American Welding Society AWS D14.3/D14.3M:2005, An American National Standard ——S kT Specification for Welding Earthmoving, Construction, and Agricultural Equipment CE seKey Words— Structural welds, field repair, welding, AWS D14.3/D14.3M:2005 arthmoving equipment, construction An American National Standard equipment, agricultural equipment Approved by American National Standards Institute August 25, 2005 Specification for Welding Earthmoving, Construction, and Agricultural Equipment Sth Edition Supersedes AWS D14.3/D14.3M:2000 Prepared by AWS D14 Commitee on Machinery and Equipment Under the Direction of AWS Technical Activities Commitee Approved by AWS Board of Directors Abstract This specification provides standards for producing structural welds used in the manufacture of earthmoving, construction, and agricultural equipment. Such equipment is defined as self-propelled, on- and off-highway machinery and associated implements. Manufacturer's responsibilities are presented as they relate to the welding practices that have been proven successful within the industry in the production of weldments on this equipment. Basic dimensional weld details are defined and interpreted for application throughout the document. Provisions are made to identify base metals used in these weldments. Procedures to assure they are welded with compatible, identifiable welding processes and consumables are included with consideration given to factors that affect weldability American Welding Society 50 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, Florida 33126Statement on Use of AWS American National Standards All standards (codes, specifications, recommended practices, methods, classifications, and guides) of the American ‘Welding Society (AWS) are voluntary consensus standards that have been developed in accordance with the rules ofthe American National Standards Institute (ANSI), When AWS standards are either incorporated in, or made part of, documents that are included in federal or state laws and regulations, or the regulations of other governmental bodies, their provisions carry the full legal authority ofthe statute, In such eases, any changes in those AWS standards must be approved by the governmental body having statutory jurisdiction before they can become a part of those laws and regulations. In all cases, these standards carry the full legal authority of the contract or other document that invokes the AWS standards, Where this contractual relationship exists, changes in or deviations from requirements of an AWS standard must be by agreement between the contracting parties, International Standard Book Number: 0-87171-741-7 American Welding Society, 550 N.W. Leleune Road, Miami, FL 33126 © 2005 by American Welding Society. All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America AWS American National Standards are developed through a consensus standards development process that brings together volunteers representing varied viewpoints and interests to achieve consensus. While AWS administers the process and establishes rules to promote fairness in the development of consensus, it docs not independently test, evaluate, of verify the accuracy of any information or the soundness of any judgments contained in its standards. AWS disclaims liability for any injury to persons orto property, or other damages of any nature whatsoever, whether spe- cial, indirect, consequential or compensatory, directly or indirectly resulting from the publication, use of, or reliance on this standard. AWS also makes no guaranty or warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein, In issuing and making this standard available, AWS is not undertaking to render professional or other serviees for or on behalf of any person or entity, Nor is AWS undertaking to perform any duty owed by any person or entity to someone else. Anyone using these documents should rely on his or her own independent judgment or, as appropriate, seek the advice ‘of a competent professional in determining the exercise of reasonable care in any given circumstances. ‘This standard may be superseded by the issuance of new editions, Users should ensure that they have the latest edition, Publication of this standard does not authorize inftingement of any patent or trade name. Users of this standard accept ‘any and all liabilities for infringement of any patent or rade name items. AWS disclaims lability for the infringement of ‘any patent or product trade name resulting from the use of this standard. Finally, AWS does not monitor, police or enforce compliance with this standard, nor does it have the power to do so. On occasion, text, tables, or figures are printed incorrectly, constituting errata fon the AWS web page (www.aws.org). Such errata, when discovered, are posted Official interpretations of any ofthe echnical requirements ofthis standard may only be obtained by sending a request, in writ- ing, to the Managing Director, Technical Services Division, American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126 (see Annex E). With regard to technical inquiries made conceming AWS standards, oral opinions on AWS standards ‘may be rendered, However, such opinions represent only the personal opinions of the particular individuals giving them. These individuals do not speak on behalf of AWS, nor do these oral opinions constitute of fal opinions ot interpreta- tions of AWS. In addition, oral opinions are informal and should not be used as a substitute for an official interpretation. cial or unof ‘This standard is subject to revision at any time by the AWS D14 Committee on Machinery and! Equipment. It must be reviewed every five years, and if not revised, it must be either reaffirmed or withdrawn. Comments (recommendations, additions, or deletions) and any pertinent data that may be of use in improving this standard are required and should be addressed 0 AWS Headquarters. Such comments will receive careful consideration by the AWS D4 Committee on Machinery and Equipment and the author of the comments will be informed of the Committee's response to the nis. Guests are invited 10 attend all meetings of the AWS D14 Committee on Machinery and Equipment 10 express their comments verbally. Procedures for appeal of an adverse decision concerning all such comments are provided in the Rules of Operation of the Technical Activities Commitee. A copy of these Rules can be obtained from the American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL. 33126. Photocopy Rights Authorization to photocopy items for internal, personal, or educational classroom use only, or the internal, personal, or educational classroom use only of specific clients is granted by the American Welding Society (AWS) provided that the appropriate fee is paid to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: 978-750-8400; online: htp://www.copyright.com.AWS D14.37014.941:2005 Personnel AWS D14 Committee on Machinery and Equipment JL. Warren, Chair D.J. Malito, Ist Vice Chair LL. Schweinegruber, 2nd Vice Chair P. Howe, Secretary D.B. Ashley B.K. Banzhaf P.W, Cameron P. Collins *R.T. Hemcacek *B, D. Hom D.J. Landon TJ. Landon M.R, Malito °G. W, Martens D.C. Martinez AR. Mellini *H.W. Mishler RE. Munson JG. Nelson ALR, Olsen “PJ. Palekitl CR Reynolds W.A. Svekric E.G. Yevick VR. Zegers CNH America LLC Girard Machine Company, Incorporated Robinson Industries, Incorporated ‘American Welding Society Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection & Insurance Company CNH America LLC Crenlo, Incorporated WeldCon Engineering. Consultant Consultant ‘Vermeer Manufacturing Company Chicago Bridge & Iron Company Girard Machine Company, Incorporated Grove Worldwide, Incorporated Danmar Engineering Company, Incorporated Mellini & Associates, Incorporated Consultant M&M Engineering Northrop Grumman Corporation ARO Testing, Incorporated Consultant Deore & Company Welding Consultants, Incorporated Weld-Met International Group, Incorporated R. E. Technical Services, Incorporated AWS DIAC Subcommittee on Earthmoving, Construction, and Agricultural Equipment TJ. Landon, Chair P. Howe, Secretary BLK. Banzhaf °E.M. Beck °M, D. Bell FG. Bries P.W. Cameron J. E, Campbell “J, Caner G.D. Fairbanks D. J. Landon *G. W. Martens W.E, Munford AR. Olsen “PJ. Palekitl JL. Warren “A. D. Wilson E.G. Yevick Chicago Bridge & Iron Company American Welding Society CNH America LLC MACTEC Consultant John Deere Dubuque Works Crenlo, Incorporated WeldTech Solutions Corporation Wheco Corporation Gonzales Industrial X-Ray, Incorporated Vermeer Manufacturing Company Grove Worldwide, Incorporated Production Welding Systems, Incorporated ARO Testing, Incorporated Consultant CNH America LLC ISG, Incorporated—Lukens Plate Weld-Met International Group, Incorporated‘AWS D14.3/014.96M:2005 ‘This page is intentionally blank.[AWS D14.37014.94:2005 Foreword (This Foreword is not a part of AWS D14.3/D14.3M:2005, Specification for Welding Earthmoving, Construction, and Agricultural Equipment, but is included for informational purposes only.) AWS first published the Specification for Welding Earthmoving and Construction Equipment in 1977 to provide a ‘welding specification where none previously existed. By definition, the types of equipment covered by the specification ‘are numerous and varied, Every effort was made to reflect the best Welding practices employed by manufacturers within the industry and to incorporate all the various methods which have proven suecessful by individual manufacturers. This edition builds on these foundations to improve interpretation and effect implementation, Provisions have been added to allow field modification on equipment and the responsibility for repair or modification is specifically stated. Tables and. figures have also been updated or clarified to reflect more recent developments and promote standardization, ‘This Sth edition of D14.3 has been renamed to reflect the inclusion of agricultural equipment in its scope, The new, title, Specification for Welding Earthmoving, Construction, and Agricultural Equipment, reflects this change, Other changes in this edition include: Q) Updated welding suitability bles: Q) A different CE formula and revised recommendations for heat input limitations; (B)_Additional consumables. such as metal core GMAW: (4) Revisions to preheat requirements; and (5) Revised recommendations for storage of consumables and control of Hz levels Underlined areas in text, tables, or figures indicate changes from the previous edition. A vertical line in the margin ‘ext to a figure, equation, or other item indicates a revision or addition of that item from the previous edition ‘D14.3/D14.3M:2005 makes use of both the U.S. Customary Units and the International System of Units (SI). The ‘measurements are not exact equivalents; therefore each system must be used independently of the other, without com- bining in any way. In selecting rational metric units the Metric Practice Guide for Welding Industry (AWS ALI) is used ‘where suitable. Tables and figures make use of both U.S. Customary and SI Units, which, with the application of the specified tolerances, provides for interchange ability of products in both the U.S. Customary and SI Units. Some mea- ‘surements or tolerances, well established by manufacturers in the industry, require more rational standardization, There- fore, some preferred numbers have heen selected and are used to be consistent with those requirements. No restrictions are placed on the use of any welding process or procedure, provided the weld produced by the process ‘meets the qualification requirements of the specification. No attempt is made to limit or restrict technology progression the welding of earthmoving equipment and construction equipment, nor should any such limitation be inferred, Sim larly, no limitation is intended on the use of any base metal, weld joint preparation, or welding consumable capable of being qualified,‘AWS D14.3/014.96M:2005 ‘This page is intentionally blank.Personnel... Foreword. List of Tables List of Figures Table of Contents List of Forms Scope and General Provisions 11 Scope. 1.2 Units of Measure. 13 Safety 14 Symbols | Bas Normative References. 2.1 AWS Standards 2.2 ASME Standards 23 ASTM Standards Definitions. ¢ Weld Detail . 