Jackie Dissertation

PLASTIC BAN POLICY AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION IN UGANDA: A
CASE OF KAMPALA CAPITAL CITY AUTHORITY
JACQUELINE AKAO
20/MPA/KLA/WKD/0059
A RESEARCH DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT
SCIENCES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE AWARD OF MASTER’S
DEGREE IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION OF UGANDA
MANAGEMENT INSTITUTE
JULY, 2023
DECLARATION
I, JACQUELINE AKAO, declare that this dissertation entitled “Plastic Ban Policy and
environmental conservation in Uganda: a case of Kampala Capital City Authority” is my own
original work and it has not been presented and will not be presented to any other institution for
any academic award. Where other people’s work has been used, this has been duly
acknowledged.
Sign ……………………………………. Date………………………………..
JACQUELINE AKAO
20/MPA/KLA/WKD/0059
i
APPROVAL
This is to certify that this dissertation by Jacqueline Akao entitled, “Plastic Ban Policy and
environmental conservation in Uganda: a case of Kampala Capital City Authority” has been
submitted for examination with our approval as Institute supervisors.
Sign ……………………………………. Date………………………………..
Assoc. Prof. Gerald Kagambirwe Karyeija
SUPERVISOR
Uganda Management Institute
ii
DEDICATION
This dissertation is dedicated to my family members most especially my dear husband, my
children and my parents for their support and moral encouragement.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am deeply indebted to my research supervisors Assoc. Prof. Gerald Kagambirwe Karyeija for
their patience with my inadequacies as they guided me through the research process. Without
your parental and professional input, this research would have been difficult to elevate to its
current level.
I acknowledge with gratitude the contributions and co-operation made by the respondents from
Kampala Capital City Authority for their willingness to provide the necessary information when
I visited the institution during the research process. Without their cooperation, this study would
have been impossible to accomplish.
I also thank my colleagues at Uganda Management Institute, persons who dealt with secretarial
work and those who read through the questionnaires and perfected the draft report.
I deeply treasure the contributions of all the above persons and ask God Almighty to richly bless
them.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION............................................................................................................................i
APPROVAL...................................................................................................................................ii
DEDICATION..............................................................................................................................iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT...........................................................................................................iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS..............................................................................................................v
LIST OF TABLES.........................................................................................................................x
LIST OF FIGURES......................................................................................................................xi
ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................................1
CHAPTER ONE............................................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................................1
1.1 Introduction................................................................................................................................1
1.2 Background of the study............................................................................................................2
1.2.1 Historical background.............................................................................................................2
1.2.2 Theoretical background..........................................................................................................5
1.2.3 Conceptual background..........................................................................................................6
1.2.4 Context background................................................................................................................7
1.3 Statement of the problem...........................................................................................................8
1.4 Purpose of the study...................................................................................................................9
1.4.1 Specific objectives..................................................................................................................9
1.5 Research questions.....................................................................................................................9
1.6 Research Hypotheses...............................................................................................................10
1.7 Conceptual framework.............................................................................................................10
1.9 Importance of the Study...........................................................................................................12

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1.10 Scope of the Study.................................................................................................................13
1.10.1 Content Scope.....................................................................................................................13
1.10.2 Geographical Scope............................................................................................................13
1.10.3 Time Scope.........................................................................................................................13
1.11 Definition of operational terms..............................................................................................14
CHAPTER TWO.........................................................................................................................15
LITERATURE REVIEW...........................................................................................................15
2.1 Introduction..............................................................................................................................15
2.2 Theoretical review...................................................................................................................15
2.3 Literature Review....................................................................................................................17
2.3.1 Policy planning and environmental conservation.................................................................17
2.3.2 Policy implementation and environmental conservation......................................................19
2.3.3 Policy monitoring and evaluation and environmental conservation at KCCA.....................22
2.4 Summary of the Literature.......................................................................................................25
CHAPTER THREE.....................................................................................................................26
METHODOLOGY......................................................................................................................26
3.1 Introduction..............................................................................................................................26
3.2 Research Design......................................................................................................................26
3.3 The Study Population..............................................................................................................26
3.4 Sample Size determination......................................................................................................27
3.5 Sampling techniques and procedures.......................................................................................27
3.5.1 Stratified Radom sampling...................................................................................................27
3.5.2 Purposive sampling method..................................................................................................28
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3.6 Data collection method............................................................................................................28
3.6.1 Questionnaire Survey............................................................................................................28
3.6.2 Interview guide.....................................................................................................................29
3.7 Data collection tools................................................................................................................30
3.7.1 Questionnaire........................................................................................................................30
3.7.2 Interview guide.....................................................................................................................30
3.8 Data quality control.................................................................................................................31
3.8.1 Validity of instruments.........................................................................................................31
3.8.2 Reliability of instruments.....................................................................................................31
3.10 Data analysis..........................................................................................................................33
3.9.1 Quantitative analysis.............................................................................................................33
3.9.2 Qualitative analysis...............................................................................................................34
3.11 Measurement of variables......................................................................................................35
3.12 Ethical considerations............................................................................................................36
CHAPTER FOUR.......................................................................................................................37
DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS............37
4.1 Introduction..............................................................................................................................37
4.2 Response rate...........................................................................................................................38
4.3 Findings on background information of the respondent..........................................................38
4.3.1 Sex characteristics of the respondents..................................................................................38
4.3.2 Age of the respondents.........................................................................................................39
4.3.3 Respondents by Highest Level of Education........................................................................40
4.3.4 Time spent in the organization..........................................................................................41
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4.4 Empirical analysis according to research objectives...............................................................43
4.4.1 Environmental conservation at KCCA..................................................................................43
4.4.2 The relationship between policy planning and environmental conservation........................48
4.4.3 The relationship between policy implementation and environmental conservation............54
4.4.4 The relationship between policy monitoring and evaluation and environmental conservation
.......................................................................................................................................................61
CHAPTER FIVE.........................................................................................................................68
SUMMARY, DISCUSSION, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS...................68
5.1 Introduction..............................................................................................................................68
5.2. Summary of major findings....................................................................................................68
5.2.1: Policy planning and environmental conservation at KCCA................................................68
5.3. Discussion of findings............................................................................................................69
5.3.1 Policy planning and environmental conservation at KCCA.................................................69
5.4 Conclusions..............................................................................................................................74
5.5 Recommendations....................................................................................................................75
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REFERENCES............................................................................................................................79
APPENDICES.................................................................................................................................i
APPENDIX ONE: QUESTIONNAIRE ON IMPLEMENTATION OF POLICY BANNING
USE OF PLASTIC BAGS IN KAMPALA CAPITAL CITY AUTHORITY...........................i
APPENDIX TWO: INTERVIEW GUIDE FOR KEY INFORMANTS.................................vi
LIST OF TABLES
ix
Table 3.1: Sample size determination............................................................................................26
Table 3.2: Results of content validity for research tools...............................................................30
Table 3.3: Reliability test results of research instruments.............................................................31
Table 4.4: Response Rate..............................................................................................................37
Table 4.5: Sex characteristics of the respondents..........................................................................37
Table 4.6: Environmental conservation at KCCA.........................................................................43
Table 4.7: Descriptive statistics on the relationship between policy planning and environmental
conservation...................................................................................................................................48
Table 4.8: Pearson Correlation matrix for policy planning and environmental conservation.......52
Table 4.9: Descriptive statistics on policy implementation and environmental conservation......54
Table 4.10: Pearson Correlation matrix for policy implementation and environmental
conservation...................................................................................................................................59
Table 4.11: Descriptive Statistics on policy monitoring and evaluation and environmental
conservation...................................................................................................................................60
Table 4.12: Pearson Correlation matrix for policy monitoring and evaluation and environmental
conservation...................................................................................................................................65
LIST OF FIGURES
x
Figure 1: Relationship between Plastic Ban Policy and environmental conservation...................11
Figure 4.2: Age of the respondents................................................................................................39
Figure 4.3: Highest Level of Education.........................................................................................40
Figure 4.4: Time spent working in the organization......................................................................41
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LIST OF ACROYMNS AND ABBREVIATIONS
HDPE: High Density Polyethylene
LPDE: Low-Density Polyethylene
M&E: Monitoring and Evaluation
MoWE: Ministry of Water and Environment
NEMA: National Environment Management Authority
NEPAD: New Partnership for Africa's Development
SDG: Sustainable Development Goals
UN: United Nations
UNBS: Uganda National Bureau of Standards
UNDP: United Nations Development Programme
UNEP: United Nations Environment Programme
WSSD: World Summit on Sustainable Development
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ABSTRACT
The study examined the relationship between Plastic Ban Policy and environmental conservation
in Uganda, using KCCA as a case study. The objectives of the study were to examine the
relationship between policy planning and environmental conservation, to examine the
relationship between policy implementation and environmental conservation and to examine the
relationship between policy monitoring and evaluation and environmental conservation.
The study adopted a cross-sectional survey design where both quantitative and qualitative
approaches were used. In this study, out of the 160 distributed 138 were returned correctly filled
representing 86%. Out of the 20 respondents that were targeted for interviews, 15 were
interviewed implying a response rate of 75%. The overall response rate was 85%. Pearson
correlation results depicts a strong and positive correlation (r = .688) between policy planning
and environmental conservation. Pearson correlation results depicts a weak and positive
correlation (r = .324) between policy implementation and environmental conservation. Finally
the Pearson correlation results depicts a moderate and positive correlation (r=.467) between
policy monitoring and evaluation and environmental conservation. The study recommends there
should be proper landfills constructed to international standards. There should be a heavy penalty
levied on use of the landfills to discourage disposal and encourage re-use or recycling, All organs
of the government and their agencies led by NEMA should carry out a sustained public
education and awareness campaign targeting all stakeholders from manufacturers, consumers
and young people so as to encourage greener production and consumption methods, There are
very good laws in our statutes starting with the Constitution and Environmental Management and
Coordination Act (EMCA) among others.
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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
Recent estimates indicate that plastic production and waste more than double by 2035, despite
growing environmental concerns (Clayton, 2021). After some time, the number of plastic
products produced annually is growing. People all over the world have come up with creative
ways to deal with using plastic statements, including foot wear, protective pinion wheels used by
medical staff, utensils, shopping bags, and common materials used to make various things.
Sadly, these plastic products end up in the earth and water bodies after they are used.
The United Nations declared plastic pollution to be a global crisis in 2017. In order to prepare for
the transition to a circular economy, a number of businesses were compelled to alter their
procedures and strategies (Vanapalli & Sharma, 2021). Considering the past, nations from one
side of the planet to the other have devised different techniques to direct the unfavourable results
that plastic things have on human prosperity, monetary conditions, ocean front and marine
circumstances, and the climate. These frameworks consolidate, but are not limited to, guidelines
and approaches. With an end goal to follow worldwide guidelines and its commitments under
global regulation, Uganda has arranged regulations and approaches that deny the utilization of
plastic packs. Nevertheless, implementation flaws and deficiencies have rendered the strategy's
implementers ineffective. According to Sahlin and Bisailllon (2007), it is anticipated that the
current inadequate management of plastic waste will lead to an additional environmental crisis.
The purpose of this study, which places a special emphasis on the Kampala Capital City
Authority as a contextual analysis, is to fully comprehend why the 2019 strategy to prohibit the
use of Plastic ban policy has not yet produced any specific results. This part covers, the back
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ground to the review, proclamation of the issue, motivation behind the review, goals of the
review, research questions, speculation, extent of the review, defense, functional meaning of
terms and ideas. The implementation of a policy that prohibits the use of plastic bags will serve
as the independent variable in this investigation, while environmental conservation will serve as
the dependent variable.
1.2 Background of the study
This was dispensed in four themes; historical, theoretical, conceptual, and contextual
background.
1.2.1 Historical background
The 1972 Joined Countries interview on the Human Climate, also known as the Stockholm
Gathering (Dauvergne, Handbook of Worldwide Ecological Governmental Issues, 2021) was the
event that led to the creation of the Global Strategy World. In the 1960s and mid-1970s, natural
conservation became a significant issue. A conference on environment and development was
held in 1992 by the United Nations in Rio de Janeiro; this, as expressed by Jones and Lubinski
(2013), brought about a huge change in the ecological plans of most of world pioneers.
When industrial pollution worsened in the United States cities of Chicago and St. Louis in the
nineteenth century, environmental theorists, scientists, and theoreticians petitioned the
government for environmental policymaking (UNEP, 2018). In response to China's natural
annihilation in the 1920s, when businesses reduced backwoods cover from 70% to 5%, efforts to
protect the climate in Asia were launched. As a direct consequence of this, a wide range of
natural rules, announcements, and strategies were formulated, and both brand-new and
established organizations were expected to adhere to them. According to Hutchison (2009),
businesses implemented specific waste minimization strategies to increase compliance with
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recently established regulations. Because human activity has resulted in unprecedented changes
to the natural habitats of wildlife, habitat loss is arguably the greatest threat to the biodiversity of
the world. The amount of plastic that is entering oceans all over the world is amazing. A
significant threat to marine life is posed by the estimated 8,000,000 tons of plastic that are
dumped into our oceans and seas each day.
Protecting the environment has long been an important part of African efforts to go back to the
days before independence. Africa's obligation to natural insurance changed into a prestigious
work on during the trailblazer and post-normal periods, where new strategies and rules were
made to guarantee that the rising gathering district didn't weaken the customary turn of events
(Kakuru & Ssekyana, 2009). Kenya took part in the 1972 Joined Countries Interview, which
marked the beginning of ecological conservation in East Africa. The advancement of the
Gathered Countries Ecological Program inside the nation was an extension of the thought.
African countries have ordered regulations to decrease the adverse consequences of Plastic ban
policy on the climate, very much like their partners in the created world. Some of these nations
include: South Africa, which in 2002 forced a breaking point on the thickness of plastic packs to
under 30 millimeters. In 2007 and 2011, Kenya restricted the use of plastic bags smaller than 30
millimeters in diameter and taxed bags larger than 30 millimeters in diameter (Thomas et al.,
2019). In Zanzibar, Tanzania banned plastic bags with a diameter of less than 100 millimeters in
2005, among other things. Sub-Saharan Africa faces a number of serious natural problems,
including deforestation, soil degradation, desertification, the breakdown of biological systems in
wetland ecosystems, and insect invasion. Regardless, a veritable shortfall of perception of their
propensity and potential plans has hampered tries to determine these issues.
In this way, Uganda has shown that it is committed to protecting the environment for a long
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time. Uganda's arranged ecological regulations to manage industrialization and population
development are remembered to have been vigorously affected by the 1972 and 1992 Joined
Countries Gatherings, as per UNEP (UNEP, 2017). For instance, Uganda Bottling Works
Restricted is obligated to adhere to the Public Natural Bill (2017) and Public Climate Act
(NEMA) (2019), which were amended to guarantee that organizations uphold natural standards.
Natural administration and strategy moved away from focusing solely on world life and toward a
more coordinated approach that took financial issues into account around the middle of the
1880s. State-run organizations all over the world unquestionably stand out sufficiently in terms
of approaches to regulating green and earthy-colored normal issues like solid waste organization,
water pollution, and air pollution. Specifically, in 2014, plans to diminish microbeads were done;
However, efforts to reduce the use of plastic bags began in 1991 (Dauvergne, 2021). In rural
Uganda, bags have replaced the use of banana leaves and fibers to transport meat and other fresh
foods from markets to homes. Paper and jute bags were used to transport the majority of non-
foods and dry foods, and cloth bags were used by students to carry their textbooks. The locations
where polythene transporter packs have been used are basically everywhere, including but not
limited to dump sites, waste areas, ditches, open fields, rooftops, trees, above links, and water
bodies. Overflow water washed plastic packs into the seepage structure, causing floods in
KCCA, one of Uganda's urban communities, for a long time. The city's transportation
infrastructure has been impacted by this, and in some cases, the floods have resulted in the loss
of life and property. According to UN Climate (2018), Uganda imposed a duty on packs larger
than 30 millimeters and a restriction on plastic bags smaller than 30 millimeters in 2007. High
people advancement, deforestation, a shortfall of elective fuel sources, normal life managing, and
expanded oil examination in the phenomenal Albertine Break Valley are among Uganda's
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protection and troubles. Changes in the environment are also having an relationship on how
different Ugandans use resources.
1.2.2 Theoretical background
This study was guided by one of the top- down models of policy implementation. The top-down
model according to Raj Paudel (2009) says that the top-down model assumes that policymakers
are capable of defining policy goals and creating mechanisms to ensure their successful
implementation. The perspectives of policymakers are represented by this "policy-centered"
model. The ability of the policymaker to control the environment and implementers is crucial.
Top-grouches generally adhere to a prescriptive approach that views implementation as a factor
in the results and methodology as data. Sabatier and Mazmanian (1979) described the top-down
approach as the most comprehensive. After combining a number of political and legal factors,
they came up with six conditions for the plan to work. These conditions range from clear targets,
causal speculation, the real plan of the implementation cycle, serious specialists, solid interests
social affairs, and no undermining of changing monetary conditions. "Top-downers" typically
give clear policies priority in policy areas (Matland, 1995: 155). As per Mattland (1995), the
strength of the hierarchical methodology is that it intends to deliver generalizable arrangement
suggestions and unmistakable, predictable examples of conduct across different approach
regions. Top-down approaches, on the other hand, are criticized for failing to account for the
significance of previous actions because they only begin with statutory language. It could be
argued that the approach disregards or discards political considerations and views
implementation as an authoritative system. Another criticism is the emphasis on statute framers
as key actors—local actors are not taken into account.
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1.2.3 Conceptual background
In this section, the study will define the independent variable, which is the policy on banning
plastic bags, along with its dimension and the dependent variable environment conservation.
According to Alosani and Al-Dhaafri (2019), policy planning is the process of making plans or
preparations to make it easier for a government, business, or other organization to take any
action they want. The strategy planning includes looking into the situation, setting priorities,
making an intelligent structure, making an activity plan, and directing public counsels. As a
result, this phase of the policy cycle is the most crucial, and a finished policy document is
presented to a relevant institution, individual, or coordination mechanism (a coordinating body)
for adoption.
Strategy implementation, as defined by Michael (2011), is a series of interactions that occur
following the programming phase and center on the substantial recognition of a public strategy's
goals. Policy implementation is the process by which decisions made by the government become
programs, procedures, regulations, or practices with the goal of making society better. This is a
confounded change process. The following three elements have an impact on modern
implementation procedures: networked governance, the democratic turn, the sociopolitical
context, and new public management (DeGroff Amy, 2009).
Observing and Evaluation, or M&E, as defined by Amin et al. 2023), is a constant administration
capability that distinguishes implementation bottlenecks and inspects whether a money growth
strategy, program, or venture (the "project/plan") and its exercises make any accidental impacts
(positive or negative).
Ecological conservation is the practice of preserving the usual habitat by individuals, groups, and
governments. According to Moser & Kleinhückelkotten (2018), preserving natural resources and
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the existing natural environment, repairing damage, and reversing trends whenever possible are
among its goals. The skillful management of the environment and its resources for both current
and potential uses is referred to as "conservation." The land ought to possibly be utilized for its
typical magnificence and motivation assuming it was utilized by people.
1.2.4 Context background
Changes that can be seen strategically, socially, geographically, militarily, and financially have
resulted from globalization. Regardless of the way that the world right now consumes 500 billion
plastics, no open authority has confined within and outside transportation of plastic bundles.
However, a number of states have implemented additional annual measures to discourage the use
of plastic bags and have also restricted the thickness of plastic bags (European Commission,
2018). As indicated by Wandeka 202, Uganda right now imports around 8,768,103 tons of
plastic. This is a critical increment when stood out from the 1.9 million tons of plastic that were
brought into Africa in different structures somewhere in the range of 1994 and 2017 (Babayemi,
2019). Between 80 and 90 percent of Uganda's Plastic ban policy are imported. The continuous
imports and pirating from adjoining nations like Kenya, Tanzania, and Rwanda, as well as
progressing conflicts between government divisions and legislators in Uganda, have hampered
the implementation of a strategy that denies the utilization of this Bag (Diprose et al., 2009).
Because people use Plastic ban policy as portable latrines, they block streams and channels,
which cause floods. Many people have died as a result of city floods, especially in the ghettos
around Kampala City during stormy seasons. Plastic ban policy require somewhere in the range
of 15 and 1,000 years to separate since they keep water from sinking through them. They
disintegrate for a considerable amount of time as a result, resulting in soil choke (NEMA, 2017).
It is evaluated that around 60% of lost cows in Uganda pass on as a result of eating polythene
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packs, and receptiveness to water and sunlight further develops the likelihood that Plastic ban
policy will crumble and deplete into the soil, impacting soil extravagance. Given the potentially
harmful relationships of producing and using polythene, it is absolutely necessary to ensure the
successful implementation of the procedure that prohibits its use. This must be accomplished
when strategy detailing cycle and spread, partner support, initiative during implementation,
observing and assessment, and other bottlenecks to compelling implementation are addressed.
The country's economic development and progress toward the Sustainable Development Goals
was hampered if obstacles to policy implementation are not addressed; the preface to the 2030
Plan continued to be false on pages 12, 13, 14, and 15.
1.3 Statement of the problem
According to recent statistics, it is estimated that about 8,768,103 tons of plastic is being
imported into Uganda (Wandeka et al, 2022). This is a huge increment compared to 1.9 metric
tons of plastic in different forms between 1994 and 2017, a small percentage of the 86.14Mt
imported in Africa (Babayemi, 2019). Several Government agencies in Uganda are assigned
different responsibilities by the law to implement and enforce the law on importation, local
manufacture, distribution and use of plastic carrier bags (National Environment Act, 2019); Key
among them is National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) and Uganda National
Bureau of Standards (UNBS). NEMA is mandated to monitor, regulate, supervise and coordinate
all activities relating to the environment while Uganda National Bureau of Standards (UNBS) is
mandated to enforce product standards (National Environment Act, 2019).
Notwithstanding the above efforts, plastic pollution is currently one of the biggest environmental
concerns due to the rise of single-use plastics. It has toxic pollutants that damage the
environment and cause land and water pollution (Ssemugabo, 2020). Consequently, poor plastic
8
management causes serious environmental and health problems which affect the livelihoods of
the urban population and beauty of the urban areas as well as the financial budgets of urban local
governments because of the increased need of resources to manage the plastic wastes. Most
urban centres in Uganda generate more plastic wastes than they can adequately collect and
dispose off (Ackerman 2020). In most of these towns, only 50% of the generated waste is
collected and the problem of plastic waste accumulation at the landfill continues to rise day by
day. Yet, seemingly, recycling activity in Uganda especially Kampala is still happening on a
small scale. It is against this background that the study examined relationship between plastic
ban policy and environmental conservation in Uganda.
1.4 Purpose of the study
The study examined the relationship between Plastic Ban Policy and environmental conservation
in Uganda, case of KCCA.
1.4.1 Specific objectives
i. To examine the relationship between policy planning and environmental conservation at
KCCA
ii. To examine the relationship between policy implementation and environmental
conservation at KCCA
iii. To examine the relationship between policy monitoring and evaluation and
environmental conservation at KCCA
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1.5 Research questions
The study addressed the following research questions;
i. What is the relationship between policy planning and environmental conservation at
KCCA?
ii. What is the relationship between policy implementation and environmental conservation
at KCCA?
iii. What is the relationship between policy monitoring and evaluation and environmental
conservation at KCCA?
1.6 Research Hypotheses
H1: There is a significant relationship between policy planning and environmental conservation.
H2: There is a significant relationship between policy implementation and environmental
conservation.
H3: There is a significant relationship between policy monitoring and evaluation and
environmental conservation.
1.7 Conceptual framework
The conceptual framework is a diagrammatic model or representation of the relationship between
variables and how they are operationalized for the purpose of research. In this case, it
summarizes the relationship between Plastic Ban Policy and environmental conservation (Swaen
& George, 2022).
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Independent Variable Dependent Variable
Plastic Ban Policy

