REVIEW OF DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF

HOME APPLIANCES CONTROL USING

BLUETOOTH AND ANDROID APP

BY

ADESHOKAN GBOLAHAN OLAYINKA

21/CTN/0709

SUBMITTED TO THE

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING,

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING,
OSUN STATE POLYTECHNIC, IREE.

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE AWARD OF THE HIGHER NATIONAL

DIPLOMA IN COMPUTER ENGINEERING, OSUN STATE POLYTEHNIC, IREE

NOVEMBER, 2023

1
 CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that this project work was carried out by ADESHOKAN GBOLAHAN
o. (21/CTN/0709) in the Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Osun
State Polytechnic, Iree.

________________________ ________________________
Olasunkanmi H.A. Date
Supervisor

_____________________ ____________________
Dr. Olawale B.O. Date
Coordinator

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 DEDICATION
This research project is profoundly and absolutely dedicated to Almighty
God for being my guidance and savior from the grassroots of my life to this present
time and forever. In whom all things were made possible for me.
It is also dedicated to my parents Mr and Mrs Adeshokan who has been
there through thick and thin.
May God spare their lives for me to reap the fruit of their labour. May
God provide them with a way out from every difficulty and grant them relief from
every worry . Amen

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

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 All glory belongs to Almighty God the Omnipotent, omoniscience for the
honour and opportunity bestowed on me to begin this course and to end it .

I greatly command the efforts of our able and hardworking Head of

Department,Prince Dr Engr Olawale Babatunde Olumide And my project
supervisor in person of Mr Olasunkami for his guidance and devotion, I appreciate
him for devoting so much time for me to the success of this study. May God reward
you abundantly ,Amen.

The success of every child can simply be traced to his parents . My parents
are the genesis of what I am today in person of Mr and Mrs Adeshokan I sincerely
Thank them for their financial and spiritual support showed on me before, during
and after my academic pursuit.

I owe a great thanks to the entire lecturer in the noble department of

computer engineering .

The first among the group of people to express gratitude to is my sister in

person of Adeshokan Oluwaseun oladayo for her support which cumulated to the
completion of my studies I ask that living God will continue to strengthen you ,
Amen .

To this end, I must not forget to appreciate my family, friends, sisters and
my nephew I say thank you all , I love you all.

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 ABSTRACT

The advent of technological advancements has spurred the integration of

automation and wireless control into various aspects of modern life. This project
delves into the design and construction of a home appliance control system utilizing
Bluetooth technology and an Android application. The system facilitates remote
control of home appliances via a user's mobile phone, enhancing convenience and
flexibility. The system's operation commences with an authenticated signal
originating from the user's mobile phone. This signal, bearing instructions
regarding the desired appliance operation (turn on or off), is transmitted through
the Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) network to a designated
phone attached to the control device. Upon reception, the GSM network relays the
signal to a DTMF decoder or GSM modem, which subsequently converts it into a
digital signal. This digital signal serves as the input for the microcontroller. The
microcontroller, acting as the system's intelligent core, interprets the received
signal and triggers the corresponding relays connected through ULN2003
Darlington transistors. As a result, the desired home appliance is activated or
deactivated accordingly.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

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 CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of Study
The pervasiveness of technology has transformed our world into one of unprecedented
connectivity and convenience. In the past, communication was a cumbersome process,
often relying on physical travel or postal services to convey messages. However, the
advent of modern technologies, such as GSM, email, and social media, has revolutionized
communication, enabling seamless interactions across vast distances. This technological
revolution has extended its reach to automation, with mobile phones becoming ubiquitous
tools for controlling and managing various aspects of our lives.
Gone are the days when controlling electrical appliances or devices required physical
presence at the location. The integration of technologies like Bluetooth and infrared has
enabled remote control capabilities, offering greater flexibility and convenience. This
trend is evident in the increasing demand for systems that provide remote management of
home appliances, office equipment, and even industrial machinery.
The proliferation of mobile phones has opened up new possibilities for control and
automation. Beyond their primary function of voice calls, mobile phones have become
powerful platforms for sending text messages, multimedia messages, and instant
messages. This versatility has inspired innovative approaches to remote control, such as
utilizing text messages as commands to manipulate electrical sockets and appliances.
The GSM technology, with its ability to facilitate communication over long distances,
serves as the foundation for our proposed remote control system. It empowers users to
control electrical sockets and devices from virtually anywhere, eliminating the need for
physical presence at the target location. This system has wide-ranging applications,
extending from household appliances to office equipment and beyond.
The motivation behind this research stems from the inherent human desire to control
devices remotely. Whether it's managing home appliances, adjusting office settings, or
operating industrial machinery, the ability to exert control from a distance enhances
convenience and efficiency. While traditional methods often fall short in terms of
accuracy, speed, ease of operation, and range, the advent of GSM technology has paved
the way for a more sophisticated and effective remote control solution. (Jaine & Verma,
2019)

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This research aims to address the limitations of existing remote control systems by
leveraging the capabilities of GSM technology and mobile phones. By harnessing the
power of these ubiquitous tools, we envision a world where remote control is seamless,
efficient, and accessible to all.

1.2 Statement of Problem

The rapid advancement of technology has transformed our lives, introducing a plethora of
conveniences and efficiencies. Among these advancements, the desire to remotely control
home appliances has emerged as a critical need, offering significant time savings and
enhanced comfort. However, existing methods for remote control often lack a systematic
and user-friendly approach.
The proposed system aims to address this challenge by providing a comprehensive and
user-centric solution for remotely controlling home electrical sockets. By leveraging the
ubiquitous nature of mobile phones and the power of Bluetooth technology, the system
empowers users to seamlessly manage their home environment from anywhere, anytime.
The need for such a system stems from the increasingly hectic pace of modern life.
Individuals and families are constantly juggling multiple responsibilities, often leading to
forgetfulness or oversight of simple tasks like turning off lights or appliances before
leaving home. The proposed system eliminates this anxiety by providing remote control
capabilities, ensuring that home electrical devices remain under control, even when the
user is away. (Claudia & Moaml, 2021)
Moreover, the system's simplicity and accessibility make it an ideal solution for a wide
range of users. Its intuitive interface and reliance on mobile phone technology eliminate
the need for specialized technical knowledge, making it accessible to individuals of all
ages and backgrounds.
In essence, the proposed system addresses a critical need in modern society by providing a
convenient, efficient, and user-friendly approach to remote home appliance control. By
empowering users to manage their home environment from anywhere, anytime, the system
enhances comfort, security, and peace of mind.

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1.3 Aim and Objectives of the Study
The overarching aim of this project is to develop a home automation system that enables
remote control of electrical sockets, empowering users to manage household appliances
from anywhere, anytime. By utilizing Bluetooth technology and an Android application,
the system aims to deliver a user-friendly, efficient, and scalable solution for home
automation.
The objective of this project is
1. To design and implement a robust home automation system capable of seamlessly
controlling multiple electrical sockets, ensuring reliability and scalability to
accommodate future expansion.
2. To construct an electronic circuit, incorporating a microcontroller, that facilitates
remote switching of household appliances connected to the electrical sockets. The
microcontroller architecture should prioritize hardware simplicity, enabling
effortless control from any mobile phone.
3. To conduct comprehensive testing and evaluation of the home automation system
to validate its functionality, performance, and reliability. This assessment will
involve rigorous testing of the system's ability to control electrical sockets and
remotely manage connected appliances.

