Answers to Practice Exercises 837

6. P 1
1 Exercise 53 (page 128)
Q 1 1
1. (a) 0.4540 (b) 0.1321 (c) −0.8399
1 1 Z P · Q P · (Q R)
R 1 1 2. (a) −0.5592 (b) 0.9307 (c) 0.2447
3. (a) −0.7002 (b) −1.1671 (c) 1.1612
7. P
4. (a) 3.4203 (b) 3.5313 (c) −1.0974
& Z P · (Q R)
Q 5. (a) −1.8361 (b) 3.7139 (c) −1.3421
R 1 6. (a) 0.3443 (b) −1.8510 (c) −1.2519
7. (a) 0.8660 (b) −0.1100 (c) 0.5865
A 8. (a) 1.0824 (b) 5.5675 (c) −1.7083
8. & Z A · (B C D)
B 9. 13.54◦, 13◦ 32 , 0.236 rad
C 1 10. 34.20◦, 34◦ 12 , 0.597 rad
D 11. 39.03◦, 39◦ 2 , 0.681 rad
12. 51.92◦, 51◦ 55 , 0.906 rad
9. A 1
1 13. 23.69◦, 23◦ 41 , 0.413 rad
1 1 Z
B 1
1 A · (B C ) B·C 14. 27.01◦, 27◦ 1 , 0.471 rad
C 1
15. 29.05◦
1
16. 20◦ 21
17. 1.097
10. A
18. 5.805
B & & & Z A · (B C)
&
19. −5.325
C &
20. 0.7199
21. 21◦ 42
22. 1.8258, 1.1952, 0.6546
Chapter 12
23. 0.07448
Exercise 51 (page 123) 24. 12.85
1. 24.11 mm 2. (a) 27.20 cm each (b) 45◦ 25. −1.710
3. 20.81 km 4. 3.35 m, 10 cm 26. (a) −0.8192 (b) −1.8040 (c) 0.6528
5. 132.7 km 6. 2.94 mm
27. (a) −1.6616 (b) −0.32492 (c) 2.5985
7. 24 mm

Exercise 52 (page 125) Exercise 54 (page 130)

3 4 3 4 1. BC = 3.50 cm, AB = 6.10 cm, ∠B = 55◦
1. sin A = , cos A = , tan A = , sin B = ,
5 5 4 5 2. FE = 5 cm, ∠E = 53.13◦, ∠F = 36.87◦
3 4
cos B = , tan B = 3. GH = 9.841 mm, GI = 11.32 mm, ∠H = 49◦
5 3
8 8 4. KL = 5.43 cm, JL = 8.62 cm, ∠J = 39◦ ,
2. sin A = , tan A =
17 15 area = 18.19 cm2
15 15 8
3. (a)
17
(b)
17
(c)
15 5. MN = 28.86 mm, NO = 13.82 mm, ∠O = 64◦ 25 ,
4. (a) 9.434 (b) −0.625 (c) 32◦ area = 199.4 mm2
838 Higher Engineering Mathematics

