What were the major errors in Darwin's original

theory of evolution?
Darwin had no knowledge of genetics. He didn't understand how heritance worked,
let alone how genes worked. That meant he didn't understand how his theory could
work, and in fact his understanding of heritability (blending inheritance) meant that
his theory could not work.

(Edit to add an example of Darwin's misunderstanding of heredity that I was

reminded of while answering "It seems like breeds of dogs are pretty different. Is
that normal for a species or subspecies, or are dogs unusual in that way?":

It has often been loosely said that all our races of dogs have been produced by the
crossing of a few aboriginal species; but by crossing we can only get forms in
some degree intermediate between their parents
--Origin of Species, 6th edtion

This is blending inheritance, the standard understanding of inheritance of the time,

and it's not correct; in the short run, it looks as if it's correct because most traits are
polygenic, but in blending inheritance variation is destroyed, while in reality -- by
Mendelian and subsequent genetics -- variation is preserved within the population.)

In the first third of the 20th century -- during a period in which Darwinian evolution
had mostly fallen out of favor -- genetics, including population genetics as well as
heritability, became much better understood, though of course the molecular details
lay far in the future still.

In the 1930s and 1940s, scientists merged the new concepts of Mendelian
inheritance and population genetics with Darwinian natural selection, and showed
that they were not only compatible, but that they were a perfect match that provided
broad explanations for almost everything in nature.

This merging of genetics with natural selection is known as the Modern Synthesis. It
post-dated Darwin by 75 years, but the intervening understanding of genetics fixed
the weaknesses in Darwin's version.

The main changes following that have mostly been because of the molecular
understanding of genetics, and how evolution applies to that. For example, the
Neutral and the Nearly Neutral theories of evolution rely on the molecular
mechanisms of evolution for their contributions to the understanding.

So it's not so much that Darwin made major errors. He simply didn't have the
knowledge of a critical branch of science that supported and complemented his
theory, and without that understanding he wasn't able to show how strong the
foundations of his theory are.