1.4 Significance of the Study

The proposed project holds significant value for both academic and practical applications.
Its potential contributions can be summarized as follows: The project serves as a valuable
reference point for the development of future home automation systems, providing a
conceptual framework that integrates Bluetooth technology and an Android application for
remote appliance control; The project lays the groundwork for building scalable
automation solutions, demonstrating the feasibility of managing multiple electrical sockets
and connected appliances using a centralized control system. The project highlights the
potential of combining Bluetooth technology with an Android application to create a user-
friendly interface for home automation, enabling seamless control from mobile devices.
The project's underlying principles can be extended to various device management
scenarios, including device synchronization, temperature updates, and weather forecasting.
The project provides a stepping stone towards a comprehensive home automation system,
establishing a platform for user interaction with household appliances and devices. And
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lastly, the project's remote control capabilities can be leveraged for company management
purposes, such as switching servers on or off to optimize bandwidth utilization.
The proposed project offers a significant contribution to the field of home automation,
providing a foundation for future advancements and demonstrating the potential of
Bluetooth and Android applications in delivering user-centric automation solutions.

1.5 Definition of Terms

 Home automation: The use of technology to automate and control various aspects of a
home, such as lighting, temperature, and appliances.
 Electrical socket: A receptacle for an electrical plug, allowing for the connection of
electrical appliances and devices.
 Remote control: The ability to control a device or system from a distance, often using a
remote control device or a mobile application.
 Microcontroller: A small, self-contained computer designed to perform specific tasks
within a larger system.
 Hardware simplicity: The design of a system or circuit with minimal complexity,
making it easier to understand, maintain, and troubleshoot.
 Bluetooth technology: A wireless technology that enables data transmission over short
distances between electronic devices.
 Android application: A software application designed to run on the Android mobile
operating system.
 Scalability: The ability of a system or device to accommodate increased demand or
usage without significant performance degradation.
 Reliability: The consistency and dependability of a system or device in performing its
intended function.
 Evaluation: The process of assessing the effectiveness, performance, and shortcomings
of a system or project.
 Testing: The process of subjecting a system or device to various scenarios to verify its
functionality and identify potential issues.
 User interface: The means by which a user interacts with a system or device, typically
through a graphical or text-based interface.

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 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Home Appliances Control or Home Automation
For many years now, a lot of people have worked on home automation. Home automation
can be described as introduction of technology within the home environment to provide
convenience, comfort, security and energy saving to its occupants. Adding intelligence to
home environment can provide increased quality of life for the elderly and disabled people
who might otherwise require caregivers or institutional care. There has been a significant
increase in home automation in recent years due to higher affordability and advancement
in phones. Various works have been carried out with the use of microcontrollers to design
Home Automation. Some of these works includes:
Implementing of home automation system was considered by Ciubotaru and Delgado 2006
who presented designs and implementations of SMS-text based control. This work uses
SMS – to control home appliances and this give the project a limitation because you will
not know if the SMS gets to the phone in the project or not.
The first machines to be operated by remote control were used mainly for military
purposes. Radio- controlled motorboats, developed by the German navy, were used to ram
enemy ships in World War I. Radio controlled bombs and other remote control weapons
were used in World War II. Once the wars were over, United States scientists
experimented to find non-military uses for the remote control. In the late 1940’s automatic
garage door openers were invented, and in the 1950’s the first TV remote controls were
used. Zenith began playing around with the idea of a TV Remote control in the early
1950’s. They developed one in 1952 called “Lazy Bones,” which was a long cable that
was attached to the TV Set. Pushing buttons on the remote activated a motor that would
rotate the tuner in the set. This type of remote wasn’t popular for long considering that, at
the time, there were very few channels to choose from. (James and Stevenson, 2008)
In 1955, the Flash osmotic was invented. A flashlight was shined toward light sensitive
cells in each of the four corners of the TV. Each corner had different function. They turned
the TV on and off, changed the channel, and controlled the volume. However, people often
forgot which corner of the TV operated which control. Also, if the set was in sunlight, the
sun’s rays would affect the operations of the TV. In 1957 a group of engineers developed

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the Zenith “Space Command,” a wireless remote control using ultrasonic waves.
(Heckman, 2008)
The Dawn of Home Automation (Pre-1900)
The concept of home automation, or the use of technology to control and manage
household appliances and systems, can be traced back to the late 1800s. In 1888,
American inventor Philo T. Farnsworth created the Farnsworth room, a pioneering home
automation system that incorporated features like automatic lighting control and
temperature regulation.
The Rise of Electrical Appliances and Timers (Early 20th Century)
The widespread adoption of electrical appliances in the early 20th century paved the way
for the development of more practical home automation solutions. In 1911, the first
automatic electric timer was patented, marking a significant step towards automating
appliance control.
Remote Control and the Post-War Era (1940s-1960s)
The 1940s and 1950s saw the emergence of remote control technology, initially used for
radios and television sets. This technology revolutionized home entertainment, allowing
users to control devices from a distance without the need for physical interaction.
The Digital Revolution and Programmable Devices (1970s-1980s)
The advent of digital electronics in the 1970s and 1980s further propelled the advancement
of home automation. Programmable devices, such as programmable thermostats and
lighting timers, became widely available, offering users greater control over their home
environment.
The Rise of Personal Computers and Networking (1990s-2000s)
The proliferation of personal computers and networking technologies in the 1990s and
early 2000s opened up new possibilities for home automation. PC-based home automation
systems emerged, enabling users to control and monitor their homes from their computers.
The Age of Smartphones and Wireless Technologies (2000s-Present)
The widespread adoption of smartphones and wireless technologies in the 2000s and
beyond has revolutionized home automation. Mobile apps and smart devices have
transformed the way we interact with our homes, providing seamless control and remote
access from anywhere in the world.

