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Original Article ISSN(Print) 1598-2645

International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems ISSN(Online) 2093-744X


Vol. 20, No. 3, September 2020, pp. 227-241
http://doi.org/10.5391/IJFIS.2020.20.3.227

A Fuzzy Logic Expert System for Pricing


Digital Services: The Case of Price
Adjustment for a Mobile Service Provider
Adeolu Olukorede Dairo and Krisztia´ n Szu˝ cs
Faculty of Business and Economics, University of Pecs, Hungary

Abstract
As connected smart devices and terminals continue to grow along with digital content, data
traffic of mobile service providers is also growing, and the price war in mobile markets is
driving traffic growth without a commensurable increase in revenue. As a result, network
capital expenditure (CAPEX) investment, quality of experience, and customer experience
are under enormous pressure. In a competitive mobile market, strategic pricing may play an
essential role in managing this pressure only if appropriate tools are available for the service
providers. In this paper, a fuzzy knowledge-based expert pricing system was developed with
a focus on solving network traffic, price war, and business revenue challenges in a
competitive mobile market. Its core lay in its ability to recommend digital- and data
services-related price points within a competitive and price war mobile environment. The
proposed pricing system was experimentally evaluated through a pilot conducted on a few
segments of a mobile service provider’s customer base in an emerging market and later
scaled up to a broader base. Upon implementation, data services revenue increased, and
overall gross margin increased with a reduction in data traffic, resulting in better throughput
and network quality and, consequently, better customer experience with improved net
promoter score.
Keywords: Pricing adjustment, Data services, Digital services, Fuzzy expert,
Knowledge-based

1. Introduction
Received: May 26, 2020
Revised : Sep. 2, 2020
Pricing is an integral part of the marketing function and one that is critical to a firm’s
Accepted: Sep. 12, 2020 overall survival. It is an aspect of the marketing mix that a firm cannot afford to get wrong
Correspondence to: Krisztia´ n Szu˝ [1, 2]. The increase in awareness on the part of the consumers and the emergence of smart
cs (szucsk@ktk.pte.hu)
©The Korean Institute of Intelligent shoppers have made the pricing of products and services more complex and critical within
Systems
marketing functions [3–5]. Moreover, the strategy behind pricing is crucial due to different
customer behavior—hence the need to price products and services for different target
ⓍccThis is an Open Access article
segments in the market appropriately.
dis- tributed under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution Non- In a competitive market where a pricing decision, if wrong, can be catastrophic for a
Commercial Li- cense brand due to a lack of evidence of how the market would react to the price change, experts
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by- can leverage fuzzy linguistic terms to navigate the problem [6, 7]. The ability of fuzzy logic
nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non- to associate the ambiguity characterizing pricing decision with the application of imprecise
commercial use, distribution, and
data motivates its usage in this study on price adjustment. For the pricing of mobile and
reproduc- tion in any medium, provided
digital-
the original work is properly cited.
227 |
International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems, vol. 20, no. 3, September 2020

ket. This expert knowledge-based pricing tool is named the


related services, a pricing objective is fundamental, being the Fuzzy Digital Pricing System (FDPS). The tool is implemented
motivation for the change in price points of the existing
product or for assigning a price point to a new product [8–10].
For example, if a market leader makes a price move in a
competitive mobile environment, other players may need to
adjust their prices in order to protect their market share across
value and volume. The motivation behind the price move
determines the strategy that is used in bringing the price
change to the consumer. When commercial managers
consider the right price point, factors such as marketing
strategy, competition, and the associated value that consumers
perceive to be suitable for the product top the list for
consideration [11, 12], though they carry much ambiguity
rather than certainty. This is where human and expert
judgments come to play in decision-making, since human
understanding and ability can pierce through imprecise or
obscured data that cannot be easily modeled. Through the
means of linguistic terms, experts assign scores such as high
and low to events when it is difficult to make a definite or
specific measurement of possibility, or when they lack
evidence on the situation. These circumstances are
characterized by vague and imprecise data such that assigning
a crisp (non-fuzzy) value to a seemingly subjective judgment
becomes difficult [13]. The ability of fuzzy logic to capture
and wave the associated ambiguity by making judgments out
of imprecise data motivates its use for the pricing model of
digital and data-related services of mobile telecommunication
service providers in this study.
Generally, an expert system is a computer-based system
with enhanced components that are knowledge-based such
that it may give advice or help make intelligent decisions; the
system conducts this intelligent act based on underlying rules.
The main constituent of the fuzzy expert system is fuzzy
logic. The pattern that fuzzy logic uses is a synonym of
human thinking. As for the human brain, a decision can be
made with incomplete and uncertain information, but
computers can only manage ex- act judgment. Data having
“0” and “1” can only be understood by computers; therefore,
fuzzy logic provides an intermediary in the form of an
interface between human thinking, which is the brain, and
computers. The application of expert systems, which deal
with uncertainty by leveraging fuzzy information processing
through fuzzy rules, stretch across many industries such as
medicine, space, engineering, and management [14]. In this
study, a fuzzy knowledge-based expert pricing system is
developed with a focus on solving network traffic, price war,
and business revenue challenges in a competitive mobile mar-
228 | Adeolu Olukorede Dairo and Krisztia
´ n Szu˝ cs
International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems, vol. 20, no. 3, September 2020
Fuzzy logic draws its strength from its ability to absorb
on a few segments of a mobile service provider’s customer ambiguity and apply vague-
base in an emerging market as a pilot and later scaled up to
a more significant segment of it. The summary of this paper
contribution is as follows: (1) FDPS uses historical
customer data across the network elements, market research
information, competitors’ data, and experience of
commercial and network professionals of a service provider
to build its knowledge base;
(2) through price adjustment and recommended price points
for data and digital-related services that are powered by
FDPS, issues of cost estimation, demand estimation, and
competitive issue (price war), which are critical strategic
pricing issues fac- ing mobile service providers in a
competitive and large market environment are addressed;
(3) we develop and implement a fuzzy knowledge-based
pricing system through a pilot that is later extended to a
large customer base. Performance is mea- sured along with
the underlying strategic constraints, and price adjustment
decisions are made through the recommended price points
from data traffic reduction (CAPEX savings), data, and
digital revenue growth, with improvement in gross margin
and net promoter score. Section 2 of this paper discusses
fuzzy logic, the application of expert systems, and related
studies. Section 3 presents a fuzzy expert pricing system
and pricing dynamics in the mobile market environment.
Section 4 outlines the development of the FDPS as well as
its implementation, re- sults, and discussions through a case
study of a mobile operator with a large customer base in an
emerging market. Section 5 is the conclusion.

