Keywords in the Early Alphabets

Joannes Richter

row lingual palatal guttural labial dental

5 T20 X24 Y25 U21, V22, W23 S19 7
4 N14 Q17 O15 P16 R18 5
3 L12 K11 H8 M13 (Ts) 4
2 (Þ) I9, J10 Ε5 F6, (V6→ 21) (S) 4
1 D4 C3, G3→ 7 A1 B2 (Z7→ 26) 6
sum 4 7 5 7 3 26

Table 1 The display of the theonyms I10-Ε5-V6 and Þ9-I10-Ε5-V6-(S) in the Latin alphabet

row labial guttural lingual palatal dental

5 U21, V22, W23 Y25 X24 S19 7
4 P16 O15 T20 Q17 R18 5
3 M13 H8 N14 K11 (S) 4
2 F6, (V6→ 21) Ε5 L12 I9, J10 (S) 4
1 B2 A1 D4 C3, G3→ 7 (Z7→ 26) 6
sum 7 5 4 7 3 26

Table 2 The display of the symbolic theonym F6-Ε5-L12-I10 -S15

in the 2-dimensional Latin alphabet without the Þ

Abstract
Early alphabets may have displayed an impressive symbolic word for the most prominent animal, which
could be honored like as a hero among the animals.
The generic name Felis (FELIS) for the “Cat”-family is derived from Classical Latin fēlis meaning 'cat,
ferret'.[4] Also the Middle English word ferret (FYRET) may have belonged to the “Cat”-family.
There is no Greek foundation for the Latin “felis” for the “Cat”-family 1. Therefore the word felis may be
derived from the theonym Þ9-I10-Ε5-V6-S15 in 2nd row of the Latin alphabet (in table 1).
In a newer version of the Latin alphabet the lingual letter Theta (Þ or Θ) is deactivated, which replaces the
Theta by the next lingual L. At that stage we may reorder the sequence of the columns in the 2-diemsnional
alphabet, which now (in table 2) displays the symbolic theonym F6-Ε5-L12-I10 -S15 for the “cat” in the Latin
alphabet.
Depending on the languages the transformations may be different and depend on the deterioration of the
alphabets.

1 felis is of uncertain origin (feline (adj.))

The Transformations in Greek languages
In analogy to the theonyms some of the words for the cats and wolves may be composed from the
letters in one of the rows of the 2-dimensional alphabets.
This chapter describes in how far the displays for these words ( DI-WE, DIEUS, ΜETIS, ThEMIS)
may be composed to replace a previous symbolic theonym.

Deriving the divine names Metis and Themis from DIEWS/DI-WE(S)

The following theonyms seem to be composed to be derived from other theonyms:
#
Pentagram P Information Definitions Language
1. D
DI-WE(S) or - DI-WE or DI-WO or DI-WE (S) or DI-WO (S) Zeus (*Dii ēus) Mycenaen
DI-WO(S) - Zeus (*Dii ēus) Greek
2. D
DIEWS P In both the Greek and Albanian forms the original Zeus (*Dii ēus) Greek
DIEUS cluster *dii underwent affrication to *dz.[20]
3. M
ΜETIS P Metis (ΜΗΗΤΙΣ, personified by Athena) goddess Metis (Wisdom) Greek
P of wisdom. 1st consort of the sky-god Zeus. (Goddess)
4. Th
ThEMIS P ThEMIS (ΘEMIΣ)– Themis (Justice) Greek
P (after METIS) 2nd consort of Zeus (Goddess)

Table 3 Derivation of the divine names Metis and Themis from DIEWS/DI-WE(S)

Correlations between the letters of the Ugaritic, Greek and Latin alphabets
The following mapping table allows to the corresponding correlations between the letters of the
Ugaritic, various Greek and Latin alphabets:

Index 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Transcription
of the Ugaritic 30 ʾa b g ḫ d h w z ḥ ṭ y k š l mḏ n ẓ s ʿ p ṣ q r s ġ t ʾi ʾu s2
alphabet