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The Future of Home Automation: Artificial Intelligence and Voice Control
The future of home automation is poised for continued growth and innovation. Artificial
intelligence (AI) and voice control technology are expected to play a significant role,
enabling more intuitive and personalized home automation experiences. (John, 2021)

2.2 Bluetooth Technology

The story of Bluetooth began in the 1990s when companies like Ericsson sought a way to
simplify data exchange between devices. In 1994, engineers Jim Kardach and Sven
Mattisson began conceptualizing a system to enable communication between mobile
phones and other devices without cables. Their efforts led to the formation of the
Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG) in 1998, comprising Ericsson, Nokia, IBM,
Toshiba, and Intel, among others.
The Name 'Bluetooth':
The name 'Bluetooth' pays homage to King Harald Bluetooth, who united Denmark and
Norway in the 10th century. The technology aimed to unite different devices and
industries under a universal standard, much like the king's unification of regions. (Harper,
2003)
Standardization and Early Adoption:
The first version of the Bluetooth standard, Bluetooth 1.0, was officially released in 1999.
It operated in the 2.4 GHz frequency range and offered a short-range, low-power wireless
connection. Initial adoption faced challenges due to interoperability issues between
devices from different manufacturers.
Evolution and Expanding Capabilities:
Bluetooth 2.0, introduced in 2004, brought significant enhancements like increased data
transfer speeds and improved pairing processes. Subsequent iterations, including
Bluetooth 3.0 with Enhanced Data Rate (EDR) and Bluetooth 4.0 with Low Energy
(BLE), expanded the technology's capabilities. BLE was a pivotal advancement, enabling
energy-efficient communication suitable for IoT devices and wearables.
Widening Applications and Market Penetration:
The versatility of Bluetooth led to its widespread adoption across various industries. From
hands-free calling in cars to wireless headphones, smartwatches, and IoT devices,
Bluetooth became a standard feature in consumer electronics due to its reliability, low
power consumption, and ease of use. (Murthy, 2008)
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Recent Developments:
Bluetooth 5.0, introduced in 2016, marked another significant milestone. It offered four
times the range, doubled data transfer speeds, and enhanced broadcasting capacity
compared to previous versions. This upgrade catered to the growing demand for connected
devices and the emerging IoT landscape.
Bluetooth in the IoT Era:
As the Internet of Things (IoT) gained momentum, Bluetooth technology played a crucial
role in facilitating seamless communication between myriad devices. Its adaptability and
ability to integrate with other protocols positioned it as a cornerstone of interconnected
ecosystems, enabling smart homes, healthcare devices, industrial automation, and more.
Future Outlook:
Continued advancements in Bluetooth technology, such as Bluetooth Mesh Networking
and the ongoing development of higher data transfer speeds and longer ranges, signal a
promising future. These innovations aim to support the growing demand for more
connected, efficient, and secure wireless communication across diverse applications.
The history of Bluetooth technology is a testament to collaborative efforts among industry
giants to create a universal standard for wireless communication. From its humble
beginnings to its integration into virtually every modern device, Bluetooth has evolved
into a cornerstone of connectivity, shaping the way we interact with technology in our
daily lives.

2.2 Microcontroller

A microcontroller (MCU for microcontroller unit) is a small computer on a single VLSI

integrated circuit (IC) chip. A microcontroller contains one or more CPUs (processor
cores) along with memory and programmable input/output peripherals. Program memory
in the form of ferroelectric RAM, NOR flash or OTP ROM is also often included on chip,
as well as a small amount of RAM. Microcontrollers are designed for embedded
applications, in contrast to the microprocessors used in personal computers or other
general purpose applications consisting of various discrete chips. (Piyare, 2008)

In modern terminology, a microcontroller is similar to, but less sophisticated than, a

system on a chip (SoC). An SoC may connect the external microcontroller chips as the
motherboard components, but an SoC usually integrates the advanced peripherals like
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graphics processing unit (GPU) and Wi-Fi interface controller as its internal
microcontroller unit circuits.

A microcontroller can be considered a self-contained system with a processor, memory

and peripherals and can be used as an embedded system. The majority of microcontrollers
in use today are embedded in other machinery, such as automobiles, telephones,
appliances, and peripherals for computer systems. (Jelinek, 1997)

While some embedded systems are very sophisticated, many have minimal requirements
for memory and program length, with no operating system, and low software complexity.
Typical input and output devices include switches, relays, solenoids, LED's, small or
custom liquid-crystal displays, radio frequency devices, and sensors for data such as
temperature, humidity, light level etc. Embedded systems usually have no keyboard,
screen, disks, printers, or other recognizable I/O devices of a personal computer, and may
lack human interaction devices of any kind.
2.2.1 Types of Microcontroller

1. ARM core processors (many vendors)

o ARM Cortex-M cores are specifically targeted toward microcontroller
applications
2. Microchip TechnologyAtmel AVR (8-bit), AVR32 (32-bit), and AT91SAM (32-bit)
3. Cypress Semiconductor's M8C core used in their PSoC (Programmable System-on-
Chip)
4. Freescale ColdFire (32-bit) and S08 (8-bit)
5. Freescale 68HC11 (8-bit), and others based on the Motorola 6800 family
6. Intel 8051, also manufactured by NXP Semiconductors, Infineon and many others
7. Infineon: 8-bit XC800, 16-bit XE166, 32-bit XMC4000 (ARM based Cortex M4F),
32-bit TriCore and, 32-bit Aurix Tricore Bit microcontrollers[30]
8. Maxim Integrated MAX32600, MAX32620, MAX32625, MAX32630, MAX32650,
MAX32640
9. MIPS
10. Microchip TechnologyPIC, (8-bit PIC16, PIC18, 16-bit dsPIC33 / PIC24), (32-bit
PIC32)

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11. NXP Semiconductors LPC1000, LPC2000, LPC3000, LPC4000 (32-bit), LPC900,
LPC700 (8-bit)
12. Parallax Propeller
13. PowerPC ISE
14. Rabbit 2000 (8-bit)
15. Renesas Electronics: RL78 16-bit MCU; RX 32-bit MCU; SuperH; V850 32-bit MCU;
H8; R8C 16-bit MCU
16. Silicon Laboratories Pipelined 8-bit 8051 microcontrollers and mixed-signal ARM-
based 32-bit microcontrollers
17. STMicroelectronicsSTM8 (8-bit), ST10 (16-bit), STM32 (32-bit), SPC5 (automotive
32-bit)
18. Texas InstrumentsTI MSP430 (16-bit), MSP432 (32-bit), C2000 (32-bit)
19. Toshiba TLCS-870 (8-bit/16-bit)

Many others exist, some of which are used in very narrow range of applications or are
more like applications processors than microcontrollers. The microcontroller market is
extremely fragmented, with numerous vendors, technologies, and markets. Note that many
vendors sell or have sold multiple architectures.
2.3 Review of Related Works
Here, some research such as Home Automation system and its application, Tone
recognition devices, Automatic Speech recognition, the technical detail of GSM will be
looked into as they relate to remote control systems. (Phillips, 2017)
2.3.1 Home Automation System
A common definition of Home Automation is of an “electronic networking technology to
integrate devices and appliances so that the entire home can be monitored and controlled
centrally as a single machine”(Pragnell et al., 2000). Another term that describe the same
technology is “domotics”, which derives from the Latin word domus, meaning home, and
informatics, meaning the study of the processes involved in the collection, categorization,
and distribution of data. However, since this technology is still very much in flux, other
terms are also used in the literature with equivalent meaning, such as: “smart home”,
“smart house”, “digital home” or electronic home”.
Furthermore, the possible solutions are devices through various network technologies.
Several issues affecting home automation systems such as lack of robustness,