6. PR = 7.934 m, ∠Q = 65.06◦ , ∠R = 24.94◦ , Exercise 58 (page 137)

area = 14.64 m2 1. 193 km
7. 6.54 m 2. (a) 122.6 m (b) 94.80◦, 40.66◦ , 44.54◦
3. (a) 11.4 m (b) 17.55◦ 4. 163.4 m
5. BF = 3.9 m, E B = 4.0 m 6. 6.35 m, 5.37 m
Exercise 55 (page 132)
1. 48 m 2. 110.1 m 3. 53.0 m Exercise 59 (page 139)
4. 9.50 m 5. 107.8 m 6. 9.43 m, 10.56 m 1. 32.48 A, 14.31◦ 2. 80.42◦, 59.38◦, 40.20◦
7. 60 m 3. x = 69.3 mm, y = 142 mm 4. 130◦
5. 40.25 cm, 126.05◦ 6. 19.8
7. 36.2 m 8. 13◦ 57 , 829.9 km/h
Exercise 56 (page 134)
9. 13.66 mm
1. C = 83◦ , a = 14.1 mm, c = 28.9 mm,
area = 189 mm2
2. A = 52◦ 2 , c = 7.568 cm, a = 7.152 cm,
Chapter 13
area = 25.65 cm2 Exercise 60 (page 144)
3. D = 19.80◦ , E = 134.20◦ , e = 36.0 cm, 1. (5.83, 59.04◦) or (5.83, 1.03 rad)
area = 134 cm2 2. (6.61, 20.82◦) or (6.61, 0.36 rad)
4. E = 49◦ 0 , F = 26◦ 38 , f = 15.09 mm, 3. (4.47, 116.57◦) or (4.47, 2.03 rad)
area = 185.6 mm2 4. (6.55, 145.58◦) or (6.55, 2.54 rad)
5. J = 44◦ 29 , L = 99◦ 31 , l = 5.420 cm, 5. (7.62, 203.20◦) or (7.62, 3.55 rad)
area = 6.133 cm2 6. (4.33, 236.31◦) or (4.33, 4.12 rad)
OR J = 135◦ 31 , L = 8◦ 29 , l = 0.811 cm, 7. (5.83, 329.04◦) or (5.83, 5.74 rad)
area = 0.917 cm2 8. (15.68, 307.75◦) or (15.68, 5.37 rad)
6. K = 47◦ 8 , J = 97◦ 52 , j = 62.2 mm,
area = 820.2 mm2 Exercise 61 (page 145)
1. (1.294, 4.830) 2. (1.917, 3.960)
OR K = 132◦ 52 , J = 12◦ 8 , j = 13.19 mm,
3. (−5.362, 4.500) 4. (−2.884, 2.154)
area = 174.0 mm2
5. (−9.353, −5.400) 6. (−2.615, −3.027)
7. (0.750, −1.299) 8. (4.252, −4.233)
9. (a) 40∠18◦ , 40∠90◦ , 40∠162◦, 40∠234◦ , 40∠306◦
Exercise 57 (page 135)
(b) (38.04, 12.36), (0, 40), (−38.04, 12.36),
1. p = 13.2 cm, Q = 47.34◦ , R = 78.66◦ ,
(−23.51, −32.36), (23.51, −32.36)
area = 77.7 cm2 (c) 47.02 mm
2. p = 6.127 m, Q = 30.83◦ , R = 44.17◦,
area = 6.938 m2
3. X = 83.33◦, Y = 52.62◦ , Z = 44.05◦, Chapter 14
area = 27.8 cm2
Exercise 62 (page 148)
4. X = 29.77◦, Y = 53.50◦ , Z = 96.73◦ , 1. 259.5 mm 2. 47.68 cm 3. 38.73 cm
area = 355 mm2 4. 12 730 km 5. 97.13 mm
 Answers to Practice Exercises 839

Exercise 63 (page 150)

π 5π 5π Chapter 15
1. (a) (b) (c)
6 12 4 Exercise 68 (page 163)
2. (a) 0.838 (b) 1.481 (c) 4.054
1. 227.06◦ and 312.94◦ 2. 23.27◦ and 156.73◦
3. (a) 210◦ (b) 80◦ (c) 105◦
4. (a) 0◦ 43 (b) 154◦ 8 (c) 414◦ 53 3. 122.26◦ and 302.26◦ 4. t = 122.11◦ and 237.89◦
5. 104.72 rad/s 5. x = 64.42◦ and 295.58◦ 6. θ = 39.74◦ and 219.74◦

Exercise 69 (page 169)

