101 - Chapter (5) - Gases - Chang

CHEMY 101 4 December 2019
General Chemistry
(Chemy 101)
1st Semester 2019/2020
CHAPTER (5): Gases

Dr. Ahmed Abd El-Fattah
Chemistry Department, College of Science,
University of Bahrain
E-mail: a_fattaho@yahoo.com
Prentice Hall © 2005 General Chemistry 4th edition, Hill, Petrucci, McCreary, Perry Chapter Twelve
Contents
 Properties of Gases
 The Simple Gas Laws
 The Ideal Gas Law
 Applications of the Ideal Gas Equation
 Stoichiometry of gaseous reactions
 Gas mixtures: Partial pressures and mole
fractions
Prentice Hall © 2005

Chapter (5) Gases Dr/
General Chemistry 4th edition, Hill, Petrucci, McCreary, Perry Ahmed Abd El-Fattah
Chapter Twelve
Good Luck, Dr. Ahmed Abd El-Fattah 1

Elements that exist as gases at 250C and 1 atmosphere
Chapter (5) Gases Dr/ Ahmed Abd El-Fattah

Physical Characteristics of Gases

• Gases assume the volume and shape of their containers.
• Gases are the most compressible state of matter.
• Gases will mix evenly and completely when confined to
the same container.
• Gases have much lower densities than liquids and solids.
NO2 gas
Force
Pressure = Area
(force = mass x acceleration)
Units of Pressure
1 pascal (Pa) = 1 N/m2

1 atm = 760 mmHg = 760 torr
1 atm = 101,325 Pa
6

Apparatus for Studying the Relationship Between

Pressure and Volume of a Gas
7
As P (h) increases V decreases
Boyle’s Law
P a 1/V
P x V = constant Constant temperature
Constant amount of gas
P1 x V1 = P2 x V2

A sample of chlorine gas occupies a volume of 946 mL at a

pressure of 726 mmHg. What is the pressure of the gas (in
mmHg) if the volume is reduced at constant temperature to 154
mL?
P x V = constant
P1 x V1 = P2 x V2
P1 = 726 mmHg P2 = ?
V1 = 946 mL V2 = 154 mL
P1 x V1 726 mmHg x 946 mL

P2 = = = 4460 mmHg
V2 154 mL
Charles’ & Gay-Lussac’s Law

Variation in Gas Volume with Temperature at
Constant Pressure
As T increases V increases 10

Variation in Gas Volume with Temperature at

Constant Pressure
Charles’ & Gay-

Lussac’s Law
VaT Temperature must be

V = constant x T in Kelvin
V1/T1 = V2 /T2 T (K) = t (0C) + 273.15
A sample of carbon monoxide gas occupies 3.20 L at 125 0C.

At what temperature will the gas occupy a volume of 1.54 L if
the pressure remains constant?
V1 /T1 = V2 /T2
V1 = 3.20 L V2 = 1.54 L
T1 = 398.15 K T2 = ?
T1 = 125 (0C) + 273.15 (K) = 398.15 K
V2 x T1 1.54 L x 398.15 K
T2 = = = 192 K
V1 3.20 L

Ex. The temperature inside a balloon is raised from 25.0°C to

250.0°C. If the volume of cold air was 10.0 L, what is the volume
of hot air?
Given: V1 =10.0 L, t1 = 25.0°C L, t2 = 250.0°C
Find: V2, L
Concept Plan:
V1, T1, T2 V2
T
V2  V1  2
T1 V1 V
 2
Relationships: T(K) = t(°C) + 273.15, T1 T2
Solution: T V
T1  25.0  273.15 V2  2 1
T1
T1  298.2 K
T2  250.0  273.15 
523.2 K   10.0 L   17.5 L
T2  523.2 K 298.2 K 
Check: since T and V are directly proportional, when the temperature
increases, the volume should increase, and it does
Avogadro’s Law
V a number of moles (n) Constant temperature
Constant pressure
V = constant x n
V1 / n1 = V2 / n2

Ammonia burns in oxygen to form nitric oxide (NO) and water

vapor. How many volumes of NO are obtained from one volume
of ammonia at the same temperature and pressure?
4NH3 + 5O2 4NO + 6H2O
1 mole NH3 1 mole NO
At constant T and P
1 volume NH3 1 volume NO
Example : A 0.225 mol sample of He has a volume of 4.65 L.