16
compatibility issue and acceptability among the old and disabled people are discussed.
(Ciubotaru-Petrescu, et al., 2006) present a design and implementation of SMS based
control for monitoring systems. The paper has three modules involving sensing unit for
monitoring the complex applications. A processing unit that is, microcontroller and a
communication module that uses GPRS modem or cell phone via serial port RS-232. The
SMS is used for status reporting such as power failure. In their paper, (Scaradozzi et al.,
2003) view home automation systems as multiple agent systems (MAS). In the paper
home automation system has been proposed that includes home appliances and devices
that are controlled and maintained for home management. The major task is to improve
performance. In their paper, (Alkar and Buhur 2005) propose an Internet Based Wireless
Home Automation System for Multifunctional Devices. This paper proposes a low cost
and flexible web-based solution but this system has some limitations such as the range and
power failure.
Murthy (2008) explores primary health-care management for the rural population. A
solution proposes the use of the mobile web-technologies providing the PHC services to
the rural population. The system involves the use of SMS and cell phone technology for
information management, transactional exchange and personal communication. (Jawarkar,
et al., 2008) propose remote monitoring through mobile phone involving the use of spoken
commands. The spoken commands are generated and sent in the form of text SMS to the
control system and then the microcontroller on the basis of SMS takes a decision of a
particular task. (Potamitis, et al., 2003) suggest the use of speech to interact remotely with
the home appliances to perform a particular action on behalf of the user. The approach is
inc lined for people with disability to perform real- life operations at home by directing
appliances through speech. Voice separation strategy is selected to take appropriate
decision by speech recognition.
2.4 Technical Details of GSM
GSM is a cellular network, which means that mobile phone can be connected to it by
searching for cells in the immediate vicinity. GSM network operate in four different
frequency ranges. Most GSM network operates in the 900Mh2 or 1800 MHz bands. In 900
MHz band, the uplink frequency band is between 890-915 MHz and the downlink
frequency band is 935-960 MHz. In the 1800mz band, the uplink frequency is between
1710-1785 MHz and the downlink is between 18051880Mh2. also in 1900 MHz band, the
uplink frequency band is 1850 Mhz- 1950 MHz. In GSM 900 MHz, the band allocation is
17
25 MHz band width which is subdivided into 24 carrier frequency channels, each spaced
200 kHz apart. Time division multiplexing is used to allow eight-fall rate to sixteen half-
rate speech channels per radio frequency channel. There are eight-radio time slots (giving
eight burst penods) grouped into what is called TOMA frame. Half rate channels use
alternate frames in the same time slot. The channels data rate is 270 833kbit/s and the
frame duration is 4.615ms. The transmission power in the handset is limited to a maximum
of 2 crafts in GSM 900 and I waH in GSM 1800/1900.GSM has used a variety of voice
codes.
One of the key features of GSM is the subscriber identity module (SIM). It is usually
known as Sim card. The Sim is detachable smart in appearance and is used for the
subscription of information and phonebook. This allows the retrieval of information after
switching handset on. The Sim card also enables users to link each other irrespective of
different network operation. For the purpose of this project work to be achieved a Sim card
on any network is required to establish a link between a user and its household equipment
to squeeze 3.1Kh2 audio between 5.6 and 13kbits/s.
2.5 Component Description
1) MT8870DE FEATURES
• Full DTMF receiver
• Less than 35mW power consumption
• Industrial temperature range
• Uses quartz crystal or ceramic resonators
• Adjustable acquisition and release times
• 18-pin DIP, 18-pin DIP EIAJ, 18-pin SOIC, 20-pin PLCC
Description
The MT8870 provides full DTMF receiver capability by integrating both the band-split
filter and digital decoder functions into a single 18-pin DIP, SOIC, or 20-pin PLCC
package. The MT8870DE/70C is manufactured using state-of-the-art CMOS process
technology for low power consumption (35mW, MAX) and precise data handling. The
filter section uses a switched capacitor technique for both high and low group filters and
dial tone rejection. The MT8870DE/70C decoder uses digital counting techniques for the
detection and decoding of all 16 DTMF tone pairs into a 4-bit code. This device contains
input protection against damage due to high static voltages or electric fields; however,
precautions should be taken to avoid application of voltages higher th
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 Fig1.

6) HEAT SINK
Heat sink is meant to conduct the heat generated by the IC away from the IC so as to
prevent the IC from overheating or getting burnt.

7) RELAY
Relay is an electromechanical device with solenoid and mechanical switch. The solenoid is
an electromagnetic device when voltage is applied to its inductor it become an
electromagnet (temporal magnet), when the applied voltage is remove it loses its magnetic
properties (Induction will occur). To prevent this inductive kick back, a diode is connected
across the inductive load if it is operating in a dc power system. The switch used in this
project has a normally open and a normally-close contact switches which is called a single
pole double throw switch, which is the mechanical part. Below is circuit symbol of a relay.

8) CD7414
The CD7414 is made up of six Inverters encapsulated in a package.This IC is used to
invert the signal generated by CD74154.Below is the pin diagram of CD7414.

Fig2.

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9) CD74154
This is a 4-line-to-16 line decoder, it takes signal(s) generated by MT8870 and spread it to
the output (i.e one output is activated at a time).The diagram below shows the pin out of
the IC CD74154.

Fig.3: 74154

2.6 MISCELLALOUS COMPONENT

(1) TRANSFORMER
Principle of the transformer
Two coils are wound over a Core such that they are magnetically coupled. The two coils
are known as the primary and secondary windings. In a Transformer, an iron core is used.
The coupling between the coils is source of making a path for the magnetic flux to link
both the coils. A core as in fig.2 is used and the coils are wound on the limbs of the core.
Because of high permeability of iron, the flux path for the flux is only in the iron and
hence the flux links both windings. Hence there is very little „leakage flux‟. This term
leakage flux denotes the part of the flux, which does not link both the coils, i.e., when
coupling is not perfect. In the high frequency transformers, ferrite core is used. The
transformers may be step-up, step-down, frequency matching, sound output, amplifier
driver etc. The basic principles of all the transformers are same.

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Fig.4: Transformer

(2) Voltage Regulator Features

• Output current in Excess of 1.0 A
• No external component required
• Internal thermal overload protection
• Internal short circuit current limiting
• Output transistor safe-area compensation
• Output voltage offered in 2% and 4% tolerance
• Available I n surface mount D2PAK and standard 3-lead transistor packages
• Previous commercial temperature range has been extended to a junction temperature
range of -40 degree C to +125 degree C.

Description
Voltage regulator ICs are available with fixed (typically 5, 12 and 15V) or variable output
voltages. The maximum current they can pass also rates them. Negative voltage regulators
are available, mainly for use in dual supplies. Most regulators include some automatic
protection from excessive current and overheating (thermal protection). Many of fixed
voltage regulator Ics has 3 leads. They include a hole for attaching a heat sink if necessary.

Fig 5: voltage regulator

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(2) BRIDGE RECTIFIER
Bridge rectifier circuit consists of four diodes arranged in the form of a bridge as shown in
the figure below.

Fig. 6 Bridge R.