4.1 Weld Size Considerations. 42 Groove Welds 43. Fillet Welds... en 4.4 Combinations of Groove and Fillet Welds 45. Intermittent Welds Base Metals 5.1 Structural Steels and Nonferrous Metals 5.2. Properties 5.3 Weldability and Procedure Qualification... Welding Processes and Consumables 6.1 Processes... sme 62 Consumables, Welding Procedure Qualification. 7.1 Scope. 7.2 Goneral Requirements 7.3 Method I—Prototype Testi 7.4 Method I—Procedure Qualification Tests 7.5 Method Ill—Prequalified Joint Procedure {. Welding Personnel Qualification 8.1 Scope. 82 Goneral 83 Welder Qualification 84 Welding Operator Qualification. 85 Operators of Automatic Wel 8.6 Tack Welder Qualification ing Equipment... [AWS D14.37014.94:2005 Page No.‘AWS D14.3/014.96M:2005 Page No. 9, Workmanship and Welding Quality Requirements ae ee en ee em 9.1 Scope. 35 92 General Requirements 35 9.3. Preparation of Materials 35 94 Assembly 36 9.5 Quality of Welds 36 9.6 Repair of Weld Defects 37 9.7 Cleaning 37 98 Dimensional Tolerance 39 10. Inspection 39 1, Field Repair and Modification ..sesninninnn sneuinianineatninenineininnnnnnns39 Mandatory Annex. Al Annex I—Prequatified Weld Joints Al Nonmandatory Annexes. Annex A—Suggested Welding Procedure Specification and Qualification Test Record Forms ‘Annex B—Recommended Practices for Storage and Treatment of Electrodes and Fluxes ‘Annex C—Guided Bend Test Fixtures. ‘Annex D—Roadmap for Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) Doslopmen ‘Annex E—Guidelines for Preparation of Tectinical Inquiries. : Annex F—Bibliography 101 List of AWS Documents on Machinery and Equipment[AWS D14.37014.94:2005 List of Tables 1 Heat Input Caleutations 2 Procedure Qualification Tests for Complete-Joint-Penetration Groove Welds. 3 Weldability Classification—Typical Steel Products. 4 Weldability Classification 5 Minimum Preheat and Intespass Temperatures 6 Filler Metal Requirements for Prequalified Complete-Toint-Penetration Groove Welds 7 Electrode Classification Groups—Welder Qualification. 8 Welding Personnel Qualification—Type and Position Li 9 Welder Qualification Tests 10 Electrode Classification Groups—Tack Welder Qualification 11 Workmanship Tolerances for Groove Welds, B.l_ Electrodes Covered by AWS A5.1. Specification for Carbon Stel Electrodes for tations ‘Shielded Metal Are Welding . 85 B.2__ Electrodes Covered by AWS A5.5, Specification for LowsAlloy Steel Electrodes for ‘Shielded Metal Are Welding .. x 86 Dal Roadmap for Development of Welding Procedure Specifications (WPS). 96‘AWS D14.3/014.96M:2005 List of Figures Figure Page No. 1 Skewed Groove Weld 3 2 Concave Fillet Weld Prtiles 4 3 Conver Fillet Weld Profiles. 4 4 Skewed T-Joint 5 5 Combination of Bevel-Groove and Fillet Weld Profile 5 6 Positions of Groove Welds 7 7 Positions of Fillet Welds 8 8 Positions of Test Plates for Groove Welds 9 9 Positions of Test Plates for Fillet Welds. 10 10 Order of Removal of Test Specimens fom Welded Test Pate Over 3/4 in. [20 mm} Thick—Procedure Qualification 3 11 Order of Removal of Test Specimens irom Welded Test Pate 978 in. [10 mm] ‘Thick—Procedure Qualification b 12. Onder of Removal of Test Specimens from Welded Test Plate Over 3/4 in. [20 mn] ‘Thick —Blectroslag and Blectroges—Welding Procedure Qualification. “4 13. Reduced-Seetion Tension Specimen. Is 14 Cylindrical Test Ba for All-Wekl-Metal and Crossweld Tensile Specimen 16 15 Fillet Weld Soundness Test for Procedure Qualification... 17 16 Face and Root Bend Specimens... a . co 17 Side Bend Specimen 9 18 Test Plate for Unlimited Thickness—All Positions —Welder Qualification 27 19 Optional Test Plate for Unlimited ‘Thickness Horizontal Position —Welder Qualification, 27 20 Test Plate for Limited Phickness—All Positions Welder Qualification. 28 21 Optional Test Plat for Limited ‘Thickness — Horizontal Position —Welder Qualification 28 22A Fille: Weld Break and Macroetch Test Plate—Welder Qualification—Option | 29 2B Method of Applying Load on Fillet Weld Break Test Specimen (Reference 8.3.2.3—Option !) 29 23 Fille Weld Soudness (Guided Rot Bend) Tet Pte—_WelerQuliation—Opion2 30 24 Example | of Workmanship Sample ...scssnninnnnn son 25 Example 2 of Workmanship Sample 33 26 Example 3 of Workmanship Sample 33 27 Fillet Weld Break Specimen—Tack Welder Qualification. 34 28 Method of Rupturing Specimen—Tack Welder Qualification 35 29 Acceptable and Unacceptable Weld Profiles... 38 LL Prequalified Complete-Joint-Penetration Weld Joints Shielded Metal Are Welding a2 12 Prequalified Parial-Joint-Penetration Weld Joints—Shielded Metal Atc Welding -wssesnonnonnensS2 13 Prequalified Complete-Joint-Penetration Weld Joints Submerged Are Welding 37 14 Prequalified Partial Joint-Penetration Weld Joints—Submerged Are Welding 63 LS Prequalified Complete-Ioint-Penetration Weld Joints—Gas Metal and Flux Cored Are Welding......66 16 Prequalified Partial-Joint-Penetration Weld Joints—Gas Metal and Flux Cored Are Welding. 74 LT Details for Prequalified Fillet Welds of Shickied Metal Are Welding (SMAW), Gas Metal ‘Are Welding (GMAW), Submerged Are Welding (SAW), and Flux Cored Are Welding (FAW)... 78 C1 Guided Bend Test Fixture C2 Alternate Guided Bend Test Fixture—Roller-Equipped for Bottom Ejection of Test Specimen C3. Alternate Guided Bend Test Fixture—Wraparound Design... nena Bend Test Nomograph—U.S, Customary Units (C4M_ Bend Test Nomograph—Metrie Units.[AWS D14.37014.94:2005 List of Forms Form Page No. AL Welding Procedure Specification. 80 A2 Welding Technique 81 3 Procedure Qualification Record. 82 83 Ad Welder and Welding Operator Qualification Test Record.‘AWS D14.3/014.96M:2005 ‘This page is intentionally blank.[AWS D14.37014.94:2005 Specification for Welding Earthmoving, Construction, and Agricultural Equipment 1. Scope and General Provisions 1.1 Scope 4.1.1 This specification applies to all structural welds used in the manufacture of earthmoving, construction, and agricultural equipment. It reflects the welding prac tices employed by manufacturers within the industry and incorporates various methods which have been proven suecessful by individual manufacturers, No restrictions ate placed on the use of any welding process or proce dure, provided the weld produced meets the qualification ‘requirements ofthis specification. No attempt is made to limit or restrict technological progress in the welding of earthmoving, constuction, and agricultural equipment ‘or should any such limitation be inferred. Design crit fia for allowable stresses for the base and filler metals and the fatigue analysis for welded joints are not pub. lished in the specification. ‘The user shall ulize AWS DI4A, Specification for Welded Joins in Machinery and Equipment, of appropriate practices. and principles for design eritera, 1.1.2 The Manufacturer's adherence to this specifica tion shall include responsibility for: (1) Welding, as defined in 1.1.1, in accordance with this specification; (2) Producing welds as designated on drawings by appropriate symbols and notes, with sufficient detail to show joint preparation compatible with applied processes; @) Prov tions (WPSs); 12 written welding procedure specifica |. For purposes of this specification, earthmoving, construe tion, and agricultural equipment is desribed as self propelled, fon and off-highway machinery and associated implements Such products as crawlers, actors, graders, loaders, off: highway tucks, power shovels, backhoes, mobile eranes, drag: lines, and similar equipment are considered to he included in this specification, (4) Recording and maintaining results of all welder performance and procedure qualification tests: (5) Controlling use of designated base metals and consumables; (G) Inspecting the welds to the requirements of this (7) Ensuring a safe welding environment and safe welding practice: (8) Having a quality system in place. The require- ments of AWS B5.17, Specification for the Qualification of Welding Fabricators, may be used as a guide in estab- lishing this quality program, 1.2 Units of Measure. This specification makes use of both U.S, Customary Units and the International System of Units (SD). The measurements may not be exact equiv- talents; therefore each system must be used independently of the other without combining in any way. The specif cation with the designation D14,3 uses U.S. Customary Units. The specification D14.3M uses SI Units, The lat ler are shown in appropriate columns in tables and fig- lures or within brackets [ ] when used in the text, Detailed dimensions on figures are in inches. A separate tabular form that relates the U.S. Customary Units with SI Units may be used in tables and figures. 1.3 Safety. Safety and health issues and concerns are beyond the scope of this standard, and therefore are not fully addressed herein. Safety and health information is available from other sources, including but not limited to ANSI ZA9.1, Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Pro. ‘esses and applicable federal and state regulations, 1.4 Symbols. Welding symbols shown on drawings shall bbe compatible with those shown in AWS A24. Standard Symbols for Welding, Bracing, and Nondestructive Examination, Special conditions or deviations shall be fully explained by added notes, details, or definitions.‘AWS D14.3/014.96M:2005 2. Normative References ‘The following standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this AWS standard, For undated references, the latest ccdition of the referenced standard shall apply. For dated references, subsequent amendments to, oF revisions of any of these publications do not apply. 2.1 AWS Standards’ (2) AWS A24, Standard Symbols for Welding, Bras- ing, and Nondestructive Examination (2) AWS A3.0, Standard Welding Terms and Definitions (3) AWS AS.1, Specification for Carbon Steel Elec- trodes for Shielded Metal Arc Welding (@) AWS ASS, Specification for Low-Alloy Steel Electrodes for Shielded Metal Arc Welding (8) AWS AS.1T, Specification for Carbon Steel Elee- trodes and Fluxes for Submerged Are Welding (6) AWS AS.18, Specification for Carbon Steel Elec trodes and Rods for Gas Shielded Are Welding (D) AWS AS.20, Specification for Carbon Steel Elec- trodes for Flux Cored Are Welding (8) AWS A5.23, Specification for Low Allay Steel Electrodes and Fluxes for Submerged Are Welding (9) AWS A5.28, Specification for Low Alloy Steel Filler Metals for Gas Shielded Are Welding (10) AWS AS.29, Specification for Low Alloy Steel Electrodes for Flux Cored Are Welding (1D AWS AS.32, Specification for Welding Shielding Gases (12) AWS B2.1, Specification for Welding Procedure ‘and Performance Qualification (13) AWS B4.0 and B40M, Standard Methods for Mechanical Testing of Welds (14) AWS B5.17, Specification for the Qualification of Welding Fabricators (15) AWS C4.1, Surface Roughness Guide for Oxygen Cutting (16) AWS D1.1, Structural Welding Code—Steet (17) AWS D144, Specification for Welded Joints in Machinery and Equipment (18) AWS QC7, Standard for AWS Certified Welders 2.2 ASME Standards* (1) ASME Section IX, Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code 2. AWS standards are published by the American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126, 3. ASME standards are published by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 3 ark Avenue, New York, NY 10017. 