How many moles must be added to give 6.48 L?
Given: V1 =4.65 L, V2 = 6.48 L, n1 = 0.225 mol
Find: n2, and added moles
Concept Plan:
V1, V2, n1 n2
V
n1  2  n 2
V1 V1 V
 2
Relationships: mol added = n2 – n1, n1 n2
Solution:
n1  V2 molesadded  0.314  0.225
n2 
V1 molesadded  0.089 mol

0.225 mol   6.48 L   0.314 mol
4.65 L 
Check: since n and V are directly proportional, when the volume
increases, the moles should increase, and it does

Summary of Gas Laws
Boyle’s Law
17
Charles Law
18

Avogadro’s Law
19
Ideal Gas Equation

Boyle’s law: P a 1 (at constant n and T)
V
Charles’ law: V a T (at constant n and P)
Avogadro’s law: V a n (at constant P and T)
nT
Va
P
nT nT
V = constant x =R R is the gas constant
P P
PV = nRT

Standard Conditions (STP)

• Since the volume of a gas varies with pressure
and temperature.
• Chemists have agreed on a set of conditions to
report our measurements so that comparison is
easy – we call these standard conditions
– STP
• Standard Pressure = 1 atm

• Standard temperature = 273 K …… (0°C)
The conditions 0 0C and 1 atm are called

standard temperature and pressure (STP).
Experiments show that at STP, 1 mole of any ideal
gas occupies V = 22.414 L.

At STP
P = 1 atm, T = 273.15 K, V = 22.414 L, n = 1 mole
PV = nRT
PV (1 atm)(22.414L)
R= =
nT (1 mol)(273.15 K)
R = 0.082056 L • atm / (mol • K)

Example: What is the volume (in liters) occupied by 49.8 g of

HCl at STP?
T = 0 0C = 273.15 K
P = 1 atm
PV = nRT
1 mol HCl
nRT n = 49.8 g x = 1.37 mol
V= 36.45 g HCl
P
L•atm
1.37 mol x 0.0821 x 273.15 K
mol•K
V=
1 atm
V = 30.7 L

Example: Argon is an inert gas used in lightbulbs to retard the

vaporization of the filament. A certain lightbulb containing argon
at 1.20 atm and 18 0C is heated to 85 0C at constant volume.
What is the final pressure of argon in the lightbulb (in atm)?
PV = nRT n, V and R are constant

nR
= P = constant P1 = 1.20 atm P2 = ?
V T
T1 = 291 K T2 = 358 K
P1 P2
=
T1 T2
T2
P2 = P1 x = 1.20 atm x 358 K = 1.48 atm
T1 291 K
Density (d) Calculations

m = PMM
d= V RT
(m) is the mass of the gas in g
(MM ) is the molar mass of the gas
Molar Mass (MM ) of a Gaseous Substance

dRT
MM =
P
d is the density of the gas in g/L

Example: A 2.10-L vessel contains 4.65 g of a gas at 1.00

atm and 27.0 0C. What is the molar mass of the gas?
dRT 4.65 g
d= m =
g
MM = = 2.21
P V 2.10 L L
g L•atm
2.21 x 0.0821 x 300.15 K
L mol•K
MM =
1 atm
MM = 54.5 g/mol
Reactions Involving Gases

• In reactions of gases, the amount of a gas is often given as
a volume
– instead of moles
– as we’ve seen, must state pressure and temperature
• The ideal gas law allows us to convert from the volume of

the gas to moles; then we can use the coefficients in the
equation as a mole ratio
• when gases are at STP, use 1 mol = 22.4 L
P, V, T of Gas A mole A mole B P, V, T of Gas B

