General Chemistry 2

Week 2:Matter in the solid Phase

Interparticle Forces and Properties of Solids

1. The vapor pressure of a liquid varies with its temperature, as the following graph shows for
water. As the temperature of a liquid or solid increases its vapor pressure also increases.
Conversely, vapor pressure decreases as the temperature decreases.
2. Diffusion does not happen in solids because the particles are not free to move around and so
they cannot inter-mix. Diffusion in jelly: Jelly is a liquid before it has set and looks like a solid
when it has set.

Section Assessment

TYPES OF SOLIDS
1. AMORPHOUS SOLID- The examples of amorphous solid are, plastics, glass, rubber, metallic glass,
polymers, gel, fused silica, pitch tar, thin film lubricants, wax.
2. CRISTALLINE SOLID- Examples of crystalline solids include salt (sodium chloride), diamond, and
sodium nitrate.
a. Metallic crystals-Metallic crystals are made of metals and held together using metallic
bonds. These crystals have a shiny appearance and include copper, gold, aluminum, and
iron, to name a few.
b. Ionic Crystals- Common Ionic Crystal Examples: potassium fluoride (KF) - the ionic bond of
potassium and fluorine. potassium chloride (KCl) - the bond of potassium and chlorine.
potassium bromide (KBr) - potassium and bromine bonded. potassium iodide (KI) - the bond
of potassium and iodine.
c. Molecular crystals- Molecular crystals are substances that have relatively weak
intermolecular binding, such as dry ice (solidified carbon dioxide), solid forms of the noble
gases (e.g., argon, krypton, and xenon), and crystals of numerous organic compounds.
d. Covalent network crystals- Covalent crystals are hard, frequently brittle materials such as
diamond, silicon, and silicon carbide. In the simpler, monatomic types (e.g., diamond), each
atom is surrounded by a number of atoms equal to its valence.

Section Assessment
1. A crystal or crystalline solid is a solid material whose constituents (such as atoms, molecules, or
ions) are arranged in a highly ordered microscopic structure, forming a crystal lattice that
extends in all directions. ... Examples of large crystals include snowflakes, diamonds, and table
salt.
2. a. iron
b. Magnesium chloride
c. Silica
d. sucrose
3. 6 atoms per unit cell. The face-centered cubic (fcc) has a coordination number of 12 and contains
4 atoms per unit cell.
4. Polymorphism
5. Crystalline solids have particles that are arranged in a regular repeating pattern. They form
crystals. Amorphous solids have particles that are arranged more-or-less at random. They do not form
crystals.

CHAPTER ASSESMENT
1. As heat is applied to a solid, its temperature will increase until the melting point is reached.
When all the solid has melted, additional heat will raise the temperature of the liquid. The
melting temperature of crystalline solids is a characteristic figure and is used to identify pure
compounds and elements.
2. The melting point of a substance is a part of its intensive properties and with this, the substance
will be determined easily.
3. Camphor, maphthalene, ammonium chloride, iodine, and dry ice are some substances which
undergo sublimation.
 4. Crystalline solids have well-defined edges and faces, diffract x-rays, and tend to have sharp
melting points. In contrast, amorphous solids have irregular or curved surfaces, do not give well-
resolved x-ray diffraction patterns, and melt over a wide range of temperatures.
5. a. The force of gravity also acts between neutral atoms and molecules, but it is far too weak to
bind molecules into crystals. The van der Waals force is caused by quantum fluctuations.
b. molecular bonding
c. If the atoms or molecules have a net charge, there is a strong force whose strength varies
according to Coulomb's law as the inverse second power of the separation distance: F = −C′/R2,
where C′ is a constant. This force provides the binding in ionic crystals and some of the binding
in metals.
d. Covalent crystals are composed of atoms which are covalently bonded to one another.
6. Allotropy is property of any element to exist in two or more different forms. Whereas the term
Polymorphism meant the ability of a solid material to exist in more than one form or crystal structure.