KUSHAGHRA INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION & MANAGEMENT SCIENCE

PROJECT REPORT ON CONSUMER PERCEPTION TOWARDS UNIPURE OF UTKARSH GROUP BHUBANESWAR

(FOR PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF POST GRADUATE PROGRAMME IN MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION, KIIMS, CUTTACK) Submitted By: RAMAKANTA DAS Regd No: 1006238012 (2010-2012) Under the guidance of INTERNAL GUIDE EXTERNALGUIDE RANJIT KUMAR PANDA RAJESH PANDEY

DECLARATION I hereby declare that the project report entitled PROJECT REPORT ON CONSUMER PERCEPTION TOWARDS UNIPURE OF UTKARSH GROUP BHUBANESWAR is the original work of mine and has not been submitted to any other institutions for publication or for any other purpose. This summer Intership project report is submitted at KIIMS for partial fulfilment of the MBA course under BPUT . The facts and figures presented in this report are true , correct, and complete to the best of my knowledge and belief.

RAMAKANTA DASH Reg No -100628312

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express our sincere thanks to Mr. Nirmal Kumar Panda(CMW) for extending the responsibilities to managing this project of UTKARSH SALES AND MARKETING. And also thanks to Mr Rakesh Pandey for his guidance and support throughout my training at UTKARSH SALES AND MARKTING, Bhubaneswar branch. His calm demeannorand willingness to teach has been a great help in our successfully completing the project. My learning has been immeasurable and working under him was a great experience. I extend my sincere thanks to all the staff members of UTKARSH GROUP for providing a very hospitable and helpful work environment and making my summer training an exciting and memorable event. My heartfelt gratitude to our respected faculty guides, Mr . without their continuous help the project would not have been materialized in the present form .their valuable suggestions helped me at every step. I thank my institute for making this experience of in an esteemed organization like UTKARSH GROUP. NAME:RAMAKANTA DAS Regd.No.- 1006238012

PURPOSE OF STUDY Being student of MBA it is very essential for is to have a practical knowledge in an organization .Only theoretical knowledge is not essential for us .Only to study business administration course is not the solution of the problem, which arises in a practical filed. There is no certain for achieving practical knowledge but the problem is overcome by training method. The aim of this is to develop the ability to decision making. A right decision at right time at right place itself helps an organization to run in smooth & satisfactory manner.

MEANING OF THE PROJECT The word "project" has great specification in the field of management before starting any we must an idea about its basic. The meaning of the alphabets of the "project" are as follows:_ "P"-The word "P" signify the phenomenon of planning which deals symbolization and proper arrangement of sensex and suggestion on respectively in accordance with need. "R"_ It sand for associated with word resource with which guides to promote planning. "O"_ This letter stand for overhead expenses on unestimated expenses that occurs in manufactures designed or layout of the project. "J"_ This letter stand for joint effort i.e. project work which is under taking should be completed with a combined effort. "E"_ This stand for engineering i.e. worker undertaken is to be employing technical process. "C"_ This stand for the phenomenon of constriction which is more essentially and basic form of work. "T"_ This stand for techniques unless techniques to work is not known.

CONTENTS CHAPTER- 1 WHAT IS WATER? SOURCES OF WATER.

CHAPTER -2

WATER POLLUTION. GROUND WATER POLLUTION OCEAN POLLUTION. CHAPTER-3 REASONS OF WATERPOLLUTION.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY RESEARCH DESIGN: It involves survey of consumers, understanding the market and changing trends by Data Survey. DATA SOURCE: The primary data was collected from the consumers and secondary data through various mediums. RESEARCH INSTRUMENT: The research instrument used was a questionnaire backed by personal interview for data collection. SAMPLE SIZE: 100 for consumers. SAMPLE AREA: Sample size of 100 members comprised of and different areas of twin cities. SAMPLING METHOD: Convenience and judgmental. BASIS OF DESIGN AND CAPACITY OBJECT

To commission a reverse osmosis system to recover 1000 liters of low TDS water per hour. ASSUMPYIONS NO.OF WORKING DAYS; 360 DAYS No.of working hour; 16 hours capacity utilization 91-95% INPUTS(Wastewater quality) <s 1000ppm OUTPUT(TREATED WATER QUALITY) ' Total Dissolved solids; < 50ppm

Mission and Vision At Utkarsh group, we believe being a responsible corporate citizen is not only the right thing to do, but the right thing to do for our business. Mission Our mission is to be the country,s premier consumer Products Company focused on convenient foods and beverages. We seek to produce financial rewards to investors as we provide opportunities for growth and enrichment to our employees, our business partners and the communities in which we operate. And in everything we do, we strive for honesty, fairness and integrity. Vision "Utkarsh responsibility is to continually improve all aspects of the country in which we operate - environment, social, economic - creating a better tomorrow than today." Our vision is put into action through programs and a focus on environmental stewardship, activities to benefit society, and a commitment to build shareholder value by making PepsiCo a truly sustainable company. Performance with Purpose At PepsiCo, we're committed to achieving business and financial success while leaving a positive imprint on society - delivering what we call Performance with Purpose. Our approach to superior financial performance is straightforward - drive shareholder value. By addressing social and environmental issues, we also deliver on our purpose agenda, which consists of human, environmental, and talent sustainability