Gas Stoichiometry
What is the volume of CO2 produced at 37 0C and 1.00 atm

when 5.60 g of glucose are used up in the reaction:
C6H12O6 (s) + 6O2 (g) 6CO2 (g) + 6H2O (l)
1 mole C6H12O6 6 mole CO2

(5.6/180) = 0.03 mole C6H12O6 ..?. mole CO2
moles of CO2 = 0.03 X (6 / 1) = 0.187

L•atm
0.187 mol x 0.0821 x 310.15 K
nRT mol•K = 4.76 L
V= =
P 1.00 atm
Ex 5.12 – What volume of H2 is needed to make 35.7 g of CH3OH

at 738 mmHg and 355 K?
CO(g) + 2 H2(g) → CH3OH(g)
Given: mCH3OH = 37.5g, P=738 mmHg, T=355 K
Find: VH2, L
Concept Plan: g CH3OH mol CH3OH mol H2 P, n, T, R V

1 mol CH 3OH 2 mol H 2 nR T
V
32.04 g 1 mol CH 3OH P
Relationships: 1 atm = 760 mmHg, CH3OH = 32.04 g/mol

atm L
1 mol CH3OH : 2 mol H2 PV  nRT, R  0.08206 mol  K
Solution:
1 mol CH 3OH 2 mol H 2
37.5 g CH 3OH  
32.04 g 1 mol CH 3OH
 2.2284 mol H 2
1 atm
738 mmHg   0.97105 atm
760 mmHg

nH2 = 2.2284 mol, P=0.97105 atm, T=355 K

VH2, L
nR T
V
P

2.2284 mol   0.08206 molK   355 K 
atmL
0.97105 atm 
 66.9 L
31
Ex. How many grams of H2O form when 1.24 L H2 reacts

completely with O2 at STP?
O2(g) + 2 H2(g) → 2 H2O(g)
Given: VH2 = 1.24 L, P=1.00 atm, T=273 K
Find: massH2O, g
Concept Plan: L H2 mol H2 mol H2O g H2O

1 mol H 2 2 mol H 2 18.02 g
22.4 L 2 mol H 2O 1 mol H 2O
Relationships: H2O = 18.02 g/mol, 1 mol = 22.4 L @ STP

2 mol H2O : 2 mol H2
Solution:
1 mol H 2 2 mol H 2 O 18.02 g H 2 O
1.24 L H 2   
22.4 L H 2 2 mol H 2 1 mol H 2 O
 0.998 g H 2 O

What volume of O2 at 0.750 atm and 313 K is generated by

the thermolysis of 10.0 g of HgO?
2 HgO(s)  2 Hg(l) + O2(g)
Given: mHgO = 10.0g, P=0.750 atm, T=313 K
Find: VO2, L
Concept Plan: g HgO mol HgO mol O2 P, n, T, R V

1 mol HgO 1 mol O 2 nR T
V
216.59 g 2 mol HgO P
Relationships: 1 atm = 760 mmHg, HgO = 216.59 g/mol

atm L
2 mol HgO : 1 mol O2 PV  nRT, R  0.08206 mol  K
Solution:
1 mol HgO 1 mol O 2
10.0 g HgO  
216.59 g 2 mol HgO
 0.023085 mol O 2
nO2 = 0.023085 mol, P=0.750 atm, T=313 K

VO2, L
nR T
V
P

0.023085 mol   0.08206 mol
atm  L
K
 313K 
0.750 atm 
 0.791 L
34

Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures

V and T are constant
P1 P2 Ptotal = P1 + P2
Consider a case in which two gases, A and B, are in a

container of volume V.
nART
PA = nA is the number of moles of A
V
nBRT nB is the number of moles of B
PB =
V
nA nB
PT = PA + PB XA = XB =
nA + nB nA + nB
PA = XA PT PB = XB PT
ni
Pi = Xi PT mole fraction (Xi ) =
nT