Exercise 64 (page 152)
1. 1, 120◦ 2. 2, 144◦ 3. 3, 90◦
1. 113.1 cm2 2. 2376 mm2
4. 3, 720◦ 5. 3.5, 960◦ 6. 6, 360◦
3. 1790 mm2 4. 802 mm2
7. 4, 180◦ 8. 2, 90◦ 9. 5, 120◦
5. 1709 mm2 6. 1269 m2
7. 1548 m2
8. 17.80 cm, 74.07 cm2 Exercise 70 (page 172)
9. (a) 59.86 mm (b) 197.8 mm 1. (a) 40 mA (b) 25 Hz (c) 0.04 s or 40 ms
10. 26.2 cm (d) 0.29 rad (or 16.62◦) leading 40 sin 50πt
11. 8.67 cm, 54.48 cm 12. 82.5◦ 2. (a) 75 cm (b) 6.37 Hz (c) 0.157 s
13. 748 (d) 0.54 rad (or 30.94◦) lagging 75 sin 40t
14. (a) 0.698 rad (b) 804.2 m2
3. (a) 300 V (b) 100 Hz (c) 0.01 s or 10 ms
15. (a) 396 mm2 (b) 42.24%
(d) 0.412 rad (or 23.61◦) lagging 300 sin 200πt
16. 701.8 mm 17. 7.74 mm
4. (a) v = 120 sin 100πt volts
(b) v = 120 sin(100πt + 0.43) volts
 π
Exercise 65 (page 154) 5. i = 20 sin 80πt − A or
6
1. (a) 6 (b) (−3, 1) i = 20 sin(80πt − 0.524) A
2. Centre at (3, −2), radius 4 6. 3.2 sin(100πt + 0.488) m
3. Circle, centre (0, 1), radius 5 7. (a) 5 A, 50 Hz, 20 ms, 24.75◦ lagging (b) −2.093 A
4. Circle, centre (0, 0), radius 6 (c) 4.363 A (d) 6.375 ms (e) 3.423 ms

Exercise 66 (page 155) Exercise 71 (page 177)

1. ω = 90 rad/s, v = 13.5 m/s
1. (a) i = (70.71 sin 628.3t + 16.97 sin 1885t)A
2. v = 10 m/s, ω = 40 rad/s
2. (a) v = 300 sin 314.2t + 90 sin(628.3t − π/2)
3. (a) 75 rad/s, 716.2 rev/min (b) 1074 revs
+30 sin(1256.6t + π/3) V
3. Sketch

Exercise 67 (page 157) 4. i = (16 sin 2π103 t + 3.2 sin 6π103 t + 1.6 sin π104 t)A
5. (a) 60 Hz, 180 Hz, 300 Hz (b) 40% (c) 10%
1. 2 N 2. 988 N, 5.14 km/h 3. 1.49 m/s2
846 Higher Engineering Mathematics

3. −1.50 + j 3.27 12. (a) y = 2x − 3 (b) a straight line

4. 34.79 + j 20.09 1
13. (a) x = (b) a straight line
5. −4.52 − j 3.38 2
6. (a) ln 7 + j 2.1 (b) 2.86∠47.18◦ or 2.86∠0.82 rad
Chapter 24
7. 3.51∠ − 0.61 or 3.51∠ − 34.72◦
8. (a) 2.06∠35.25◦ or 2.06∠0.615 rad Exercise 105 (page 279) ⎛ ⎞
  7 −1 8
(b) 4.11∠66.96◦ or 4.11∠1.17 rad 8 1 ⎝3
1. 2. 1 7⎠
 −5 13
ht 4 7 −2
− 4m f − h 2    
9. Ae 2m cos t −2 −3 9.3 −6.4
2m − a 3. 4.
−3 1 −7.5 16.9
 
45 7
5.
−26 71
⎛ ⎞
Exercise 104 (page 272) 4.6 −5.6 −7.6
6. ⎝ 17.4 −16.2 28.6 ⎠
1. (a) x2 + y2 = 4
−14.2 0.4 17.2
(b) a circle, centre (0, 0) and radius 2    
−11 16 0
7. 8.
2. (a) x2 + y2 = 25 43 −27 34
⎛ ⎞
(b) a circle, centre (0, 0) and radius 5   135
√ −6.4 26.1
3. (a) y = 3 (x − 2) (b) a straight line 9. 10. ⎝ −52 ⎠
22.7 −56.9
⎛ ⎞ −85
1 5 6
4. (a) y = √ (x + 1) (b) a straight line
3 11. ⎝ 12 −3 ⎠
5. (a) x2 − 4x − 12 + y2 = 0 or (x − 2)2 + y2 = 42 1 0
⎛ ⎞
(b) a circle, centre (2, 0) and radius 4 55.4 3.4 10.1
12. ⎝ −12.6 10.4 −20.4 ⎠
6. (a) x2 + 6x − 16 + y2 = 0 or (x + 3)2 + y2 = 52
−16.9 25.0 37.9
(b) a circle, centre (−3, 0) and radius 5  
−6.4 26.1
13. A × C =
7. (a) 2x2 − 5x + 2 + 2y2 = 0 22.7 −56.9
   2  
5 2 −33.5 53.1
or x − +y =
2 3 C×A=
23.1 −29.8
4  4 Hence, A × C = C × A
5 3
(b) a circle, centre , 0 and radius
4 4 Exercise 106 (page 280)
8. (a) x2 + 2x − 1 + y2 = 0 or (x + 1)2 + y2 = 2 1. 17 2. −3 3. −13.43
√ 4. −5 + j 3
(b) a circle, centre (−1, 0) and radius 2
5. (−19.75 + j 19.79) or 27.96∠134.94◦
9. (a) x2 − x − y + y2 = 0 6. x = 6 or x = −1
   