Policy planning
 Clear policy goals,
 Clear policy objectives Environmental Conservation
 Consensus between stakeholders on
goals and objectives  Reduced landfill
 Reduction of emission to
Policy Implementation water bodies
 Dissemination of information  Reduced carbon footprint
 Feedback on implementation  Pollution control
Policy Monitoring and Evaluation  Waste management
 Follow through by committed  Forest conservation
leadership
 Resource mobilisation
 Accountability by the leadership
Source: Adapted from Mthethwa, (2011); NEMA ACT, (2019) and modified by the
researcher 2023).
Figure 1.1: Relationship between Plastic Ban Policy and environmental conservation
From figure 1.1 above, the independent variable is Plastic Ban Policy which is measured in terms
of policy planning with sub themes of clear policy goals, clear policy objectives and consensus
between stakeholders on goals and objectives, policy monitoring and evaluation with sub themes
strong leadership, resource mobilization by strong leadership and accountability by the
leadership and policy implementation with sub themes of periodic gathering of information to
assess progress, dissemination of information and feedback on implementation. The dependent
variable is resource use, reduced landfill, reduction of emission to water bodies and reduced
carbon footprint. Any changes in the independent variable will affect the dependent variable by
the same magnitude.
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1.8 Justification of the study
There has been a lot of research on urban environmental management and protection, primarily
focusing on the management of liquid and solid waste, but not much on the application of
polythene there. For example, research was driven on "reasonability of the genuine and
institutional part for possible organization of the environment under a decentralized structure in
Uganda by Mugenyi (2001) especially in solid organization. The wetlands surrounding Kampala
and other significant gazetted wetlands in Eastern, Northern, South, and Central Uganda were the
focus of a related study on the wetland inspection division (MoWE)'s management of wetlands.
However, the policy that forbids the use of polythene bags has only received a scant amount of
research. Regardless of the way that these Bag s make a huge misfortune the climate as land
debasement, the obliteration of the eco-framework, the utilization of unsafe synthetic compounds
by the overall population, and changes in the nature of spring water and the progression of water
in Kampala, bringing about vast floods, upon this establishment driving a move in this space is
genuine.
1.9 Importance of the Study
It is anticipated that the findings of the study may be beneficial to the Ugandan government,
particularly the National Environmental Management Authority, as they may identify lean
production systems that can be adopted by both large and small manufacturing companies in the
country to enhance environmental conservation.
The hope is that the study's findings may be of use to other researchers by pointing out areas of
environmental conservation and lean production systems that need more research and filling in
any gaps in the existing literature.
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The exploration that was led on the challenges that emerge when the Kampala Capital City
Authority carries out a strategy that disallows the utilization of polythene packs may act as the
establishment for anticipating how to protect and support wetlands and the climate overall.
The Kampala Capital City Authority may be able to evaluate the current environmental
management and conservation regulations on the basis of this document.
Finally, the study may serve as a guide for future researchers and fill in the gaps in the existing
literature on environmental policy implementation.
1.10 Scope of the Study
1.10.1 Content Scope
The study focused on examining the relationship between Plastic Ban Policy and environmental
conservation in Uganda. Specifically, the study considered the following research objectives; to
examine the relationship between policy planning and environmental conservation, to examine
the relationship between policy monitoring and evaluation and environmental conservation and
to examine the relationship between policy implementation and environmental conservation.
1.10.2 Geographical Scope
The study was conducted in Central Uganda, specifically in Central Division of Kampala Capital
City Authority. This area is chosen because according to statistics, Kampala Capital City
Authority suffers the greatest adverse relationships of plastic bag use.
1.10.3 Time Scope
The study involved review of information published by various scholars from 2007 when the
first ban on use of plastic bags was announced to date. This helped proper assessment of
implementation of the policy since its inception.
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1.11 Definition of operational terms
Environment: Human beings and all things that surround them or living (biodiversity) and
nonliving components of the natural world.
Stakeholders: the concerned and people affected by the phenomenon
Monitoring & Evaluation: The supervision and measure of the achievement of the set
objectives
Implementation: the enforcement/ putting in practice the set objectives
Community: Local people living in and around Kampala Capital City Authority.
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CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
The importance of this literature review is to put each prior research to understanding the
research problem and identify any gaps within the literature. This chapter presents the literature
review under the subsequent subheadings; theoretical review, the study themes respectively, and
after that, the summary of the literature review. A review of the literature was based on the study
themes while following the research objectives. In this aspect, contributions, weaknesses and
existing gaps was identified in the literature review.
2.2 Theoretical review
The study was guided by Top-down theory according to Pulzl and Treib (2007) started from the
assumption that policy implementation starts with a decision made by the central government.
They would by and large negligence the relationship that implementers had on the transport of
procedures since they expected a direct causal association among techniques and noticed results.
Top downers essentially followed a prescriptive procedure that translated technique into data and
implementation into factors influencing the results. Classical scholars are the authors who work
from the top down: Bardach (1977), Pressman and Wildavsky (1973), Van Meter and Van Horn
(1975), and Sabatier and Mazmanian (1979, 1980) are additional examples. The special work of
Pressman and Wildavsky used a rational model methodology. They began with the notion that
creators of the focal approach set strategy goals. They contended that implementation
exploration ought to be answerable for investigating the obstructions to accomplishing these
objectives. Thus, they saw implementation as a "communication between the defining of
objectives and activities equipped to accomplish them" (Pressman and Wildavsky, 1973, p. 15;
15
2007 (Pulzl & Treib) Van Meter and Van Horn presented a more complicated theoretical model
in 1975. They were concerned about determining whether the implementation outcomes were
compatible with the objectives of the initial policy decisions. Six variables shaped the
relationship between policy and environmental conservation in their model. They argued that the
degree to which goals were agreed upon and policies were modified had a significant impact on
the likelihood of successful implementation. As a consequence of this, a significant alteration to
the arrangement was only attainable with broad consensus among entertainers.
A prominent outline for the implementation cooperation was given by Bardach (1977). He
pushed for the usage of game speculative gadgets to get a handle on implementation since he
perceived the political thought of the cycle. Consequently, Bardach offered concepts that
relationship d scholars from the bottom up. His fundamental guidance was to focus on the
"situation expressing" process. This indicated that the implementation could be successful if
policymakers were able to carefully structure the games.
Similar to other researchers, Sabatier and Mazmanian (1979, 1980, and 1983) began their
analysis with a policy decision made by government officials. Six requirements are listed in their
model for successful implementation: The program is based on a valid causal hypothesis, the
implementation cycle is well-organized, implementation authorities are focused on the program's
goals, vested parties and (chief and regulative) sovereigns remain stable, and the financial system
conditions have not deteriorated. In spite of the fact that they acknowledged that ideal
progressive command over the implementation interaction was difficult to achieve and that
ominous circumstances could cause implementation disappointment, Sabatier and Mazmanian
(1979) argued that policymakers could guarantee viable implementation through sufficient
program plan and a sharp structuration of the implementation cycle.
16
2.3 Literature Review
In general, the mechanisms, resources, and relationships that link policies to program action
constitute policy implementation. In unambiguous terms, it is completing, achieving, satisfying,
delivering or following through with a given responsibility (Mthethwa, 2012). Understanding the
idea of Strategy implementation is relevant on the grounds that different writing show that
arrangements once formed are in many cases time not carried out as imagined and most times
don't accomplish the planned outcomes.
2.3.1 Policy planning and environmental conservation
Government strategies incorporate political exercises, plans, and a bunch of rules that should be
accomplished by government and political entertainers to perceive public issues and unveil
choices for the improvement of the country. Since government policies have an impact on
natural protection (Ismanu and Kusmintarti, 2019), government agencies are constantly
implementing change by converting the Plastic Ban Strategy into activities and supporting the
extension of the advancement limit in government institutions. As per Strehlenert (2019),
strategy implementation and definition cross-over. In this manner, implementation ought to
involve associations of accomplices in a significantly unique manner. He accepted that courses
of action in light of proof can be completed all the more productively (Strehlenert, 2019). The
review's goal was to differentiate two Swedish wellbeing and social consideration arrangements,
regardless of the chance of precision in its discoveries. Therefore, the findings of the study do
not address the issues that were intended to be addressed by the intended study.
Nearly every major strategic initiative is seen as starting with a mission statement. They are
designed to inspire members of the group to act in ways that advance the group's common
objectives. According to Behuria (2019), a mission statement provides a framework for method
17
and serves as a final reference point when selecting essential resource assignment options. Stone
(1996) asserts that the Plastic Ban Policy and environmental conservation are significantly
relationship d by the mission statement. According to Mclauglin (1987), for a procedure to be
effective ly executed, there ought to be a fundamental concordance among strain and support
from the critical accomplices. This is referred to as stakeholder involvement and subsequent
support. The methodology plan and spread assume an essential part in the effective
implementation of a plan. It is recommended that when associates are involved from the hour of
definition, they own the arrangement including its implementation . In any case, this focus does
not address the issue that was thoroughly investigated in the context of the system restricting the
use of Plastic ban policy in Kampala Capital City Authority, which was the primary point of
convergence of the standard study .
Kwori (2019) recommended specific locations for increasing exercise coordination and
concentrating effort. Without an arrangement, an association turns into an assortment of
individuals; therefore, to guarantee aggregate activities and focus on accomplishing authoritative
plans and targets, methodology is required. A strategic plan typically has an impact on the entire
organization; In any case, a particular thing, program, or organization is the complement of an
attractive system (Bezerra, 2021). A lot of different points of view, strategies, and models are
used in essential preparation. The initiative's concept, the culture of the group, the complexity of
the situation at hand, the group's size, and the expertise of the organizers all contribute to the
formulation of an effective strategy. Grindle (2017) declares that the attributes of regulatory
authorities or the managerial contraption and methodology of carrying out administrations have
regularly been faulted for the successive hole among objectives and results in the implementation
of public approach in the third world. Grindle (2017) likewise found that trying objectives
18
requires something beyond a mechanical understanding. It includes important questions about
battle, the route, and who gets what in the population as a whole. He continued to say that a
system's implementation is relationship d by the two its substance and setting. This study utilized
case studies from Mexico, Brazil, Peru, and other third-world nations, but Uganda was not
included. As a result, the policy's implementation in the Kampala Capital City Authority, the
intended focus of the study, is not directly addressed.
According to Rivera-Tores' (2018) study, familiarity with the relationships of plastic
contamination can either elicit a change in attitude and values or a change in behavior. On the
other hand, having knowledge of an environmental policy does not always lead to positive
outcomes. This study did not look at how environmental policies were actually put into action.
Instead, it was about getting people to behave in a better way for the environment. A survey
conducted by Impending Convey and Simon McDonnell (Convey, 2007) found that due to
extensive guidance from the partners, responses from the major partners, individuals in general,
and the retail industry during the implementation of the plastic blacklist procedure in Ireland
were exceedingly certain. Regardless, this discussion ought to take place at each stage, from the
strategy plan to the implementation. Despite the fact that this study was carried out in Ireland, the
Kampala Capital City Authority's implementation is the current focus.
2.3.2 Policy implementation and environmental conservation
According to Siria (2021), the leaders of a serious game plan place an emphasis on
understanding, selecting, and communicating an affiliation's system. As indicated by Lorette
(2014), strategy implementation is the most common way of setting strategies and methodologies
in motion to accomplish objectives. Busscher et al (2022), then again, characterizes strategy
implementation as the system for allotting assets to help the chose techniques. Sorooshin et al
19
(2010) guarantee that Strategy implementation is the cycle by which an association's
hierarchical designs, control frameworks, and culture ought to be created, used, and joined to set
systems in motion that further develop implementation and give it an upper hand.
The authors of Ettelt et al (2022), factors that empower the plastic bag ban to be done among
clients without causing their disappointment depend on suitable openness from methodology
makers as well as on the correct course and positive oversight from procedure actuators. The
findings of the aforementioned study support the assertions made in the planned review;
however, the fact that this was carried out in China prevents the findings from being
generalizable. On the other hand, the planned research was carried out in Uganda at the Kampala
Capital City Authority.
According to Lefort (2020) businesses that place a greater emphasis on the effective
implementation of policies achieve twice as much financial success as those that place a lesser
emphasis on it. Even though efficient implementation is crucial to an organization's success, it
often fails to meet expectations. Otieno et al (2018) broke down the relationship between key
arranging practices and implementation of state associations in Kenya. At a level of certainty of
5%, the investigation revealed that state enterprises engaged in a variety of important planning
activities that significantly affected partnerships' presentation. The review was unable to
determine whether key arranging fundamentally affected the organization's implementation ,
despite the fact that the model was fit with the same degree of certainty. This might suggest that
partners are a piece of a helpful climate and that getting them engaged with each strategy cycle,
from strategy detailing to definite implementation , is one method for acquiring their help.
System implementation is a connection that requires a particular various leveled development
and occurs inside a particular institutional setting. (Peters, 2021) argued that implementation
20
designs can also be viewed as establishments in general. These two fundamental pieces of
method implementation, to be unequivocal, institutional setting and different evened out plan are
what we term the "implementation procedure." Exogenous to the conventional strategy choice is,
specifically, the institutional setting, which fills in as the obliging and empowering setting inside
which the arrangement should accomplish its objectives. Interestingly, the association decides
the capabilities and assets of the performing specialists and is a part of the strategy plan. As a
result, decision-making authority and specific roles in the implementation process are divided
among institutions and organizational structure. These gaps in knowledge were addressed in the
study.
More specifically, the idea of implementation arrangements implies that these arrangements have
a significant impact on how policy provisions are implemented. Executing specialists produce
framework yields inside a ton of formal and loosened up foundations and as indicated by the
doorways open inside their ever-evolving endpoints (Onyekwelu, 2020). Inside a comparative
institutional setting, target packs answer these outcomes, impacting the system's suitability.
Besides, implementation methodologies are significant for something other than methodology
results; They likewise affect how occupants see and experience government. Subsequently,
strategy implementation is likewise an outline of a political technique that starts with the
formalization of political will. This process is followed by implementation, whose goals may not
always align with public priorities or dominant political interests and are shaped by agents with
discretionary power. In additional particular terms, the ordinary review is featured taking a
gander at the linkage among association and framework implementation with unequivocal
accentuation on implementation of strategy limiting use of Plastic ban policy in Kampala Capital
City Authority.
21
In any case, according to Umar and Adamu (2020), when good administration practices are used,
authority issues and bad administration are to blame for the diligent failure of public arrangement
implementation and improvement. It is contested that there is a typical connection between
public methodology implementation, policy implementation, and open organization. One of the
backbones of the implementation of public procedure is public drive. As a result, it is suggested
that good public governance and effective public leadership are required for the successful
implementation of public policy; On the other hand, the implementing agency expects every
employee to take on a certain amount of leadership responsibilities. Even though the study was
conducted to determine whether the finding could be applicable to the implementation of policies
in Uganda, it is anticipated that this finding had a positive impact on the intended research.
2.3.3 Policy monitoring and evaluation and environmental conservation at KCCA
A fundamental and ongoing component of the board's program is observation. A program,
project, or activity's environmental conservation can be evaluated through continuous or periodic
data collection and analysis. Managers receive traditional feedback on implementation and
progress toward strategy implementation goals (Muposhi, 2021). Monitoring and evaluation help
implementers recognize changes and adapt their plans to the circumstances under which the
arrangement is being carried out. In addition, they emphasize that, despite the fact that the Ban
reduces overall pack use for a short period of time; it may be successful in the long run if it is
consistently implemented and observed. In any case, this study was led in Nepal; As a result, the
policy implementation of the Kampala Capital City Authority may not be applicable to the
intended study's findings or generalizable.
According to Nielsen (2019), among the obstacles that prevent the implementation of a ban on
plastic bags are opposition to regulations governing plastic carrier bags, uncertainty regarding
22
how to measure the relationship, and undesirable side relationships. Program monitoring can be
used to evaluate the effectiveness of implementation. The anticipated review will primarily focus
on testing this theory and determining whether it applies to Kampala Capital City Authority
conditions. It was argued that the government needed to move away from conformity and
compliance and toward conscious decision-making based on comprehending people's behavioral
trends and the value they bring to the cleanliness of the environment. In order to achieve the
intended goals and gain environmental acceptance, legislation must be interpreted, disputes must
be resolved, and surveillance measures must be implemented. Along these lines, individuals can
consider each other to be dependable. According to Nyathi (2020), policing should conduct
routine surveillance and educate customers and illegal dealers about the negative relationships of
Plastic ban policy.
According to Sager et al (2021), appraisal is the intelligent evaluation of the arrangement and
implementation of public interventions, such as methodology tasks or guidelines.
Implementation and arrangements for implementation are essential components of policy
evaluations due to the evaluation's focus on whether a selected policy ultimately resolves the
societal issue it is intended to address. Evaluation is at this point considering a lot of speculative
standards, despite the way that an applied science revolves generally around the helpful target of
giving trial evidence to methodology decisions. The distinction between design failure and
implementation failure is one of the most important conceptual pillars of policy evaluation. A
system ought to be established on serious areas of strength for a model of progress and give the
organized assumptions to it to make progress. Both of these are required: The methodology will
fail to achieve its objective if either the plan or the implementation fails (Kaufmann et al., 2021).
Subsequently, deciding a strategy's viability depends intensely on its implementation plans. In
23
order to analyze and comprehend the implementation of the strategy to prohibit the use of plastic
packs within the Kampala Capital City Authority, the anticipated review made use of both
optional and essential information. This study used a purposeful composing overview to grasp
contemplations, advantages, and concealed results of confining plastic packs.
A lack of motivation for relationship evaluation to increase customer mindfulness is one of the
barriers to successful arrangement implementation. It goes without saying that promoting goods
made with plastics that can only be used once does not help reduce or change consumer
behavior. Additionally, customers continue to rely on the plastic bag because it is water-resistant,
flexible, lightweight, and sealed. According to Vimal (2020), the public authority must, as a
result, identify areas of strength for providing financial assistance and propose the essential
guideline for the board of trustees to examine the issue. However, it is essential to keep in mind
that the aforementioned research was carried out in India. The Kampala Capital City Authority's
implementation of the procedure that restricts the utilization of Plastic ban policy was the focal
point of the expected study. According to a Zimbabwean study on the implementation of a
policy prohibiting the use of plastic bags, leading formal shops were relatively successful in
implementing the "ban," which could be easily monitored through the issuance of tickets for
noncompliance (Heidbreder et al., 2019). This demonstrates the significance of monitoring in
ensuring that policies are carried out; regardless, the study was driven in Zimbabwe, so the
revelations may not be appropriate to Uganda. Subsequently, the review's essential spotlight was
on the Kampala Capital City Authority's Plastic ban policy, which centers on novel arrangement
implementation issues in Uganda.
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2.4 Summary of the Literature
A number of academics have provided a variety of points of view and suggestions to address the
difficulties in enforcing the policy that prohibits the use of polythene bags, focusing on capacity,
such as the following: The accessibility of assets and the reduction of correspondence gaps
between strategy creators, implementers, and beneficiaries are essential for successful strategy
implementation. Policy implementation was viewed as a transitional process in the previous
review, requiring monitoring and evaluation at each stage. This makes it easier to identify
obstacles and, ultimately make the necessary adjustments for a smooth approach implementation.
In any case, the available writing on the topic makes it abundantly clear that there has not been a
review of the approach that the Kampala Capital City Authority uses to prohibit the use of plastic
packs. When one considers that recent reports have demonstrated the negative relationships of
plastic bags, such as floods as a result of streams and seepage structures blocked by improperly
disposed of plastic bags, slowed transportation systems as a result of floods, delays as a result of
floods, and a climate covered in plastic bags within the Kampala Capital City Authority, one
wonders whether the policy that outlaws the use of plastic bags, which was implemented in
2007, has had any relationship. Thusly, to assess progress and distinguish any obstructions, a
quick examination concerning the arrangement's implementation is required.
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CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
This chapter presents and describes the approaches and techniques the researcher used to collect
data and investigate the research problem. This includes research design, study population,
sample size and selection, sampling techniques and procedure, data collection method, data
collection instruments, data quality control (validity and reliability), procedure of data collection,
data analysis and measurement of variables and ethical considerations.
3.2 Research Design
Research design is the strategy, plan, and structure of a research project (Sileyew, 2020). The
study used a cross sectional survey design. A cross-sectional survey is suitable for such a study
to enable observing phenomena at a single point in time. While using the cross-sectional design,
the study applied both qualitative and quantitative approaches to collect detailed facts Sileyew
(2020). By using the quantitative approach, the study described numerical data, statistics and
statistical inferences which focused on relationships between variables (Žukauskas et al., 2018).
The qualitative approach helped in collating narrative and descriptive facts to make a deeper
exploration the study interests
3.3 The Study Population
As defined by Stratton (2021), a population is a complete set of all individuals who share a
common observable characteristic. A total of 246 people were asked to participate in the study,
including 15 officials from the National Environment Management Authority (NEMA), 15
officials from the Ministry of Water and Environment, 05 heads of department from Kampala
26
Capital City Authority (KCCA), and approximated 200 selected members of the community,
including traders from the Kampala Capital City Authority.
3.4 Sample Size determination
Mooney (2019) defines a sample size as a subset of a specific selected population. The example
for the review not set in stone by Krejcie and Morgan (1970). The selection process is outlined in
detail in the table that follows.
Table 3.1: Sample size determination
Category Total Population Sample Size Sampling Technique
NEMA officials 15 14 Purposive sampling
Ministry of Water and Purposive sampling