A sample of natural gas contains 8.24 moles of CH4, 0.421

moles of C2H6, and 0.116 moles of C3H8. If the total pressure
of the gases is 1.37 atm, what is the partial pressure of
propane (C3H8)?
Pi = Xi PT PT = 1.37 atm
0.116
Xpropane = = 0.0132
8.24 + 0.421 + 0.116
Ppropane = 0.0132 x 1.37 atm = 0.0181 atm
Ex. Mixture of Ar, He, Ne, where, PHe=341 mmHg, PNe=112 mmHg,
Ptot = 662 mmHg, V = 1.00 L, T=298 K. Find the mass of Ar
Given: PHe=341 mmHg, PNe=112 mmHg, Ptot = 662 mmHg,
V = 1.00 L, T=298 K
Find: massAr, g
Concept Plan: Ptot, PHe, PNe PAr PAr, V, T nAr mAr

PV
PAr = Ptot – (PHe + PNe) n m  n  MM
R T
atm L
Ptot = Pa + Pb + etc., PV  nRT, R  0.08206 mol K
m
Relationships: 1 atm = 760 mmHg, MMAr = 39.95 g/mol MM 
n
Solution:
PAr  662  341  112  mmHg
 209 mmHg
1 atm
209 mmHg   0.275 atm
760 mmHg
Check: the units are correct, the value is reasonable

PAr = 0.275 atm, V = 1.00 L, T=298 K
massAr, g
PV
n
R T

0.275 atm   1.00 L 
 1.125 10 2 mol
0.08206 mol
atm  L
K
  298 K 
2 39.95 g
Mass = n x MM = 1.125  10 mol 
1 mol
 0.449 g Ar
39
Find the partial pressure of neon in a mixture with total pressure

3.9 atm, volume 8.7 L, temperature 598 K, and 0.17 moles Xe
Given: Ptot = 3.9 atm, V = 8.7 L, T = 598 K, Xe = 0.17 mol
Find: PNe, atm

Concept Plan: nXe, V, T, R PXe Ptot, PXe PNe
n Xe  R  T PNe  Ptotal  PXe
PXe 
V
atm L
Relationships: PV  nRT, R  0.08206 mol  K
, Ptotal  PNe  PXe
Solution: n Xe  R  T
PXe 
PNe  Ptotal  PXe V
 3.9 atm  0.9589 atm 
0.17 mol   0.08206 molK   598 K 
atmL
8.7 L
 2.9 atm  0.9589 atm
Check: the unit is correct, the value is reasonable

Collecting Gases
• Gases are often collected by having them displace water
from a container
• The problem is that since water evaporates, there is also
water vapor in the collected gas
• So, iff you collect a gas sample with a total pressure of
758.2 mmHg* at 25°C, the partial pressure of the water
vapor will be 23.78 mmHg
• Thus the partial pressure of the dry gas will be 734.4
mmHg
Collecting Gas Over Water

H2
PT = PH2 + PH2 O
H2 (g) + H2O (g)

Ex – 1.02 L of O2 collected over water at 293 K with a

total pressure of 755.2 mmHg. Find mass O2.
Given: V=1.02 L, P=755.2 mmHg, T=293 K
Find: mass O2, g
Concept Plan: Ptot, PH2O PO2 PO2,V,T nO2 gO2
PV
n
PO2  Ptotal  PH2O @ 20C R T
atm L
1 atm = 760 mmHg, PV  nRT, R  0.08206 mol  K
Relationships: Ptotal = PA + PB, O2 = 32.00 g/mol
Solution:
PO 2  755.2  17.55 (Table 5.4)
PO 2  737.65 mmHg
1 atm
737.65 mmHg   0.97059 atm
760 mmHg
V=1.02 L, PO2=737.65 mmHg, T=293 K

mass O2, g
PV
n
R T

0.97059 atm   1.02 L 
0.08206 molatmKL   293. K 
 4.1175 10  2 mol
2 32.00 g
Mass = n x MM = 4.1175 10 mol 
1 mol
 1.32 g
44