Operation
During the positive half cycle of the input supply, the upper end of the transformer
becomes positive with respect to its lower point. This makes one end of the bridge rectifier
positive. The diode D1 & D4 become forward biased & D3 & D2 become reverse biased.
As a result, current starts flowing from point1, through D1 the load & D4 to the negative
end .During negative half cycle, the other end becomes positive. Diodes D1 & D4 now
become reverse biased.

(3) MODEM (NOKIA 1280)

The MODEM is used to decode the DTMF tone so that each Relay can be activated
accordingly. But in this case, a mobile phone, precisely NOKIA 1280 is used here as a
MODEM. Any mobile phone can be used but must be set to automatic answer.

10) LIGHT EMITTING DIODE (LED)

Fig 7: LED

LED falls within the family of P-N junction devices. The light emitting diode (LED) is a
diode that will give off visible light when it is energized. In any forward biased P-N
junction there is, with in the structure and primarily close to the junction, a recombination
of hole and electrons. This recombination requires that the energy possessed by the

22
unbound free electron be transferred to another state. The process of giving off light by
applying an electrical source is called electroluminescence.

LED is a component used for indication. All the functions being carried out are displayed
by led .The LED is diode which glows when the current is being flown through it in
forward bias condition. The LEDs are available in the round shell and also in the flat
shells. The positive leg is longer than negative leg.

11) CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR

Crystal oscillators are oscillators where the primary frequency determining element is a
quartz crystal. Because of the inherent characteristics of the quartz crystal the crystal
oscillator may be held to extreme accuracy of frequency stability. Temperature
compensation may be applied to crystal oscillators to improve thermal stability of the
crystal oscillator. Crystal oscillators are usually, fixed frequency oscillators where stability
and accuracy are the primary considerations. For example it is almost impossible to design
a stable and accurate LC oscillator for the upper HF and higher frequencies without
resorting to some sort of crystal control. Hence the reason for crystal oscillators. The
frequency of older FT-243 crystals can be moved upward by crystal grinding.

12) DIODE
The diode is a p-n junction device. Diode is the component used to control the flow of the
current in any one direction. The diode widely works in forward bias.

Fig 8: Diode
When the current flows from the P to N direction. Then it is in forward bias. The Zener
diode is used in reverse bias function i.e. N to P direction. Visually the identification of the
diode`s terminal can be done by identifying he silver/black line. The silver/black line is the
negative terminal (cathode) and the other terminal is the positive terminal (cathode).

13) CAPACITOR
In a way, a capacitor is a little like a battery. Although they work in completely different
ways, capacitors and batteries both store electrical energy. If you have read How Batteries
23
Work, then you know that a battery has two terminals. Inside the battery, chemical
reactions produce electrons on one terminal and absorb electrons at the other terminal.

Basic
Like a battery, a capacitor has two terminals. Inside the capacitor, the terminals connect to
two metal plates separated by a dielectric. The dielectric can be air, paper, plastic or
anything else that does not conduct electricity and keeps the plates from touching each
other. You can easily make a capacitor from two pieces of aluminium foil and a piece of
paper. It won’t be a particularly good capacitor in terms of its storage capacity, but it will
work. In an electronic circuit, a capacitor is shown like this:

Fig 9: capacitor’s symbol

14) RESISTOR
The flow of charge through any material encounters an opposing force similar in many
respects to mechanical friction .this opposing force is called resistance of the material .in
some electric circuit resistance is deliberately introduced in form of resistor. Resistor used
fall in three categories , only two of which are colour coded which are metal film and
carbon film resistor .the third category is the wire wound type ,where value are generally
printed on the vitreous paint finish of the component. Resistors are in ohms and are
represented in Greek letter omega, looks as an upturned horseshoe. Most electronic circuit
requires resistors to make them work properly and it is obliviously important to find out
something about the different types of resistors available. Resistance is measured in ohms;
the symbol for ohm is an omega ohm. 1 ohm is quite small for electronics so resistances
are often given in kΩ and MΩ. Resistors used in electronics can have resistances as low as
0.1 ohm or as high as 10 MΩ.

Fig. 10; Resistor

15) TRANSISTOR
24
The transistor is one of the fundamental building blocks of modern electronic devices, and
is ubiquitous in modern electronic systems. Following its release in the early 1950s the
transistor revolutionized the field of electronics and paved way for smaller and cheaper
radios, calculators and computers amongst other things.
A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic signals. It is
made of a solid piece of semiconductor material with at least three terminals for
connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor’s
terminals, changes the current flowing through another pair of terminals. Since the
controlled (output) power can be much more than the controlling (input) power, the
transistor provides amplification of a signal. Today, some transistors are packaged
individually but many more are found embedded in integrated circuits.

Fig11: Transistor

CHAPTER THREE
DESIGN METHODOLOGY
3.1 Component Description
1) MT8870DE FEATURES
Full DTMF receiver
Less than 35mW power consumption
Industrial temperature range
Uses quartz crystal or ceramic resonators
Adjustable acquisition and release times
25
 18-pin DIP, 18-pin DIP EIAJ, 18-pin SOIC, 20-pin PLCC

Description
The MT8870 provides full DTMF receiver capability by integrating both the band-split
filter and digital decoder functions into a single 18-pin DIP, SOIC, or 20-pin PLCC
package. The MT8870DE/70C is manufactured using state-of-the-art CMOS process
technology for low power consumption (35mW, MAX) and precise data handling. The
filter section uses a switched capacitor technique for both high and low group filters and
dial tone rejection. The MT8870DE/70C decoder uses digital counting techniques for the
detection and decoding of all 16 DTMF tone pairs into a 4-bit code. This device contains
input protection against damage due to high static voltages or electric fields; however,
precautions should be taken to avoid application of voltages higher than the maximum
rating.

Fig.13: PIN Diagram

PIN Configuration
IN+: Non-inverting
IN–: Inverting
GS: Gain select
VREF: Reference Output Voltage (nominally VDD/2)
INH: Inhibits
OSC3: Digital buffered oscillator output
PD: Power down

OSC1: Clock input

26
OSC2: Clock output
VSS: Negative power supply
TOE: Three-state output enables (Input)
Q1: Three-state outputs
Q2, Q3, Q4: Tone pair received StD: Delayed Steering output ESt: Early steering output
St/Gt: Steering input/guard VDD: Positive power supply IC: Internal connection

2) TRANSFORMER
Principle of the transformer
Two coils are wound over a Core such that they are magnetically coupled. The two coils
are known as the primary and secondary windings. In a Transformer, an iron core is used.
The coupling between the coils is source of making a path for the magnetic flux to link
both the coils. A core as in fig.2 is used and the coils are wound on the limbs of the core.
Because of high permeability of iron, the flux path for the flux is only in the iron and
hence the flux links both windings. Hence there is very little „leakage flux‟. This term
leakage flux denotes the part of the flux, which does not link both the coils, i.e., when
coupling is not perfect. In the high frequency transformers, ferrite core is used. The
transformers may be step-up, step-down, frequency matching, sound output, amplifier
driver etc. The basic principles of all the transformers are same.