06 06
Environment staff
KCCA technical staff 25 24 Stratified sampling
Community members in Stratified sampling

Approximately
Kampala Capital City 136
200
Authority
TOTAL 246 155
Source: (KCCA, 2022)
3.5 Sampling techniques and procedures
The study used both stratified sampling techniques and purposive sampling techniques.
3.5.1 Stratified Radom sampling
Stratified sampling is a type of sampling method in which the total population is divided into
smaller groups or strata to complete the sampling process. The strata are formed based on some
common characteristics in the population data. After dividing the population into strata, the
27
researcher randomly selects the sample proportionally (Thomas, 2020). This is aimed at reducing
the potential for human bias in the selection of cases to be included in the sample. As a result, the
stratified random sample provides us with a sample that is highly representative of the population
being studied, assuming that there is limited missing data. The technique therefore rendered the
findings of the study generalizable because of the highly representative of the population in
Kampala Capital City Authority.
3.5.2 Purposive sampling method
According to Nikolopoulou (2022), purposive sampling also known as judgmental, selective, or
subjective sampling is a form of non-probability sampling in which researchers rely on their own
judgment when choosing members of the population to participate in their surveys. This survey
sampling method requires researchers to have prior knowledge about the purpose of their studies
so that they can properly choose and approach eligible participants for surveys conducted.
Purposive sampling is one of the most cost-effective and time-saving sampling method available.
It is the most appropriate method available if there are only limited numbers of primary data
sources who can contribute to the study (Thomas, 2020). This sampling method was used to
select samples from NEMA officials and Ministry of Water and Environment (MWE).
3.6 Data collection method
Information was gathered from essential sources. Data was gathered through structured
questionnaires and key informant interviews (KIIs).
3.6.1 Questionnaire Survey
According to Muhammad and Kabir (2018), a questionnaire is a method of survey data
collection in which information is gathered through oral or written questionnaires.
Questionnaires will enable the researcher to collect a large sample of information in a short time
28
and at a reasonably low cost and give similar or standardized questions to the subjects making it
easier for comparison and generalization. In this case questionnaires (with close ended questions)
were administered with aid of research assistants. The questionnaires were adopted because the
response option for a close ended question is exhaustive and mutually exclusive. This method
was used to collect data from community members and traders in Kampala Capital City
Authority. Questionnaires were used because they are cheap, do not require as much effort from
the questioner as verbal or telephone surveys, and often have standardized answers that make it
simple to compile data.
3.6.2 Interview guide
Interview is a conversation between two or more people where questions are asked by
interviewer to elicit facts or statements from the interviewee. It’s a person-to-person verbal
communication in which one person or a group of persons is interviewed at a time (George,
2022). Interviews were conducted because they have the advantage of ensuring probing for more
information, clarification and capturing non-verbal expressions of the interviewees. It gives the
researcher time to revisit some of the issues that have been an oversight in other instruments and
yet is deemed vital for the study (George, 2022). This method was used to collect data from
some of the NEMA officials and Ministry of Water and Environment (MWE) officials. The
interviews capture questions on the independent and dependent variable and in the course of
interviewing, probing was applied so as to elicit a good response rate.
29
3.7 Data collection tools
Questionnaires and interview guide were used to gather information from respondents and
participants.
3.7.1 Questionnaire
A questionnaire is a research tool used primarily to collect quantitative data from respondents in
this study. It consists of a series of questions and other prompts. Particularly, self-administered
questionnaires in which respondents are required to read and respond independently was used to
collect primary data. According to Muhammad and Kabir (2018), a questionnaire template
included a number of question statements to which respondents was asked to respond. The
questions on the questionnaire was closed-ended and scored using a five-point Likert scale, with
the respondents choosing an option that best reflects how much they agree with the statement.
The questionnaires are used to collect quantitative data from complex populations in their natural
settings without the researcher's involvement due to their ease of use and effective ness
(Budianto, 2020). The Kampala Capital City Authority used this instrument to collect data from
members of the community and businesspeople.
3.7.2 Interview guide
The interview guide is an alternative method of data collection that enables researchers to collect
data through direct verbal interaction while simultaneously recording respondent responses
(Budianto, 2020). To learn more about the study problem, the key informants, such as officials
from NEMA and the Ministry of Water and Environment (MWE), was interviewed. This
strategy was taken into consideration because it will enable the researcher to collect
comprehensive qualitative data on the phenomenon under investigation. These allowed for more
in-depth analysis and provide more relevant information that could not have been obtained
30
through the questionnaires (Wang, 2018). The interview guide was utilized by the scientist to
have an eye to eye proficient communication with the respondents to get complete clarifications
of their insight this review.
3.8 Data quality control
This section considered validity of instruments and reliability of instruments
3.8.1 Validity of instruments
CVI = Number of items regarded relevant
Total number of items
Table 3.2: Results of content validity for research tools
Dimensions No of Items Relevant CVI
Policy planning 09 07 0.77
Policy implementation 08 06 0.75
Policy monitoring and evaluation 06 06 1
Environmental conservation 06 06 1
Source: Primary Data (2023)
Table 3.2 presents average of 0.88 and (0.77, 0.75, 1 & 1 respectively) on all four variables had a
CVIs that were above 0.7, implying that the tool was valid since it was appropriately answering /
measuring the objectives and conceptualization of the study. According to Mugenda & Mugenda
(2003), the tool can be considered valid where the CVI value is 0.7 and above as is the case for
all the four variables provided above.
3.8.2 Reliability of instruments
Reliability refers to the likelihood of getting the same results over and over again if a measure
was repeated in the same circumstances (Chetwynd, 2022). Reliability ensures that measures are
31
free from error so that they gave same results when repeated measurements were made under
constant conditions. The instruments were pre-tested by selection of a few staff members who
will review and improve it, to ensure reliability before it was really applied in the study ( Yusoff,
2019). The researcher will personally administer the questionnaires to the participants and was
available for consultations and explanations while the participants fill in the data. The researcher
will check the questionnaires to ensure that all the questions are answered appropriately. The
pre-test will contribute to the credibility, dependability and trustworthiness of the questionnaires.
The findings from the test were coded in the SPSS, a computer package to test for reliability at
the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient so as to assess the internal consistency above 0.70 (Amirrudin,
2021).
Table 3.3: Reliability test results of research instruments.
Study variables Cronbach’s Alpha
Policy planning 0.745
Policy implementation 0.986
Policy monitoring and evaluation 0.876
Environmental conservation 0.765
Average Cronbach Alpha coefficient for variables 0.843
The reliability of instruments was established using Cronbach Alpha Coefficient which tests
internal reliability and the average reliability test result for research was 0.84 which is
recommended as given table 3.3 above.
32
3.9 Procedure of data collection
The researcher obtained an introduction letter from Uganda Management institute (UMI) after
successful proposal defense and present it to the authorities in (NEMA, KCCA, MWE) to obtain
approval to carry out the research. The researcher will pilot the questionnaire on a sample of ten
respondents and the interview guide on two respondents. The researcher will then use the
comments from these respondents to improve the questionnaire and interview guide. At this
point, research assistants was recruited, trained on the ethical considerations. The researcher
made contact with relevant authorities in KCCA to come up with agreeable schedule so that
work is not affected. Appointments as to when the researcher went to the organization (KCCA)
to meet the respondents and collect the data were set. The researcher delivered the questionnaires
personally to respondents with support from research assistants after getting permission from
KCCA authorities. The researcher conducted face to face interviews with the key respondents
which involved a question and answer session. The research instruments were thereafter
collected and the information was recorded, coded, interpreted and analyzed.
3.10 Data analysis
Data analysis is the process of organizing, organizing, and giving meaning to a lot of
information. The research used both qualitative and quantitative methods of data analysis prior to
the analysis of the data that is discussed in this section.
3.9.1 Quantitative analysis
According to Borgstede and Scholz (2021) Quantitative data analysis is a form of research that
relies on the methods of natural sciences, which produces numerical data and hard facts. This
technique helped in establishing cause and effect relationship between two variables by using
mathematical, computational and statistical methods. Quantitative data analysis involved use of
33
both descriptive and inferential statistics by using Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS)
for analysis.
Descriptive statistics describes the characteristics of a data set. It is a simple technique to
describe, show and summarize data in a meaningful way. Descriptive statistics entailed
determination of measures of central tendency such as mean, standard deviation; frequency
distributions; and percentages. Data was processed by editing, coding, entering, and then
presented in comprehensive tables showing the responses of each category of variables.
Inferential statistics focused on making predictions about a large group of data based on a
representative sample of the population. Inferential Statistics helps to draw conclusions and
make predictions based on a data set. Correlation analysis was used show the relationship
between independent variables and dependent variable (Marsh et al, 2020)
3.9.2 Qualitative analysis
Borgstede and Scholz (2021) defined qualitative data analysis as one which provides insights and
understanding of the problem setting. It is an unstructured, exploratory research method that
studies highly complex phenomena that are impossible to elucidate with the quantitative
research. Qualitative data analysis involved both thematic and content analysis and was based on
how the findings will relate to the research questions.
Content analysis is a research method used to identify patterns in recorded communication (Luo,
2022).To conduct content analysis, the researcher systematically collected data from a set of
texts, which can be written, oral, or visual (Books, newspapers and magazines, Speeches and
interviews). The researcher use content analysis to find out about the purposes, messages, and
effects of communication content. Content analysis was used to quantify the occurrence of
34
certain words, phrases, subjects or concepts in a set of historical or contemporary texts (Marsh et
al, 2020).
Thematic analysis is a method of analyzing qualitative data. The researcher closely examined the
data to identify common themes, topics, ideas and patterns of meaning that come up repeatedly
(Caulfield, 2022). There are various approaches to conducting thematic analysis, but the most
common form follows a six-step process: familiarization, coding, generating themes, reviewing
themes, defining and naming themes, and writing up. Following this process helped the
researcher to avoid confirmation bias when formulating your analysis.
3.11 Measurement of variables
According to IvyPanda (2020), measurement variable is an unknown attribute that measures a
particular entity and can take one or more values. It is commonly used for scientific research
purposes. Measurement variables are categorized into nominal and ordinal, a nominal variable is
a type of variable that is used to name, label or categorize particular attributes that are being
measured. A nominal variable is one of the 2 types of categorical variables and is the simplest
among all the measurement variables. Some examples of nominal variables include gender,
Name, phone, among others (Bhandari, 2022). An ordinal variable is a type of measurement
variable that takes values with an order or rank. They are built upon nominal scales by assigning
numbers to objects to reflect a rank or ordering on an attribute. The five point Likert type scale
(1- strongly disagree, 2-disagree, 3-not sure, 4- agree and 5-Strongly agree) was used to measure
the independent variable and the dependent variable. The choice of this scale of measurement is
that each point on the scale carries a numerical score which is used to measure the respondent’s
attitude and it is the most frequently used summated scale in the study of social attitude. The
nominal and ordinal measurement levels were utilized to compute study variables with
35
undisputable order. The Likert scale was used in data collection to measure sentiments and
respondents’ perception as per the formulated variables. Ordinal and Nominal types of
measurements was used to measure variables on the scale of 1-5, represented by strongly
disagree, disagree, not sure, agree and strongly agree.
3.12 Ethical considerations
According to Fleming (2018), ethical issues refer to the integrity in the production of knowledge,
as well as the dignity welfare of the researched.
Confidentiality and privacy: It refers to the obligation of an individual or organization to
safeguard entrusted information. The research participant’s privacy was assured by the
researcher, who kept all the information safely locked up during the research process.
To ensure privacy, the subjects were informed upfront that indeed their names were not required,
that they have the right to leave questions unanswered for which they do not wish to offer the
requisite information, and that the study did not put the respondent under pressure if this
happens.
Informed Consent: The researcher sought informed consent before conducting the data collection
process. The requirements of informed consent for research are that the respondents or subject
must be competent to understand and decide, receives a full disclosure, comprehends the
disclosure, acts voluntarily, and consents to the proposed action which this study adhered to.
Plagiarism: is presenting someone else's work or ideas as your own, with or without their consent
by incorporating it into your work without full acknowledgement. All published and unpublished
material, whether in manuscript, printed or electronic form, is covered under this definition. This
was minimized by paraphrasing, citing, quoting, citing quotes, citing own material, and
referencing.
36
Voluntary participation: The research participants were informed that their participation in the
study is entirely on voluntary basis. All the research participants were informed of their rights to
refuse to be interviewed, or to withdraw at any point for any reason, without any prejudice or
explanation.
37
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS
4.1 Introduction
This chapter presents the findings, analysis and interpretations to the findings on the relationship
between Plastic Ban Policy and environmental conservation in Uganda, using KCCA as a case
study. The study was specifically premised on the following research objectives; to examine the
relationship between policy planning and environmental conservation, to examine the
relationship between policy monitoring and evaluation and environmental conservation. This
chapter is stretched starting with the introduction, followed with the response rate, demographic
data of the respondents, and descriptive statistics interlinked with.
4.2 Response rate
The response rate of the study is presented in Table 4.4 below
Table 4.4: Response Rate
Instrument Target Actual Response Response rate
Questionnaire 160 138 86
Interview 20 15 75
Targeted 180 153 85
Source Primary Data (2023)
From Table 4.4 above, out of the 160 distributed 138 were returned correctly filled representing
86%. Out of the 20 respondents that were targeted for interviews, 15 were interviewed implying
a response rate of 75%. The overall response rate therefore was 85%. This response rate was
deemed well enough since it was over and above the 50% recommended by Amin (2005).
38
4.3 Findings on background information of the respondent
The demographic characteristics (education level, sex, among others) for the 68 respondents
were examined and findings are presented in the next subsection.
4.3.1 Sex characteristics of the respondents
The sex characteristics of respondents were investigated for this study, and findings are
presented below.
Table 4.5: Sex characteristics of the respondents
Category Frequency Percentage
Male 78 57
Female 60 43
Total 138 100
From Table 4.5 above, the majority of the respondents were male 78(57%) and females were
60(43%). The study was representative of both sexes. The implication of this finding was that no
matter the disparity in percentage of males and females who attended the study, at least views of
both males and females were captured.
39
4.3.2 Age of the respondents
The study looked at the distribution of the respondents by age using frequency distribution. The
results obtained on the item are presented in Figure 4.2 below.
Figure 4.2: Age of the respondents
From the Figure 4.2 above, It was revealed that the majority of respondents 60(43%) were
between 31-40 years, 32(23%) were between 41-50 years, those between 21-30 years were
20(14%) whereas those 20 years and below were 15(11%) and those that were above 50 years
were 11(08%) respectively. This indicated that all categories of respondents in reference to
different age groups were represented in this study. This implies that all categories of
respondents in reference to different age groups were represented in this study.
40
4.3.3 Respondents by Highest Level of Education
By examining the highest educational qualifications of the study respondents, the researcher
wished to ascertain whether there were substantial differences in the responses as indicated in the
Figure 4.3 below.
Figure 4.3: Highest Level of Education
The findings from Figure 4.3 above indicate that majority of the respondents were degree holders
making a total percentage of 83(60%), the respondents with diploma were 23(17%), those with
certificate were 15(11%), whereas those with Master’s degree were 10(07%) and PhD 07 (05%)
respectively. This implies that the respondents had good academic qualifications and the right
skills and knowledge to deliver. Besides, the respondents were able to understand, read, interpret
the questionnaire and gave relevant responses Plastic Ban Policy and environmental conservation
4.3.4 Time spent in the organization
By examining the time spent in the organization, the researcher wished to ascertain whether
there were substantial differences in the responses as indicated in the figure below.
41
Figure 4.4: Time spent working in the organization
From the Figure 4.4 above, it indicate that majority of the respondents 65(47%) had worked 1-4
years, 14(10%) less than 1 years whereas 38(28%) had worked between 5-8 years and 21(15%)
had worked 9 years and above. This meant that majority of the respondents had a working
experience, thereby having enough knowledge to provide relevant information on the
relationships of Plastic Policy Ban and on the environmental conservation at KCCA.
4.4 Empirical analysis according to research objectives
This section presents the empirical findings of the study according to the objectives. The
empirical findings are analyzed using descriptive statistics, qualitative analysis and testing
hypotheses for the respective findings. For all descriptive findings in this section, item
statements were administered to respondents to establish the extent to which they agreed with
them. The responses were measured on a five point Likert scale ranging from (1 = Strongly
Disagree, 2 = Disagree, 3 = Not sure, 4 = Agree and 5= Strongly Agree). Descriptive data was
analyzed using frequency, mean and standard deviation statistics. It was then collaborated with
42
qualitative data using narrative and thematic analysis before testing hypotheses. Firstly, this
section presents findings on Plastic Ban Policy and environmental conservation in Uganda, using
KCCA as a case study followed by the research objectives;
4.4.1 Environmental conservation at KCCA
The statements on environmental conservation were structured basing on the objective of the
study. Statements were measured on a five-point Likert scale where code 1 = strongly Disagree,
2 = Disagree, 3 = Not sure, 4 = Agree and 5 = strongly Agree. Six (06) statements which are
statistically tabulated and presented in the table below with the frequencies and percentages
according to the responses collected.
Table 4.6: Environmental conservation at KCCA
Statements Frequency Percent Mean Std D