Ex. 0.12 moles of H2 is collected over water in a 10.0 L

container at 323 K. Find the total pressure.
Given: V=10.0 L, nH2=0.12 mol, T=323 K
Find: Ptotal, atm
Concept Plan: nH2,V,T PH2 PH2, PH2O Ptotal
nR T Ptotal  PH 2  PH 2O @ 50C
P
V
1 atm = 760 mmHg
atm L
Relationships: Ptotal = PA + PB, PV  nRT, R  0.08206 mol  K
Solution: 760 mmHg

nR T 0.3181 atm   2 41.8 mmHg
PH 2  1 atm
V

 0.12 mol   0.08206 mol K   323 K 
atmL
10.0 L  Ptotal  241.8  92.6 (Table 5.4)

 0.3181 atm Ptotal  330 mmHg
46

101 - Chapter (5) - Gases - Chang

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CHEMY 101 4 December 2019

CHAPTER (5): Gases

Prentice Hall © 2005

Good Luck, Dr. Ahmed Abd El-Fattah 1

Elements that exist as gases at 250C and 1 atmosphere

Chapter (5) Gases Dr/ Ahmed Abd El-Fattah

Chapter (5) Gases Dr/ Ahmed Abd El-Fattah

Good Luck, Dr. Ahmed Abd El-Fattah 2

Physical Characteristics of Gases

(force = mass x acceleration)

1 pascal (Pa) = 1 N/m2

Good Luck, Dr. Ahmed Abd El-Fattah 3

Apparatus for Studying the Relationship Between

Good Luck, Dr. Ahmed Abd El-Fattah 4

A sample of chlorine gas occupies a volume of 946 mL at a

P1 x V1 726 mmHg x 946 mL

Chapter (5) Gases Dr/ Ahmed Abd El-Fattah

Charles’ & Gay-Lussac’s Law

Good Luck, Dr. Ahmed Abd El-Fattah 5

Variation in Gas Volume with Temperature at

Charles’ & Gay-

VaT Temperature must be

Chapter (5) Gases Dr/ Ahmed Abd El-Fattah

A sample of carbon monoxide gas occupies 3.20 L at 125 0C.

Chapter (5) Gases Dr/ Ahmed Abd El-Fattah

Good Luck, Dr. Ahmed Abd El-Fattah 6

Ex. The temperature inside a balloon is raised from 25.0°C to

Chapter (5) Gases Dr/ Ahmed Abd El-Fattah

Chapter (5) Gases Dr/ Ahmed Abd El-Fattah

Good Luck, Dr. Ahmed Abd El-Fattah 7

Ammonia burns in oxygen to form nitric oxide (NO) and water

4NH3 + 5O2 4NO + 6H2O

1 mole NH3 1 mole NO

1 volume NH3 1 volume NO

Chapter (5) Gases Dr/ Ahmed Abd El-Fattah

Example : A 0.225 mol sample of He has a volume of 4.65 L.

Chapter (5) Gases Dr/ Ahmed Abd El-Fattah

Good Luck, Dr. Ahmed Abd El-Fattah 8

Summary of Gas Laws

Good Luck, Dr. Ahmed Abd El-Fattah 9

Ideal Gas Equation

Chapter (5) Gases Dr/ Ahmed Abd El-Fattah

Good Luck, Dr. Ahmed Abd El-Fattah 10

Standard Conditions (STP)

• Standard Pressure = 1 atm

Chapter (5) Gases Dr/ Ahmed Abd El-Fattah

The conditions 0 0C and 1 atm are called

Chapter (5) Gases Dr/ Ahmed Abd El-Fattah

Good Luck, Dr. Ahmed Abd El-Fattah 11

R = 0.082056 L • atm / (mol • K)

Example: What is the volume (in liters) occupied by 49.8 g of

Chapter (5) Gases Dr/ Ahmed Abd El-Fattah

Good Luck, Dr. Ahmed Abd El-Fattah 12

Example: Argon is an inert gas used in lightbulbs to retard the

PV = nRT n, V and R are constant

Chapter (5) Gases Dr/ Ahmed Abd El-Fattah

Density (d) Calculations

Molar Mass (MM ) of a Gaseous Substance

Good Luck, Dr. Ahmed Abd El-Fattah 13

Example: A 2.10-L vessel contains 4.65 g of a gas at 1.00

Chapter (5) Gases Dr/ Ahmed Abd El-Fattah

Reactions Involving Gases