2.3 ASTM Standards! (1) ASTM E92, Test for Vickers Hardness of Metal- lic Materials (2) ASTM E140, Standard Hardness Conversion Tables for Metals 3. Definitions Terms used in this specification shall be in accor- dance with AWS A30, Standard Welding Terms and Definitions, Additional terms specific to this standard are defined in this section, consumables. Filler metals, fluxes, and shielding gases used n the welding process. effective weld areas groove welds. The effective area is the effective weld length multiplied by the weld size, (See 4.2 for addi- tional details.) fillet welds. The effective arca is the effective weld length multiplied by the effective throat. (See 4.3 for additional details.) plug and slot welds. The effective area shall be the nom- inal afea of the hole of slot in the plane of the faying surface. Engineer. The responsible technical authority essential variable. A welding parameter whose change beyond the tolerances permitted by a standard requires requalification of a welding procedure, welder, or welding operator. Manufacturer. The organization responsible for the per- formance of the work covered by this specification. modification. An alteration to machinery or equipment that changes the original design, Owner. The person, company, or agency that purchases the equipment. piping porosity. A form of porosity having a length greater than its width that Ties approximately perpen- dicular to the weld face. When the porosity extends to the weld surface, itis frequently referred to as “pin holes.” Qualified Person. A person who, by possession of a recognized degree or certificate of professional stand- ing, or who, by extensive knowledge, training, and 4, ASTM standards are published by the American Society for Testing and Materials, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Consho- hhocken, Pennsylvania 19428-2959.experience, has successfully demonstrated the ability to solve of resolve problems relating 0 the subject matter and work. repair. The restoration of machinery or equipment to ‘meet ils intended performance without changing the original design. structural welds. Welds which carry the primary work ing loads during normal operations. submerged are welding flux types neutral flux. A flux formulated to produce a weld ‘metal composition that is not dependent on the weld. ing parameters, especially are voltage. factive flux. A flux formulated 10 produce a weld, metal composition that is dependent on the welding parameters, especially are voltage. allloy Mux. A flux containing ingredients that react With the filler metal to establish a desired alloy con- {wnt in the weld metal 4, Basic Weld Detail 4.1 Weld Size Considerations. Individual weld pass sizes considerably less than plate thickness may result in inadequate heat input which can lead to cracking, loss of fracture toughness (degradation of impact properties) ‘and lack of fusion. When final weld sizes (individual or ‘multiple pass) smaller than 30% of plate thickness are to be used, the Engineer shall determine whether testing needs to be performed to ensure thatthe resulting welded Joint properties are consistent with design and quality requirements. 4.2 Groove Welds 4.2.1 A complete-joint-penetration weld is a groove weld in which weld metal extends through the entice joint thickness. The size of a complete joint penetration ‘groove weld shall be the thickness of the thinner part joined 4.2.2 A partial-joint-penettation Weld may be welded. from one or both sides and has incomplete joint penetra- tion, The size of a partal-joint-penetration groove weld shall be the joint penetration obtained, 4.2.3 The effective length for any groove weld, square or skewed, shall be the width of the part joined (see Fig- ure 1), 4.24 The effective weld area shall be the effective ‘weld Jength multiplied by the weld size, [AWS D14.37014.94:2005 eee or ea ‘THE DIRECTION OF THE WELD ACROSS THE PLATE IS OTHER THAN 90° TO THE LENGTH OF THE PLATE. Figure 1—Skewed Groove Weld 4.3 Fillet Welds 4.3.1 The effective throat for a filet weld is defined as the minimum distance minus any convexity between the Weld root and the face of a fille weld (see Figures and 4). Design values based on joint penetration or effe Live throat, of both, which are beyond the root of the joint shall only be used when the values have been determined from a significant number of cross-sectioned samples which reflect the range of materials, material thick- nesses, and welding conditions. 4.3.2. The length of a fillet weld shall be the overall, length of the full-size fillet, ineluding boxing. 4.3.3 The effective area shall be the effective weld length multiplied by the effective throat. Stress ina fillet weld shall be considered as applied to this effective area for any direction of applied load. 4.344 Fillet welds may be used in skewed T-Joints (Tee Joints) having a dihedral angle of not less than 60° hor more than 135° (see Figure 4). Angles less than 60° may be used, however, such welds are considered to be partial penetration groove welds. 4.4 Combinations of Groove and Fillet Welds. ‘The ‘effective throat for combinations of groove and fillet Welds is the shortest distance from the root of the weld to the face of the fillet, less any convexity (see Figure 5). 4.5 Intermittent Welds 4.5.1 The length of any segment of an intermittent fil- let weld shall not be less than four times the weld size. Welds less than 1/4 in. (6 mm] size shall not be less than 1 in, (25 mm] in Fength.‘AWS D14.3/014.96M:2005 ACTUAL THROAT AND EFFECTIVE THROAT — coNvaViTY [ACTUAL THROAT AND, EFFECTIVE THROAT — THEORETICAL THROAT — THEORETICAL THROAT —“~ DEEP PENETRATION Figure 2—Concave Fillet Weld Profiles nomnvenry 0, —convexiry ACTUAL I< LEG ky so THEORETICAL ACTUAL SARA a Se ACTA Ar & SIZE | -THRORT EFFECTIVE E EFFECTIVE I —t*% LEG SL Leg THRORT asize THROAT ase t THEORETICAL THROAT * DEEP PENETRATION Figure 3—Convex Fillet Weld Profiles 4.8.2. If intermittent fillet welds are used, welds should be located at each end of the joint 5. Base Metals 5.1 Structural Steels and Nonferrous Metals. Struc- tural steel, steel castings and forgings, and nonferrous ‘metals used in the weldments of earthmoving, construc a, and agricultural equipment shall be identified by a specification. Specifications developed by the Manufac- turer or commonly used industry-wide specifications developed by organizations such as the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), American ton and Steel Institute (AISD, Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), and American Foundrymen’s Society (AFS) may be used. 5.2 Properties. Base metal specifications shall designate the chemical composition of the material to be used and shall include the mechanical properties and/or heat treat- ‘ment of the material when required for proper identifica tion, Base metals are expected to be compatible with the welding process and consumables recommended in this specification. It is not intended that base metal selection[AWS D14.37014.94:2005 e "60" MIN fo —leea size — nerua.tunosr 7 EFFECTIVE THROAT pares / EE ; G ET en J eons EFFECTIVE THROAT Figure 4—Skewed T-Joint ‘AND EFFECTIVE THEORETICAL THROAT THROAT———7 A | sgoncreoe — acTuaL THROAT EFFECTIVE THROAT” THeonericat. THROAT Figure 5—Combination of Bevel-Groove and Fillet Weld Profile be restricted but to assure weldability Factors have been considered. 5.3 Weldability and Procedure Qualification. ‘The ‘weldability and procedure for welding base metals shall be established by qualification in accordance ‘with the requirements of Section 7, Welding Procedure Qualification, 6. Welding Processes and Consumables 6.1 Processes 6.1.1 All welding processes and methods recognized, by AWS A3.0, Standard Welding Terms and Definitions, ‘may be used in the construction, fabrication, and repair of earthmoving, construction, and agricultural equipment,‘AWS D14.3/014.96M:2005 6.1.2 Processes which ate not classified or recognized, by AWS may be used, provided the Manufacturer can show evidence that the process used produces welds which meet the requirements of Section 7, Welding Pro- cedure Qualification. 6.2 Consumables, 6.2.1 Consumables purchased to the requirements of AWS filler metal specifications need not be tested by the 6.2.2 Consumables which are not classified or recog- nized by AWS may be used, provided the Manufacturer can show evidence that the consumables used produce ‘welds which meet the requirements of Section 7, Weld- ing Procedure Qualification 6.2.3 Consumables shall be protected and stored so that their characteristics or welding properties are not adversely affected. Consumable manufacturer's specific recommendations shall be applied. Annex B contains ‘general practices for storage and the use of SMAW, FCAW, GMAW, and SAW consumables employed for application within the scope ofthis specification, 6.24 When a gas or gas mixture is used for shielding. in any gas shielded process, it shall be a welding grade having a dew point of ~40°F [40°C] or lower (see AWS. ‘AS.32, Specification for Welding Shielding Gases). 7. Welding Procedure Qualification 7.1 Scope. Welding procedure qualification shall be per formed per 7.1.1 to establish weldability with any partic ‘ular combination of the essential variables noted in 7.1.2 7.1 Each Manufacturer shall be responsible for the choice of qualifying method, completing welding proce- dure and performance qualification tests, and for record ing of all tests supporting production welding. Welding procedure specifications shall be qualified using AWS. B2.1, Specification for Welding Procedure and Perfor. mance Qualification the limits of 7.1 and the ‘workmanship and quality requirements of Section 9. ‘Alternatively, welding procedure specifications may be ‘qualified by one of the three methods addressed in 7.2.1 Records of the test results shall be retained by the Manu- facturer, and shall be available for review for the length ‘of time required by the contract. 2 All procedures to be used shall be prepared by the Manufacturer as written welding procedure specifica: tions (WPSs) and shall include ranges for each of the essential variables (see Annex A for the suggested form). Each of the following six variables, as establ procedure qualification, shall be part of the WPS (1) Base metal class (see Section 5 and 7.5), (2) Welding process, G) Filler metal, (4) Joint design, (5) Welding conditions, and (6) Position. Once qualified, any changes in the values of the essential variables are subject to review for possible requalification, Such a review may involve tests and judgment of those responsible for the WPS. The Mani facturer shall be responsible for assuring such changes are consistent with the weld quality requirements of Sec- tion 9, Workmanship and Welding Quality Require- ‘ments, Any changes shall be reflected in the WPS. 7.2 General Requirements 7.21 Alternative Welding Procedure Qualifica- tion Methods. As noted in 7.1.1, procedure qualification ‘may also be achieved as noted below: (1) Method I—Prototype Testing, or (2) Method It—Procedure Qualification Tests, or (3) Method I1I—Prequalified Joint Procedure. Once qualified by any of these methods, welding pro- ‘cedures ate considered qualified whenever the same set of six variables are encountered. This permits the devel- ‘opment of standard procedures by a manufacturer Standard Welding Procedure Specifications published by the AWS B2 Committee on Procedure and Perfor- mance Qualification are considered to be qualified in accordance with this specification. 7.2.2 Base Metal and Its Preparation. The base ‘metal and its preparation for welding shall comply with the WPS. The test specimen required for all types of Welded joints shall be such that the length of the weld and the dimensions of the base metal testing 7.2.3 Position of Test Welds. All welds that will be encountered in actual construction shall be classified as being (1) flat, (2) horizontal, (3) vertical, or (4) overhead, in accordance with the definitions of welding positions given in Figures 6 and 7. Method and Method II shall be qualified in each position to be used 7.2.3.1 Groove Welds (1) Position 1G (flat)—the test plates shall be placed in an approximately horizontal plane and the weld metal deposited from the upper side, as illustrated in Figure BIA), 2) Position 2G (horizontal)—the test plates shall be placed in an approximately vertical plane with the weld: ing groove approximately horizontal, as illustrated in Figure 8(B). fe sufficient for 6[AWS D14.37014.94:2005 axis. mits: FORE AXIS LIMITS FOR © AXIS LIMITS FOR D VERTICAL PLANE [ [= [| axis LiniTs ' PonaEs Nb =7 Ones oe L HORIZONTAL PLANE Be “Tabulation of Positions of Groove Welds ae SS ee feo 8 ow oe omnes C oreo" ee vs R aes eee {@) The horizontal references plane is always taken tole bolow the wold under consideration. (©) The incnation of axis is measure rom the horizontal reference plane toward the verialreterence plane, {6) The angle of rotation ofthe face is determined by a ine perpendicular tothe theoretical face of he weld which passes through the axle ofthe weld. The reference positon (0°) of rotation of the face invaviadly points in the erection opposite to that in which the as ang increases. Wien looking at point P the angle of rotation ofthe face of the weld is measured ina clockwise direction from the ‘ference positon (0). Figure 6—Positions of Groove Welds‘AWS D14.3/014.96M:2005 AXIS wwe FoR / ws Linits FOR 0 VERTICAL PLANE a? | “as Limi: FORARE go ie HORIZONTAL PLANE ‘Tabulation of Positions of Filet Welds Position __—=—=—«CDiagam Reference _—_—_—inclination of Axis ——=—=—=Rotation of Face Horizontal ° ors: eee Oveheed ° reso" ee = : aaa say Figure 7—Positions of Fillet Welds 8PLATES HORIZONTAL, (A)TEST POSITION 16 PLATES VERTICAL; AXIS OF WELD VERTICAL (©) TEST POSITION 36 [AWS D14.37014.94:2005 PLATES VERTICAL; AXIS OF WELD HORIZONTAL (B)TEST POSITION 26 PLATES HORIZONTAL, {0)TEST POSITION 46 Figure 8—Positions of Test Plates for Groove Welds (3) Position 3G (vertical)—the test plates shall be placed in an approximately vertical plane with the ‘welding groove, approximately vertical, as illustrated in Figure 8) (4) Position 4G (overhead)—the test plates shall be placed in an approximately horizontal plane and the weld ‘metal deposited from the under side, as illustrated in Figure 8(D). 