The amount of waste Strongly Disagree 20 14% 2.03 0.864
generated from our Disagree 97 70%
production process has Not sure 00 00%
shrunk as result of the
Agree 15 11%
process streamlining in the
KCCA. Strongly Agree 05 04%
Overall, the amount of Strongly Disagree 20 14% 2.49 1.03
waste meant to be dumped Disagree 57 41%
has reduced as a result of Not sure 00 00%
waste treatment.
Agree 50 36%
Strongly Agree 10 07%
Our company has designed Strongly Disagree 16 12% 3.30 1.08
a system that adds value to Disagree 19 14%
the waste generated hence Not sure 14 10%
enhanced customer focus.
Agree 65 47%
All waste generated by our Strongly Disagree 15 11% 3.54 1.00
company is collected in one Disagree 30 22%
place due to the effective Not sure 00 00%
ness of the equipment used.
Agree 77 55%
Landfill is reduced by the Strongly Disagree 00 00% 3.70 0.02
43
company by treating all the Disagree 10 07%
wastes generated during the Not sure 05 04%
production process. Agree 95 69%
Landfill from the production Strongly Disagree 17 12% 3.00 0.02
process has consistently Disagree 48 35%
declined overtime as a result Not sure 08 06%
of supplier management and
Agree 52 38%
relationship development.
As to whether the amount of waste generated from our production process has shrunk as result of
the process streamlining in the KCCA, majority of the respondents, 70% of the respondents
disagreed with the statement, 14% strongly disagreed, 00% were not sure, 11% agreed and 04%
agreed with the statement respectively. The mean of 2.03 indicated the majority of the
respondents who were not satisfied with the statement and the standard deviation of 0.864
showed the deviating responses from respondents. This implies that people need more
sensitization on the methods of solid waste management both at small and large scale concerning
indiscriminate dumping.
Responses to the question as to whether overall, the amount of waste meant to be dumped has
reduced as a result of waste treatment, 41% of the respondents disagreed with the statement, 14%
strongly disagreed, 00% were not sure, 36% of the respondents disagreed and 07% agreed with
the statement respectively. The mean of 2.49 indicated the respondents who were unsatisfied
with the statement and the standard deviation of 1.03 indicating the deviation from the response.
This implies that KCCA cannot account and record the amount of plastics that is collected and
disposed making it difficult for the Authority to record the amount of plastic waste generated in
the city in order to effectively plan and manage the waste. When plastic waste is not separated
44
from biodegradable waste and ends up in the land, it has detrimental consequences for the
environment, human and animal life.
As to whether our company has designed a system that adds value to the waste generated hence
enhanced customer focus, 47% agreed with the statement, 17% strongly agreed, 10% were not
sure, 14% disagreed and 12% strongly disagreed with the statement. The mean of 3.30 indicated
those respondents who were fairly satisfied with the statement and the standard deviation of 1.08
indicated those deviating responses from the statement. The findings are supported by the key
informant who asserts that:
The National Environment (Waste Management) Regulations, 2020 The
regulations provide rules for the handling and disposal of waste and provide the
NEMA with necessary powers for control of waste management in Uganda and
any movement of waste into, from, or through Uganda, and from to or through
any area under the jurisdiction of any other state. The regulations also provide
for cleaner production methods; a license for the transportation of or storage of
waste; powers of the environmental inspector; extended producer responsibility,
packaging and labeling of waste; operation of a waste treatment plant or disposal
site; environmental impact assessment; and notification procedures and prior
informed consent.
Further still, another key informant revealed that:
Implementation of the Environmental and City Ambience Management is still a
challenge for DPHS especially in relation to waste management but the core
function being waste management; DPHS continues to collect waste (plastic
waste inclusive) around the city of Kampala together with other private
45
companies that were contracted by KCCA. The waste is then dumped at Kiteezi
landfill even though this act is prohibited under Regulation 70 of the National
Environment (Waste Management) Regulations, 2020 and the 2020 Guidelines for
the Management of Landfills in Uganda which mutually state that landfilling of
polymers, including non-biodegradable plastics and carrier bags is prohibited.
As to whether all waste generated by our company is collected in one place due to the effective
ness of the equipment used, the majority of the respondents, 55% agreed with the statement, 12%
agreed with the statement, 00% were not sure, 22% disagreed and 11% strongly disagreed with
the statement respectively. The mean = 3.54 indicated those respondents who were satisfied with
the statement and standard deviation of 1.00 indicated those deviating responses from the
statement. The findings are supported by the key informant who asserts that:
The National Environment (Waste Management) Regulations, 2020 provide rules
for the handling and disposal of waste and provide the NEMA with necessary
powers for control of waste management in Uganda and any movement of waste
into, from, or through Uganda, and from to or through any area under the
jurisdiction of any other state (KII001/12/07/2023)
Responses to the question as to whether Landfill is reduced by the company by treating all the
wastes generated during the production process, 69% of the respondents agreed with the
statement, 20% strongly agreed, 04% were not sure, whereas 07% disagreed and 00% strongly
disagreed with the statement respectively. The mean = 3.70 corresponding indicated the
respondents who were satisfied with the statement and the standard deviation of 0.02 indicating
the deviation from the response.
As to whether Landfill from the production process has consistently declined overtime as a result
46
of supplier management and relationship development, the majority of the respondents, 38% of
the respondents agreed with the statement, 09% strongly agreed, 06% were not sure, 35%
disagreed and 12% strongly disagreed with the statement respectively. The mean of 3.00
indicated the respondents who were fairly satisfied with the statement and the standard deviation
of 0.02 indicating the deviation from the response. This implies that Landfills are not typically
designed to aid in the biodegradation of waste rather they are burial grounds for solid waste and
other wastes. One example is food waste, while it ordinarily takes food waste a short time to
biodegrade under natural conditions such as sunlight and oxygen, in a landfill food waste takes
approximately 6 months to 2 years to break down.
4.4.2 The relationship between policy planning and environmental conservation
The first objective in the study was to examine the relationship between policy planning and
environmental conservation at KCCA. To observe the relationship, 6 question statements were
administered to respondents to establish the extent to which they agreed with them.
47
Table 4.7: Descriptive statistics on the relationship between policy planning and
environmental conservation
Statements Freq % Mean Std D