Voltage Regulator Features

Output current in Excess of 1.0 A
No external component required
Internal thermal overload protection
Internal short circuit current limiting
Output transistor safe-area compensation
Output voltage offered in 2% and 4% tolerance
Available I n surface mount D2PAK and standard 3-lead transistor packages
Previous commercial temperature range has been extended to a junction temperature
range of -40 degree C to +125 degree C.

Description

27
Voltage regulator ICs are available with fixed (typically 5, 12 and 15V) or variable output
voltages. The maximum current they can pass also rates them. Negative voltage regulators
are available, mainly for use in dual supplies. Most regulators include some automatic
protection from excessive current and overheating (thermal protection). Many of fixed
voltage regulator ICs has 3 leads. They include a hole for attaching a heat sink if
necessary.

Fig 14: voltage regulator

(4) BRIDGE RECTIFIER
Bridge rectifier circuit consists of four diodes arranged in the form of a bridge as shown in
the figure below.

Fig.15 Bridge R.
Operation
During the positive half cycle of the input supply, the upper end of the transformer
becomes positive with respect to its lower point. This makes one end of the bridge rectifier
positive. The diode D1 & D4 become forward biased & D3 & D2 become reverse biased.
As a result, current starts flowing from point1, through D1 the load & D4 to the negative
end .During negative half cycle, the other end becomes positive. Diodes D1 & D4 now
become reverse biased.

28
5) MODEM (Android Phone)
The MODEM is used to decode the DTMF tone so that each Relay can be activated
accordingly. But in this case, a mobile phone, precisely NOKIA 1280 is used here as a
MODEM. Any mobile phone can be used but must be set to automatic answer.

Fig.16: An Android phone

6) HEAT SINK
Heat sink is meant to conduct the heat generated by the IC away from the IC so as to
prevent the IC from overheating or getting burnt.

7) RELAY
Relay is an electromechanical device with solenoid and mechanical switch. The solenoid is
an electromagnetic device when voltage is applied to its inductor it become an
electromagnet (temporal magnet), when the applied voltage is remove it loses its magnetic
properties (Induction will occur). To prevent this inductive kick back, a diode is connected
across the inductive load if it is operating in a dc power system. The switch used in this
project has a normally open and a normally-close contact switches which is called a single
pole double throw switch, which is the mechanical part. Below is circuit symbol of a relay.

8) CD7414
The CD7414 is made up of six Inverters encapsulated in a package.This IC is used to
invert the signal generated by CD74154.Below is the pin diagram of CD7414.

29
 Fig. 17:CD7414

9) CD74154
This is a 4-line-to-16 line decoder, it takes signal(s) generated by MT8870 and spread it to
the output (i.e one output is activated at a time).The diagram below shows the pin out of
the IC CD74154.

Fig.18: 74154

10) LIGHT EMITTING DIODE (LED)

Fig 19: LED

LED falls within the family of P-N junction devices. The light emitting diode (LED) is a
diode that will give off visible light when it is energized. In any forward biased P-N
30
junction there is, with in the structure and primarily close to the junction, a recombination
of hole and electrons. This recombination requires that the energy possessed by the
unbound free electron be transferred to another state. The process of giving off light by
applying an electrical source is called electroluminescence.

LED is a component used for indication. All the functions being carried out are displayed
by led .The LED is diode which glows when the current is being flown through it in
forward bias condition. The LEDs are available in the round shell and also in the flat
shells. The positive leg is longer than negative leg.

11) CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR

Crystal oscillators are oscillators where the primary frequency determining element is a
quartz crystal. Because of the inherent characteristics of the quartz crystal the crystal
oscillator may be held to extreme accuracy of frequency stability. Temperature
compensation may be applied to crystal oscillators to improve thermal stability of the
crystal oscillator. Crystal oscillators are usually, fixed frequency oscillators where stability
and accuracy are the primary considerations. For example it is almost impossible to design
a stable and accurate LC oscillator for the upper HF and higher frequencies without
resorting to some sort of crystal control. Hence the reason for crystal oscillators. The
frequency of older FT-243 crystals can be moved upward by crystal grinding.

12) DIODE
The diode is a p-n junction device. Diode is the component used to control the flow of the
current in any one direction. The diode widely works in forward bias.

Fig 20: Diode

When the current flows from the P to N direction. Then it is in forward bias. The Zener
diode is used in reverse bias function i.e. N to P direction. Visually the identification of the
diode`s terminal can be done by identifying he silver/black line. The silver/black line is the
negative terminal (cathode) and the other terminal is the positive terminal (cathode).

13) CAPACITOR
31
In a way, a capacitor is a little like a battery. Although they work in completely different
ways, capacitors and batteries both store electrical energy. If you have read How Batteries
Work, then you know that a battery has two terminals. Inside the battery, chemical
reactions produce electrons on one terminal and absorb electrons at the other terminal.

Basic
Like a battery, a capacitor has two terminals. Inside the capacitor, the terminals connect to
two metal plates separated by a dielectric. The dielectric can be air, paper, plastic or
anything else that does not conduct electricity and keeps the plates from touching each
other. You can easily make a capacitor from two pieces of aluminium foil and a piece of
paper. It won't be a particularly good capacitor in terms of its storage capacity, but it will
work. In an electronic circuit, a capacitor is shown like this:

Fig 21: capacitor’s symbol

14) RESISTOR
The flow of charge through any material encounters an opposing force similar in many
respects to mechanical friction .this opposing force is called resistance of the material .in
some electric circuit resistance is deliberately introduced in form of resistor. Resistor used
fall in three categories , only two of which are colour coded which are metal film and
carbon film resistor .the third category is the wire wound type ,where value are generally
printed on the vitreous paint finish of the component. Resistors are in ohms and are
represented in Greek letter omega, looks as an upturned horseshoe. Most electronic circuit
requires resistors to make them work properly and it is obliviously important to find out
something about the different types of resistors available. Resistance is measured in ohms;
the symbol for ohm is an omega ohm. 1 ohm is quite small for electronics so resistances
are often given in kΩ and MΩ. Resistors used in electronics can have resistances as low as
0.1 ohm or as high as 10 MΩ.

Fig. 22; Resistor

32
15) TRANSISTOR
The transistor is one of the fundamental building blocks of modern electronic devices, and
is ubiquitous in modern electronic systems. Following its release in the early 1950s the
transistor revolutionized the field of electronics and paved way for smaller and cheaper
radios, calculators and computers amongst other things.

A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic signals. It is

made of a solid piece of semiconductor material with at least three terminals for
connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor’s
terminals, changes the current flowing through another pair of terminals. Since the
controlled (output) power can be much more than the controlling (input) power, the
transistor provides amplification of a signal. Today, some transistors are packaged
individually but many more are found embedded in integrated circuits.

Fig23: Transistors

16) BLUETOOTH MODULE:

A Bluetooth module enables wireless communication between the microcontroller and the
Android app. HC-05 or HC-06 Bluetooth modules can be used for their compatibility with
Arduino and easy setup.