7.2.32 Fillet Welds (1) Position IF (flat}—the test plates shall be so placed that each fillet weld is deposited with its axis approximately horizontal and its throat. approximately vertical, as illustrated in Figure 9(A). (2) Position 2F (horizontal)—the test plates shall be. so placed that each fillet weld is deposited on the upper side of the horizontal surface and against the vertical surface, as illustrated in Figure 9(B). ) Position 3F (vertical)—each fillet weld shall be made vertically as illustrated in Figure 9(C), (4) Position 4F (overhead)—the test plates shall be s0 placed that each fillet weld is deposited on the under side of the horizontal surface and against the vertical surface, as illustrated in Figure 9(D). 7.24 Impact Requirements. The Engineer is respon- sible for determining if notch toughness (crack arrest capability) requirements are applicable for any portion of the product design. If notch toughness requirements ‘exist, the Manufacturer shall use Method Il—Procedure Qualification Testing for the qualification of welding procedures, Method I—Prototype Testing and Method T1l—Prequalified Joint Procedures are not permitted for‘AWS D14.3/014.96M:2005 AXIS OF WELD HORIZONTAL THROAT OF WELD (A) FLAT POSITION 1 AXIS OF WELD VERTICAL PLATES VERTICAL (O)VERTICAL POSITION 3F AXIS OF WELD HORIZONTAL ~~ (8) HORIZONTAL POSITION 2 ‘AXIS OF WELD HORIZONTAL (0) OVERHEAD POSITION 4F Figure 9—Positions of Test Plates for Fillet Welds ‘qualifying welding procedures to be used on products or ‘components having notch toughness requirements. Refer to AWS B2.1, Specification for Welding Procedure and Performance Qualification, and AWS B40 or B4.0M, Standard Methods for Mechanical Testing of Welds, for specific requirements regarding notch toughness testing {for welding procedure qualifications. 7.2.5 Heat Input Limitations. Where heat input is determined to be critical © maintain base metal mechan: ical properties, the heat input limitation is to be recorded in the WPS. The formulas for calculating beat input from welding are listed in Table 1 7.2.6 Welding shall comply in all respects to the wes, 7.3 Method I—Prototype Testing 7.3.1 Welding procedure specifications may be quali- fied under Method I by utilizing prototype structures or ‘components that comply with the minimum performance cfiteria_in_a simulated service test or field test as described in 7.3.1.1 and 7.3.1 7.3.1.1 Simulated service tests are tests of a welded assembly of a mockup of a welded joint rested ina simu: lated envitonment that represents the significant weld performance conditions for the application. Examples include required specification performance tests such as SAE eriteria for rollover protection system (ROPS) and falling object protection system (FOPS) structures, lift arm safety devices, steering frame locks, industrial power mower housings, etc. The simulated service test 10Table 1 Heat Input Calculations Units of Measure Pormula for Caleulation Toules per inch in) (Amps x Volts x 60)/ Travel Speed? Kilojoules per inch (kin) (Amps x Volts x 0)/ (Travel Speed x 1000), (Amps x Volts 60)/ Travel Speed”? Joules per millimeter mm) Kilojoules per meter (km) (Amps x Volts x 60)/ (Travel Speed! x 1000) (1) Trwvel Speed measured in inches per minut. (@) Travel Sood measired in ilieters per mine. (G) Travel Sposd measured in meters per mine ‘may include impact loading, loading in bending, static loading, or fatigue testing to duplicate the type of loading the joint will be subjected to in service. 7.31.2 A field testis atest of the welded assembly ‘on a machine that is loaded and performing the work for which it was designed For simulated service or field tests, the follow- ing shall be documented and recorded: 73.2.1 The weldment drawing to which the test part or assembly wats made. 73.2.2 The material specifications of all items included in the assembly. 7.3.2.3 The WPS variables used to manufacture the test unit (see 7.1 and Annex. 7.3.24 The type of loading applied, direction, and magnitude of forces (by calculation or instrumentation), frequency and total number of applications, or specific duration of the test. 73.2.8 The results of visual and nondestructive examination of all welds subjected to loading in the test. 7.3.2.6 The results of destructive tests of weldments, 7.3.3 The WPS employed for the test assembly shall be considered qualified provided: 7331 Visual and any requited nondestructive examinations, conducted prior to testing, meet the requirements of Section 9, Workmanship and Welding Quality Requirements [AWS D14.37014.94:2005 733.2 Specified examinations conducted after testing is complete assure that performa met. 74 Method Il—Procedure Qu: ing procedure specifications qualified by Method I ut lize standard test specimens as shown in Figures 10 through 14 or other laboratory type weld samples such as Figure 15, This method may also be used to supplement the application of prequalified welding procedures and prototype qualification, 7.41 Welding Procedures. Welding shall comply in all respects with the WPS, 7.42 Complete Joint Penetration Groove Welds. One test weld shall be made for each process and pos tion to be used in construetion. The type and number of ‘qualification tests required to qualify a WPS for a given thickness shall conform (6 Table 2. Qualification of com- plete-joint-penetration groove welds shall also qualify fillet welds on any thickness, 7A.2.1 The test piece shall be sectioned to deter- ‘mine whether the procedure provides the specified mi mum penetration, fusion, and weld profile (see 9.5). Reduced-section tension tests and bend tests of the joint shall be used whete specified mechanical properties of groove welds are required as indicated in Table 2 74.2.2 Compleic-joint-penetration groove welds in pipe or tube shall be qualified in accordance with this document. Refer to AWS D144, Specification for Welded Joins for Machinery and Equipment, AWS B2.1, Specification for Welding Procedure and Performance Qualification, or AWS D1.1, Siruesural Welding Code— Steel, for methods of qualification testing. for Groove Welds cP) yen Prepars 7AB.1 Groove Welds. The method of prepsing the specimens af groove welds and the number of tests required shall be Complete-Joint-Penetration in accordance with the figures referred to in Table 2. The test specimens shall be removed in the order given in Figures 10, 11, and 12, as appropriate. Test specimens shall be prepared in accordance with Figures 13, 14, 16, tnd 17. In addition to these tests, the test plate for el troslag and electrogas welding shall be nondestructively examined (see 9.5.2), 7.43.2 Partial Joint Penetration (PJP) Groove Welds. A welded sample of the groove design to be used in construction shall be eross-sectioned and macroetched to demonstrate that the designed weld characteristies are obtained in accordance with requirements of 9.5.1. The depth of the groove need not exceed 1 in. [25 mm.‘AWS D14.3/014.96M:2005 Table 2 Procedure Qualification Tests\” for Complete-Joint-Penetration Groove Welds Nomina! Nominal Reduced" All Weld Thickness Text Pate Vissl® "Section -Roat) Face) Side) Metal Qualified” Thickness® Examination Tension ‘Bend end Bend Tension Upw at T23ikin [10mm] Yes 2 2 2 = — Upw rt igmmeTeamm) Ye a - - a - Au? T23/4in, 20mm) Yes 2 = = 4 = lectoslag or Eectrogas Welding ™0 Minimum Maximum ost Lit Yes 2 = = 4 1 Noes a e @ 6 6 a @ 6 io) ap Input ests maybe reqited if peified ‘Tisthe plate thickness See Figwe 13 Ses Figure 16. See Figure 17. See Figure 14 See Bre 11 See Figure 10. Radiogrphicor ultrasonic esting i required (se 9.5.2). See Figure 12. 7.4.4 Methods of Testing Groove Weld Specimens 7AA1 Reduced Section Tension Specimens (see Figures 13 or 14). The least width and corresponding, thickness or diameter of the reduced section shall be ‘measured before testing. The initial cross-sectional area shall be calculated, The specimen shall be ruptured under tensile load, and the maximum load shall be determined. ‘The tensile strength shall be calculated by dividing the ‘maximum load by the initial eross-sectional area of the ‘gauge section, 7AA2 Macroetch Test. Specimens shall be etched with a suitable solution (© give a clear definition of the weld. 744.3 Root, Face, and Side Bend Specimens. Each specimen shall be bent in a jig having the contour shown in Annex C. Any convenient means may be used for moving the plunger member with relation to the die member, ‘The specimen shall be placed on the die member of the jig with the weld at midspan. Face-bend specimens shall be oriented so that the face of the weld will be in Any tet specimen maybe used forthe eos section or macto- DISCARD THIS PIECE REDUCED SECTION TENSION SPECIMEN SIDE BEND SPECIEN DISCARD THIS PIECE [AWS D14.37014.94:2005 = DIRECTION oF ROLLING ——> DISCARD THIS PIECE REDUCED SECTION TENSION SPECIMEN, FACE BEND SPECIMEN REDUCED SECTION TENSION SPECIMEN, DISCARD THIS PIECE WZ Figure 10—Order of Removal of Test Specimens from Welded Test Plate Over 3/4 in. [20 mm] Thick— ) Visual Examination, Visual examination shall ‘meet the visual quality requirements of 9.5.1 (2) Nondestructive Examination. Nondestructive examination required for electroslag and clectrogas ‘welds shall meet the requirements of 9.5.2 (3) Reduced Section Tension Test. The tensile strength shall be not less than that requited by design, (4) Root, Face, and Side Bend Tests. For accep. tance, the convex surface (tension side) of the bend test specimen shall be visually examined for surface discon: tinuities. For acceptance, the surface shall contain no discontinuities exceeding the following dimensions: (@) 1/8 in, [3 mm] measured in any direction on. the surfaces (b) 38 in. [10 mm|—the sum of the greatest dimensions of all discontinuities exceeding 1/32 in. [1 mm}, but less than or equal to 1/8 in. [3 mm]; ‘THE GROOVE CONFIGURATION SHOWN IS FOR ILLUSTRATION ONLY. THE GROOVE SHAPE USED ‘SHALL CONFORMTO THAT BEING QUALIFIED, Figure 11—Order of Removal of Test ‘Specimens from Welded Test Plate 3/8 in. [10 mm] Thick— Procedure Qualification (©) 14 in. [6 mm|—the maximum comer erack, ‘except when that comer crack resulted from visible slag inclusion of other fusion-type discontinuities, then the 1/8 in, [3 mm] maximum shall apply, Specimens with ‘comer cracks exceeding 1/4 in, [6 mm] with no evidence of slag inclusions or other fusion type discontinuities shall be disregarded and a replacement test specimen from the original weldment shall be tested. (5) Macroeteh Tests. The specimens shall be exam: ined for defeets and any which have defeets prohibited by requirements of 9.5 shall be considered as having failed (6) All-Weld-Metal Tension (Electrosag and Elec- trogas) Test. The mechanical properties shall not be less than those required by design.