You are aware of policy banning use of Strongly Disagree 15 11% 3.57 1.077
plastic bags in Kampala Capital City Disagree 26 19%
Authority Not sure 00 00%
Agree 81 57%
Stakeholders participate during the policy Strongly Disagree 15 11% 3.50 0.986
formulation process and implementation Disagree 19 14%
Not sure 07 05%
Agree 73 53%
The goals and objectives of the policy are Strongly Disagree 00 00% 4.54 1.00
clear at KCCA Disagree 10 07%
Not sure 05 04%
Agree 112 81%
Implementation strategies are clear at Strongly Disagree 16 12% 3.54 0.984
KCCA Disagree 19 14%
Not sure 04 03%
Agree 75 54%
The policy has been disseminated to and Strongly Disagree 09 13% 3.55 1.60
understood by implementers Disagree 36 26%
Not sure 00 00%
Agree 77 56%
Violators of policy banning use of plastic Strongly Disagree 20 14% 2.08 1.00
bags in Uganda are penalized. Disagree 97 70%
Not sure 00 00%
Agree 15 11%
Issues to be addressed by the policy are Strongly Disagree 12 09%
clear at KCCA 2.89 1.20
Disagree 40 29%
Not sure 18 13%
Agree 55 40%
48
As to whether community is aware of policy banning use of plastic bags in Kampala Capital City
Authority, majority of the respondents 57% agreed with the statement, 12% strongly agreed,
00% not sure, 19% disagreed with the statement and 11% strongly disagreed with the statement
respectively. The mean = 3.57 indicated the respondents who were satisfied with the statement
and the standard deviation of 1.077 indicated those with deviating responses from the statement.
UNBS also uses permits as tools for ensuring that plastic manufacturers comply
with the specified standard. The permits give permission to manufacturers to
trade in a particular product and contain conditions that the manufacturers have
to follow and, in the event, that they fail to comply with the conditions, it can
result in the revocation of the manufacturer’s permit. A manufacturer can apply
for the 12-month permit from the National standards council or a person acting
under the authority of the council (KII002/12/07/2023)
The Bureau also works with other lead agencies such as NEMA and Police in their operations to
ensure that manufacturers and traders adhere to the set standards. UNBS carries out quarterly
inspections of factories that manufacture plastic bags and plastic products to ensure that they are
complying with the compulsory standard. In August of 2019 and sometime in 2021, the UNBS
together with NEMA closed down several factories that were producing substandard plastic bags
and plastic products. For example companies such as Jesco Plastics Limited, Teefe plastics, and
Earth Quec Enterprises Limited.
Responses to the question as to whether stakeholders participate during the policy formulation
process and implementation, 53% of the respondents agreed with the statement, 17% strongly
disagreed, 05% were not sure, whereas 14% of the respondents disagreed and 11% strongly
49
disagreed with the statement respectively. The mean = 3.50 indicated those respondents who
were satisfied with the statement and the standard deviation of 0.986 indicated those with
deviating responses from the statement. This implies that effective interactions and coordination
among social, political and economic institutions are important for creating a formal dialogue,
which promotes transparency in the policy formulation and implementation processes, as well as
efficient dissemination of information from the respective economic, legislative and social
sectors. The findings above are supported by the key informant who indicated that:
The decision to ban the polythene bags below 30 microns was agreed upon by
stakeholders including the prime minister, National Environment Management
Authority, Uganda Manufacturers Association, environmental activists and all
those involved in the trade of plastics (KII004/12/07/2023)
With respect to whether the goals and objectives of the policy are clear at KCCA, the majority of
the respondents 81% agreed with the statement, 08% strongly agreed, 04% not sure, whereas
07% disagreed with the statement respectively. The mean = 4.54 indicated the majority of the
respondents who were satisfied with the statement and the standard deviation of 1.00 indicated
those respondents with deviating responses. This implies that target setting allows KCCA to the
translate their vision and strategy into strategic objectives that are associated with medium to
long-term goals, and setting performance targets and the preceding process of strategic planning
is an important aspect of performance management for their organization. The findings are
supported by the key informant who asserts that:
Goals and objectives provide a basis for planning and developing other types of
plans such as policies, budget and procedures. It acts as motivators for
individuals and departments of an enterprise mobilizing their activities with a
50
sense of purpose. It helps in development of effective control that measure results
and lead to corrective actions; it facilities coordination behavior of various
groups which otherwise may pull in different directions; it functions as a basis for
managerial control by serving as standards against which actual performance
can be measured, provides legitimacy to organization activities and finally
facilitates better management of organization by providing a basis for leading,
guiding, directing and controlling the activities of various departments
(KII005/11/07/2023)
Responses to the question as whether implementation strategies are clear at KCCA, 54% of the
respondents agreed with the statement, 17% strongly agreed, 03% were not sure, whereas 14%
disagreed and 12% strongly disagreed respectively. The mean = 3.54 which indicated the
respondents who were satisfied with the statement and the standard deviation of 0.984 indicated
respondents with deviating responses from the statement.
As to whether the policy has been disseminated to and understood by implementers, the
respondent’s responses indicated that the majority of the respondents 56% agreed with the
statement, 20% strongly agree, 00% not sure, 26% disagreed and 13% strongly disagreed with
the statement. The mean = 3.55 indicated the respondents were satisfied with the statement and
the standard deviation of 1.60 indicated respondents with deviating responses from the statement.
As to whether violators of policy banning use of plastic bags in Uganda are penalized, the
respondent’s responses indicated that the majority of the respondents 70% disagreed with the
statement, 14% strongly disagreed, 00% not sure, 11% agreed and 04% strongly agreed with the
statement respectively. The mean = 2.08 indicated the respondents who were not satisfied with
51
the statement and standard deviation of 1.00 indicated respondents with deviating responses from
the statement.
As to whether issues to be addressed by the policy are clear at KCCA, 40% of the respondents
agreed with the statement, 09% of the respondents strongly agreed, and 13% were not sure,
whereas 29% disagreed with the statement and 09% strongly disagreed. The mean of 2.89
indicated the respondents who were fairly satisfied with the statement and the standard deviation
of 1.20 indicated those with deviating responses from the statement.
Table 4.8: Pearson Correlation matrix for policy planning and environmental conservation
Pearson Correlation coefficients Policy planning Environmental
conservation
Policy planning Pearson Correlation 1 .688**
Sig. (2-tailed) .000
N 138 138
Environmental conservation Pearson Correlation .688** 1
Sig. (2-tailed) .000
N 138 138
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). Source: Primary Data (2023)
From the Table 4.8, Pearson correlation results depicts a strong and positive correlation (r
= .688) between policy planning and environmental conservation. The study results further
indicated a significant statistical relationship between the study variables given the P-value
(P=0.000<0.05). Therefore, the alternative hypothesis that was earlier stated in chapter one is
upheld. This implies that policy planning in terms of setting clear policy goals, clear policy
objectives and consensus between stakeholders on goals and objectives are all essential measures
52
of environmental conservation.
4.4.3 The relationship between policy implementation and environmental conservation
The second objective in the study was to examine the relationship between policy
implementation and environmental conservation. To observe the relationship, 06 question
statements were administered to respondents to establish the extent to which they agreed with
them.
Table 4.9: Descriptive statistics on policy implementation and environmental conservation
Item Responses Frequency Percent Mean Std D