2. Background

2.1 Related Work

Price adjustments are tools used by firms to remain


competitive amidst a turbulent and fiercely competitive
market. Firms may need to adjust prices due to cost,
regulatory, competition, or some other factors. Regardless
of the element that influences price adjustment, a price
move will have an impact on business performance [15].
Ensuring that the impact is positive on the bottom line
without backlash from the customers is what makes pricing
decisions a sensitive and challenging task for the firms [6].
In practice, managers are confronted with pricing-related
decision-making with enormous consequences on business
per- formance if the products are not well priced. In such a
situation, when managers lack enough evidence, or when
experts lack all the relevant data to make an informed
judgment, experts leverage fuzzy linguistic terms [16].
229 | Adeolu Olukorede Dairo and Krisztia
´ n Szu˝ cs
International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems, vol. 20, no. 3, September 2020

ness and imprecise data to make a sound judgment, such as a robust educational adviser system with several fuzzy rules. It
pricing decisions; this motivates its use in this study. was also used for the development of a generic medical system
Several applications of fuzzy expert systems have been for cardiac disease
high- lighted in literature across different domains. By
leveraging fuzzy inference theory, an agent-based price
system for online auction was proposed by Li et al. [17].
Mediator, seller, and buyer were the three agents used in the
study, and its output was a convenient and customizable
system for both buyer and seller through underlying fuzzy
rules for their pricing and negotiation strategies. In the
healthcare sector, Djam et al. [18] developed a fuzzy expert
system for malaria sickness and management. By making use
of the inputs in the form of symptoms indicated by the patient,
the system detected the presence of malaria para- sites. For the
fuzzification process, a triangular-shaped fuzzifier was used to
define a set of symptoms that were relevant to the parasites.
The authors applied a fuzzy value to each symptom, and
weighting factors were also applied to the symptom sets. From
a fuzzy set (mild, 1; moderate, 2; severe, 3; very severe, 4),
they selected values along with the membership of each by
leveraging a triangular fuzzifier. According to the system, IF
“headache = severe” and “vomiting = severe” and body
“weak- ness = severe” and “dizziness = severe” and “joint
pain = mild” and loss of appetite are severe, THEN “malaria =
severe?.
Gupta and Celtek [19] built a fuzzy expert system for au-
tomating the processing of a small business loan. The system
determined who, among the applicants, qualified for a loan.
Several variables, such as the ability to repay, credit history,
owner investment, and management ability, were considered
as inputs in the system. The membership functions in this sys-
tem overlapped triangles and trapezoids consisting of names
of functions and membership values, and the aggregation
operator calculated the degree of fulfillment. With about 109
rules, the system provided the output to either lend or not lend
loans to customers.
A web-based fuzzy expert system was developed and
imple- mented by Goodarzi and Rafe [20] as a career advisor
within the educational setting. Passed courses, course grades,
GPA, and student’s rank across different parameters were
used as input variables. Categorization of the student’s GPA
along different groups was represented in linguistic terms
such as Excellent, Weak, and Very Weak, which formed a
Gaussian (exponential) membership function after selecting
the numeric equivalent of the linguistic terms that carried the
maximum degree of membership. This fuzzy expert system is
International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems, vol. 20, no. 3, September 2020
diagnosis by using symptoms for heart diseases as inputs. service provider’s end. Pricing managers are challenged to
The authors [21] divided the input variables into linguistic
variables such as “low”, “medium”, “high”, and “very
high”. The system used triangular and trapezoid type
fuzzifiers, and the aggregated weighted decision value
determined the risk of cardiac disease according to the
defined fuzzy rules. In this fuzzy expert sys- tem, the
centroid method was used for the defuzzification of the
aggregate result into the crisp value. The overall output of
the system determined whether a patient was at risk for heart
disease or not.
Nolan [22] developed a fuzzy logic application for assess-
ment in the education environment. The system leveraged
samples and assigned scores to students for their write-ups
and essays. Severable variables, such as student
understanding and reading comprehension scores [23] were
used as inputs, and linguistics variables such as “insightful”
and “thoughtful” were derived from the crisp inputs; fuzzy
rules such as “IF understanding is high, and character
recognition is high, THEN reading comprehension is high”
were considered the underlying rules. In the transformation
of the fuzzy set into a usable crisp output through the
defuzzification process, the centroid method was applied.
Razak et al. [24] developed a career path
recommendation system for students with fuzzy logic and
evaluation. Moreover, faculty performance within technical
institutions was modeled by the fuzzy expert system by
Jyothi et al. [25]. The authors
[26] combined fuzzy logic pricing steps with an adaptive
search procedure to set reserve prices in an online ad
auction. The method outperformed a similar algorithm in
experiments involv- ing real ad auction data and proved to
aid better decision-making in price reservations.
When a brand enters the market with a product, one of
the most critical items that connect all the go-to-market
activities with the customer is price; therefore, setting the
right price point for a product is a vital decision for pushing
a product or service into the market [11]. Price is a visible
component of any service or product and determines
consumers’ encouragement toward a buying decision. Cost
naturally plays a significant role in setting the price point;
however, the associated value that the customer attaches to
the product or service is also a critical factor that must be
considered when pricing the item. This is the worth of the
product or service to the consumer in monetary terms, and it
is referred to as customer value [27]. The cost of a product
or service is not visible to the consumer, whereas this is a
significant factor for price point consideration from the
International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems, vol. 20, no. 3, September 2020