‘AWS D14.3/014.96M:2005 <= DIRECTION OF ROLLING ———» BEND SPECIMEN. Ege EN, DISCARD THIS PIECE REDUGED SECTION TENSION SPECIMEN IMPACT SPECIMENS (WHEN REQUIRED) REDUCED SECTION TENSION SPECIMEN = |. $12 {20 mn) —-}-— to {800 mm —-| [435 mm EXTENSIONS NEED NOT BE USED IF JOINT IS OF ‘SUFFICIENT LENGTH TO PROVIDE 17 in. (495 mm] (OF SOUND WELD EXCLUSIVE OF RETESTS 2 FORT < a4 in (20-mm] Tia FORT > 44,20 mm] OR AS | NEAR AS PRACTICABLE TOT t oo 7 Figure 12—Order of Removal of Test Specimens from Welded Test Plate Over 3/4 in, [20 mm] Thick—Electroslag and Electrogas—Welding Procedure Qualification 7.4.6 Fillet Weld Tests. Two test welds shall be made. for each fillet weld procedure and position to be used in construction. One test shall be made with the maximum size single-pass fillet weld and one with the minimum size multiple-pass fillet weld that will be used in con. struction. Three macroetch surfaces from two specimens shall be prepared as shown in Figure 15. Each surface of the macroetch specimen shall be suitably prepared before etching. The specimens shall be etched with a suitable solution (0 give a clear definition of the welds 7.4.7 Fillet Weld Test Results Required. The macro- etch specimens shall be visually examined for defects. Any welds which have defects prohibited by 9.5 shall be considered as having failed. Fillet welds shall show fusion to the root but not necessarily beyond. 74.8 Other Weld Configurations. Where the weld- ing process does not lend itself to making basic groove or fillet welds, or both, because of the process (such as resistance welding, solid state welding, and other pro- cesses) o because of the configuration (such as in plug, or slot welds) test pieces conforming to the actual pro- duction joint in size, mass, and material shall be made and sectioned to determine whether the procedure pro- vides the specified minimum penetration, fusion, and weld profile. In addition, suitable mechanical tests of the welded joint shall be performed (tensile tests where applicable) when specified mechanical properties are required 7.5 Method I11—Prequalified Joint Procedure. Cer- tain fundamental groove welded joints meeting all the requirements listed in 4.2 are designated as prequalified within the limitations shown in Annex I, Figures 11 through 16, Fillet welds meeting all the requirements listed for a specified joint in 4.3 and shown in Figure L7 are also designated as prequalified, Prequalified groove welds and fillet welds may be used without performing[AWS D14.37014.94:2005 THESE EDGES MAY BE THERMALLY CUT THIS SURFACE MACHINED, PREFERABLY BY MILLING ¥4in.[6 maj + _—~ 10 in. [250 mm APPROX. >| ates w © v4. fomnit Le vam tommy fat 26 om Wi T in. fen} We in. en} <1 (25) 2125} 150200 [38 203) 1100 + 001 [25 + 0.3) Goneral Notes: (@) Thin base metal being tested tends to tear and break near the shoulder. In such cases, dimension © shall be no greater than 1-1/3 times the wath of he reduced section {@) Wold reinforcement ana backing ep, ary, sal be removed flush with the surface of the specimen, {6) Whon tho thickness, tof the fost weldmont is such that it would not provide a specimen within the capacty liitations ofthe avaiable {est equipment, the specimen shall be pared through is thickness into as many specimens as required. (¢) The engin of the reduced sections shall be equal tothe with ofthe widest porton of wel, pus 1/4. [6 mm] minimum on each side. {@) Allsurtaces inthe reduoed saction shoul be no rougher than 125 microrncnes (4 micrometors Ry {f) Narrower widths (W and C) may be used when necossary.n such cases, the width of the roduced section should be as lrge as the with of the mater ofthe specimen. I being ested permits. I the with of the material is han W, the sides may bo parallel throughout the length (@) This figura was adapted from AWS 64.0, Standard Methods of Mechanica Tasting of Wolds. Figure 13—Reduced Section Tension Specimen ‘welding procedure qualification tests, provided the con: ditions documented on the written WPS are capable of satisfying the requirements of 9.5.1, 9.5.5, and 9.5.6. Prequalification of WPSs shall be stipulated as exemp- ualification testing required in Method I. All prequalified WPSs shall be written, For a WPS to be qualified, conformance with all the applicable requirements of Method III shall be required. WPSs that do not conform to the requirements of Method II] may be qualified by test in conformance with Methods I or IL ‘The use of a prequalified joint shall not exempt the Man: ufacturer from using sound judgment in determining the suitability of application of these joints 7.5.1 The welding process used shall be one of the fol owing processes, or a combination of these processes: 2) Shielded metal are welding (SMAW) (see 7.5.5), (Q) Submerged are welding (SAW) (see 7.5.6 and 75.7), (3) Gas metal are welding (GMAW), and gas metal are welding—pulsed (GMAW-P)* (see 7.5.8), (4) Flux cored are welding (FCAW) (see 7.5.8). 7.52 Base metal, filler metal, preheat, and interpass temperature requirements shall mect the following: (1) Steels listed in Table 3 or defined in Table 4 are prequalified for welding, provided the preheat and inter- pass temperatures used are no lower than those listed in Table 5. (2) Prequalified stcels are divided into five weldability classes forthe purpose of specifying the minimum preheat 5. GMAW and GMAW-P may be used in prequalified welding procedares provided that the average current and volage are sulicient to promote the spray or globular modes of metal transfer. Prequalification does not apply to short circuiting transfer (GMAW-S).‘AWS D14.3/014.96M:2005 EDGE OF WELD REDUCED SECTION TENSION SPECIMEN ALLWELD-METAL SPECIMEN, Dimensions ininches ‘Standard Specimen ‘Small-Size Specimens Proportional to Standard Nominal Diameter (0.500 in, Round 0.350 in. Round (0.250 in. Round G=Gage Lenath 2.000 0.005 1400 = 0.005 "000 = 0.005 D— Diameter" (0.500 0.010 (0.350 «0.007 0.250 + 0.008: Radius of Filet, min 38 6 316 ‘A—Length of Reduced Section an ro aon Matic Dimensions por AWS B4.002000 Slandara Specimen ‘Smal-Size Specimens Proportional to Standaré Nominal Diameter 42.5 mm Round {9.0 mm Round 65 mm Round Gage Levaih 500201 Be0=01 BeD=0A D—Diameter! 125204 0201 65201 Radius of Filet, min 10 6 5 ‘A—Length of Reduced Section®, o ‘6 we ‘General Nets The gage lengih and ills shallbe as shown, but he ends may be of ay form tof he Rollers of he tesing machine in ‘such a way thatthe 'oad shall be aa. tho ond are to be hed in wodge Oe it's desirable, f possible, o make the longth of te grip section reat enough to alow the speciman o extend ino the grips a distance equal o two-thirds or more ofthe lang othe grips. Notes: (1) The reduced section may have a gradual taper from the ends toward the center, withthe ends not more than ene percent larger in slameter than the center (controling mension) (2)! desied, the longth of the roduced secton may be increased to accommodate an extensometer of any convenient gage length. Felerence marks forthe measurement of elongation should be spaced athe inated gage lenath Figure 14—Cylindrical Test Bar for All-Weld-Metal and Crossweld Tensile Specimen and interpass welding temperatures. Table 3 lists typical steel specifications which are in each ofthe elasses. (3) The weldability classification for steels not listed in Table 3 may be determined by comparison to the limitations within the classes as listed in Table 4. These limitations ate: (a) Yield strength range, (b) Maximum carbon equivalent, and (©) Maximum limit for individual alloying element (4) ‘The Class for a steel grade not listed in Table 3 shall be determined by placing the steel in the highest possible classification of Table 4 without exceeding the limitations of yield strength, carbon equivalent, and alloying elements, When a steel grade does not fit in a single classification due to disagreement with the listed values, procedure qualification is required. (5) The WPS for a prequalified joint procedure shall include the specification of minimum preheat and inter- pass temperature for the welding process, class of stecl and thickness to be welded in accordance with the requirements of Table 5. (6) Table 6 lists prequalified filler metals for complete- joint-penetration groove welds when the design requires thatthe filler metal shall equal the tensile strength of the base steel. For welds which, by design, do not require filler metals with a tensile strength equal tothe base metal, lower strength filler metal may be specified. Selection of ler material and parameters used should conform to the filler metal manufacturer's recommendations. 16ee 4in, oa 4in.J106 mm) bIscarD 6 in. (180 mmm] MIN Y INCHES weldSzeTymin") ——Taminl a6 72. a6 a va 1 5116 1 38 1 v2 1 58 1 a 1 1 [AWS D14.37014.94:2005 MACROETCHTEST ‘SPECIMEN MILLIMETERS Weld Sze Ty min Temi 5 72 5 6 19 6 8 25 8 10 25 10 13 2s 13 16 25 16 20 28 20 220 25 25 (1) Where the maximum plate thickness used in production is less than the value shown in the table, the ‘maximum thickness of he production pieces may be substituted rT; and Figure 15—Fillet Weld Soundness Test for Procedure Qualification 7.8.3 The WPS for the prequalified joint procedure shall meet the applicable requirements given in 7.5.5 7.8.6, 75.7, and 7.5.8. When prequalified procedures are to be used on certain components with required perfor- ‘mance criteria tests as described in 7.3.1.1, the test assembly shall be welded using the intended WPS. Any changes to a prequalified WPS outside the applicable limits of 7.5 shall require qualification by Methods T or 1 7.S4 Workmanship and Weld Quality Require- ments. Applicable requirements of Section 9, Work manship and Welding Quality Requirements, shall be met 7.S.$ Prequalified Procedures for Manual Shielded Metal Are Welding (SMAW) 7.55.1 The work shall be positioned for flat posi- tion welding whenever practicable. 7.5.8.2 The classification and size of electrode, are voltage, and amperage shall be suited to the thickness of the material, cype of material, type of groove, welding positions, and other circumstances pertaining to the work.‘AWS D14.3/014.96M:2005 118 In, [3 mm] MAX r 1 42472 in, f [38 mm) 1 1 1 t T T in. {mein {om} “ - costs = 38 [ro] +} 6 in. [150 mem) Min +} > 318 [10)] 3/8 (10) (8) FACE BEND SPECIMEN {V8 in. [3 mm] MAX. 4.172 in [38 rom -< ye + 6 in. [150 mm) MIN (8) ROOT BEND SPECIMEN General Notes: {@) Tho specimon edges may be thermally cut bu, in this cas, at least 18 in [8 mm] of m thermally cut surace. (©) For lad metals having an elongation requirement of atleast 25%, the specimen thickness, T, may be reduoed when using & fixed Dbeng-radus testing bond fixture. The specimen thickness chal bo determined by the nomograph in Figura C4 or C4M. (6) tho wold joins basa mots of ctlront thicknesses, the spaciman should be reduced to a constant thickness basod on the thinner base meal (6) The weld reinforcement and backing, I any, shall be mechanically removed fish with the specimen surface. For performance qual catlon, sufficient mati! s avalabi, acceptable undercut shouldbe removed whie maitaning specimen dimensions. (@) The clamater of he test plunger should ba equal 6 ot exceed the wich of ths remaining wal aes. I hs raguiramant ean be met, ‘a greater thickness, T, may be chosen in aocordance with the nomograph in Figure C4 or CAM, ( Alilongitudinal surfaces should be no rougher than 125 microinches [4 merometers] R, tis recommended thatthe lay ofthe surface ‘roughness be paral to the longitudinal axis of the specimen, (a) Ths tigura as adaptes rom AWS 840, Slancird athods Of Mechanica Tasting of Wate. ral shall be mechanically removed frm the Figure 16—Face and Root Bend Specimens 18[AWS D14.37014.94:2005 IF THERMALLY CUT, NOT LESS THAN 18 in, [3 mm] SHALL BE MECHANICALLY REMOVED FROM THE EDGES. PSS cee Gr of Sj a [150 mm) w+] 1 0 18m MAX wet = face vt cn SPECIMEN (MACHINE THE MINIMUM AMOUNT (A) SINGLE-GROVE WELD" NEEDED TO OBTAIN PLANE PARALLEL FACES (OPTIONAL) Ft in [10 rom] MN poy — R= 18 in. (8 mm] MAX 318 in [10 mm) MIN 6 in. [150 mm] MIN. SEE NOTE (1) (8) DOUBLE-V-GROVE WELD'®) General Notes: (@) The Weld reinforcement and backing, if any, shall be mechanically removed lush withthe specimen surface. For performance quali cation, sufficient material is avalabe, acceptable undercut should be removed while maining specimen dimensions. (©) The diametor ofthe test plunger should be equal to of exz2od tho wid of the remaining wal face wa In err to tt to weld HAZ and ‘base motal. If is requitement cannot be mat, a graatr thickness, T, may be chosoa in accordance