Numbers 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

Hebrew 22
‫ג ב א‬ ‫כ י טח ז ו הד‬ ‫מל‬ ‫נ‬ ‫שרק צ פ ע ס‬ ‫ת‬
Alphabēton
ἀλφάβητον
23 A B Γ Δ Ε F Ζ ΗΘ Ι Κ ΛΜ Ν ΞΟΠ S K Ρ Σ Τ Y

Old-Greek 21 A B Γ Δ Ε Υ Ζ ΗΘ Ι Κ ΛΜ Ν ΟΠ s q Ρ Σ Τ
Classic
21 A B Γ Δ Ε Ζ ΗΘ Ι Κ ΛΜ Ν ΟΠ Ρ Σ Τ YXΩ
Greek
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21-26
C Ϝ I V,U,W,
Latin 26 A B DE Z H Þ K LM N O P s QR S T
G V J X,Y, Z
Table 4 Ugaritic abecedaria (1) of the "Northern Semitic order" (27-30 letters)
(categorized according to the comments of Rabbi Saadia Gaon's commentary)
Transformation DI-WE (S) → Zeus-Father DIEUS
The following 7 names start with a theonym DI-WE or DI-WO or DI-WE (S) or DI-WO (S) for
Zeus. In the second stage the word Zeus is transformed from the Mycenaen Greek language to
DIEUS (*Dii ēus).

Transformation Zeus-Father DIEUS → METIS

In the ἀλφάβητον Greek alphabet the labial letter digamma2 “Ϝ/V6” or “W” and the letter Ξ15 are
deactivated, which in the 2nd row of the 2-dimensional Greek alphabet (displaying the name Zeus as
ΘIEUΞ) replaced the digamma “W” or “U“ by the next labial letter “M” and the “D“ by “T”.
The transformation reordered also the sequence to compose ΜETIS from Zeus-Father DIEWS.
Therefore Zeus-Father's first consort Metis (Wisdom) may have been derived from Zeus.
In the course of time the wisdom Metis was to be swallowed by Zeus-Father. At the end of the juvenile
episode Zeus had gathered enough wisdom to be a perfect judge.
The virtues wisdom and justice may have been the identified as the cardinal or main virtues, which had to be
personified as goddesses.

row lingual palatal guttural labial dental

5 Tau T22 Upsilon U/Y23 Sigma S21 3
4 Nu N14 Qoppa K19 Omicron O16 Pi Π17 Rho P20 5
3 Lambda Λ12 Kappa Ch11 Eta H8 Mu M13 San S18 5
2 Theta Θ9 Iota I10 Epsilon Ε5 Digamma Ϝ/V6 Xi Ξ15 5
1 Delta Δ4 Gamma Γ3 Alpha A1 Beta B2 Zeta Z7 5
sum 5 4 4 5 5 23
Table 5 The display of the theonym Θ9-I10-Ε5-V6-Ξ15 in the ἀλφάβητον alphabet (23 letters)

row labial guttural lingual palatal dental

5 Tau T22 1
4 Upsilon U/Y23 Omicron O16 Nu N14 Qoppa K19 Sigma S21 5
3 Pi Π17 Eta H8 Lambda Λ12 Kappa Ch11 Rho P20 5
2 Mu M13 Epsilon Ε5 Theta Θ9 Iota I10 San S18 5
1 Beta B2 Alpha A1 Delta Δ4 Gamma Γ3 Zeta Z7 5
sum 4 4 5 4 4 21
Table 6 The display of the theonym M13-Ε5-Θ9- I10-S15 in the Old Greek alphabet (21 letters)

2 Originally the digamma stood for the sound /w/ but it has remained in use principally as a Greek numeral for 6.
Transformation METIS → ThEMIS
By switching 2 consonants (T ↔ M) and by modifying the two linguals (Θ → T) and the guttural
vowels (E → H) the name for the second consort Themis (Justice, ΘEMIΣ) is derived from Zeus-
Father's first consort Metis (Wisdom, ΜΗΗΤΙΣ).

row labial guttural lingual palatal dental

5 Tau T22 1
4 Upsilon U/Y23 Omicron O16 Nu N14 Qoppa K19 Sigma S21 5
3 Pi Π17 Eta H8 Lambda Λ12 Kappa Ch11 Rho P20 5
2 Mu M13 Epsilon Ε5 Theta Θ9 Iota I10 San S18 5
1 Beta B2 Alpha A1 Delta Δ4 Gamma Γ3 Zeta Z7 5
sum 4 4 5 4 4 21
Table 7 The display of the theonym M13-Ε5-Θ9- I10-S15 in the Old Greek alphabet (21 letters)