3.2 Physical Description of Transistors

33
The two types of transistors have slight differences in how they are used in a circuit. A bi-
polar transistor has terminals labelled base, collector and emitter. A small current at the
base terminal (i.e. flowing from the base to the emitter) can control or switch a much
larger current between the collector and emitter terminals. For a field effect transistor
(FET), the terminals are labeled gate, source and drain; a voltage at the gate can control
current between source and drain.

3.2.1 Principle of Operation

Transistors are commonly used as electronic switches for both high power applications
including switched mode power supplies and low power applications such as logic gates.
In grounded emitter transistor circuit, as the voltage rises, the base and collector current
rises exponentially and the collector voltage drops because of the collector load resistor.
For the transistor to act as a switch, the values of the input voltage can be chosen such that
the output is completely on (at saturation) or completely off. This type of operation is
common in digital circuits where only “on” and “off” values are relevant.

3.2.2 Hardware Subsystems

The project was designed and implemented using top to bottom design method just as
shown in the block diagram in figure 3.1. The system starts form the following Units:-
• GSM module unit
• Peripheral interface control (P.I.C) unit
• Power surge monitoring and control unit, (AVR)

3.3 POWER SUPPLY UNIT [PSU]

The transformer is connected to the mains of 220v/50Hz through a power cord of
resistance. The transformer’s (12v/500mA) secondary output is connected to the bridge
rectifier source inputs. An output is taken from the negative and positive terminals of the
rectifier and connected to the corresponding pins in the 1000uF/35v capacitor. This bridge
rectifier the supply while the capacitor filters the A.C voltage lefts and equally smoothens
the signal into a pure D.C voltage of 12vDC. The positive terminal of the capacitor is
connected to pin 1 of the 7805 voltage regulator, while the negative terminal connects to

34
pin 2 of the regulator. This regulator produces an output of +5v between pin 3 and pin
2(Ground).
This part deals with supplying the circuit with a regulated power. It consists of a stepdown
transformer that reduces the AC from 220V to 12V. The AC 12V is then rectified using
bridge rectifier to convert it to DC. After the conversion, the DC value is as given below:
Let AC voltage be Vac and DC voltage be Vdc Let diode voltage be Vd, then
Vdc=Vac√2+2Vd Using the above circuit shown in Figure 1.4, Vac=12V; Vd = 0.7V
Note: Vd is the diode forward bias voltage. In forward bias and reverse bias of the bridge
diode, two (2) of the four diodes conduct. Hence, 2Vd Vdc=12√2-2 (0.7) Vdc=15.57V
Also, 2200μF capacitor is used to produce a large and fairly steady dc voltage. It charges
up to the peak (maximum) value of the applied ac voltages and then discharges slowly
depending on the time-constant. The value of this capacitor is chosen based on the
calculation below. Recall, I=C dv/dt Using T=1/f F=50Hz (The ac frequency in Nigeria)
T=0.02s (T is the time to complete one cycle) dt is the time for the capacitor to discharge
up to when it will start to charge up again, Hence, dt=10ms=0.01s. dv=Vdc - expected
voltage Choosing 10V as the expected voltage to the regulator 7805, then dv=15.57-10
dv=5.57v I is the total current required by our circuit include 10 relays, microcontroller
and regulator. I (controller) = 30mA (Given in the datasheet I (regulators) = 5mA
I (relays) = 600mA (60mA for each relay) I (total) = 635mA C=I dv/dt C=6350 x 10-6 x
10 x 10-3 C=1140μF So, the minimum capacitor that can be used is 1140μF. But we
choose 2200μF to cater for any exceptional that can be caused by the manufacturer,
temperature and others. The 7805 regulator is chosen so as to provide a perfectly steady
5V to the microcontroller. The microcontroller uses 5V voltage to work effectively.
In the methodology, the overall system design is in two parts: hardware design and
software design. The hardware design is the physical parts of the system while the
software design treats the programs that were written to control the microcontroller at the
processing centre of the system. The hardware design is the heart of the project. This is
the physical implementation where the various components used for the design were
incorporated together on a Vero board through soldering. It consists of many units which
includes a bluetooth module, a PIC unit and other units listed above.

35
 Bluetooth
Module

Fig 26.
The term stage is associated to a group of components, which is aimed at achieving a
specific purpose. This has been broken down in the previous chapter. Each of the stage
will now be treated more elaborately. Meanwhile, the block diagram and circuit of the
project is shown below:

Fig 27
3.5 System Analysis And Design
The microcontroller or development board acts as the central control unit, receiving
commands from the Android app via the Bluetooth module. The app sends signals
corresponding to user inputs (e.g., turning devices on/off or adjusting settings).
The Bluetooth module facilitates wireless communication between the app and the control
system. When commands are received, the microcontroller triggers the relays or SSRs to
control the power supply to the appliances. These relays act as switches, allowing or
cutting off the power flow as per the user's commands.
36
The Android app provides a user-friendly interface, allowing users to interact with the
control system conveniently. It can have buttons, sliders, or other UI elements to initiate
actions like turning appliances on/off or adjusting their settings.
Additional sensors can be integrated to add automation or specific functionalities,
enhancing the system's capabilities. For instance, using a temperature sensor to
automatically turn on a fan when the room temperature exceeds a certain threshold.
Careful attention must be given to electrical safety when interfacing with high-voltage
appliances. Proper insulation, grounding, and isolation methods should be employed to
ensure user safety and protect the components.
Overall, the integration of these components allows for a Bluetooth-enabled home
appliance control system that can be operated conveniently via an Android app, offering
flexibility and remote control of household devices.

Fig 29. Blynk App for Home Automation

The figure shown above is the QR Code, Blynk Application for Android and the
Constructed Device of our project. It is a simple illustration of how we have implemented
our project and the various parts involved in it.
CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION AND CONSTRUCTION
4.2 CONSTRUCTION

37
The term stage is associated to a group of components, which is aimed at achieving a
specific purpose. This has been broken down in the previous chapter. Each of the stage
will now be treated more elaborately. Meanwhile, the block diagram and circuit of the
project is shown below:
Circuit Diagram

Fig. 30: operational block diagram

38
 Fig. 31: micro-chip

4.2.1 Constructional Method

The construction of this project was done on a Vero board. Vero board is called strip
board. It is a widely- used type of electronics prototyping board characterized by a 0.1
inch (2.54 mm) regular (rectangular) grid of holes, with wide parallel strips of copper
cladding running in one direction all the way across one side of the board. In using the
board, breaks are made in the tracks, usually around holes, to divide the strips into
multiple electrical nodes. With care, it is possible to break between holes to allow for
components that have two pin rows only one position apart such as twin row headers for
ICs.

4.3 Power Supply Unit [PSU]

The transformer is connected to the mains of 220v/50Hz through a power cord of
resistance. The transformer’s (12v/500mA) secondary output is connected to the bridge
rectifier source inputs. An output is taken from the negative and positive terminals of the
rectifier and connected to the corresponding pins in the 1000uF/35v capacitor. This bridge
rectifier the supply while the capacitor filters the A.C voltage lefts and equally smoothens
the signal into a pure D.C voltage of 12vDC. The positive terminal of the capacitor is
connected to pin 1 of the 7805 voltage regulator, while the negative terminal connects to
pin 2 of the regulator. This regulator produces an output of +5v between pin 3 and pin
2(Ground).