with the nomograph in Figure CA or cam, (6) Alllongiuinal surfaces should be no rougher than 125 microinches [micrometers] R. ‘roughness bo orient parallel tothe ongtucnal aie of to specimen, (6) Ths tigura was adapted Irom AWS 84.0, Standard Vethads of Mechanica Tasting of Wats. Notes: (1) 1 the thickness, ofa single groove weld joint exceeds 1-1/2 in. [98 mm), the specimen may be cut into approximately qual strips ‘between 34 in: [20 mm] and 1-12 in. [8 rm] wide (W), Each srp shall be tested by Bending tothe same radlus as spectied or as \etorminad by the nomograph in Figure C4 or CAM. (@) 11th plate thickness, tof dovole-groove wel joint exceeds 1-1/2 in, [28 mm, the specimen may be cut into multiple strips go that the root ofthe weld i contored in one af the strips as shown. Whenever possible tis recommended that Note (a) to Figure Ca or CaM, 'be folowed regarcing specimen thickness, 7, wth esch apecimen having a width exceeding ls trickness, These stigs shallbe bent to the same radius as spectiod ot as doterminad by the nomograph in Figure C4 or CAM. itis recommended tha he lay ofthe surface Figure 17—Side Bend Specimen 19‘AWS D14.3/014.96M:2005 Table 3?) Weldability Classification—Typical Steel Products Chass 1 ‘AISSAE 1005, 1006, 1008, 1010, 1012, 1016, 1017, 1018, 1020 ASTM A 366, A 569: SAE J.525 Cass AISVSAE 1021, 1025, 1026 ASTM A 36, A53 Grade B, A 53 Grade F, A 106, A 131°, A 139, A S00 Grades A and B, A SO1, A S16, A 524, ‘A529, A 510 Grades 30,23, 36, 40,43, 50, and 55, A 606 Class I ASTM A 242, A 441, A500 Grade C, A $37 Class | and 3, A 572 Grades 42 and SO, A $88, A 607 Grades 45, ‘and 50, A 618, A 633 Grades A, B,C, D, and E APISLX Grade 42; ABS Grades AH DHL, and BH Class 1V ASTM A S72 Grades 60 and 65, A 607 Grades 60 and 70, A 656 Grades SO, 60, 70, and 80, A 715 Grades 50, 60, 70, and 80 Chass V ASTMA 514 and A 517 () See 752, (@) Except ASTM A 131 Gr. AH, DH ond EH (Gy Except ASTMA SHE GL_G (Gy Facep ASTMAS1EGEE. Pant Q (5) Except ASIMA 517 Gr E.PeantQ Table 4 Weldability Classification() Queneh and Structural Carbon Stee! High Strength Low Alloy Steels | Tempered Steels Class 1 Class I Class I? Class 1V Chass V ‘Yield Stength, ka 30-56 35-55 a0-45 30-80 90-100 Yield Srenguh, MPa®! 205-315 240-380 275-380 345-550 620-690, ‘Maximum CE 038 os 063 = om ‘Maximum Chemical Limits Carbon 023 030 024 = 022 Manganese 0590) 135 1.65 = 150) Phosphorus 0.04. ona 004 = os Sulfur 0.05 0.05 os = 0s Silicon 0.60 0.60 0.90 = 0.90 Nickel = = 125 = 150 Chromium = = 100 = 2.00 ‘Molybdenum = = 025 = ss ‘Vanadivin = = 10%. = 08” Titanium = = 007 = 010 Zirconin = = ous = ous ‘Niobium (Cotumbium) = = 0x = = Copper = = 1.00 = 050 Boron = = S = 0.006 Nowe (1) Use the highest classification allowed by yield strength of tase metal, calulted CE valve, atypical chemical composition, (@) Only ASTMTA 572, 8607, A 656 and A715 alloyed with some combination of wb. vanadium and mitogen) ae preguaiie under Class IV. No siogen containing steel other than A S72, GO7, A 636, and A 71S are prequalified under Cas (@) Minimum yo stengths sre generally salues published y tho produc, o in tho case whore values are nx published, then the value thats used for design parpses (4 Carbon Eguivatent, CE, The maximum CE values shown are hosed onthe maximum composition limits ofthe materials, plus the check wlerance ‘Retire. caon mug Re wed when the ma Lie ae appenache [ference 1W Fornula for CE for Carbon and Low Alloy Stes CE= C+ Mais (Ca Niv5 + (Cr+ Mot VS: 6) inweigh (6) Maxim or the sum of niobium + vanadium = 0.10 (@) When welds ie to beverly sess relied, the deposited weld metal shal not exceed 0.05 vane, 20[AWS D14.37014.94:2005 Table 5 Minimum Preheat and Interpass Temperature") (2). (3) Welding Process SMAW with Low Hydrogen Electrodes, SAW ‘with Carbon or Alloy | SAW with SMAW with Low Steel Electrodes, | Carbon Stee! ‘Thickness of SMAW with Hydrogen Elecrodes, | Newland Active | Electrodes ‘Thickes Part at Other than Low ‘SAW, GMAW, Flux, GMAW, or and Alloy Point of Welding | Hydtogen Electrodes or FCAW FCAW. Flux Sieel Cass Classes cuser | ciaset | cise im | ctasctv | ciev | Chasev wn mm feocc[ cle cle cle «le «|r Trough ——Throvgh| 50 10] 50 10| 50 0] 30 1] so wl s wf so 10 Sine 20inck. Overstve —Over20| 50 10 | 150, 65 | 0 10 | so 10] 150 65] 128 50] 200 9s har was overti2—over38 | 30 10 | 228 105| 30 10 | 130 65 | 225 108 | 178 a0 | 300150 worin 1065 Over2-12 Overs | 200 95 | 300 150 | 130. 65 | 225 105 | 300 150 | 225 105 | aon 208 Notes: (1) When the base metals below the temperature listed forthe weling process being used and the thickness of material being welded, it hall be reheated (excepts oiherise provide) im ch a manner thatthe surfaces the parison which weld meal s eng deposit re aor aoe the Specified minimum empeatre fora distance equa othe thickness ofthe part being welded, but at less han 3 i. 75 bo erally ada ‘vance ofthe welling Preheat and intrpass temperatures sll he sfficent to prevent cack formation. Temperatures above the minimum ‘Showa may he requied for highly stained Welds. For quenched and terpered stl the mau prea! and intespas emperative shoul act ‘exceed 408 (205°C) for thickness up 10 I-12 jn, [38 ml nelunive and S0°P [230°C] for greater thickness, When welding quenched and tempered scl, ea apt sould no exceed the tel pliers recommendations (2) Inoins involving combinations of base meals reheat sal be as specifi for the higher stengih ste! being welded (G) In some insanes the minimum preheat an nterpus emperatue fora paticular steel may be conservative. The user may wee Method Procedare Qualiictn Tel, 6 quily a welding procedure without peat or wah ow reheat tan pied i Tae S 7.8.5.3 The maximum size of electrodes shall be as (5) 3/16 in. [5 mm] for root passes of groove welds follows: and for all other welds not included under 7.5.5.3(1), @) 5/6 in. (8 mm] for all welds made in the flat 7-55-32), 7.5.5.3(3), and 7.55.34). position, except root passes; 2) 1/4 in. (6 mm] for horizontal fillet welds; (3) 14 in, [6mm] for root passes of fillet welds made in the flat position and of groove welds made in the fat 7.584 The minimum size of a root pass shall be sufficient to prevent cracking, 78S. The maximum thickness of layers subse- position with backing, and with root opening of 1 in. quent tothe root ass of fillet welds and of al layers of {6 mm] or more; groove welds shall be: (4) 5132 in. [4 mm] for welds made with EXX14 and (1) 1/4, [6 mm] for root passes of groove welds: low-hygrogen electrodes in the vertical and overhead (2) 1/8 in. [3 mm] for subsequent layers of welds positions: made inte lat position; 21‘AWS D14.3/014.96M:2005 Table 6 Filler Metal Requirements"). for Prequalified Complete-Joint-Penetration Groove Welds Welding Process Base Metal SMAW SAW GMAW FCAW Chass and AWS AS.L AWS AS.I7 ‘AWS AS.18. ‘AWS A520. Class ESOXX or ETOXX._F(S)6XX-E(CNXXX oF :708-X or ENOC-XX)_EGXT-X(M) or ETXT-X(M) E7OISM F(S)TXX-E(CXXX [Except E70C-GS(X)]_—_ Except -2, 3,10, -13,-14, or GS) AWS ASS AWS A523. AWS A529. EWOXXX" F{S)PXX-E(CXX-XXO EXT XM? ESXTX-X Cass ‘AWS AS.1 AWS A517 AWS A518 AWS A520 EMXx® F(SXX-E(OXXX ERI0S-X or ET0C-XX"ETXT-X(M (Except-2,-3,-10,-13. ET0ISM [Except ET0C-GSIX)]— <1, or-GS) AWS ASS AWS A523 AWS A529) ENOXXX"M0 —_FIS)IXX-E(XX-XX" ERTXXMYY ChasstV AWS AS. AWS A523) AWS A528 AWSAS.29 EROXXXUMO —FUS)EXXEOXX-XXY) — ERSOSAXX ERXTX- XCM)? EBOXX-X"M® —FUS)9XX-E(CIXX-XX! Of ERBOGXXX“MS)——EOXTX-X(M}®. EOOISM ER9OS-XXX oF ERDOCAXX ChassV AWS ASS AWS A523 “AWS A528. AWS A529) ELOXX-X! —FUS)ITXX-E(CIXX-XX"—ERTIOS-XXX. ELXTX-XeMy ELLOISM of EOC-XXX"409 Notes: (1 In joins involving ase metal of dtfreat yield pins or seasths filler metals applicable w the lower strength base metal may be used (@) Filler metal o lower or hisher stensth ay be (G) Table 6 Isis only US. Csiomary filler meta spsifications and il filler met commites has pubis only patal number a filer metal specifications nS Units. The user of DISS oo Si filer metal specifications as they are published and available an Customary let metal clasifctions tat are shown in Table 6, US. {sed for DL4.3M util he appropiate St specifications an ease where specie by desi ler meal clasficalns, tthe dime of pbication ofthis dacament the AS se the appropriate ‘se the equivalent SI filler metal easifeaions ax compared tn the US. ‘Customary filler metal specifications and file metal lassfcations may be dons are published and aval (4) Filer metals of lly groupe B3, BSL, Bu, BAL, BS, BSL, BG, BOL, B?, B7L, BS, BEL, or BO in AWS ASS, AS.23, AS28, or A529 ace not (3) 3/16 in, [5 mm] for subsequent layers of welds. ‘made in the vertical, overhead, and horizontal positions. 75.5.6 The maximum size filet weld which may bbe made in one pass shal be: (1) 328 in, [10 mm] in the flat postion; @) 5/16 in. {8 mm] in horizontal or overhead postions; G) 12 in, [13 mm] in the vertical position 7.5.5.7 The progression for welding in a vertical position for all passes shall be upwards. Undercut may be repaired vertically downwards when preheat is in accordance with Table 5. 7.888 Complete-joint-penetration groove welds ‘made without the use of backing shall be backgouged 10 sound metal before welding is started from the other (opposite) side of the joint. 759 Backing may be used to prevent melt- through for fillet welds and the roots of partial-joint- penetration welds 7.5.6 Prequalified Procedures for Submerged Are Welding (SAW) with Single Electrode 7.5.6.1 SAW, except for fillet welds, shall be per- formed in the flat position #15, Fillet welds may be 2made in either the flat or horizontal position, except that single-pass fillet welds made in the horizontal position shall not exceed 5/16 in, [8 mm}. 7.5.6.2. The thickness of weld layers, except root and surface layers, shall not exceed 1/4 in. [6 mm. A ‘multiple-pass, split-layer technique shall be used when the root opening is 1/2 in. [13 mm] or greater. The split: layer technique shall also be used ia making multiple ppass welds when the width of the layer exceeds 5/8 in. [16 mm} 7.8.6.3 The welding current, are voltage, and speed ‘of travel shall be such that each pass will have complete fusion with the adjacent base metal and weld metal, and ‘will have no excessive overlap or undercutting. 7.8.64 The maximum welding current and thick ness of weld layers may exceed the limitations given in 7.56.2 and 7.5.63, provided the Manufacturer can demonstrate by nondestructive examination or macro- etch examination of sample welds, that sound welds are produced, 7.8.65 Backing may be used to prevent melt through for fillet welds and the roots of partal-joint penetration welds, 7.8.7 Prequalified Procedures for Submerged Are ‘Welding (SAW) with Multiple Electrodes 7.8.7.1 SAW with multiple electrodes, except for fillet welds, shall be made in the lat position +15". Fillet welds may be made in either the flat or horizontal posi- tion, except that single-pass multiple-are fillet welds ‘made in the horizontal position shall not exceed 1/2 in. [13 mm} 7.5.7.2 The thickness of weld layers isnot limited. Either single or multiple electrodes may be used in mak: ing the root pass of a groove weld, Backing of root faces shall be of adequate thickness to prevent melt-through. Multiple electrodes shall be displaced laterally, or a spliv layer technique shall be used to assure adequate comer fusion when the width ofa surface ina groove of which a layer of weld metal is to be deposited exceeds 1/2 in, [13 mm). A splitlayer technique with electrodes in tandem shall be employed when the width of a previ ‘ously deposited layer exceeds 1 in. [25 mm] and only two electrodes are used, 7.5.1.3 The welding current, are voltage, speed of travel, and relative location of electrodes shall be such that each pass will have complete fusion with the adja- cent base metal and weld metal, and there will be no depressions or excessive undercutting at the toe of the ‘weld, Excessive concavity of initial passes shall be [AWS D14.37014.94:2005 avoided (0 prevent cracking in roots of joints under rest 7.8.74 Multiple-are welds may also be made in the root of the groove joints and for fillet welds using a com- bination of gas metal are followed by multiple sub- merged ares, The gas metal arc welding (GMAW) shall coniorm (© the requirements of 7.5.8. The spacing between the GMAW head and the first following SAW hhead shall not exceed 15 in, [380 mm 7.8.7.8 Preheat and interpass temperatures for mul- tiple electrode SAW shall be in accordance with Table 5. Preheat and interpass temperatures may be established for single-pass groove or fillet welds, for combinations of metals being welded, and for the heat input involved which are sufficient o reduce the hardness in the heat affected zones of the base metal to less than 225 Vickers hardness number for steel having a minimum specified tensile strength not exceeding 60000 psi [415 MPa} Heat-affected zone hardness may not exceed 280 Vickers hardness number for stecl having a specified tensile strength greater than 60.000 psi [415 MPa], but not ‘execeding 70 000 psi [485 MPal. Note: The Vickers hardness number shall be deter- mined in conformance with ASTM E92. If another method of hardness is to be used, the equivalent hard ness number shall be determined from ASTM E 140, and testing shall be performed according to the applicable ASTM standard. 