CHAPTER-4 WATER PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGIES. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES . CHAPTER-5 WHAT IS REVERSE OSMOSIS. BENEFITS AND USES. HOW DOES IT WORKS. CHAPTER-6 THE PROCESS OF REVERSE OSMOSIS. FACTORS AFFECTING PERFORMANCE. OF REVERSE OSMOSIS UNIT. CHAPTER-7 DIAGRAM OF REVERSE OSMOSIS MAMBRANE. WHAT DOES A REVERSE OSMOSIS SYSTEM REMOVE. TYPICALREJECTIONCHARACTERISTICS OF RO MAMBRANE. CHAPTER-8 CONCLUSION. BIBLIOGRAPHY. QUESTIONAIRE.

CHAPTER- 1

WHAT IS WATER? SOURCES OF WATER.

UTKARSH GROUP Utkarsh Management & Services India Limited, a multi dimensional corporation established before two year with the corporate partnership with leading life insurance companies of India, is striving to reach the apex of success. Aiming to be a dazzling star in the business world, Utkarsh aims to relieve people from financial trouble and to lead them to witness a prosperous and lavish standard of living by empowering them and exploiting their true potential. Registered under act of 1956, the company is committed to provide a stable platform to all those who deal with this company that aspires for a bigger & better purpose. Wings Utkarsh is an embodiment of a powerful group that serves a wide range of services for meeting the requirements of people from all stratum of society. Its multidimensional activities can be best illustrated in the following heads: Information Technology Insurance & Investment Real Estate and Construction Infrastructure Media & Entertainment Social Activity Trust Health Care NGO Information Technology "Utkarsh Soft-tech", an IT division of Utkarsh Group provides compact technology solutions across various domains. We deal global IT challenges that lead to successful transformations of business by providing services such as Software Development and Designing, Web Site Development and Designing, Graphic Design, Search Engine

Optimization (SEO), Internet Streaming Media Solution, etc. Utkarsh Soft-tech is the designer of all digital web environments. It meets the need of our esteemed customers in the leading edge of technology within given TAT (turn around time) giving priority to customer focus and satisfaction. Latest technology tools and team of highly experienced professionals have made Utkarsh Soft-tech to get off-shore enthusiastic approval. Insurance & Investment Creating a revolution in the financial world, Utkarsh Management & Services India Ltd. serves a wide variety of people to enjoy the financial freedom and overcome their fiscal related problems. By joining us, customers are assured for witnessing a prosperous future. With the growing industry of insurance & investment, Utkarsh group lends a hand to the investors and venturers to multiply their profit potential and secure their future. Our investment professionals consists of seasoned venture capitalists, qualified technologists, successful entrepreneurs and experienced board members.Our key business is focused on various area of project management that includes capitalinvestment, finance, sales, marketing and business enterprise organizational development. Real Estate and Construction Utkarsh Group Real Estate is a growing part of Utkarsh Management & Services India Ltd. providing real estate solution such as homes for sale, real estate listings, property etc. It is a big real estate giant that deserves special mention. It is the right place to begin your search for real estate, whether buying or selling a home or property. We make available the tools needed to make an informed decision, including homes for sale listings, new homes and MLS listings (Multiple Listing Service). Adding to its value, in Badamba, Utkarsh Group Ltd possess 30 acres of land. Apart from it, it also serves plots near Bhubaneswar. Media & Entertainment Utkarsh Management & Services India Ltd. also deals with media and entertainment providing a better scope for the development of Oriya film industry. Under the banner

of Utkarsh Group Media Ltd, a new film is going to be released, named Eka Eka Vala Lagena. This film is being made in three different languages such as Oriya, Bengali etc. Song shooting and script writing are almost done. This film is a great contribution of Utkarsh Media Ltd towards the Oriya film industry. Health Care Besides serving a wide range of service, Utkarsh Management & Services India Ltd isalso reckoned for providing health care facilities. Until now, this company has organizedmany health care camp including free naturopathy camp, acupressure, acupuncture, and magnet therapy camp. Utkarsh Group Ltd makes health care more reasonably priced and makes our health system sustainable. NGO The role of NGO branch of Utkarsh Group Ltd cant be neglected in creating social awareness and employment opportunities in rural area. ROAD or Rural Organization and Action Devt, is a milestone in this regard which has been actively taking part since 1997 in the rural development of the country. It addresses different issues like employment, emergency aid, or humanitarian affairs. It rallies public support and voluntary contributions for aid having strong links with community groups in developing countries, and it often works in areas where government-to-government aid is not possible. To stir the process of development of the Government, this powerful company has organized social awareness, many cultural program, health care camp, rural sports, vocational training, education which are meant for the sound development of the society. In the direction of creating employment opportunities, ROAD gives emphasis on vocational training on cultivation of mushroom, kendu leaf, vermin-compost, agricultural and herbal product.

WHAT IS WATER? Have you ever heard someone refer to water as H2O? Why do you suppose someone might call water by this name? What is water? Water is a basic molecule made up of two hydrogen atoms, and one oxygen atom. When these three atoms come together, they form a strong bond that is difficult to break. The strength of this bond keeps a water molecule together for millions and even billons of years. Water is one of the most common substances on the Earth. Covering over 70% of the surface of the Earth, it is easy to find. Even in a desert, it is not hard to find water, if you know where to look. Scientists believe that the amount of water on Earth does not change appreciatively over time. In other words, the amount of water that is on the Earth today, is the same amount that was on the Earth during the reign of the dinosaurs. Some of the Earths water supply is temporarily locked up within the many life forms found across the Earths biosphere. This water makes up a majority of most organisms, and is a critical component, making the processes of life possible. Some organisms are made up of 95% water, while almost all are more than half water. Why is water so important to life? It all has to do with the unique properties that water exhibits. Firstly, it is the only substance on Earth that is in liquid form at the temperatures commonly found on the Surface of our planet. Secondly, it is a superb solvent, meaning that other substances regularly and easily dissolve into it. This allows water to carry nutrients to cells, and carry waste away from them. In addition, water has the unique property of expanding as it freezes. Because water expands becoming less dense, frozen water, or ice floats. This is very important, because it protects the water underneath, insolating it from freezing. Imagine what would happen if water became more dense? It would

sink, allowing another layer of water to freeze. Eventually all the water across the entire surface of our planet would freeze, making life impossible. SOURCES OF WATER Groundwater : The water emerging from some deep ground water may have fallen as rain many tens, hundreds, thousands of years ago. Soil and rock layers naturally filter the ground water to a high degree of clarity before the treatment plant. Such water may emerge as springs, artesian springs , or may be extracted from boreholes or wells. Deep ground water is generally of very high bacteriological quality (i.e., pathogenic bacteria or the pathogenic protozoa are typically absent), but the water typically is rich in dissolved solids, especially carbonates and sulfates of calcium and magnesium . Depending on the strata through which the water has flowed, other ions may also be present including chloride , and bicarbonate . There may be a requirement to reduce the iron or manganese content of this water to make it pleasant for drinking, cooking, and laundry use. Disinfection may also be required. Where groundwater recharge is practised (a process in which river water is injected into an aquifer to store the water in times of plenty so that it is available in times of drought), the groundwater is equivalent to lowland surface waters for treatment purposes. Upland lakes and reservoirs : Typically located in the headwaters of river systems, upland reservoirs are usually sited above any human habitation and may be surrounded by a protective zone to restrict the opportunities for contamination. Bacteria and pathogen levels are usually low, but some bacteria, protozoa or algae will be present. Where uplands are forested or peaty, humic acids can colour the water. Many upland sources have low pH which require adjustment. Rivers, canals and low land reservoirs: Low land surface waters will have a significant bacterial load and may also contain algae, suspended solids and a variety of dissolved constituents. Atmospheric water generation is a new technology that can provide high quality drinking water by extracting water from the air by cooling the air and thus condensing water vapor. Rainwater harvesting or fog collection which collects water from the atmosphere can be used especially in areas with significant dry seasons and in areas which experience fog even when there is little rain. Desalination of seawater by distillation or reverse osmosis .

CHAPTER- 2

WATER POLLUTION. GROUND WATER POLLUTION OCEAN POLLUTION.

WATER POLLURION Water is the resource that covers almost three-quarters of the planet, and upon which all life depends. Throughout the history of the natural world, water sources have been the centers of life, providing habitat and sustenance for animals and plants alike. Water pollutants come from point and non-point sources. Their effects on aquatic systems largely depend on whether polluted waters are standing (lakes and ponds) or flowing (rivers). Standing systems are generally more susceptiblebecause of slow turnover. The major water pollutants are organic nutrients, inorganic nutrients, infectious agents, toxic inorganics, sediment and heat. Organic nutrients come from feedlots, municipal sewage treatment plants, and industry. They promote growth of natural populations of aquatic bacteria. Bacterial decomposition of organic materials results in declines in dissolved oxygen, with dire effects on other oxygen-requiring organisms. Two inorganic plant nutrients of major concern are nitrogen and phosphorus. They come primarily from septic tanks, barnyards, heavily fertilized crops, and

sewage treatment plants, and cause excessive plant growth that clogs navigable waterways. Bacterial decay of plants in the fall result in a drop in dissolved oxygen, which may suffocate fish and other organisms. Water may contain pathogenic bacteria, viruses, protozoans, parasites (infectious agents). Untreated or improperly treated sewage, animal wastes, meat-packing wastes, and some wild species are the major sources. Waterborne infectious diseases present a special problem in developing nations with poorly developed sewage treatment facilities. Toxic organic pollutants include a large number of chemicals, such as pesticides and PCBs, many of which are nonbiodegradable or slowly degraded, biologically magnified and carcinogenic. range of chemicals, such as metals and salts, from a wide array of sources. Mercury is a particularly troublesome pollutant because it is converted into methyl and dimethyl mercury in a aquatic ecosystem by aerobic bacteria. These forms are more toxic than inorganic mercury. Methyl mercury is biologically magnified in the food chain. Sediment, the leading water pollutant in the United States, is a by-product of erosion resulting from poorly managed timber cutting, agriculture, ranching, mining and construction. Sediment destroys spawning and feeding grounds for fish, reduces fish and shellfish populations, destroys pools used for resting, smothers eggs and fry, fills in lakes and streams, and decreases light penetration, thus endangering aquatic plants. Thermal pollution refers to the heating or cooling of water, both of which drastically alter biota in a body of water. Large quantities of heat can kill heat-sensitive organisms and harm organisms dependent on the aquatic ecosystem.

GROUND WATER POLLUTION

The concentration of many pollutants in groundwater is often higher than that in the most contaminated surface water supplies. Many of the chemicals are tasteless and odorless at concentrations believed to pose a threat to human health. The major groundwater pollutants are chlorides, nitrates, heavy metals, and toxic organics. Since groundwater usually moves slowly through an aquifer, it may take years for pollution to show up in areas adjacent to sources of contamination. Once an aquifer is contaminated the pollutants may remain for centuries.

OCEAN POLLUTION

The oceans receive pollutants from many sources. Oil pollutions is one of the more serious problems. About half of the oil that contaminates the ocean comes from human sources: oil well blowouts, tanker spills, and inland disposal of oil. Oil harms many organisms, especially if a spill occurs near an estuarine zone. It may take two to ten years for aquatic life to recover from a spill. Thanks to public outcry and stricter controls, the number of oil spills has decreased substantially, although the problem is far from solved. Plastic pollution has also become a major problem throughout the world. Plastic nets plastic garbage, and plastic medical wastes are killing millions of marine mammals turtles, and fish. Animals may become tangles in the plastic debris or may eat it die. Because of public outcry, many governments have banned the dumping of plastics in oceans.

CHAPTER-3

REASONS OF WATER POLLUTION Pollution is a major problem in the global context. It has been suggested that it is the leading worldwide cause of deaths and diseases and that it accounts for the deaths of more than 14,000 people daily. An estimated 700 million Indians have no access to a proper toilet, and 1,000 Indian children die of diarrheal sickness every day. Water is life, until it is free from impurities or it may be fatal as far as drinking water is concerned. As technologies progress we get more and more advanced facilities day by day ,along with its adverse effect. As population grows, pollution grows. We can say pollution is directly proportional to the population growth.

Municipal water supplies are often contaminated with a number of chemicals that could be hazardous to your health. Here we look at the most common and detail the ways in which they get into the water supply, and the health risks they pose. - Chlorine - Fluoride - Pesticides - Fertilizers - Heavy metals - Petrochemicals - Dioxins - Radioactive Materials - Microorganisms chlorine Chlorine is a free radical initiator, elevates cholesterol and accelerates aging. Free radicals can lead to an increased risk of heart disease and various cancers amongst other things and plays a major role in many illnesses from chronic fatigue syndrome to autism. fluoride

Fluoride is a halogen but acts much like a heavy metal in potently inhibiting and damaging important enzymes. It can also cause cellular dysfunction and damage hormone receptors and other regulatory sites if it makes its way into cell membranes. Of particular importance with regards to autism and other behavioral disorders is the news that fluoride damages enzymes within the brain and lowers IQ's. Furthermore, there is evidence that fluoride causes excessive calcification in arteries, joints and ligaments. It has also been implicated in an increase in hip fractures and bone cancers due to it's accumulation in bones at the expense of calcium (skeletal fluorosis).

pesticides Pesticides are highly damaging to the endocrine, immune and detoxification systems of the body. What makes pesticides truly hazardous is the fact that many can not be completely detoxified by the body and therefore accumulate in the tissues where they continue to cause dysfunction and disease.Of course, with this being the case, every time you drink water contaminated with pesticides, you are adding to the toxic burden within your body and increasing your chances of disease, or potentially exacerbating an existing condition. pesticides (and other chemicals) can sensitize certain areas of the brain and reproduce the symptoms and brain abnormalities .

heavy metal mercury, lead and cadmium, the most unsettling thing about their effects on health is the fact that the body finds it very difficult to excrete them. Heavy metals therefore accumulate in the tissues of animals, including humans . Once these metals build up in the tissues they interfere more and more with normal biological processes. mercury Mercury - is widely used in industrial processes. Mercury is a potent neurotoxin which damages the nervous system and results in

symptoms such as mood swings, mental changes, hallucinations, memory loss, nerve damage and the inability to concentrate. It is linked to immune system impairment and disruption of enzymes

lead When consumed, lead can cause serious damage to the brain, nervous system red blood cellsand causes various effects. High levels of exposure can also disrupt enzymes and other biochemical processes and result in damaging effects on the kidneys, gastrointestinal tract, joints and reproductive system. cadmium Chronic ingestion of cadmium from the water supply may cause symptoms such as gastrointestinal disorders and flu-like illness. Eventually it can cause kidney failure, as most heavy metals can. Cadmium is also a strong carcinogen (cancer causing agent) and has been linked to bone diseases such as osteoporosis. petrochemical MTBE, or or methyl tertiary butyl ether , may cause gastrointestinal irritation, liver and kidney damage, and nervous system effects. Benzene is a Class A carcinogen (one of the strongest cancer causing chemicals) especially associated with leukemia. Long term chronic exposure to benzene is also associated with haematological problems, and can affect the bone marrow, which is the tissue responsible for producing blood cells.

DIOXINE

Exposure to dioxins can cause chloracne, a severe form of skin disease, as well as reproductive and developmental effects, and more importantly, liver damage and cancer. A paper published by Cynthia Washam demonstrates that dioxins also damage the brain. and specifically reduce motivation. RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL If large quantities of radioactive iodine are inhaled or ingested, the thyroid may be impaired or destroyed. MICROORGANISMS Microorganisms - can spread many diseases through water supplies. Some common water born diseases include: CAUSE 1: BACTERIAL INFECTION DISEASE TYPHOID CHOLERA PARATYPHOID FEVER BACILLARY DYSENTRY 2: VIRAL INFECTION INFECTIOUS HEPATITIES (JAUNDICE) Poliomyelitis 3: Protazoal Infections Amoebic dysentery

CHAPTER-4

WATER PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGIES. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES .

WATER PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGIES Distillation Ion Exchange Carbon Adsorption Filtration Ultrafilteration Reverse Osmosis Ultraviolet(UV) Radiation

Distillation Advantages Removes a broad range of contaminants Reusable DISADVANTAGES Some contaminants can be carried into the condensate Requires careful maintenance to ensure purity - Consum- es large amounts of energy System usually takes a large space on counter.

Ion Exchange ADVANTAGES Removes dissolved inorganics effectively. -Regenerable (service deionization). -Relatively inexpensive initial capital investment.

DISADVANTAGES Does not effectively remove particles, pyrogens or bacteria. DI beds can generate resin particles and culture bacteria. - High operating costs over long-term.

Carbon Adsorption ADVANTAGES Removes dissolved organics and chlorine effectively. Long life (high capacity ) DISADVANTAGES Can generate carbon fines

Micro porous Membrane Filteration Advantages Absolute filters remove all particles and microorganisms greater than the pore size. Requires minimal maintenance. Disadvantages Will not remove dissolved inorganics, chemicals, pyrogens or all colloidals. Potentially high expendable costs. Not regenerable.

Ultrafiltration Advantages Effectively removes most particles, pyrogens, microorganisms, and colloids above their rated size. Produces highest quality water for least amount of energy. Regenerable. Disadvantages Will not remove dissolved inorganics.

Ultraviolet Radiation

Advantages Effective sanitizing treatment. Oxidation of organic compounds (185 nm and 254 nm) to < 5 ppb TOC Disadvantages Decreases resistivity. Will not remove particles, colloids, or ions

CHAPTER-5 WHAT IS REVERSE OSMOSIS. BENEFITS AND USES. HOW DOES IT WORKS.

WHAT IS REVERSE OSMOSIS. Reverse Osmosis (RO) is an advanced water purification technology initially used by industries located on coasts and the armed forces to purify sea water and make it drinkable. It has now been adopted for use in homes and offices to purify the increasingly polluted water in our cities. The Reverse Osmosis technology is used in areas like Healthcare and Scientific research where purity is not just important but critical. It has now been adopted for use in homes and offices to provide the same level of purity at minimal cost. It is the most efficient and effective method of water purification known to man. It uses a special, semi-permeable membrane which removes impurities as small as 0.0001 micron (i.e. 0.00000004 inches) in size, cleansing water of all biological impurities, suspended particles, dissolved solids (TDS), salts, metals and chemicals. Most non-RO systems can filter particles only up to 0.5-10 microns in size, leaving out almost all dissolved impurities (like bad-tasting salts) and some finer physical impurities. Reverse Osmosis Systems : Reverse osmosis (RO) is water treatment system in which almost all water impurities are removed through reverse osmosis membrane. Reverse osmosis systems work by using pressure to force water through a semi-permeable membrane of pore size 0.0001 microns, which is 620,000 times finer than a human hair, 10,000 smaller than a red blood cell, 2,500 times smaller than bacteria and 20 to 500 times smaller than any virus. The RO is suitable for almost all areas where water impurities are reported. RO can reduce the physical impurities, biological impurities, dissolved salts, pesticides, chemical impurities and heavy metals.

Diffusion is the movement of molecules from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. Osmosis is a special case of diffusion in which the molecules are water and the concentration gradient occurs across a semipermeable membrane. The semipermeable membrane allows the passage of water, but not ions (e.g., Na+, Ca2+, Cl-) or larger molecules (e.g., glucose, urea, bacteria). Diffusion and osmosis are thermodynamically favorable and will continue until equilibrium is reached. Osmosis can be slowed, stopped, or even reversed if sufficient pressure is applied to the membrane from the 'concentrated' side of the membrane. Reverse osmosis occurs when the water is moved across the membrane against the concentration gradient, from lower concentration to higher concentration. To illustrate, imagine a semipermeable membrane with fresh water on one side and a concentrated aqueous solution on the other side. If normal osmosis takes place, the fresh water will cross the membrane to dilute the concentrated solution. In reverse osmosis, pressure is exerted on the side with the concentrated solution to force the water molecules across the membrane to the fresh water side. Reverse osmosis is often used in commercial and residential water filtration. It is also one of the methods used to desalinate seawater. Sometimes reverse osmosis is used to purify liquids in which water is an undesirable impurity (e.g., ethanol).

BENEFITS AND USES. Removes all toxins, bacteria, virus, suspended solids and dissolved chemicals. Make bore well / safety water drinkable. Removes contaminants that may cause high blood pressure, kidney stones, indigestion, gastric bacteria diseases. Enhances taste by removing undesirable salts and minerals. Does not use any chemicals to purify your water. Inlet hard water can be handled to give you soft and tasty water. Removes unpleasant water odor. HOW DOES IT WORKS.

To understand "reverse osmosis," it is probably best to start with normal osmosis. According to Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, osmosis is the "movement of a solvent through a semipermeable membrane (as of a living cell) into a solution of higher solute concentration that tends to equalize the concentrations of solute on the two sides of the membrane." That's a mouthful. To understand what it means, this picture is helpful:

On the left is a beaker filled with water, and a tube has been half-submerged in the water. As you would expect, the water level in the tube is the same as the water level in the beaker. In the middle figure, the end of the tube has been sealed with a "semipermeable membrane" and the tube has been half-filled with a salty solution and submerged. Initially, the level of the salt solution and the water are equal, but over time, something unexpected happens -- the water in the tube actually rises. The rise is attributed to "osmotic pressure." A semipermeable membrane is a membrane that will pass some atoms or molecules but not others. Saran wrap is a membrane, but it is impermeable to almost everything we commonly throw at it. The best common example of a semipermeable membrane would be the lining of your intestines, or a cell wall. Gore-tex is another common semipermeable membrane. Gore-tex fabric contains an extremely thin plastic film into which billions of small pores have been cut. The pores are big enough to let water vapor through, but small enough to prevent liquid water from passing. In the figure above, the membrane allows passage of water molecules but not salt molecules. One way to understand osmotic pressure would be to think of the water molecules on both sides of the membrane. They are in constant Brownian motion . On the salty side, some of the pores get plugged with salt atoms, but on the pure-water side that does not happen. Therefore, more water passes from the pure-water side to the salty side, as there are more pores on the pure-water side for the water molecules to pass through. The water on the salty side rises until one of two things occurs:

 The salt concentration becomes the same on both sides of the membrane (which isn't going to happen in this case since there is pure water on one side and salty water on the other). The water pressure rises as the height of the column of salty water rises, until it is equal to the osmotic pressure. At that point, osmosis will stop. Osmosis, by the way, is why drinking salty water (like ocean water) will kill you. When you put salty water in your stomach, osmotic pressure begins drawing water out of your body to try to dilute the salt in your stomach. Eventually, you dehydrate and die. In reverse osmosis, the idea is to use the membrane to act like an extremely fine filter to create drinkable water from salty (or otherwise contaminated) water. The salty water is put on one side of the membrane and pressure is applied to stop, and then reverse, the osmotic process. It generally takes a lot of pressure and is fairly slow, but it works.

CHAPTER-6

THE PROCESS OF REVERSE OSMOSIS. FACTORS AFFECTING PERFORMANCE OF REVERSE OSMOSIS UNIT.

THE PROCESS OF REVERSE OSMOSIS.

Osmosis is a physical force. It is the natural tendency of water with a low concentration of dissolved particles to move across a semi-permeable membrane to an area of water with a high concentration of dissolved particles. The water will try to reach an equilibrium on both sides. I.e. both sides of the semi-permeable membrane will have the same concentration of dissolved particles. This is how plants absorb nutrients from the soil. Picture a tea bag placed in a mug of hot water. (The tea bag is the semipermeable membrane). At first, the water is free of tea. However, with time, the tea will appear to seep from the tea bag into the mug. This is the process of osmosis. If you were to leave the tea bag in the mug for long enough, the concentration of tea inside the teabag would equal the concentration of tea outside the teabag.

Now for reverse osmosis The process of reverse osmosis requires that the water be forced through a semipermeable membrane (the tea bag from the previous example) in the opposite direction of the natural osmotic flow; leaving the dissolved particles in the more highly concentrated solution. In order for reverse osmosis to occur, the amount of force or pressure applied must exceed the osmotic pressure. A semi-permeable membrane is at the heart of a reverse osmosis system Reverse osmosis works through a technique called membrane separation. The membrane is permeable only to water molecules. Two types of Membranes: CTA membrane cellulose triacetate TFC membrane thin film composite Raw water enters a module housing the membrane system. The water is forced against the semi-permeable membrane and only clean water molecules pass through the pores in the membrane. Impurities are rejected and flushed away. Crossflow Filtration While the principles of reverse osmosis are simple the process can not run indefinitely unless steps are taken to ensure the membrane does not become clogged by impurities. To significantly reduce the rate of membrane fouling, reverse osmosis systems employ crossflow filtration. In conventional filtration, the entire water solution to be filtered is pumped through the filter media and all contaminants too large to pass through the pores of the membrane are trapped or retained on the surface.

In crossflow filtration, two exit streams are generated -- a "concentrate" stream (reject water) containing those material which are rejected or do no pass through the membrane, and the "permeate" stream (product water) which has been pumped through the membrane, and passes to the tank. The comparative size of particles Various mineral salts, heavy metals, particular matter, some organic molecules, bacteria and even viruses are rejected or repelled by the membrane surface based on their molecular or atomic weight. A second barrier, such as ultraviolet light, should be used if bacteria are present. The ability of the membrane to reject or repel dissolved particles, while allowing water to readily permeate, is based on the incredibly small size of the multitude of pores that penetrate its surface. Such pores are able to reject substances as small as 0.0005 microns. A micron (m) is a metric unit of length equal to a millionth of a meter, or 0.00003937 inch. A human hair is approximately 75 m in diameter. The smallest particle that can be seen with the naked eye is 40 m across The smallest bacteria is about 0.22 m while a virus is even smaller at 0.01 m. Reverse Osmosis will remove the following contaminants: % nominal % nominal Contaminant Contaminant rejection rejection Aluminum 96-98 Ammonium 80-90 Arsenic 98-99% Borate 30-50 Bacteria 99+ Bromide 90-95 Boron 50-70 Calcium 93-98 Cadmium 93-97 Chromate 85-95 Chloride 92-95 Cyanide 85-95 Copper 96-98 Hardness Ca & Mg 93-97 Fluoride 92-95 Lead 95-98 Iron 96-98 Magnesium 93-98 Manganese 96-98 Nickel 96-98 Mercury 94-97 Orthophosphate 96-98 Nitrate 90-95 Polyphosphate 96-98 Phosphate 95-98 Radioactivity 93-97 Potassium 93-97 Silicate 92-95 Silica 80-90 Sodium 92-98 Silver 93-96 Thoisulfate 96-98 Sulfate 96-98 Zinc 96-98 Selecting a Reverse Osmosis System When selecting a reverse osmosis system, the following factors must be considered:

Is the water supply potable? An RO system should be used with water that is already deemed bacteriologically safe for human consumption or is adequately disinfected or sterilized on a continuous basis. RO systems can include ultraviolet lights. Is the feed water supply chlorinated or unchlorinated? If the water is unchlorinated, a TFC membrane should be chosen due to its greater resistance to bacterial attack. If the water is chlorinated, a CTA membrane that is not chlorine sensitive may be chosen or a TFC membrane that is sensitive to chlorine may be used with the addition of a carbon pre filter. The membrane will need to replace approximately every 2 years, depending on the water quality and quantity. Most systems use TFC membranes. What is the daily quantity of pure water required? A suitable residential system should be capable of producing in excess of a minimum of 1/2 gallon of drinking water per person per day. Residential systems typically produce 15 to 25 US gallons per day of pure drinking water. Commercial/Industrial units can produce up to 40000 US gallons per day of pure drinking water and should be sized according to their application. Is the water supply adequately pretreated? If present, any contaminant such as iron, manganese or hydrogen sulfide must be adequately reduced or removed by pretreatment in accordance with membrane tolerances. If necessary, the feed water should be treated to reduce hardness to a maximum of 10 gpg to prevent premature fouling of the membrane. What is the level of TDS (total dissolved solids)? Drinking water should have a TDS of below 500. City water on the West Coast of Canada has a low TDS of 25, while many other areas have a TDS of 200+. Well water can have a TDS of 1000 to 5000. Sea water has a TDS of 40 000 and the Black Sea can be up to 60 000 TDS. Residential RO units can tolerate up to 2000 TDS. Brackish water RO units can take up to 6000 TDS. Desal RO units are used for higher levels and the membrane pressure vessel will run at approximately 900 psi. What is the pH of the feed water? The pH in most city water supplies is 6.9 to 7.5. In many West Coast cities the water can have a low natural pH level, as low as 5.5, making the water very corrosive to copper piping. pH is a logarithmic scale. For example, a pH of 6.9 is ten times more acidic than a pH of 7.0 Is a booster pump required? A booster pump may be required if your incoming water pressure is less than 50 psi, or you have a TDS count of over 1000, or the inlet water temperature is very low.

FACTORS AFFECTING PERFORMANCE OF REVERSE OSMOSIS UNIT.

TDS of Feed Water Osmotic pressure is the force binding water molecules to dissolved ions or solids. The higher the TDS, the higher the molecular forces. Before water molecules can start to separate and pass thorough the membrane, these forces must be broken with the application of pressure. Every 100 mg/l of TDS requires 1 psi (pounds per square inch) just to overcome osmotic pressure. Water Pressure or Feed Pressure Net pressure across the membrane is a major factor in determining how much water is produced. As the pressure increases, so does the rate of water production. The minimum water pressure required for a residential RO unit is 50 psi. A booster pump can be added to any RO unit which will operate with inlet pressure of as low 10 psi. Temperature of Feed Water Water temperature greatly affects the actual rate of production. Membranes are rated in terms of production in gallons per day (GPD) at 77 degrees Fahrenheit. The cooler the water, the lower the rate of production. Water production increases or decreases for CTA membrane 1.5% per F and for TFC membranes 2.0% per F above or below 77 F. For high output RO units, temperature is an important design factor.

Producing Drinking Water Using Reverse Osmosis:

Although Reverse Osmosis seems like a complex system it is really a simple and straightforward water filtration process. And it's not a new process. Highpressure (pump driven) reverse osmosis systems have been used for years to desalinate * water to convert brackish or seawater to drinking water. Having a better understanding of how a reverse osmosis system works will eliminate the mystery and confusion you may feel when you look at a reverse osmosis system -- with its many colored tubes and multitude of filters. Read on to enhance your knowledge of residential reverse osmosis systems. The most important points to remember: All RO Systems work the same way. Most RO (Reverse Osmosis) systems look alike. All RO Systems have the same basic components.

 The real difference is the quality of the filters and membranes inside the RO.

CHAPTER-7 DIAGRAM OF REVERSE OSMOSIS MAMBRANE. WHAT DOES A REVERSE OSMOSIS SYSTEM REMOVE. TYPICAL REJECTION CHARACTERISTICS OF RO MAMBRANE.

DIAGRAM OF REVERSE OSMOSIS MAMBRANE.

Diagram of a Reverse Osmosis Membrane:

WHAT DOES A REVERSE OSMOSIS

SYSTEM REMOVE.

A reverse osmosis membrane will remove impurities and particles larger than .001 microns.

TYPICAL REJECTION CHARACTERISTICS OF R.O. MEMBRANES

Elements and the Percent R.O. Membranes will remove Sodium 85 - 94% Sulfate 96 - 98% Calcium 94 - 98% Potassium 85 - 95% Nitrate 60 75% Iron 94 98% Zinc 95 98% Mercury 95 98% Selenium 94 96% Phosphate 96 98% Lead 95 98% Arsenic 92 96% Magnesium 94 98% Nickel 96 98% Fluoride 85 - 92% Manganese 94 98% Cadmium 95 98% Barium 95 98% Cyanide 84 92% Chloride 85 92% % may vary based on membrane type water pressure, temperature & TDS

Basic components common to all Reverse Osmosis Systems: Cold Water Line Valve: Valve that fits onto the cold water supply line. The valve has a tube that attaches to the inlet side of the RO pre filter. This is the water source for the RO system. Pre-Filter (s): Water from the cold water supply line enters the Reverse Osmosis Pre Filter first. There may be more than one pre-filter used in a Reverse Osmosis system. The most commonly used pre-filters are sediment filters. These are used to remove sand silt, dirt and other sediment. Additionally, carbon filters may be used to remove chlorine, which can have a negative effect on TFC (thin film composite) & TFM (thin film material) membranes. Carbon pre filters are not used if the RO system contains a CTA (cellulose tri-acetate) membrane. Reverse Osmosis Membrane: The Reverse Osmosis Membrane is the heart of the system. The most commonly used is a spiral wound of which there are two options: the CTA (cellulose tri-acetate), which is chlorine tolerant, and the TFC/TFM (thin film composite/material), which is not chlorine tolerant.

CHAPTER-8 CONCLUSION. BIBLIOGRAPHY.

PERFACE

This summer training project is a part of the curriculum of two year Master of Business Administration in KIIMS, Cuttack. This report is the product of summer training in the field of Marketing at UNIPURE, Bhubaneswar, which was conducted for thirty five days. At, UNIPURE, Bhubaneswar Ive been able to get comprehensive & in depth knowledge about the Marketing Dept. I am fortunate to get an opportunity to undergo training at UNIPURE, a prestigious of water purifiers company.

Findings & Conclusion SUGGESTIONS AND RECOMMENDATION Many consumer say that lsss the price of product and poor people buy it and some people say increase stroge capacity and that store 15-20 liter water and the moter consume the less electricity and increase the more branch in all over the odisha. ADVERTISEMENT AND PROMOTIONAL ACTIVITIES Advertisement and promotion activities of Unipure should be increased. Unipure should make advertisement which stress on their gives a sweet taste to the water removing bad taste .Uipure should encourage it advotiseing manager to put more banners and tariff rates plan on display. So that manager become more aware of different tariff rates. Competition could be organized among kent,Acqagard,masterRO and more promotional gifts and coupons could be given to sales excutive based on their performance.

BIBLIOGRAPHY Kotler, Philips Marketing Management Stantan, Willian.J, - Fundamental of marketing Saxena,Rajan Marketing Management Namkumari, S and Ramswamy V.S. Marketing Management Kothari C.R. Research Methodology. info@utkarshsalesmarketing.com

QUESTIONNAIRE 1.