Data is regularly gathered to Strongly Disagree 15 11% 3.40 1.08
track progress of the policy Disagree 41 30%
implementation Not sure 00 00%
Agree 66 48%
Implementation data Strongly Disagree 15 11% 2.49 1.12
gathered is disseminated Disagree 73 53%
Not sure 07 05%
Agree 19 14%
Data on implementation is Strongly Disagree 15 11% 3.48 0.958
used to assess progress Disagree 19 14%
toward achieving results Not sure 07 05%
Agree 73 53%
Effective implementation of Strongly Disagree 09 13% 2.54 1.02
the policy is to reduce the Disagree 77 56%
effects of plastic bags in Not sure 00 00%
Kampala Capital City
Agree 36 26%
Authority.
There is collaboration Strongly Disagree 30 22% 3.40 1.08
between the different Disagree 28 20%
stakeholders in Not sure 00 00%
implementing the policy
Agree 43 31%
The population is receiving Strongly Disagree 15 11% 3.30 0.84
53
information about Disagree 29 21%
implementation of the Not sure 22 16%
policy
Agree 56 41%
With respect to whether data is regularly gathered to track progress of the policy implementation,
48% of the respondents agreed with the statement, 12% strongly agreed, 00% were not sure, 30%
disagreed and 11% strongly disagreed with the statement. The mean = 3.40 indicated the
respondents who were fairly satisfied with the statement and standard deviation of 1.08 showed
the deviating responses from respondents. Unfortunately, enforcement of the above laws remains
a challenge for the mandated agencies. This has been attributed to a number of factors such as;
limitation in resources both financial and human capacity, the lack of political will manifested by
the government of Uganda and politicians who favor businesses growth over environmental
policy, separation of plastic waste from bio degradable waste and the public not being fully away
of the dangers of the use and disposal of plastic material.
Responses to the question as to whether Implementation data gathered is disseminated, majority
of the respondents, 53% agreed with the statement, 11% strongly agreed, 05% were not sure,
14% of the respondents disagreed and 17% strongly disagreed respectively. The mean = 2.49
indicated the respondents who were not satisfied with the statement and standard deviation of
1.12 indicating those respondents with deviation from the response. This implies that there
various approaches used in creating awareness campaigns including organizing public meetings
and dialogue through the environment officers appointed by the lead agency as it was the case
with both the local leaders and regulated communities that had settled in Lubigi and Kyetinda
wetlands in Wakiso and Kampala districts. The findings are supported by the key informant
asserts that:
54
In FY2017/2018 environmental officers carried out media invitations and visits in
central Uganda through partnering with local private media stations such as
Akaboozi kubiri a Luganda based and sister station to Radio one FM 90 which is
English based, Namirembe FM which is Christian founded and NBS TV which is
under the management of a private company called Next Media Group (NEMA
annual corporate report FY 2017/2018). On October 24th 2011, NEMA created a
Facebook page with a user name “National Environment Management Authority
(NEMA) Uganda as an addition to the existing channels used in creating public
awareness relating to the protection of the natural environment. These tools have
been used to raise awareness and sensitize the general public on the issues
regarding the protection of wetlands (KII008/15/07/2023)
As to whether data on implementation is used to assess progress toward achieving results, 53%
of the respondents agreed with the statement, 17% strongly agreed, 05% were not sure, 14%
disagreed with the statement and 11% strongly disagreed with the statement. The mean of 3.48
indicated the respondents who were fairly satisfied with the statement. The standard deviation of
0.958 indicated those with deviating responses from the statement.
With respect to whether effective implementation of the policy is to reduce the effects of plastic
bags in Kampala Capital City Authority, the majority of the respondents, 56% of the respondents
disagreed with the statement, 20% strongly disagreed, 00% were not sure, 26% agreed and 13%
strongly agreed respectively. The mean = 3.54 indicated the respondents who were satisfied with
the statement and the standard deviation of 1.02 indicated those respondents with deviating
responses from the statement. This implies that public is not fully aware of the harmful effects of
plastics on the environment and the complexities involved in recycling plastics thus the
55
continued demand and reliance on the product coupled with the poor disposal methods with the
assumption that all plastics are recycled which is not the reality. These include gaps in
implementation such as limited compliance with basic environment related needs, dismal
implementation for solving environmental degradation, inadequate funds and staff to facilitate
implementation, lack of political will and excessive political intrigue, short-term economic vis-a-
vis sustainable environment preferences, poor coordination within government line ministries,
and presence of dominant discourses for self-interests, hence reflecting the inadequacy in
institutional capacity.
With respect to whether there is collaboration between the different stakeholders in
implementing the policy, 31% agreed with the statement, 24% strongly agreed, 00% were not
sure, 20% disagreed and 22% strongly disagreed. The mean = 3.40 indicated the respondents
who were fairly satisfied with the statement and the standard deviation of 1.08 indicated those
respondents with deviating responses from the statement. As a result, through mutual
collaboration and support spearheaded by NEMA, other actors/ stakeholders fully participated in
the implementation and enforcement of the ban on plastic bags for example as cited by Tajuba et
al 2018 where the president of the republic of Uganda His Excellency Yoweri .k. Museveni who
on the 5th of June 2018 during the world environment day celebrations that were held in Mbale
town revived a shelved government ban on the environmentally hazardous product “kaveera” by
ordering 45 plastic manufacturers in the country to stop making polythene bags or kaveera. The
president was quoted saying;
Banning the manufacture, distribution, sale and use is encompassing of the
different promoters of these products. This law has not been repealed and should
be enforced, he added. Section 2 of the 2009 finance Act prohibits the
56
importation, local manufacture, sale or use of plastic bags as well as the
importation, local manufacture, sale or use of sacks and bags of polymers of
ethane and polythene with effect from March 31st, 2010 (KII010/15/07/2023)
Relatedly, the key informant asserts that:
Finance Act, 2009 Section 2 of the 2009 Finance Act prohibits the importation,
local manufacture, sale or use of plastic bags that are less than 30 microns as
well as the "importation, local manufacture, sale or use of sacks and bags of
polymers of ethene and polyethylene with effect from March 31, 2010". Section 2
of the Finance Act, 2009, was eventually repealed by the National Environment
Act, 2019 (KII010/15/07/2023)
As to whether the population is receiving information about implementation of the policy, the
majority of the respondents, 41% agreed with the statement, 12% strongly agreed, 16% were not
sure, 21% disagreed and 11% strongly disagreed. The mean = 3.30 indicated the respondents
who were fairly satisfied with the statement and the standard deviation of 0.84 indicated those
respondents with deviating responses from the statement.
Table 4.10: Pearson Correlation matrix for policy implementation and environmental
conservation
57
Pearson Correlation coefficients
Policy Environmental
implementation conservation
Policy Pearson correlation 1 .324**
implementation Sig.(2-tailed) .000
N 138 138
Environmental Pearson correlation .324** 1
conservation Sig.(2-tailed) .000
N 138 138
*Correlation is significant at 0.01 level (2-tailed) Source: Primary Data (2023)
From the Table 4.10 Pearson correlation results depicts a weak and positive correlation (r = .324)
between policy implementation and environmental conservation. The study results further
indicated a significant statistical relationship between the study variables given that P-value
(P=0.000<0). Therefore, the alternative hypothesis that was earlier stated in chapter one is
upheld. This implies that policy implementation has a weak relationship environmental
conservation.
4.4.4 The relationship between policy monitoring and evaluation and environmental
conservation
The third objective in the study was to examine the relationship between policy monitoring and
evaluation and environmental conservation. To observe the relationship , 05 question statements
were administered to respondents to establish the extent to which they agreed with them were
measured on a five-point Likert scale where code 1 = Strongly Disagree, 2 = Disagree, 3 = Not
sure, 4 = Agree and 5 = Strongly Agree. The findings are presented in the table 4.7 below
Table 4.11: Descriptive Statistics on policy monitoring and evaluation and environmental
conservation
Item Responses Frequency Percent Mean Std D
58
There is strong leadership for Strongly Disagree 15 11% 3.52 0.164
the policy monitoring and Disagree 30 22%
evaluation Not sure 00 00%
Agree 77 55%
Resources are available and Strongly Disagree 28 20% 2.16 1.04
sufficient for the policy Disagree 95 69%
monitoring and evaluation Not sure 05 04%
Agree 10 07%
Leaders provide Strongly Disagree 21 15% 3.44 1.05
accountability for resources Disagree 54 39%
availed for policy monitoring Not sure 05 04%
and evaluation
Agree 37 27%
Leadership for policy Strongly Disagree 12 09% 2.35 1.12
monitoring and evaluation is Disagree 85 62%
effective
Not sure 00 00%
Agree 24 17%
Monitoring and evaluation Strongly Disagree 00 00% 3.60 1.03
data is used in improving Disagree 10 07%
implementation of the policy Not sure 05 04%
Agree 95 69%
With respect to whether there is strong leadership for the policy monitoring and evaluation, 55%
agreed with the statement, 12% strongly agreed, 00% were not sure, 22% disagreed and 11%
strongly disagreed a mean of 3.52 indicated the respondents who were satisfied with the
statement and the standard deviation of 0.164 indicated those with deviating responses from the
statement. the findings are supported by the key informant who indicated that:
The National Environment Act, 2019 assented to in February 2019, this Act
assures the right of Ugandans to a clean and healthy environment and addresses
59
the rights of nature to exist. In section 97 (1), the Act strongly prohibits littering
and imposes an obligation on citizens and owners of premises to contract relevant
waste collection agencies. Section 98 provides for Extended Producer
Responsibility (EPR), but without categorical specificity to plastics. Section 52(3)
of the Act also stipulates that waste originators shall minimize waste through the
treatment, reclamation and recycling of waste materials. The Act also provides
for the continuation of the National Environmental Management Authority
(“NEMA”) as the principal agency in Uganda, charged with the responsibility of
coordinating, monitoring, regulating and supervising environmental management
in Uganda (KII010/15/07/2023)
As to whether resources are available and sufficient for the policy monitoring and evaluation,
69% of the respondents disagreed with the statement, 20% disagreed, 04% not sure, whereas
07% of the respondents agreed with the respondents respectively. The mean of 2.16 indicated
those respondents who were unsatisfied with the statement and the standard deviation of 1.04
indicated those respondents with deviating responses. This implies that the limited resource
hinders policy monitoring and evaluation. The findings are supported by the key informant who
revealed that:
Without the required resource to operate, the work of an organization is rendered
near impossible, a Standards officer with UNBS confirms that limited resources
both financial and human are one of the challenges that UNBS faces in
implementing its mandate. He gave an example of the inspector: district ratio
which he qualified as low and the product: inspector ratio which he qualified as
60
high; the result of these two ratios is that they make their routine inspections
difficult (KII010/14/07/2023)
With respect to whether Leaders provide accountability for resources availed for policy
monitoring and evaluation, 27% agreed with the statement, 19% strongly agreed, 04% were not
sure, 39% of the respondents disagreed and 15% strongly disagreed. The mean = 2.54 indicated
the respondents who were fairly satisfied with the statement and the standard deviation of 1.05
indicated those with deviating responses from the statement.
As to whether leadership for policy monitoring and evaluation is effective, the majority of the
respondents, 62% of the respondents disagreed with the statement, 09% strongly disagreed, 00%
were not sure, 17% of the respondents agreed and 12% strongly disagreed with the statement
respectively. The mean = 2.35 indicated the respondents who were unsatisfied with the
statement.
As to whether monitoring and evaluation data is used in improving implementation of the policy,
majority of the respondents, 69% of the respondents agreed with the statement, 20% strongly
agreed, 04% were not sure, 07% disagreed and 00% strongly disagreed. The mean of 3.60
indicated the respondents who were satisfied with the statement and the standard deviation of
1.03 showed the deviating responses from respondents.
Table 4.12: Pearson Correlation matrix for policy monitoring and evaluation and
environmental conservation
Pearson Correlation coefficients
61
Policy monitoring and Environmental
evaluation conservation
Policy monitoring Pearson correlation 1 .467**
and evaluation Sig.(2-tailed) .000
N 138 138
Environmental Pearson correlation .467** 1
conservation Sig.(2-tailed) .000
N 138 138
*Correlation is significant at 0.01 level (2-tailed) Source: Primary Data (2023)
From the Table 4.12 Pearson correlation results depicts a moderate and positive correlation
(r=.467) between policy monitoring and evaluation and environmental conservation. The study
results further indicated a significant statistical relationship between the study variables given
that P-value (P=0.000<0.05). Therefore, the alternative hypothesis that was earlier stated in
chapter one is upheld. This implies that policy monitoring and evaluation in terms of follow
through by committed leadership, resource mobilisation and accountability by the leadership
essential measures of environmental conservation at KCCA.
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, DISCUSSION, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Introduction
62
The chapter presents summary of the findings, discussion, conclusion and recommendations on
the relationship between Plastic Ban Policy and environmental conservation in Uganda, using
KCCA as a case study. The study was premised on the following research objectives; to examine
the relationship between policy planning and environmental conservation, to examine the
relationship between policy monitoring and evaluation and environmental conservation.
5.2. Summary of major findings
The summary of the major findings is presented based on the study objectives as laid out chapter
one of this report.
5.2.1: Policy planning and environmental conservation at KCCA
From the Table 4.8, Pearson correlation results depicts a strong and positive correlation (r
= .688) between policy planning and environmental conservation. The study results further
indicated a significant statistical relationship between the study variables given the P-value
(P=0.000<0.05). Therefore, the alternative hypothesis that was earlier stated in chapter one is
upheld. This implies that policy planning in terms of setting clear policy goals, clear policy
objectives and consensus between stakeholders on goals and objectives are all essential measures
of environmental conservation.
From the Table 4.10 Pearson correlation results depicts a weak and positive correlation (r = .324)
between policy implementation and environmental conservation. The study results further
indicated a significant statistical relationship between the study variables given that P-value
(P=0.000<0). Therefore, the alternative hypothesis that was earlier stated in chapter one is
63
upheld. This implies that policy implementation has a weak relationship environmental
conservation.
From the Table 4.12 Pearson correlation results depicts a moderate and positive correlation
(r=.467) between policy monitoring and evaluation and environmental conservation. The study
results further indicated a significant statistical relationship between the study variables given
that P-value (P=0.000<0.05). Therefore, the alternative hypothesis that was earlier stated in
chapter one is upheld. This implies that policy monitoring and evaluation in terms of committed
leadership, resource mobilisation and accountability by the leadership essential measures of
environmental conservation at KCCA.
5.3. Discussion of findings
This section discusses the study results according to the study objectives as indicated below;
5.3.1 Policy planning and environmental conservation at KCCA
The Pearson correlation results depicts a strong and positive correlation (r = .688) between
policy planning and environmental conservation. The findings are in agreement with Ismanu and
Kusmintarti (2019) who indicated that government strategies incorporate political exercises,
plans, and a bunch of rules that should be accomplished by government and political entertainers
to perceive public issues and unveil choices for the improvement of the country. Since
government policies have an impact on natural protection, government agencies are constantly
implementing change by converting the Plastic Ban Strategy into activities and supporting the
extension of the advancement limit in government institutions.
The findings are supported by Strehlenert (2019) who indicated that strategy implementation and
definition cross-over. In this manner, implementation ought to involve associations of
64
accomplices in a significantly unique manner. He accepted that courses of action in light of proof
can be completed all the more productively. The studies goal was to differentiate two Swedish
wellbeing and social consideration arrangements, regardless of the chance of precision in its
discoveries. Nearly every major strategic initiative is seen as starting with a mission statement.
They are designed to inspire members of the group to act in ways that advance the group's
common objectives.
Behuria (2019) is consistent with the study findings were he noted that a mission statement
provides a framework for method and serves as a final reference point when selecting essential
resource assignment options. Plastic Ban Policy and environmental conservation are significantly
relationship by the mission statement. This is referred to as stakeholder involvement and
subsequent support. The methodology plan and spread assume an essential part in the effective
implementation of a plan. It is recommended that when associates are involved from the hour of
definition, they own the arrangement including its implementation.
Further still, Kwori (2019) recommended specific locations for increasing exercise coordination
and concentrating effort. Without an arrangement, an association turns into an assortment of
individuals; therefore, to guarantee aggregate activities and focus on accomplishing authoritative
plans and targets, methodology is required. A strategic plan typically has an impact on the entire
organization; In any case, a particular thing, program, or organization is the complement of an
attractive system. A lot of different points of view, strategies, and models are used in essential
preparation. The initiative's concept, the culture of the group, the complexity of the situation at
hand, the group's size, and the expertise of the organizers all contribute to the formulation of an
effective strategy.
The findings are concur with Grindle (2017) who declares that the attributes of regulatory
