example of the addition of 4.2 × 104 kg and 7.9 × 103 kg
Note: the unit remain the same throughout

Question: Perform the following operations. Express each answer in scientific notation:
a. (1.54 × 10−2 g) + (2.86 × 10−1 g)
b. (7.023 × 109 g) − (6.62 × 107 g)
28

2. Multiplication: The M factors are multiplied, and the exponents(powers) are added
algebraically
- Consider the multiplication of 5.23 × 106 µm by 7.1 × 10−2 µm.
Question: Perform the following operation. Express the answer in scientific notation and with
the correct number of significant figures.
0.002115m × 0.0000405m
Answer:
Question: A large office building is 1.07 × 102 m long, 31 m wide, and 4.25 × 102 m high.
What is its volume?
29

3. Division: The M factors are divided, and the exponent of the denominator is subtracted
from that of the numerator.
1. Analyze
- The first step in solving a quantitative word problem is to read the problem
carefully at least twice and to analyze the information in it.
2. Plan
- The second step is to develop a plan for solving the problem.
- It is often helpful to draw a picture that represents the problem
3. Compute
- The third step involves substituting the data and necessary conversion factors
into the plan you have developed
4. Evaluate
- Examine your answer to determine whether it is reasonable.
1. Check to see that the units are correct.
2. Make an estimate of the expected answer.
3. Check the order of magnitude in your answer.
4. Be sure that the answer given for any problem is expressed using the correct
number of significant figures.
30

Question: What is the volume, in milliliters, of a sample of helium that has a mass of 1.73 ×
10−3 g, given that the density is 0.178 47 g/L?
Answer:
1. Analyze: given: mass= 1.73 x 10-3 g
Density= 0.17847 g/L
Unknown= volume (mL)
2. Plan: write conversion factor formula, and then write formula for volume:
3. Compute:
Evaluation: The unit of volume, mL, is correct after converting unit from L to mL.
Question: A sample of a certain material has a mass of 2.03 × 10−3 g. Calculate the volume of
the sample, given that the density is 9.133 × 10-1 g/cm3. Use the four-step method to solve the
problem.
31

Two quantities are directly proportional to each other if dividing one by the other gives a
constant value.
Example:
- Cost of food is directly proportional to weight
- The more work you do, the more energy you need.
- Number of visitors to restaurant increased, earnings will be increased.
the relationship can be expressed: y∝x

The general equation for a directly proportional relationship between two variables:
Two quantities are inversely proportional to each other if their product is constant.
Example:
- Speed of vehicle and time covered.
- Expenditure and savings.
- Number of worker and the time is taken to complete a particular task (work,
duty).
relationship between the two variables
32

MULTIPLE QUESTION:
1. a ratio derived from the equality between two different units that can be used to convert
from one unit to the other
A. Scientific notation
B. Significant figure
C. SI base unit
D. Conversion factor
2. Density is:
A. SI base unit
B. Derived SI base unit
C. Rounding
D. Quantity
3. refers to the closeness of measurements to the correct or accepted value of the quantity
measured
A. Accuracy
B. Precision
C. Percentage Error
D. Multiplication
4. ………………2 m3
A. mass of a small paper clip
B. length of a small paper clip
C. length of a stretch limousine
D. volume of a refrigerator compartment
5. A measured quantity is said to have good accuracy if

A. it agrees closely with the accepted value.
B. repeated measurements agree closely.
C. it has a small number of significant figures.
D. all digits in the value are significant.
33

Mixed Questions
1. Match the description on the right to the most appropriate quantity on the left.
………………2 m3 (a) mass of a small paper clip
………………0.5 g (b) length of a small paper clip
………………0.5 kg (c) length of a stretch limousine
………………600 cm2 (d) volume of a refrigerator compartment
………………20 mm (e) surface area of the cover of this workbook
(f) mass of a jar of peanut butter
2. Write the value of the following operations using scientific notation.
3. Round the following measurements to three significant figures.