The display of the virtue “justice” does not need a modification in the Old Greek alphabet. Only a
slightly modification in sequence of the columns allows us to modify the displayed name from
Metis → T(h)emis.

row lingual guttural labial palatal dental

5 Tau T22 1
4 Nu N14 Omicron O16 Upsilon U/Y23 Qoppa K19 Sigma S21 5
3 Lambda Λ12 Eta H8 Pi Π17 Kappa Ch11 Rho P20 5
2 Theta Θ9 Epsilon Ε5 Mu M13 Iota I10 San S18 5
1 Delta Δ4 Alpha A1 Beta B2 Gamma Γ3 Zeta Z7 5
sum 5 4 4 4 4 21
Table 8 The display of the theonym Θ9-Ε5-M13-I10-S15 in the Old Greek alphabet (21 letters)
Deriving the animals' names for Wolf and Cat
Based on the numerous words LÚKOS and Lycurgus (LUKOURGUS the early Greek philosophy may
have preferred a wolf-type animal as an ideal symbolic character.
The wolf may have been preferred for the cleverness as a Hellenic ideal of cunning wisdom.
By the era of Greek philosophy in the 5th century BC, ΜETIS had become the first
deity of wisdom and deep thought, but her name originally connoted "magical cunning"
and was as easily equated with the trickster powers of Prometheus as with the "royal
ΜETIS" of Zeus.[2] 3 The Greek word ΜETIS meant a quality that combined wisdom
and cunning. This quality was considered to be highly admirable, the hero Odysseus
being the embodiment of it.

In contrast the Latin word FĒLIS seems primarily to mean fruitful, fertile, productive:

FĒLIS, a cat; a ferret (FYRET). Fr. Φηλος, deceitful, cunning. Pliny: * Feles, quo
silentio, quàm levibus vestigiis obrepunt avibus ! quàm occulté speculata in musculos
exsiliunt." ( Salmasius supposes, [ know not on what authority, that the ancient Greeks
instead of αίλουρος said αίλὸς;, whence Ϝαίλὸς;, fælis (FÆLIS) 4.

Various words for some animals and other mentioned word-compositions may be listed as follows:
#
Pentagram P Information Definitions Language
1. L
LÚKOS P λύκος (lúkos, “wolf” ) 5
lúkos, “wolf” Greek
The “wolf”-leader Lycurgus (lawgiver), “worker-
wolf”, (8th century BC), is the legendary creator of
constitution of Sparta6
2. L
LUCHS P Luchs (FĒLIS lynx), from: Luhs, Lux7 (Felis) lynx German
3. F
FĒLIS P Felis – cat, ferret cat (animal) Latin
4. F
FÆLIS P fēlēs or faelēs (f ) is: a cat cat (animal) Latin
5. A
ΑΊΛῸΣ - Αίλὸς → halo halo Greek
6. A
ΑΊΛΟΥΡΟΣ - Αίλουρος → wildcat wildcat Greek
7. F
ϜΑΊΛῸΣ - ϝαίλὸς → phone phone Greek
8. F
FĒLIX P Felix : fruitful, fertile, productive, and names happy Latin
9. F
FYRET P the word FYRET appears in Middle English in the ferret Classical Latin
14th century from the Latin.