5.7.6 No reduction of the preheat requirements of ‘Table 5 shall be permitted for fillet welds 3/8 in. [10 mm} and under in size, 7.38 Prequalified Procedures for Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW and GMAW-P) and Flux Cored Are Welding (RCAW) 7.5.81 The following requitements are essential when using the gas metal are process for prequalified procedures that are exempt from qualification testing (1) Electrodes shall be in suitable condition for use. (2) The maximum electrode diameter shall be 1/6 in. [1.6mm] 3) The maximum size fillet weld made in one pass shall be 3/8 in. [10 mm forthe fat position and 5/16 in, [8 mm] for the horizontal position (4) The thickness of weld layers, except the root, shall not exceed 1/4 in. (6 mm]. A multiple-pass split layer technique shall be used when the root opening of groove weld is greater than 3/8 in, [10 mml. The split layer technique shall also be used in making all multiple- pass welds (fillet or groove) when the width of the preceding layer exceeds 1/2 in. (13 mm}.‘AWS D14.3/014.96M:2005 7828.2 The following requirements are essential the flux cored are process for prequalified procedures that are exempt from qualification testing: (2) Electrodes shall be dry according to manufactur crs’ recommendations (see Annex B) (2) The maximum electrode diameter shall be 7/64 in 12.8 mm 8) The maximum size of a fillet weld made in one ppass shall be 1/2 in, [13 mm} for the flat position and 5/16 in, (8 mm] forthe horizontal position, (A) The thickness of weld layers, except the root shall not exceed 1/4 in, {6 mm]. A multiple-pass split Iayer technique shall be used when the root opening of a ‘groove weld is greater than 3/8 in, [10 mm]. The split layer technique shal also be used in making all multiple- pass welds when the width of the preceding layer exceeds 5/8 in, [16 mm] when usin 7.88.3 The following requirements are essential when using either the gas metal are or flux cored are pro- cess for prequalified procedures that are exempt from qualification testing: (2) The welding parameters shall be such that each pass will have complete fusion with adjacent base metal and weld metal, and there will not he excessive overlap, porosity, oF undercutting, (2) Complete-joint-penetration Without the use of backing shall be backgouged to sound ‘metal before welding is started from the second side, (3) Backing may be used to prevent melt-through for fillet welds and the roots of partial-joint-penetration welds, (4) Welding with external gas shielding shall not be done ina draft or wind that divert the shielding gas from the weld pool (3) The progression for welding in a vertical position for all passes. shall be upwards. Undercut may be repaired vertically downwards when preheat is in accor dance with Table 5. (6) Blectrode extension (contact tip to work distance) shall be listed in the WPS and shall be in accordance With the electrode manufacturer's recommendations oove welds made 8. Welding Personnel Qualification 8.1 Scope. The qualification ests described herein are especially designed to determine the ability of the weld: ing personnel to produce sound welds. It is not necessarily intended that the welder perfor ‘mance qualification tests be used as a guide for welding during actual construction, ‘The latter shall be performed in accordance with the requirements of the welding pro- cedure specification. This section is organized into four distinct part as follows: (1) Welder Qualification (see 8.3); (a) Method A: (b) Method B: (2) Welding Operator Qualification (see 8.4): (3) Operator of Automatic Welding Equipment Qual- ification (see 8.5); and (4) Tack Welder Qualification (see 8.6) 8.2 General. The Manufacturer shall be responsible for the choice of welding personnel qualification methods and maintaining the records of all tests demonstrating the ability of welding personnel to produce sound welds. Certified welders meeting the requirements of AWS QC7, Standard for the Certification of Welders, that have been tested in a Certified Test Facility and have tained their certification are considered qualified to D14.3/D14.3M within the limitations of 8.2. Welders who are not certified by AWS QC7, Standard {for the Certification of Welders, may be qualified by the Manufacturer, contractor, or by an independent testing facility under the supervision of the Manufacturer. Radiographic or ultrasonic examination may be used in licu of bend tests for welding personnel qualification. ‘The user is cautioned that procedure and technique will affect results. The user shall be responsible for assuring that test results reflect a quality level equal to or surpass- ing the minimum weld quality requirements of 9.5.2 Welding personnel qualified to AWS B21, Specific tion for Welding Procedure and Performance Qualifi tion, AWS DI4ADI44M, Specification for Welded Joints in Machinery and Equipment, AWS D1.1, Struc- tural Welding Code—Steel, ASME Section 1X, Boiler ‘and Pressure Vessel Code, ot other standards acceptable to the Manufacturer may be considered qualified within the limits of 8.2.2. 8.2.1 Welding personnel shall be qualified in accor- dance with AWS B2.1, Specification for Welding Proce: dure and Performance Qualification, or AWS D14.a/ D14.4M, Specification for Welded Joints in Machinery ‘and Equipment, for complete-joint-penetration groove welds in pipe or tubing made in other than the flat or horizontal positions. 8.2.2 Limitation of Variables. All of the following rules shall apply forthe qualification of welding personnel 8.2.2.1 Qualification established with any one of the steels permitted by this specification shall be consid ered as qualification to weld, or tack weld, any of the other steels, Separate qualifications are required for each type of nonferrous base metal, (e.g. aluminum, bronze, ‘copper, et.) 8.2.2.2 Welding personnel shall be qualified for each welding process used separately (e.2., SMAW, GMAW, FCAW, SAW, etc.). Significant differences[AWS D14.37014.94:2005 Table 7 Electrode Classification Groups— Welder Qualification Table 8 Welding Personnel Qualification— Type and Position Limitations Filler Metal Group Designation AWS Electrode Classification TEXXIS, EXXI6, EXXIS(M), EXX@S m1 EXX10, EXX11 W EXX12, EXX13, EXX14, E6019 I EXX20, EXX24, EXX28, EXX27, EXX22 The kets “KX” used in the classification designations in his table stan forthe Waousstength levels (in ks Oe MPA) of fests, cexist between the various modes of operation within these welding process categories, as ia FCAW with or ‘without gas shielding, GMAW in spray, short-circuiting transfer or GMAW-P.° Therefore, separate qualification tests are required for each of these modes of operation, 8.2.2.3 Welding personne! qualified for SMAW ‘with an electrode identified in Table 7 shall be consi ered qualified to Weld with any other electrode listed in the same or numerically lesser group designations, 8.2.2.4 Welding personnel qualified to weld with SAW, FCAW, or GMAW with an approved electrode ‘and shielding medium combination shall he considered (qualified to weld, or tack weld, with any other approved electrode and shielding medium combination for the ‘same process within the limits of 8.2.2.2. 8.2.3 Positions for which welding personnel are quali- fied by the weld test position are listed in Table 8. 8.3 Welder Qualification (see Table 9) 8.3.1 Method A 8.3.1.1 Qualifieation Test for Unlimited ‘Thick- ness. Joint detail is as follows: 1 in, [25 mm] plate single-V-groove, 45° included groove angle, 1/4 in [6 mm] root opening with backing. Backing shall be at least 3/8 x 3 in. [10x 75 mm] or removed if radiography and at least 3/8 > 1 in. [10 x 25 mm] for mechanical testing, Removal of backing shall not dis- tur’ deposited weld metal under it, or reduce joint thick- ness. The minimum length of the welding groove shall is used for testing 6. Requaification is not required when switching from GMAW to GMAW-P and vice versa when the average curent and vot- age are sufficient to promote the spray or globular modes of ‘metal transfer. ‘Welding Position Qualified!" Type of Welding and Position of Qualification 1 Weld st Position Groove Fille Groove 1G RW 26 Ru Ru 3600 RLV ORLY 40 ROH LOH Fillet iF F oF RM 3 RLV oF F.H.OH Notes (1) Positions of welding: F = fat, H = horizontal, V = vertal, OH ‘vedo (es Figures 6,7. 8 and 9) (2) Foe welding personnel quaiiaion test posons not tisted above {ie SG ane 6) in Table 8 refer to AWS B2., Specficaion or Welding Procedure and Peformance Qualficaton be 5 in, [125 mm] (see Figures 18 and 19). This test will qualify the welder for groove and fillet welds on material ff unlimited thickness for the test positions listed in Table 8 qualified by the weld test position. 8.3.1.2 Qualification Test for Limited Thick- ness, Joint detail is as follows: 3/8 in, [10 mm] plate, single-V-groove, 45° included groove angle, 1/4 in, [6 mm] root opening with backing. Backing shall be at least 3/8 x3 in. [1075 mm] or removed if radiography is used for testing and at least 3/8 x lin, [10 x 25 mm] for ‘mechanical testing. Removal of backing shall not disturb deposited weld metal under it, or reduce joint thickness. The minimum length of the welding groove shall be 7 in. [180 mm} (see Figures 20 and 21). This test will qualify the welder for groove welds in material not over 3/4 in, [20 mm] in thickness and fillet welds on material of unlimited thickness for the test positions shown in Table 8 qualified by the position, 8.3.13 Qualification Test for Fillet Welds Only—Option 1. ‘The test plates shall be in accordance with Figures 22A and 22B. This test will qualify the welder for fillet welds on material of unlimited thickness in the position listed in Table 8. 8.3.1.4 Qualification Test for Fillet Welds Only— Option 2. Test plate in accordance with Figure 23. This test will qualify the welder for fillet welds on material of unlimited thickness in the positions listed in Table 8.‘AWS D14.3/014.96M:2005 Table 9 Welder Qualification Tests\") Welder Qualification Note: (Q) Welders quate in accordance with AWS DI.1,Siractural Welding CodeSee, or ASME Section IX, Boiler and Presse Vesel Coe, shall be considered qualified to his specitication within the timtations 82. (2) Visual examination pee Satin 1, 83.2 Test Preparation Specimens—Number, Type, and 8.3.2.1 Bend Test. Two side-bend specimens shall be cut from the unlimited thickness test joint, or one face ‘and one root guided bend test specimen from the limited thickness test joint. Bend specimens shall be prepared for testing in accordance with Figure 16 or 17, whichever is applicable. 8.3.2.2 Nondestructive Tests. The weld reinforce ‘ment may be ground flush with the surface of the test plate if methods such as radiographie or ultrasonic exam- ination are used in lieu of the prescribed bend tests. 26 8.3.2.3 Fillet Welds—Option 1. One macroetch specimen and one fillet weld break specimen conforming to Figures 22A and 228. 8.3.2.4 Fillet Welds—Option 2. Two guided root- bend tests (fillet weld soundness specimens) conforming, to Figure 23. 8.3.3 Method of Testing Specimens 8.3.3.1 Root, Face, and Side Bend Specimens (see 8.3.2.1). Each specimen shall be bent in a jig having the contour shown in Annex C. Any convenient means may be used for moving the plunger member with rela- tion to the die member.