1 2 1 2 1
or x − + y− = Exercise
⎛ 107 ⎞
(page 281) ⎛ ⎞
2 2 2
  7 1 5 4
1 1 1 ⎜ 17 17 ⎟ ⎜ 77 8
7 ⎟
(b) a circle, centre , and radius √ 1. ⎜ ⎟ 2. ⎜ ⎟
2 2 2 ⎝ 4 3 ⎠ ⎝ 2 3 ⎠
10. (a) x2 + 2x + 2y + y2 = 0 or (x + 1)2 + (y + 1)2 = 2 −4 −6
17 17 7 7
√  
(b) a circle, centre (−1, −1) and radius 2 0.290 0.551
3.
0.186 0.097
11. (a) y = 2x + 1.5 (b) a straight line
 Answers to Practice Exercises 847

Exercise 108 (page 282) 6. I1 = 2, I2 = −3

⎛ ⎞
−16 8 −34 7. s = 2, v = −3, a = 4
1. ⎝ −14 −46 63 ⎠ 8. ẍ = 0.5, ẋ = 0.77, x = 1.4
−24 12 2
⎛ ⎞
−16 −8 −34 Exercise 111 (page 291)
2. ⎝ 14 −46 −63 ⎠
1. x = −1.2, y = 2.8
−24 −12 2
3. −212 4. −328 5. −242.83 2. m = −6.4, n = −4.9
6. −2 − j 3. x = 1, y = 2, z = −1
7. 26.94∠ − 139.52◦ or (−20.49 − j 17.49) 4. p = 1.5, q = 4.5, r = 0.5
8. (a) λ = 3 or 4 (b) λ = 1 or 2 or 3
7 17 5
5. x= ,y= ,z=−
Exercise 109 (page 283) 20 40 24
⎛ ⎞ 6. F1 = 1.5, F2 = −4.5
4 −2 5
1. ⎝ −7 4 7⎠ 7. I1 = 10.77∠19.23◦A, I2 = 10.45∠ − 56.73◦A
6 0 −4
⎛ ⎞ 8. i1 = −5, i2 = −4, i3 = 2
3 5 −1
⎜ 2 ⎟ 9. F1 = 2, F2 = −3, F3 = 4
2.
⎜ 6 −
⎜ 0 ⎟⎟
⎝ 1 3
3 ⎠ 10. I1 = 3.317∠22.57◦A, I2 = 1.963∠40.97◦A,
7
⎛ 2 5 ⎞ I3 = 1.010∠ − 148.32◦A
−16 14 −24
3. ⎝ −8 −46 −12 ⎠
−34 −63 2
Exercise 112 (page 292)
⎛ ⎞
2 3 1 Answers to Exercises 110 and 111
⎜ − −3 42
⎜ 5 5 3 ⎟
⎟ are as above
⎜ 3 1 ⎟
4. ⎜ −10 2 −18 ⎟
⎜ 2 ⎟
⎜ 10 ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ Exercise 113 (page 294)
−6 −32
3⎛ ⎞ 1. ẍ = −0.30, ẋ = 0.60, x = 1.20
−16 14 −24
1 ⎝ 2. T1 = 0.8, T2 = 0.4, T3 = 0.2
5. − −8 −46 −12 ⎠
212 −34 −63 2 3. Answers to Exercise 110 are as above
⎛ ⎞ 4. Answers to Exercise 111 are as above
2 3 1
− −3 42
⎜ 5 5 3 ⎟
15 ⎜
⎜ 3
⎟
1 ⎟
6. − ⎜ −10 2 −18 ⎟ Exercise 114 (page 299)
923 ⎜ 10 2 ⎟   
⎝ ⎠
−
2
−6 −32 −4 1
1. (a) λ1 = 3, λ2 = −2 (b) ,
3 1 1
   
−3 2
Chapter 25 2. (a) λ1 = 1, λ2 = 6 (b) ,
1 1
   
Exercise 110 (page 287) 1 1
3. (a) λ1 = 1, λ2 = 2 (b) ,
1. x = 4, y = −3 −2 −1
2. p = 1.2, q = −3.4 4. (a) λ1 = 2, λ2 = 6, λ3 = −2
3. x = 1, y = −1, z = 2 ⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
1 0 1
4. a = 2.5, b = 3.5, c = 6.5 (b) ⎝ −2 ⎠, ⎝ 1 ⎠ , ⎝ 1 ⎠
5. p = 4.1, q = −1.9, r = −2.7 1 1 0
848 Higher Engineering Mathematics

5. (a) λ1 = 0, λ2 = 1, λ3 = 3 Exercise 118 (page 315)

⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
1 1 1 1. 83.5 km/h at 71.6◦ to the vertical
(b) ⎝ 1 ⎠, ⎝ 0 ⎠ , ⎝ −2 ⎠ 2. 4 minutes 55 seconds, 60◦
1 −1 1 3. 22.79 km/h. E 9.78◦ N
6. (a) λ1 = 1, λ2 = 2, λ3 = 4
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞ Exercise 119 (page 316)
−2 −2 0
(b) ⎝ 1 ⎠, ⎝ 1 ⎠, ⎝ 1 ⎠ 1. i − j − 4k 2. 4i + j − 6k
0 1 1 3. −i + 7j − k 4. 5i − 10k
5. −3i + 27j − 8k 6. −5i + 10k
7. (a) λ1 = 1, λ2 = 2, λ3 = 3
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞ 7. i + 7.5j − 4k 8. 20.5j − 10k
0 1 2 9. 3.6i + 4.4j − 6.9k 10. 2i + 40j − 43k
(b) ⎝ 2 ⎠, ⎝ 1 ⎠, ⎝ 2 ⎠
−1 0 1
Chapter 27
Chapter 26 Exercise 120 (page 319)
Exercise 115 (page 304) 1. 4.5 sin(A + 63.5◦)
2. (a) 20.9 sin(ωt + 0.63) volts
1. A scalar quantity has magnitude only; a vector
quantity has both magnitude and direction. (b) 12.5 sin(ωt − 1.36) volts
2. Scalar 3. Scalar 4. Vector 5. Scalar 3. 13 sin(ωt + 0.393)
6. Scalar 7. Vector 8. Scalar
9. Vector
Exercise 121 (page 321)
1. 4.5 sin(A + 63.5◦)
Exercise 116 (page 311)
2. (a) 20.9 sin(ωt + 0.62) volts
1. 17.35 N at 18.00◦ to the 12 N vector (b) 12.5 sin(ωt − 1.33) volts
2. 13 m/s at 22.62◦to the 12 m/s velocity 3. 13 sin(ωt + 0.40)
3. 16.40 N at 37.57◦ to the 13 N force
4. 28.43 N at 129.29◦ to the 18 N force Exercise 122 (page 322)
5. 32.31 N at 21.80◦ to the 30 N displacement
1. 4.472 sin(A + 63.44◦)
6. 14.72 N at – 14.72◦ to the 5 N force 2. (a) 20.88 sin(ωt + 0.62) volts
7. 29.15 m/s at 29.04◦ to the horizontal (b) 12.50 sin(ωt − 1.33) volts
8. 9.28 N at 16.70◦ to the horizontal 3. 13 sin(ωt + 0.395)
9. 6.89 m/s at 159.56◦ to the horizontal 4. 11.11 sin(ωt + 0.324)
10. 15.62 N at 26.33◦ to the 10 N force 5. 8.73 sin(ωt − 0.173)
11. 21.07 knots, E 9.22◦ S 6. 1.01 sin(ωt − 0.698)A

Exercise 117 (page 314) Exercise 123 (page 324)

1. (a) 54.0 N at 78.16◦ (b) 45.64 N at 4.66◦ 1. 11.11 sin(ωt + 0.324)
2. (a) 31.71 m/s at 121.81◦ (b) 19.55 m/s at 8.63◦ 2. 8.73 sin(ωt − 0.173)
3. i = 21.79 sin(ωt − 0.639)