Table 9 Deriving the animals' names for Wolf and Cat

3 Source: Metis_(mythology)
4 Source: Felis in An etymological dictionary of the Latin language by Valpy, F. E. J. (Francis Edward Jackson),
1797-1882
5 From Proto-Hellenic *lúkos, from Proto-Indo-European *wĺĺ kʷos (“wolf”) with metathesis. Cognates include
Sanskrit वक (vṛkṛ a), Latin lupus (also showing metathesis) , Old English wulf (English wolf) and Russian волк (volk).
6 Lycurgus (Mythology) is composed from λύκος (lúkos, “wolf”) + -ουργός (-ourgós), literally “worker-wolf”;
compare ἔργον (érgon, “work”) for the second element. Usually the “Lukos”-title is used to title the leader.
7 From Middle High German luhs, from Old High German luhs, from Proto-Germanic *luhsaz.
The words for wolves
The Greek pentagrammaton for wolf is LÚKOS, which is used to compose the name for the “wolf”-
leader Lycurgus (lawgiver). The name-giving for “Lycurgus” is dated around the 8 th century BC titled:
“worker-wolf”, who is interpreted as the legendary creator of constitution of Sparta 8.
Old English wulf "wolf, wolfish person, devil," from Proto-Germanic *WULFAZ (source
also of Old Saxon wulf, Old Norse ulfr, Old Frisian, Dutch, Old High German, German
wolf, Gothic wulfs), from PIE root *wlkwo- "wolf" (source also of Sanskrit vrkas,
Avestan vehrka-; Albanian ul'k; Old Church Slavonic vluku; Russian volcica;
Lithuanian VILKAS "wolf;" Old Persian Varkana- "Hyrcania," district southeast of the
Caspian Sea, literally "wolf-land;" probably also Greek LYKOS, Latin lupus). 9

The Proto-Germanic *WULFAZ and Lithuanian VILKAS "wolf” may be related with Greek LÚKOS.
Strange is the German word LUCHS for the “lynx”, which may be related to the Greek word LÚKOS.

8 Lycurgus (Mythology) is composed from λύκος (lúkos, “wolf”) + -ουργός (-ourgós), literally “worker-wolf”;
compare ἔργον (érgon, “work”) for the second element. Usually the “Lukos”-title is used to title the leader.
9 wolf (n.)
The words for cats
We know the origin of the words felis (FĒLIS, cat) and ferret (FYRET) may be restricted to Latin.

row lingual palatal guttural labial dental

5 T20 X24 Y25 U21, V22, W23 S19 7
4 N14 Q17 O15 P16 R18 5
3 L12 K11 H8 M13 (Ts) 4
2 (Þ) I9, J10 Ε5 F6, (V6→ 21) (S) 4
1 D4 C3, G3→ 7 A1 B2 (Z7→ 26) 6
sum 4 7 5 7 3 26
Table 10 The display of the theonyms I10-Ε5-V6 and Þ9-I10-Ε5-V6-S15 in the Latin alphabet

A similar pentagrammaton for the cats in the Greek language are LUCHS (lynx), which may be
derived from LUX (“light”):
The name Lynx originated in Middle English via Latin from the Greek word lynx
(λύγξ),[4] derived from the Indo-European root leuk- ("light", "brightness"),[6] in
reference to the luminescence of its reflective eyes.[6] 10

The German word LUCHS (lynx) is a cat and the Greek word LÚKOS (lúkos, “wolf”). In the Greek
language there seems to be no evidence for a derivation from the theonyms:

#
Pentagram P Information Definitions Language
1. D
DI-WE(S) - DI-WE or DI-WO or DI-WE (S) or DI-WO (S) Zeus (*Dii ēus) Mycenaen
or DI- - Zeus (*Dii ēus) Greek
WO(S)
2. D
DIEWS P In both the Greek and Albanian forms the original Zeus (*Dii ēus) Greek
DIEUS cluster *dii underwent affrication to *dz.[20]
3. M
ΜETIS P Metis (ΜΗΗΤΙΣ, personified by Athena) goddess Metis (Wisdom) Greek
P of wisdom. 1st consort of the sky-god Zeus. (Goddess)
4. Th
ThEMIS P ThEMIS (ΘEMIΣ)– Themis (Justice) Greek
P (after METIS) 2nd consort of Zeus (Goddess)
5. L
LÚKOS P λύκος (lúkos, “wolf”) lúkos, “wolf” Greek
The “wolf”-leader Lycurgus (lawgiver), “worker-
wolf”, (8th century BC), is the legendary creator
of constitution of Sparta11
6. L
LUCHS P Luchs (FĒLIS lynx), from: Luhs, Lux12 (Felis) lynx German

Table 11 Deriving the animals' names for Wolf and Cat

10 Source: Lynx
11 Lycurgus (Mythology) is composed from λύκος (lúkos, “wolf”) + -ουργός (-ourgós), literally “worker-wolf”;
compare ἔργον (érgon, “work”) for the second element. Usually the “Lukos”-title is used to title the leader.
12 From Middle High German luhs, from Old High German luhs, from Proto-Germanic *luhsaz.
The Transformations in Latin languages
Early alphabets may have displayed an impressive symbolic word for the most prominent animal,
which could be honored like as a hero among the animals.
The generic name Felis (FELIS) for the “Cat”-family is derived from Classical Latin fēlis meaning
'cat, ferret'.[4] Also the Middle English word ferret (FYRET) may have belonged to the “Cat”-family.
There is no Greek foundation for the Latin “FELIS” for the “Cat”-family13. Therefore the word felis
may be derived from the theonym Þ9-I10-Ε5-V6-S15 in 2nd row of the Latin alphabet (in table 1).
In a newer version of the Latin alphabet the lingual letter Theta ( Þ or Θ) is deactivated, which replaces the
Theta by the next lingual L. At that stage we may reorder the sequence of the columns in the 2-diemsnional
alphabet, which now (in table 2) displays the symbolic theonym F6-Ε5-L12-I10 -S15 for the “cat” in the
Latin alphabet.

row lingual palatal guttural labial dental

5 T20 X24 Y25 U21, V22, W23 S19 7
4 N14 Q17 O15 P16 R18 5
3 L12 K11 H8 M13 (Ts) 4
2 (Þ) I9, J10 Ε5 F6, (V6→ 21) (S) 4
1 D4 C3, G3→ 7 A1 B2 (Z7→ 26) 6
sum 4 7 5 7 3 26

Table 12 The display of the theonyms I10-Ε5-V6 and Þ9-I10-Ε5-V6-S15 in the Latin alphabet

row labial guttural lingual palatal dental

5 U21, V22, W23 Y25 X24 S19 7
4 P16 O15 T20 Q17 R18 5
3 M13 H8 N14 K11 (Ts) 4
2 F6, (V6→ 21) Ε5 L12 I9, J10 (S) 4
1 B2 A1 D4 C3, G3→ 7 (Z7→ 26) 6
sum 7 5 4 7 3 26

Table 13 The display of the symbolic theonym F6-Ε5-L12-I10 -(S)

is identified in the 2-dimensional Latin alphabet without the Þ

Depending on the languages the transformations may be different and depend on the deterioration
of the alphabets.

13 felis is of uncertain origin (feline (adj.))

The theonym DIEUX
row lingual palatal guttural labial dental
5 Tau T22 Upsilon U/Y23 Sigma S21 3
4 Nu N14 Qoppa K19 Omicron O16 Pi Π17 Rho P20 5
3 Lambda Λ12 Kappa Ch11 Eta H8 Mu M13 San S18 5
2 Theta Θ9 Iota I10 Epsilon Ε5 Digamma Ϝ/V6 Xi Ξ15 5
1 Delta Δ4 Gamma Γ3 Alpha A1 Beta B2 Zeta Z7 5
sum 5 4 4 5 5 23
Table 14 The display of the theonym Θ9-I10-Ε5-V6-Ξ15 in the ἀλφάβητον alphabet (23 letters)
The theonym Θ9-I10-Ε5-V6-Ξ15 (DIEUX) at the 2nd row of the ἀλφάβητον alphabet may be
identified as a special French etymology.
Dieux (m) (DIEUX) is in Middle French an alternative form of Dieu (“God”)14.
The word Dieux is derived from the Old French nominative singular, due to the frequent
use in the vocative and in phrases of the sort “may God do this and that”.

Also identified is Dieux (phr. 'by God'.) in de-par-dieux and depardieux - Middle English
Compendium.
The word DIEUX may also found as TIΕU in the 4th row of the ogham alphabets15:

lingual palatal guttural labial dental

5 Ng
4 T I Ε U ᚕ
3 D G O M R
2 N Q A F Z
1 L C H B S
Table 15 Display of the theonym TIΕU in the Ogham alphabet (for the standard order)
Apart from the first letter ᚕ Éabhadh (letter), the forfeda do not appear often in orthodox
ogham inscriptions. Eabhadh was in fact frequently used as part of the formula word
KOI ᚕᚑᚔ, but with the value /k/ or /x/. KOI means something like 'here' and is the
ogham equivalent of the Latin hic iacet (McManus §5.3, 1991); it is etymologically
linked with the Latin cis ("on this side"). It also appears with its vocalic value in later
orthodox inscriptions however.16

14 Source: Dieux
15 The 2-Dimensional Alphabets' Compendium
16 Source: Éabhadh (letter)
Keywords in the runic signaries
The runic signaries may have been composed to optimize the structure for the Germanic points of
articulation. Analogue to the eliminating of letters (digamma Ϝ/V, theta (Θ), ksi Ξ, ...) in the
alphabets the optimizing of the Younger ϝYÞAR(k) signary resulted in the display of both words
ϝAÞYR (“Father”) and MÆTIR (“Mother”). The words for the parents belonged to the most
important words, which may be identified in the PIE-Decagrammatons:

Language theonym 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Sanskrit DYAUS-PITAR D Y A U S P I T A R
Luvian TIWAZ-TATIS T I W A Z T A T I Z
Greek (Δ)ΖΕΎΣ - PATĒR Δ Z E Y S P A T E R
Latin DIOUS-PITER D I O U S P I T E R
Latin DE-MÆTIR D E M Æ T I R
Latin LīBER PATER L Ī B E R P A T E R
Latin DĪVES-PATER D Ī V E S P A T E R
Table 16 The PIE-Decagrammatons

The runes
According to the ternary concepts in the communication theory the theoretically most efficient
languages are based on 15 letter-symbols, for instance in the Hälsinglander or Staveless runes.
In practice the 15-16 symbols seemed to be insufficient, which did lead to a support for the
inexperienced readers with some minor symbols (such as the “Mothers of Reading” or
Matres_lectionis)17.
In a web-page “Staveless runes” the authors claim that the development of the runic scripture
reached a climax of simplification in the Staveless runes ofwel Hälsinge runes (15 runes, 7e – 9e
century)18.
1. Elder Futhark (24 runes, 2nd century)
2. Younger Futhark (16 runes, 7th century)
3. Staveless runes or Hälsinge runes (15 runes, 7th – 9th century)
4. and the additional punctuated runes (with dot markers) in the Nordic runes
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
1 Symbol [ᚠ] ᚢ ᚦ ᚨ ᚱ ᚲ ᚷ [ᚹ] ᚺ ᚾ ᛁ ᛃ ᛈ ᛇ ᛉ ᛊ ᛏ ᛒ ᛖ ᛗ ᛚ ᛜ ᛞ ᛟ
2 Elder Futhark [F] U Þ A R K G [W] H N I J P Ï Z S T B E M L Ŋ D O
3 Younger Futhark F U Þ A R K H N I Æ S T B M L R
4 Staveless runes F U Þ R K H N I A S T B M L R
Table 17 The Futhark runic alphabets

17 In de 12e eeuw hadden zich uit de Noordse runen de gepuncteerde runen (met puntjes) ontwikkeld. Deze waren
beter bruikbaar, want 16 tekens bleek onvoldoende te zijn.
18 The Staveless runes were the climax of the simplification process in the evolution of runic alphabets that had started
when the Elder Futhark was superseded by the Younger Futhark.[1] (Source (Wikipedia): Hälsinge runes)
More or less the phonetic sounds seem to be distributed ad lib over the 5 independent
communications channels, e.g. in de Staveless runes: F, U, B, M, K, I, H, A, Þ, N, T, L, R, S, R.
The Latin alphabet also spreads the letters on “wildly chosen” locations: as the linguals: D, Þ L, N,
T, the palatals: C, G, I, J, K, Q, X, the gutturals: A, Ε, H, O, Y, the labials: B, ϝ19 - V, M, P, U, W and
the dentals: Z, S, R. The categorization of several letters can not be determined clearly, e.g. in the
case: Y (I), Y (Ei) or Y (U).