65
authorities or the managerial contraption and methodology of carrying out administrations have
regularly been faulted for the successive gaps among objectives and results in the
implementation of public approach in the third world. Likewise found that trying objectives
requires something beyond a mechanical understanding. It includes important questions about
battle, the route, and who gets what in the population as a whole.
The Pearson correlation results depicts a weak and positive correlation (r = .324) between policy
implementation and environmental conservation. The study findings are inconsistent with Siria
(2021), who noted that leaders of a serious game plan place an emphasis on understanding,
selecting, and communicating an affiliation's system. Busscher et al (2022), then again,
characterizes strategy implementation as the system for allotting assets to help the chose
techniques. Sorooshin et al (2010) guarantee that Strategy implementation is the cycle by which
an association's hierarchical designs, control frameworks, and culture ought to be created, used,
and joined to set systems in motion that further develop implementation and give it an upper
hand.
Study findings are in agreement with Lefort (2020) who revealed that businesses that place a
greater emphasis on the effective implementation of policies achieve twice as much financial
success as those that place a lesser emphasis on it. Even though efficient implementation is
crucial to an organization's success, it often fails to meet expectations. Otieno et al (2018) broke
down the relationship between key arranging practices and implementation of state associations
in Kenya. At a level of certainty of 5%, the investigation revealed that state enterprises engaged
in a variety of important planning activities that significantly affected partnerships' presentation.
The review was unable to determine whether key arranging fundamentally affected the
66
organization's implementation, despite the fact that the model was fit with the same degree of
certainty. This might suggest that partners are a piece of a helpful climate and that getting them
engaged with each strategy cycle, from strategy detailing to definite implementation , is one
method for acquiring their help.
The findings disagree with Peters (2021) who argued that implementation designs can also be
viewed as establishments in general. These two fundamental pieces of method implementation,
to be unequivocal, institutional setting and different evened out plan are what we term the
"implementation procedure." Exogenous to the conventional strategy choice is specifically, the
institutional setting, which fills in as the obliging and empowering setting inside which the
arrangement should accomplish its objectives. Interestingly, the association decides the
capabilities and assets of the performing specialists and is a part of the strategy plan. As a result,
decision-making authority and specific roles in the implementation process are divided among
institutions and organizational structure. These gaps in knowledge were addressed in the study.
Study findings concur with Umar and Adamu (2020) who revealed that when good
administration practices are used, authority issues and bad administration are to blame for the
diligent failure of public arrangement implementation and improvement. It is contested that there
is a typical connection between public methodology implementation, policy implementation, and
open organization. One of the backbones of the implementation of public procedure is public
drive. As a result, it is suggested that good public governance and effective public leadership are
required for the successful implementation of public policy; On the other hand, the implementing
agency expects every employee to take on a certain amount of leadership responsibilities. Even
though the study was conducted to determine whether the finding could be applicable to the
implementation of policies in Uganda, it is anticipated that this finding had a positive impact on
67
the intended research.
Pearson correlation results depicts a moderate and positive correlation (r=.467) between policy
monitoring and evaluation and environmental conservation. The study findings are supported by
Muposhi (2021) who revealed that monitoring and evaluation helps implementers recognize
changes and adapt their plans to the circumstances under which the arrangement is being carried
out. In addition, they emphasize that despite the fact that the ban reduces overall pack use for a
short period of time; it may be successful in the long run if it is consistently implemented and
observed. A fundamental and on-going component of the board's program is observation. A
program, project, or activity's environmental conservation can be evaluated through continuous
or periodic data collection and analysis.
The findings are consistent with Nielsen (2019) who note that among the obstacles that prevent
the implementation of a ban on plastic bags are opposition to regulations governing plastic
carrier bags, uncertainty regarding how to measure the relationship, and undesirable side
relationships. Program monitoring can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of implementation.
The anticipated review primarily focused on testing this theory and determining whether it
applies to Kampala Capital City Authority conditions. It was argued that the government needed
to move away from conformity and compliance and toward conscious decision-making based on
comprehending people's behavioral trends and the value they bring to the cleanliness of the
environment. In order to achieve the intended goals and gain environmental acceptance,
legislation must be interpreted, disputes must be resolved, and surveillance measures must be
implemented.
68
The findings contradict Sager et al (2021) who asserts that appraisal is the intelligent evaluation
of the arrangement and implementation of public interventions, such as methodology tasks or
guidelines. Implementation and arrangements for implementation are essential components of
policy evaluations due to the evaluation's focus on whether a selected policy ultimately resolves
the societal issue it is intended to address. Evaluation is at this point considering a lot of
speculative standards, despite the way that an applied science revolves generally around the
helpful target of giving trial evidence to methodology decisions. The distinction between design
failure and implementation failure is one of the most important conceptual pillars of policy
evaluation.
5.4 Conclusions
Study conclusions were drawn based on the study findings.
The study concludes that Planning positively affected environmental conservation at KCCA. The
purpose of planning is to be able to utilize the available resources to achieve the overall
objective. This study also concluded that KCCA should have a clear strategic plan which is
articulated to all of its employees at various levels and department within the organization. From
the results, a positive strategic planning was found to affect environmental conservation. The
study therefore concluded that strong agreement of factors of various dimension of strategic
planning indicates the effectiveness and efficiency of such planning by KCCA and hence affect
their performance positively.
Basing on the above findings, the researcher concluded that unfortunately, enforcement of the
69
above laws remains a challenge for the mandated agencies. This has been attributed to a number
of factors such as; limitation in resources both financial and human capacity, the lack of political
will manifested by the government of Uganda and politicians who favour businesses growth over
environmental policy, separation of plastic waste from bio degradable waste and the public not
being fully away of the dangers of the use and disposal of plastic material. Also, the existing
laws on plastics are not comprehensive in addressing the challenges attributed to plastics.
The study concluded that there is need to increase financial resources allocated to government
agencies for the enforcement of the laws on plastics. The government of Uganda should increase
funding in the environment sector to enable the mandated agencies to address plastic pollution in
Uganda. As mentioned above, one of the factors that have contributed to the lack of enforcement
of the existing laws is limited resources.
5.5 Recommendations
In light of the study conclusions, the following recommendations were made in line with the
objectives of this study.
Formulating policies, stakeholders should embrace a systemic approach that recognizes the
holistic character of policies related to natural resource management and sustainable
development, that they are enlightened on the differences between systemic and participatory
approaches to avoid confusion of the two, thus facilitating meaningful interactions in policy
processes.
Second, it is recommended that coordination and institutional capacity in all forms are included
as important aspects in policy making, because the lack of these elements results in failure to
apply a systemic approach and hence leads to policy implementation bottlenecks.
70
Third, further research on implementation of environment policy is essential to determine effects
of the prevailing policy implementation process, and how this in turn affects biodiversity,
especially in the natural forest tree agro-ecosystem. Thus, if natural forest ecosystems are well
managed and biodiversity is conserved as a result of good policy formulation and
implementation, all agro-ecosystems, including organic agriculture, shall be more likely to
perform well and attain the long term goals of natural forest tree biodiversity, sustainability in
food systems and conservation of resources.
Environmental sustainability is required as a means to achieve the sustainable development
agenda 2030. Achieving environmental sustainability is possible through effective
implementation of environmental policies and programmes that are inclusive in their
development and accepted by a wide group of key stakeholders.
It is therefore recommend government to revise the current laws with an extension of the law
banning single-use plastics in the country.
Developing a mission statement helped the organizations realize their vision. By developing a
strategic plan that incorporates the mission statement, entrepreneurs are more likely to be
successful and stay focused on what is important.
Use of landfills: When plastics cannot be re-used or recycled for whatever reason they should not
be put in an open dumpsite. There should be proper landfills constructed to international
standards. There should be a heavy penalty levied on use of the landfills to discourage disposal
and encourage re-use or recycling.
Public education and awareness: All organs of the government and their agencies led by NEMA
should carry out a sustained public education and awareness campaign targeting all stakeholders
71
from manufacturers, consumers and young people so as to encourage greener production and
consumption methods.
Enforcement: There are very good laws in our statutes starting with the Constitution and
Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA) among others. They provide strict
procedures to be followed whenever any project is to be implemented in the country. This
includes carrying out an EIA. However, these procedures are not adhered to strictly and where
EIA is done, the purpose is not to find out the real impact the project will have on the
environment but to overcome a legal technicality. The government should be stricter in enforcing
the laws and regulations
Mass sensitization; the public plays an important role in curbing environmental challenges such
as those arising from plastics since they are the target market. The government of Uganda, its
agencies, and CSOs, should therefore carry out more training and as well introduce education
programs in schools on the negative impacts of plastics. The use of media to bring about a shift
in the way the public view plastics is an important technique that the government, its agencies
and CSOs can employ to get the public from relying on plastics.
Monitoring: The government should invest more on monitoring the impact that all human
activities have on the environment so that any negative impact is addressed at the earliest
opportunity. Plastic bags menace has been with us for a while now. The government has been
slow to act and the longer the problem persist the greater the negative effect on the environment.
In addition, MWE is encouraged to provide CSOs, the public and all relevant stakeholders with a
breakdown of the funds received from government to support MWE’s operations. At the
72
2022/2023, National Budget reading, the MWE was allocated 628b Uganda shillings but
unfortunately stakeholders are not given a breakdown of how these funds are apportioned among
the different sector departments.
5.6. Areas for future research
Future research using a larger sample size as well as different contexts may provide additional
insights and enhance our understanding of the issues explored here.
Based on these findings, the study recommends that there is need for stakeholder engagement in
order to raise awareness on the risk associated with the use of plastic bags. The government
should provide affordable alternatives. The absence of alternatives has led to the creation of
smuggling, black markets and corruption of border control officers. In addition, the government
should consider providing incentives to industry.
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82
APPENDICES
APPENDIX ONE: QUESTIONNAIRE ON IMPLEMENTATION OF POLICY BANNING
USE OF PLASTIC BAGS IN KAMPALA CAPITAL CITY AUTHORITY
I am a Master of Laws student at Uganda Management Institute-Kampala currently conducting a
study on implementation of policy banning use of plastic bags in Kampala capital city authority.
The exercise entails obtaining data on a number of issues regarding how the policy is being
implemented particularly formulation and dissemination of the policy, stakeholder engagement,
leadership of the implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the implementation.
You have been selected to participate in this interview and the outcome will inform the
researcher and other stakeholders mandated to ensure implementation of the policy about
implementation of policy banning use of plastic bags in Kampala capital city authority. The
information collected will only be used for the above purposes.
You are kindly requested to respond to the following questions.
Consent Statement
At this time, do you have any questions? Are you willing to participate in this survey? May I
begin the interview now?
Yes: 1. Continue with Interview
No: 2. STOP HERE
Thank you for participating in this research study. During the interview, I want to get as accurate
information as possible. If you do not know the answer, please give me your best estimate or say
that you do not know.
This interview is being conducted by………………….
Date: _____________Start time __________End time___________
Thank you for your time.
i
SECTION A: BACKGROUND INFORMATION
Please present your view by ticking in the provided boxes
1. Sex of the respondent
i. Male
ii. Female
2. Age bracket in years
20 years and below 21-30 31-40 41-50 51 and above
1 2 3 4 5
3. Highest level of education
Certificate Diploma Bachelor’s degree Master’s degree Others -specify
1 2 3 4 5
4. How long have you been working with this institution/ organization/company/place?
Less than 1 year 1-4 years 5-8 years 9-12 years 13 years and above
1 2 3 4 5
Please, for all the statements below, rate each by ticking only one response that suits your opinion using
the given scale on the statements that follow;
Strongly disagree Disagree Not sure Agree Strongly agree
1 2 3 4 5
ii
SECTION B: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POLICY PLANNING AND
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION AT KCCA
S/N Statements 1 2 3 4 5
1 You are aware of policy banning use of plastic bags in Kampala
Capital City Authority.
2 Stakeholders participate during the policy formulation process
3 The goals and objectives of the policy are clear at KCCA
4 Issues to be addressed by the policy are clear at KCCA
5 Implementation strategies are clear at KCCA
6 Stakeholders are involved in the implementation of the policy
7 The policy has been disseminated to and understood by implementers
8 Key stakeholders agree on the goals and strategies of the policy
9 Violators of policy banning use of plastic bags in Uganda are
penalized.
SECTION C: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POLICY IMPLEMENTATION AND
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION AT KCCA
1 Data is regularly gathered to track progress of the policy
implementation
2 Implementation data gathered is disseminated
3 Data on implementation is used to assess progress toward achieving
results
iii
4 The population is receiving information about implementation
5 The population is not receiving information about implementation
6 Effective implementation of the policy is to reduce the effects of plastic
bags in Kampala Capital City Authority.
7 Implementation of policy banning use of plastic bags has reduced the
number of plastic bags in circulation
8 There is collaboration between the different stakeholders in
implementing the policy
SECTION D: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POLICY MONITORING AND
EVALUATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION AT KCCA
1 There is strong leadership for the policy monitoring and evaluation
2 Leaders are doing the necessary follow up of policy monitoring and
evaluation
3 Resources are available and sufficient for the policy monitoring and
evaluation
4 Leaders provide accountability for resources availed for policy
monitoring and evaluation
5 Leadership for policy monitoring and evaluation is effective
6 Monitoring and evaluation data is used in improving implementation
of the policy
SECTION D: ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION AT KCCA
iv
1 The amount of waste generated from our production process has shrunk
as result of the process streamlining in the KCCA.
2 Overall, the amount of waste meant to be dumped has reduced as a
result of waste treatment.
3 Our company has designed a system that adds value to the waste
generated hence enhanced customer focus.
4 All waste generated by our company is collected in one place due to the
effective ness of the equipment used.
5 Landfill is reduced by the company by treating all the wastes generated
during the production process.
6 Landfill from the production process has consistently declined overtime
as a result of supplier management and relationship development.
Thank you for your time and cooperation
v
APPENDIX TWO: INTERVIEW GUIDE FOR KEY INFORMANTS
Introduction
I am a master of Public Administration Student at Uganda Management Institute currently
conducting a study on the efficacy of implementation policy banning use of plastic bags in
Kampala Capital City Authority. You have been selected to be part of the study. Please, take off
about 30 minutes to participate in the interview. Information provided by you is confidential and
was strictly used for academic purposes.
May I continue with the interview?
1. Yes (Proceed with the interview)
2. No (End the interview)
1. In your opinion, what constitutes policy banning use of plastic bags?
2. What do you have to say about the clarity and appropriateness of the goals, objectives
and strategies of the policy?
3. Could you enumerate key issues meant to be addressed by the policy?
4. Do the implementers of the policy understand and appreciate its content?
5. Who are the stakeholders involved in the implementation of the policy?
6. What is the nature of relationship and collaboration among the different stakeholders?
7. Do we have strong leadership and commitment in the implementation of the policy?
8. Do we have sufficient resources for implementation of the policy?
9. Who is and is not receiving information about implementation?
Thank you for your time and cooperation
vi
APPENDIX IV: SAMPLING GUIDE
vii
APPENDIX THREE: PLAGIARISM REPORT
viii