………………………………………………a. 22.77 g
………………………………………………b. 14.62 m
………………………………………………c. 9.3052 L
………………………………………………d. 87.55 cm
………………………………………………e. 30.25 g
34

Problems Write the answer on the line to the left. Show all your work in the space provided.
4. A pure solid at a fixed temperature has a constant density. We know that density
………………………………………………………a. Are mass and volume directly
proportional or inversely proportional for a fixed density?
………………………………………………………b. If a solid has a density of 4.0 g/cm3,
what volume of the solid has a mass of 24 g?
5.A crime-scene tape has a width of 13.8 cm. A long strip of it is torn off and measured to be
56 m long.
……………………………………….a. Convert 56 m into centimeters.
…………………………...…………..b. What is the area of this rectangular strip of tape, in
cm2?
6. It was shown in the text that in a value such as 4000 g, the precision of the number is
uncertain. The zeros may or may not be significant. Suppose that the mass was determined to
be 4000 g. How many significant figures are present in this measurement?
7. If you divide a sample’s mass by its density, what are the resulting units?
8. A sample thought to be pure lead occupies a volume of 15.0 mL and has a mass of 160.0 g.
Determine its density.
35

Chapter 2 Measurement and Calculation

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CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 2 ISHIK BOYS’ HIGH SCHOOL

CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 2 ISHIK BOYS’ HIGH SCHOOL

➢ The process researchers use to carry out their investigations is often

▪ Observing is the use of the senses to obtain information.

CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 2 ISHIK BOYS’ HIGH SCHOOL

- Scientists use generalizations about the

CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 2 ISHIK BOYS’ HIGH SCHOOL

Testing a hypothesis requires

CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 2 ISHIK BOYS’ HIGH SCHOOL

experiments show that the predictions of

If a model successfully explains many phenomena, it may become part of a

CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 2 ISHIK BOYS’ HIGH SCHOOL

CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 2 ISHIK BOYS’ HIGH SCHOOL

1- …………………. are quantitative?

3- Which one of the statements is NOT CORRECT about the formulating

4- ………………. Can be a part of theory

CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 2 ISHIK BOYS’ HIGH SCHOOL

quantity is something that has magnitude, size, or amount.

CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 2 ISHIK BOYS’ HIGH SCHOOL

This table is only for your information.

CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 2 ISHIK BOYS’ HIGH SCHOOL

Mass is measure of a matter Weight is a measure of the

Mass, does not depend on the Weight, depend on gravity.

CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 2 ISHIK BOYS’ HIGH SCHOOL

CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 2 ISHIK BOYS’ HIGH SCHOOL

The Unit of density is , , , and

Density is a characteristic physical property of a substance. It does not depend on the

Video link: (11) Density of Pennies lab - YouTube

CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 2 ISHIK BOYS’ HIGH SCHOOL

CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 2 ISHIK BOYS’ HIGH SCHOOL

CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 2 ISHIK BOYS’ HIGH SCHOOL

- determine the number of quarters in 12 dollars?

Deriving Conversion Factors

Question/ Express a mass of 5.712 grams in milligrams and in kilograms.

CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 2 ISHIK BOYS’ HIGH SCHOOL

Question/ Express a length of 16.45 m in centimeters and in kilometers.

Second: Convert meter to kilometer 1 km = 1000 m

CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 2 ISHIK BOYS’ HIGH SCHOOL

SHORT ANSWER: Answer the following questions in the space provided.

CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 2 ISHIK BOYS’ HIGH SCHOOL

CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 2 ISHIK BOYS’ HIGH SCHOOL

Accuracy and Precision:

CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 2 ISHIK BOYS’ HIGH SCHOOL

CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 2 ISHIK BOYS’ HIGH SCHOOL

Question: What is the percentage error of a length measurement of 0.229 cm if the

CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 2 ISHIK BOYS’ HIGH SCHOOL

Determining the Number of Significant Figures:

CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 2 ISHIK BOYS’ HIGH SCHOOL

Question: Determine the number of significant figures in each of the following.

e. 30 000. Cm f. 0.000 625 000 kg

CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 2 ISHIK BOYS’ HIGH SCHOOL

Question: Round 2.6765 into two significant figures.

b. 0.15 L to one significant figure

Addition or Subtraction with Significant Figures:

CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 2 ISHIK BOYS’ HIGH SCHOOL

Multiplication and Division with Significant Figures:

CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 2 ISHIK BOYS’ HIGH SCHOOL

Question: Divide 94.20 g by 3.167 22 mL

Conversion Factors and Significant Figures:

CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 2 ISHIK BOYS’ HIGH SCHOOL

Example: write the quantity 65 000 km in scientific notation:

Example: Express 0.000 12 mm in scientific notation:

Question: Write the following numbers in scientific notation: