CE202: Fluid Mechanics I

Hydraulic Machines – Part II

S.B.Weerakoon
BScEng (Peradeniya), MEng, PhD(Univ. of Tokyo)
FIESL, IntPE SL

Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Peradeniya , Sri Lanka
4/12/2020 1
 Hydraulic Machines

This is a continuation of my lectures on HM.

Please follow Video Lecture Part I before

following this Video Lecture Part II.

Course materials:
Lecture notes
PowerPoint slides
Tutorial and answers
 Rotodynamic machines
Rotodynamic m/c

Impulse Reaction

Mixed Axial
Pelton Wheel Radial flow
flow flow
Turgo-impulse Turbine

Centrifugal Pump Axial Flow Pump

Francis Turbine Kaplan Turbine
 Energy transfer in rotodynamic
machines
e.g. Centrifugal Pump

Volute

• When fluid flows through the impeller of a

rotodynamic machine, the angular momentum of
the fluid is changed.
 Theory of rotodynamic machines
CV

We apply the torque –angular momentum equation to the

control volume.

At the steady state,

the rate of change in angular momentum of the fluid
passing through the CV
= the torque about the axis of rotation.
Notation

Impeller with backward facing vanes

V = Vr + u
 Basic equations of rotodynamic machines
V = Vr + u

Assumptions:
Flow is steady.
Flow is uniform at
the inlet and outlet.
are the radial and
tangential components of V
α : the flow angle (the angle
between V and u)
β : the blade angle
Basic equations of rotodynamic machines

CV

Angular momentum of the fluid entering the impeller during a

unit time = mV 1 cos 1 r1
Angular momentum of the fluid leaving the impeller during a
unit time = mV 2 cos2 r2
 Basic equations of
rotodynamic machines

Therefore, torque applied  2 cos 2 r2  mV

= mV  1 cos 1 r1
Power transferred  2 cos 2 r2  m V1 cos1 r1 
= mV

Power transferred between a unit weight of fluid (Euler head) =

 2 cos  2 u2  mV
( mV  1 cos 1 u1 ) / mg

H EE = ( (CCθ2 2uu22 - Cθ11 uu1 )1)/g
/g ( for a pump)
Hydraulic efficiency = Delivery head/ Euler head ( for a pump)
= Euler head / Supply head ( for a turbine)
Centrifugal pump impellers

b1
b2
Semi-Open b2
Closed
b = Blade thickness

Open
Q = 2π r1 b1 Cr1 = 2π r2 b2 Cr2
 Centrifugal pump – entry without shock

Cr1 Cθ1

For entry without shock,

no tangential (whirl) component of velocity at inlet,
Cθ1 ≈ 0, α1 ≈ 90, flow enters radially
HE = ( Cθ2 u2 - Cθ1 u1)/g
 Centrifugal pump impellers

β2 β2 β2

β 2 > 90O β 2 =90O β 2 < 90O

 Diffuser in Centrifugal Pumps

`V2
`V2

Stationary diffuser ring

Volute/Spiral casing
Example 2
Axial flow Pump

Directs the flow

axially
Axial flow pump
impeller R = Rm
u1 = u2 = Rm ω

V1
ROut
Rm

ω Rin

Q = π ( R2out - R2in) V1m

Velocity diagrams for an impeller of an
axial flow pump
At R = Rm u1 = u2 = Rm ω
V1
Cθ1 = 0
u
β1

Cθ2
V2

HE = ( Cθ2 u2 - Cθ1 u1)/g

Radial Flow Turbines

Volute

Runner

Configuration 20
Radial Flow Turbines
Guide
vane
β1 Cθ1
(π -β1)
Cr1
r1 ω

Cr2
α2
(π –β2)

Cθ2
HE = ( Cθ1 u1 - Cθ2 u2)/g
 Radial Flow Turbines

β1 Cθ1
(π -β1)
Guide Cr1
vane
r1 ω

Cr2
α2
(π –β2)

Q = 2π r1 b1 Cr1
Cθ2
= 2π r2 b2 Cr2
Axial Flow Turbines

Kaplan

Propeller

23
Axial Flow Turbines
u1 = Rm ω
α1
β1
V1 Vr1
Guide vane

Rm ω

β2
Vr2 V2
α2

u2 = Rm ω
HE = ( Cθ1 u1 - Cθ2 u2)/g
Q = π ( R2out - R2in) V1m
Velocity diagrams for an
impeller of Pelton Turbine

u=rω
HE = ( Cθ1 u1 - Cθ2 u2)/g
HE = ( V1 –V2 cos α2) u/g

β2

α2
 Hydraulic Machines
Performance characteristics

Video lecture to be continued under

HM Part III