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PLASTIC BAN POLICY AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION IN UGANDA: A

CASE OF KAMPALA CAPITAL CITY AUTHORITY

A RESEARCH DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT

SCIENCES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE AWARD OF MASTER’S

DEGREE IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION OF UGANDA

environmental conservation in Uganda: a case of Kampala Capital City Authority” is my own

Sign ……………………………………. Date………………………………..

submitted for examination with our approval as Institute supervisors.

Sign ……………………………………. Date………………………………..

Assoc. Prof. Gerald Kagambirwe Karyeija

Uganda Management Institute

This dissertation is dedicated to my family members most especially my dear husband, my

children and my parents for their support and moral encouragement.

have been impossible to accomplish.

1.2 Background of the study............................................................................................................2

1.2.1 Historical background.............................................................................................................2

1.2.2 Theoretical background..........................................................................................................5

1.2.3 Conceptual background..........................................................................................................6

1.2.4 Context background................................................................................................................7

1.3 Statement of the problem...........................................................................................................8

1.4 Purpose of the study...................................................................................................................9

1.4.1 Specific objectives..................................................................................................................9

1.5 Research questions.....................................................................................................................9

1.6 Research Hypotheses...............................................................................................................10

1.7 Conceptual framework.............................................................................................................10

1.9 Importance of the Study...........................................................................................................12

1.10.1 Content Scope.....................................................................................................................13

1.10.2 Geographical Scope............................................................................................................13

1.10.3 Time Scope.........................................................................................................................13

1.11 Definition of operational terms..............................................................................................14

2.2 Theoretical review...................................................................................................................15

2.3 Literature Review....................................................................................................................17

2.3.1 Policy planning and environmental conservation.................................................................17

2.3.2 Policy implementation and environmental conservation......................................................19

2.3.3 Policy monitoring and evaluation and environmental conservation at KCCA.....................22

2.4 Summary of the Literature.......................................................................................................25

3.2 Research Design......................................................................................................................26

3.3 The Study Population..............................................................................................................26

3.4 Sample Size determination......................................................................................................27

3.5 Sampling techniques and procedures.......................................................................................27

3.5.1 Stratified Radom sampling...................................................................................................27

3.5.2 Purposive sampling method..................................................................................................28

3.6.1 Questionnaire Survey............................................................................................................28

3.6.2 Interview guide.....................................................................................................................29

3.7 Data collection tools................................................................................................................30

3.7.2 Interview guide.....................................................................................................................30

3.8 Data quality control.................................................................................................................31

3.8.1 Validity of instruments.........................................................................................................31

3.8.2 Reliability of instruments.....................................................................................................31

3.10 Data analysis..........................................................................................................................33

3.9.1 Quantitative analysis.............................................................................................................33

3.9.2 Qualitative analysis...............................................................................................................34

3.11 Measurement of variables......................................................................................................35

3.12 Ethical considerations............................................................................................................36

DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS............37

4.2 Response rate...........................................................................................................................38

4.3 Findings on background information of the respondent..........................................................38

4.3.1 Sex characteristics of the respondents..................................................................................38

4.3.2 Age of the respondents.........................................................................................................39

4.3.3 Respondents by Highest Level of Education........................................................................40

4.3.4 Time spent in the organization..........................................................................................41

4.4.1 Environmental conservation at KCCA..................................................................................43

4.4.2 The relationship between policy planning and environmental conservation........................48