19 Digamma (ϝ) - an archaic letter of the Greek alphabet , may be exchanged by /W/, /F/, /U/, /V/
The 2-dimensional pattern of the Younger ϝYÞAR-signary
The Younger ϝYÞAR(k) signary is an abbreviated version of the elder Futhark. In contrast to the
standard Futhark signaries the Younger ϝYÞAR(k) display the theonym (ϝYÞAR) at the first row of the
2-dimensional table. This feature allows the alphabetical designers to modify the signary from the
6th character. From the 6th letter all letters may be removed or replaced at lib. We may compare the
following 4 runic signaries:
1. Elder Futhark (24 Runes, 2e century AD)
2. Younger Futhark (16 Runes, 7e century AD)
3. Staveless Runes or Hälsinger Runes (15 Runes, 7e – 9e century AD)20
4. the dotted symbols in the nordic Runes.
5. The Anglo-Saxon runes (34 Runes, 5th through 11th centuries AD)
In the Staveless Runes (15 letters) we may identify the missing of the letter A, which disturbs the
theonym's pattern.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
1 Symbol ᚠᚢ ᚦ ᚨ ᚱ ᚲ ᚷ ᚹ ᚺ ᚾ ᛁ ᛃ ᛈ ᛇ ᛉ ᛊ ᛏ ᛒ ᛖ ᛗ ᛚ ᛜ ᛞ ᛟ
2 Elder Futhark F U ÞARKGWH N I J P Ï Z S T B E M L Ŋ D O
3 Younger Futhark F U ÞARK H N I Æ S T B M L R
4 Staveless Runes F U Þ RK H N I A S T B M L R
5 Younger ϝYÞAR(k) F Y ÞARK H N I Æ S T B M L R
ϝYÞAR(k) signaryTable 18 The Futhark Signaries
The abbreviation of the Elder (24 symbols) to the Younger ϝYÞAR(k) signary (16 symbols) does
not disturb the theonym ϝYÞAR. The distribution of the 16 symbols over the categories is optimal
in the Younger ϝYÞAR(k) signary. Four of the 5 categories are equipped with 3 symbols. Only the
principal lingual category is filled with 4 symbols. The tongue is the most important Place of
articulation.
In the Younger ϝYÞAR(k) signary the last symbol ᛦ {R} is the terminal Yr-rune (Algiz).21

# labial palatal lingual guttural dental

4 L
3 M I T Æ R
2 B K N H S
1 ϝ Y Þ A R
Table 19 2-Dimensional table of the runic, ϝYÞAR signary of the younger Futhark
(on the first row the signary displays the theonyms ϝYÞ and ϝYÞAR)

20 The Staveless runes were the climax of the simplification process in the evolution of runic alphabets that had started
when the Elder Futhark was superseded by the Younger Futhark.[1] (bron (Wikipedia): Hälsinge runes)
21 The Yr rune ᛦ is a rune of the Younger Futhark. Its common transliteration is a small capital ʀ. The shape of the Yr
rune in the Younger Futhark is the inverted shape of the Elder Futhark rune (ᛉ). Its name yr ("yew") is taken from
the name of the Elder Futhark Eihwaz rune.
The integrated words for Father & Mother
In a reordered Younger ϝYÞAR(k) signary we may display two words for ϝAÞYR (“Father”) and
MÆTIR (“Mother”).
• The first row displays ϝAÞYR, which may represent the Old-Irish “ϝAÞIR” or old-Nordic
FAÐIR (Father)22.
• The third row displays MÆTIR, which may represent the Old-Irish “MAÞIR” or old-Nordic
MOÐIR (Mother)23.

# labial guttural lingual palatal dental

4 L
3 M Æ T I R
2 B H N K S
1 ϝ A Þ Y R
Table 20 2-Dimensional table of the runic, ϝAÞYR signary of the younger Futhark
(on the first and third row the signary displays the theonyms ϝAÞYR respectively MÆTIR)

The symmetry for “father” & “mother” is quite impressive. Both ϝAÞYR (“Father”) and MÆTIR
(“Mother”) seem to be integrated in the 2-dimensional table of the Younger Futhark signary!
The words for the virtues TIW (justice, related to Tiw's Day: Tuesday) and WIT (or TIWAR and
WITAR, wisdom, related to Wednesday) may be identified in the first three letters of the signary:
WYÞ, respectively the mirrored word ÞyW.
In the name ϝYÞAR the first letter ϝ (digamma) may also interpreted as a W in WYÞAR. Also
VIDAR (Víðarr - son of Odin – (the god of revenge)) is displayed in the first row.
In this concept the name of the gods of the virtues may have been derived from the word “father” ( ϝAÞYR).