[AWS D14.37014.94:2005 1. (25 mm} SIDE BEND \ i SIDE BEND SPECIMEN. Z a Ni J ao ereretey ROLLING Bin. sin 1125 mm) [150 mm MIN General Note: When radiograpy is used for testing, no tack welds shal be inthe test area, Figure 18—Test Plate for Unlimited Thickness— Alll Positions—Welder Qualification sin. DIRECTION (OF ROLLING SSIDE-BEND SPECIMEN SSIDE-BEND: Vin (25 mm ‘SPECIMEN General Note: When radiography is used fr testing, no tack welds shall be inthe test area, Figure 19—Optional Test Plate for Unlimited Thickness— Horizontal Position—Welder Qualification‘AWS D14.3/014.96M:2005 1 in. [25 me) ‘A FACE BEND a ROOT BEND SPECIMEN, LP} ‘SPECIMEN, \oinection oF ROLLING, bin: (180 mmf in, MIN 180 men} (smn) MIN era Note: When raclograpy is used for testing, no tack welds shallbe inthe test aroa, Figure 20—Test Plate for Limited Thickness— ~~ poor BEND SPECIMEN ™ demas IL FACE-BEND~! 1 in, (25 mm] SPECIMEN, General Note: When radiography is used fr testing, no tack welds shall be inthe test area, Figure 21—Optional Test Plate for Limited Thickness— Horizontal Position—Welder Qualification[AWS D14.37014.94:2005 tin sin. [25 mm [150 mm) FILLET WELD BREAK DISCARD SPECIMEN _— CUTLINE van amm—~y RB din. {109 mm = 516 in. {8 mm FILLET WELD tain 13mm PS ~~ STOP AND RESTART WELDING NEAR CENTER \ x / X 4 anos Zmacroercn sPeciMEN ETCH INTERIOR FACE) Figure 22A—Fillet Weld Break and Macroetch Test Plate— ‘Welder Qualification—Option 1 FORCE Figure 22B—Method of Applying Load on Fillet Weld Break Test Specimen (Reference 8.3.2.3—Option 1)‘AWS D14.3/014.96M:2005 + DIRECTION oF ROLLING sin. EE BAOKING SHALL BE IN INTIMATE [190 mm ‘CONTACT WITH BASE METAL. WELD REINFORCEMENT AND. BACKING SHALL BE REMOVED FLUSH WITH BASE METAL. FLAME CUTTING MAY BE USED FOR THE REMOVAL OF THE MAJOR PART OF THE BACKING, PROVIDED AT LEAST 1/8 in, [3 mm) (OF ITS THICKNESS IS LEFT TO BE REMOVED BY MACHINING OF, GRINDING. ‘THESE EDGES MAY BE OXYGEN CUT AND MAY OF MAY NOT BE MACHINED. 7 7 1-1/2 in 112 £98 eam] \ {28 mm) t 15/16:in. [26 mm—ef J—-8in. 175 mmi—a] f+ 3 in. (75 mm] —a] R= 18 in (9 rv MAX. /— PORTION BETWEEN FILLET WELDS. MAY BE WELDED IN ANY POSITION Tice | MAXIMUM SIZE SINGLE ——— \— AT LEAST 318 in, [10 mm] x 2 in, {50 mm} PASS FILLET WELD. IF RADIOGRAPHY IS USED, THEN USE AT 23/8 in. [10 mm] LEAST 308 in. [10 mm] x 3 in. [75 mm] BAR. Figure 23—Fillet Weld Soundness (Guided Root Bend) Test Plate—Welder Qualification—Option 2 30‘The specimen shall be placed on the die member of the jig with the weld at midspan. Face-bend specimens shall be oriented so that the face of the weld will be in tension, Root-bend specimens shall be oriented so that the root of the weld will be in tension, Side-bend speci ‘mens shall be placed with the side showing the greater defects, if any, oriented to be in tension, The plunger shall force the specimen into the die until the specimen becomes U-shaped. The weld and heat-affected zones shall be centered and shall be completely within the portion of the specimen after testn ‘When using the wraparound jig, he specimen shall be clamped on one end so that the specimen does not slide during the bending operation, The weld and heat- affected zones shall be completely within the bent por- tion of the specimen alter testing, Test specimens shall be removed from the jig when the outer roll has been ‘moved 180” from the starting point. 8.3.3.2 Macroetch Test. Specimens shall be etched with a suitable solution to give a clear definition of the weld, 8.3.3.3 Fillet Weld Break Test. The entire length (of the fillet weld shall be examined visually, and then the 6 in. [150 mm] long specimen shall be Toaded in such a way that the root of the weld is in tension, as shown in Figure 2B. The load shall be steadily increased or repeated until the specimen fractures or bends flat upon itself, 8.3.34 Fillet Weld Soundness Test. Each speci- men shall be bent to the contour shown in Annex C and ctherwise substantially in accordance with the annex. ‘Any convenient means may be used for moving the plunger member with relation to the die member. Fillet ‘weld soundness specimens shall be placed with the root of the weld in tension, 8.3.3.5 Nondestructive Test. The weld shall meet the weld quality requirements of 9.5.2 to pass the radio- ‘graphic or ultrasonic examination. 8.3.3.6 Visual Exami the requirements oF 9.5.1 to pi 8.3.4 Test Results Required 8.341 Root, Face, and Side Bend Tests. The convex surface (lesion side) of the bend test specimen shall be visually examined for suriace discontinuities For acceptance, the surface shall contain no discontinu- ties exceeding the following dimensions: (2) 18 in, (3 mm] measured in any direction on the surface: 2) 378 in, [10 mm|—the sum of the greatest dimen- sions of all discontinuities exceeding 1/32 in. [1 mm but less than or equal to 1/8 in, [3 mm}; ion, The weld shall meet s the visual examination. [AWS D14.37014.94:2005 (3) V4 in. [6 mm]—the maximum comer crack, ‘except when that comer crack resulted from visible slag inclusion or other fusion-type discontinuities, then the V8 in, [3 mm} maximum shall apply, Specimens with corner cracks exceeding 1/4 in. [6 mm] with no evidence of slag inclusions or other fusion-type discontinuities shall be disregarded and a replacement test specimen from the original weldment shall be tested. 8.34.2 Macroetch Test. The specimen shall be visually examined for defects and considered as failed if defects prohibited by 9.5.1 are revealed. The weld shall show fusion to the root, but not necessarily beyond, and both legs shall be equal within 1/8 in. [3 mm]. Convexity and concavity shall not exceed the limits specified in See tion 9, Workmanship and Weld Quality Requirements 8.3.4.3 Fillet Weld Break Test. To pass the visual examination prior to the break test, the weld shall present 1 reasonably uniform appearance and shall be free of overlap, cracks, and undercut in excess of the require- ments of 9.5. There shall be no porosity visible on the wold surface, The broken specimen shall pass if: (1) The specimen bends flat upon itself; oF (2) The fillet weld, if fractured, has a fractured sur- face showing complete fusion tothe root of the joint with 1o inclusions or porosity larger than 3/32 in, [2.4 mm] in the greatest dimension; and (3) The sum of the greatest dimensions of all inclue sions and porosity does not exceed 3/8 in, [10 mm] in the 6 in. [150 mm] long specimen. 3.4.4 Fillet Weld Soundness Test. The convex. surface of the root bend specimen shall be visually exam- ined for surface discontinuities, For acceptance, the si face shall contain no discontinuities exceeding the following dimensions: (1) 1/8 in, [3 mm] measured in any direction on the surface: (2) 378 in, (10 mm|—the sum of the greatest dimen- sions ofall discontinuities exceeding 1/32 in, [1 mm}, but less than or equal to 1/8 in. [3 ma}; 3) 1/4 in. [6 mm}—the maximum comer crack, except when that corner crack resulted from visible slag inclusion of other fusion-type discontinuities, then the U8 in. [3 mm) maximum shal apply. Specimens with comer cracks exceeding 1/4 in [6 mm} with no evidence of slag inclusions or other fusion-type discontinuities shall be disregarded and a replacement test specimen from the original weldment shall be tested. 31‘AWS D14.3/014.96M:2005 8.3.4.5 Nondestructive Examination, The weld shall meet the weld quality requirements of 9.5.2 to pass the radiographic or ultrasonic examination. 8.3.4.6 Visual Examination, The welds shall meet the requirements of 9.5.1 to pass the visual examination. 8.3.5 Method B—Welder Qualification Test. ‘Method B consists of two parts for qualification: Work- _manship Sample and Production Sample. 8.3.5.1 Workmanship Sample. A workmanship ‘sample similar tothe production welds shall be made that ropresents the required degree of manipulative ability (see Figures 24, 25, and 26). The type and number of ‘samples to be made shall be determined by the Manufac turer to represent the type of work the welder will be doing. This test shall be witnessed, evaluated, and recorded by qualified personnel. The samples shall be tested using visual inspection, appropriate sectioning and ctching of the sample, and shall meet the requirements of Section 9, Workmanship and Weld Quality Requirements. 8.3.5.2 Production Sample. The capability of the ‘welder to satisfactorily perform production welding shall be determined alter a tryout at the job station only after successful completion of the workmanship sample. Qualification shall be achieved when the welder pro- duces a typical production part that meets the quality requirements of this specification, as witnessed and recorded by an authorized individual. 8.3.6 Retests—Welder Qualification Methods A. and B. A retest may be allowed iff a welder fails to meet the requitements of one or more test welds under the fol: lowing conditions: (1) An immediate retest may be made which shall consist of two test welds of each type failed. All test specimens shall meet all the requirements for such welds, (2) A retest may be made, provided there is evidence that the welder has had further training or practice. In this case, a complete retest shall be made. 8.3.7 Period of Effectiveness—Welder Qualifiea- tion Methods A and B. The welder qualification shall remain in effect indefinitely unless: (1) The welder is not engaged in a given process of welding for which the welder is qualified for a period jx months, The requalification test is required ‘only in the 3/8 in. [10 mm] thi (2) There is reason to question the welders ability ‘The welder must retest each qualification for which his ability was questioned, 8.3.8 Records—Welder Qualification Methods A. and B. Records of the test results and continued perfor: exceed ‘mance shall be kept by the Manufacturer and shall be available as required by the contract [see 8.3.7(1)] 8.4 Welding Operator Qualification 8.4.1 Welding Operator Qualification Tests. The qualification test for welding operators shall consist of welding a test assembly which meets the following requirements: 84.1.1 Complete-joint-penetration groove weld selected from Figure 1.3 for submerged are welding. BA.L2 Complete-joint-penetration groove weld selected from Figure 1.5 for gas metal are or flux cored are welding. 84.1.3 Welding in accordance with the require- iments of the welding procedure specification. 8.14 Suitable test pieces conforming to the actual production joint in size, mass, and materials shall be made if the welding process does not lend itself to making basic groove welds, or the welded joints covered by the welding procedure specification do not comply with Figures 1.3 through 17, 8.4.2 Macroetch specimens shall be prepared from the welded test assembly by sectioning through the weld in at Teast two locations, and by polishing and etehing with ‘8 suitable solution to give a clear definition of weld, 8.4.3 Test Results Required. The welded test assem- by shall meet the visual requirements of 9.5.1. 8.4.3.1 The macroetched specimens shall be exam- ined for defects, and if defects prohibited by Section 9, Workmanship and Welding Quality Requirements, are found, the test shall be considered as failed. The weld shall show fusion to the root and shall be free from fusion defects. Convexity and concavity of fillet welds shall not exceed the limits specified in Section 9, Work- rmanship and Welding Quality Requitements, and both legs of the fillet shall be equal within 1/8 in. (3 mm). 8.44 Retests. A retest may be allowed if a welding operator fails to meet the requirements of one or more test welds under the following conditions: (1) An immediate retest may be made which shall consist of two test welds of each type failed. All test specimens shall meet all the requirements for such welds. (2) A retest may be made, provided there is evidence that the welder has had further training or practice. In this ease, a complete retest shall be made. 845 Period of Effectiveness. ‘The welding operator (qualification shall remain in effect indefinitely unless: (1) The welding operator is not engaged in a given process of welding for which the welder is qualified for a