Vero board: The construction of this project was done on a vero board and the procedure
methods used are: -
1. The vero board was inspected of wrong linkages of its line which may be mistake from
the producers.
The holes of the board were made sure to be through for passing the terminals of the
components for soldering.
2. An abrasive paper was used on the soldering section of the board for easy binding of
the terminals on the board.

39
 Fig. 32: Vero board

The picture of the Vero board used in the project

Components are usually placed on the plain side of the board, with their leads protruding
through the holes. The leads are then soldered to the copper tracks on the other side of the
board to make the desired connections, and any excess wire is cut off. The continuous
tracks may be easily and neatly cut as desired to form breaks between conductors using a
5mm twist drill, a hand cutter made for the purpose, or a knife. Tracks may be linked up
on either side of the board using wire. With practice, very neat and reliable assemblies can
be created, though such a method is labour-intensive and therefore unsuitable for
production.

4.4 Mounting Of The Components

Joining the supposed terminals together before soldering. And after soldering each unit,
test was carried out using a meter to ensure good contact. A patrax box was used for the

enclosure of the project. Patrax is an electrical installation box used for housing
electrical/electronic

40
 Fig 33. Project construction Components

It is made of plastic material, 50×20mm rectangular shape with 10mm thickness. This box
houses the control unit.

4.5 Interconnection Of Components

The interconnections of the circuit were done using a PVC connecting wire. This enabled
the necessary connections at different sections of the circuit to be made by extending the
terminals or connection made with a wire to a deserved point in the circuit. Connecting.

Fig 34. PVC wire

Wires are a flexible wire made from copper and will be used to connect component or
subsystems.

41
Fig. 35: Design setups

Fig 36. Complete construction box of the project

Performance Metrics And Hardware Testing

The various tests were carried out on different electrical sockets and striking results were
obtained for each circuit diagram that makes the whole system. Special features of the
system allow end-users to use an android mobile phone to carry out control activities
isolation by pressing some certain buttons depending on the task to be carried out.

TESTING THE COMPLETE DESIGN AND CASING

42
After the completion of the hardware coupling, several tests were done on the design.
Some observations and corrections were made as follows:
1. The system would not work when the phone is connected after powering it, even after a
reset. This was due to the fact that the signals sent at first by the system to the phone do
not die of the line immediately and affects subsequent signals sent even after connecting
and resetting the system. This can be prevented by connecting the phone first before
powering the system. Much concern was not given to this shortcoming because the system
was designed to have a permanently connected phone, making it impossible for this
shortcoming to arise.
2. It was also observed that the system would not respond after about four loop cycles
(this corresponds to four concurrent switch toggle). This was due to buffer overflow on the
microcontroller which makes it not process new data sent it by the phone after those
cycles. The attempted solution was to find a way of flushing the buffer after each cycle,
but due to little help found from books, internet and fellow PIC programmers, its solution
could not be implemented. Other than in the above stated situations, the system worked
very well and reliably.
3 In designing the case for the system, utmost concern was given to guarding the system
from physical strain and stress during carriage and project presentation. A transparent
plastic material was used for the casing as against glass material which may easily break, a
paper material which may give in to strain and stress, or even a metallic material which
will make the project work quite uneconomical, clumsy and heavy. The casing was made
in a manner that permits the whole circuit board to be detached from the system. The
complete home automation system testing, and the designed system are shown in figure

43
Fig 37. Testing

Fig 38. Testing of constructed project

CHAPTER FIVE:

CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONSTRAINTS

5.1 CONCLUSION
The research on home appliances control using Bluetooth and Android app has yielded
significant insights into the potential of wireless technologies and mobile applications to
enhance home automation systems. The study has demonstrated the feasibility of remote
control, scalability, and user-friendly interfaces for managing household appliances.
 Bluetooth technology provides a reliable and efficient means of wireless
communication between mobile devices and home automation systems.
 Android applications offer a user-friendly and intuitive platform for controlling
home appliances from smartphones and tablets.
 A microcontroller-based circuit design can effectively manage multiple electrical
sockets and connected appliances, ensuring hardware simplicity and scalability.
 Rigorous evaluation and testing are crucial for validating the functionality,
performance, and reliability of home automation systems.

5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS

44
  Explore the integration of advanced technologies, such as artificial intelligence and
voice control, into home automation systems for enhanced user experience and
functionality.
 Investigate the development of energy-efficient and eco-friendly home automation
solutions that promote sustainable practices and reduce environmental impact.
 Research the potential of home automation systems to address specific needs and
challenges faced by individuals with disabilities or limited mobility.
 Explore the integration of home automation systems with other smart home
technologies, such as security systems and environmental monitoring devices, to
create a comprehensive smart home ecosystem.
 Conduct in-depth user studies and gather feedback to refine the design and
usability of home automation systems, ensuring a seamless and enjoyable user
experience.
By addressing these recommendations, researchers and developers can further advance the
field of home automation, creating more sophisticated, user-centric, and sustainable
solutions for managing and enhancing our living spaces.

45
 REFERENCES
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Conte, G., & Scaradozzi, D. (2003). Viewing home automat ion systems as multiple agents
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Delgado, A. R., Picking, R., & Grout, V. (2006) Remote-controlled home automation
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Harper, R. (2003), Inside the Smart Home, Springer-Verlag, London, UK.

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 APPENDICES
Table of components
Serial No Components Quantity
1 MT8870DE 1
2 Transformer 1
3 5V Regulator 1
4 12V Regulator 1
5 Bridge Rectifier 1

6 MODEM(Nokia 1280) 1
7 Heat Sink 2
8 Relays 9
9 CD7414 6
10 CD74154 1
11 Light Emitting Diode(LED) 12
12 Mobile Speaker port 1
13 Mobile MIC Port 1
14 Power Switch 1
15 Crystal Oscillator 1
16 Diodes 12
17 Capacitors(10µf,1nf,100nf) 14
18 Resistors(1kΩ,10kΩ,47kΩ) 42
19 Transistors(BC545) 9
20 Electrical socket 1
21 Mobile Phone 1

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 BLYNK ANDROID APP SETUP

A client will DOWNLOAD BLYNK LEGACY app and LOGIN with his
FACEBOOK account. Scan the QR code and it should display four switches.
When you click it, you will see ‘send to an email or copy Auth code’. Copy the
code ‘VcBqvh77r9EfjwwjsxvUwn-8kJu-tx8v’ then the phone will be connected to
‘Sparktron Embedded’.

Enter this IP Address ‘192.168.4.1’ and wait for the web page to open. Check your
Android Hotspot details for the Authentication Token, input it and you will receive
a message like this ‘Credentials received by ESP board’

Off the device and on it back, then go over to the app and hit play. Make sure your
hot spot credentials are correct. When the device come online you can check by
turning on the switches

The QR Code

Blynk App for electrical automation

49