# labial palatal lingual guttural dental

4 L
3 M I T Æ R
2 B K N H S
1 Ϝ/W/V Y Þ A R
Table 21 2-Dimensional table of the runic, ϝYÞAR signary of the younger Futhark
(on the first row the signary displays the theonyms ϝYÞ and ϝYÞAR or WYÞ and WYÞAR )

22 Source: https://www.etymonline.com/de/word/father
23 Source: https://www.etymonline.com/de/word/mother
Summary
Early alphabets may have displayed an impressive symbolic word for the most prominent animal,
which could be honored like as a hero among the animals.
The generic name Felis (FELIS) for the “Cat”-family is derived from Classical Latin fēlis meaning
'cat, ferret'.[4] Also the Middle English word ferret (FYRET) may have belonged to the “Cat”-
family.
There is no Greek foundation for the Latin “felis” for the “Cat”-family 24. Therefore the word felis
may be derived from the theonym Þ9-I10-Ε5-V6-S15 in 2nd row of the Latin alphabet (in table 1).
In a newer version of the Latin alphabet the lingual letter Theta (Þ or Θ) is deactivated, which
replaces the Theta by the next lingual L. At that stage we may reorder the sequence of the columns
in the 2-diemsnional alphabet, which now (in table 2) displays the symbolic theonym F6-Ε5-L12-I10
-S15 for the “cat” in the Latin alphabet.
Depending on the languages the transformations may be different and depend on the deterioration
of the alphabets.

This paper describes in how far the displays for these words (DI-WE, DIEUS, ΜETIS, ThEMIS)
may be composed to replace a previous symbolic theonym.
The display of the symbolic theonym F6-Ε5-L12-I10-(S) is identified in the 2-dimensional Latin
alphabet without the Þ.
Dieux (m) (DIEUX) is in Middle French an alternative form of Dieu (“God”)25.
The Greek words for the animals (e.g. LÚKOS) seem to be composed as pentagrammatons, but the
words have not been related to the genuine theonyms (DI-WE, DIEUS, ΜETIS, ThEMIS).
The Younger ϝYÞAR(k) signary is an abbreviated version of the elder Futhark. In contrast to the
standard Futhark signaries the Younger ϝYÞAR(k) display the theonym (ϝYÞAR) at the first row of
the 2-dimensional table. This feature allows the alphabetical designers to modify the signary from
the 6th character.
In a reordered Younger ϝYÞAR(k) signary we may display two words for ϝAÞYR (“Father”) and
MÆTIR (“Mother”). Also VIDAR (Víðarr - son of Odin – (the god of revenge)) is displayed in the first
row. In this concept the name of the gods of the virtues may have been derived from the word “father” (
ϝAÞYR).

24 felis is of uncertain origin (feline (adj.))

25 Source: Dieux
Contents
Abstract.................................................................................................................................................1
The Transformations in Greek languages.............................................................................................2
Deriving the divine names Metis and Themis from DIEWS/DI-WE(S).........................................2
Correlations between the letters of the Ugaritic, Greek and Latin alphabets..............................2
Transformation DI-WE (S) → Zeus-Father DIEUS...................................................................3
Transformation Zeus-Father DIEUS → METIS.........................................................................3
Transformation METIS → ThEMIS...........................................................................................4
Deriving the animals' names for Wolf and Cat.....................................................................................5
The words for wolves......................................................................................................................6
The words for cats ...........................................................................................................................7
The Transformations in Latin languages..............................................................................................8
The theonym DIEUX...........................................................................................................................9
Keywords in the runic signaries.........................................................................................................10
The runes .......................................................................................................................................10
The 2-dimensional pattern of the Younger ϝYÞAR-signary..........................................................12
The integrated words for Father & Mother....................................................................................13
Summary.............................................................................................................................................14