determine a price point that takes care of the cost and that customer behavior and quality of service. Customer
meets the consumers’ perception of the product or service in preferences are often analyzed through automatic conjoint
terms of value [28]. analysis while monitoring competition in real time to keep
track of competi- tors’ actions. In doing so, mobile operators
2.2 Pricing of Mobile Telecommunication Products and try to understand customers’ reactions to different pricing
Services strategies while finding the best prices that are favorable to
their gross margin and yield at the product level [32].
Traditionally, the pricing of products and services in the mo-
bile telecommunication industry is one of the most complex In the process of developing price points for products and
to model due to the complexity associated with the delivery of services, several data are gathered as input. A sales history
net- work services. However, the industry has developed that includes the list of products purchased along with
standard approaches that form the basis for the pricing of their customer usage at the individual or segment level is
products and services [29, 30]. considered. Relevant information about each product and the
In the telecommunication market, a customer compares information on past promotions and marketing campaigns are
prices using online catalogs, specialized search tools, and data inputs. More- over, reviews and feedback given by
collabora- tive platforms. In a predominantly prepaid market, customers about product mechanisms and business rules
where many mobile customers have the SIM cards of two or along market dynamics of the geographical location and other
more service providers, price comparison is more pronounced competitors are among relevant data that operators would
[31]; there- fore, mobile operators have no choice but to pay consider during their pricing process [33].
close attention to several parameters when setting prices [31]. Usually, strategic goals and constraints are defined when
Factors such as competition, market positioning, servicing considering a pricing move. Some clear objectives to pursue
costs, and cus- tomer management costs play a crucial role for may be profit maximization, reaction to competition move, or
mobile service providers in making the right price move. regulatory decision to either increase or reduce prices across
However, operators have developed algorithms that can learn the market. In the model development and training of models,
patterns from data, continuously integrate new information mo- bile operators rely on a variety of models for price
and detect emerging trends or changes in demand. In this way, optimization. Historically, they have used generalized linear
mobile operators benefit from predictive models that allow models (GLMs), especially logistic regression; however, more
them to determine the best price for each product or service, complex models have been developed in recent times [34].
i.e., the optimized price (See Figure 1). For instance, depend- ing on the volume of data available,
Prices are set for products and services through price opti- deep learning methods can also be used, mainly to price
mization and are revised regularly due to the constant change existing products for which the history of customer usage
in behavior is available.
International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems, vol. 20, no. 3, September 2020
Figure 1.Price engine framework.
International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems, vol. 20, no. 3, September 2020

2.3 The Need for Knowledge-Based Pricing


among other factors. In an emerging mobile market, where
competition is very fierce due to the customers’ low
Pricing of products and services is more complicated in the
acquisition cost, the pricing moves and decisions on price
telecommunication industry than in most other sectors. One
adjustment de- pend mostly on what the market leader or new
of the primary reasons is that the majority of cost components
entrant is doing. For example, consequences can be enormous
are unknown, while the list of cost items is numerous [32].
if a market leader makes a pricing move, and others do not
For example, many mobile operators find it challenging to
follow or delay in following the leader in a creative way.
ascertain the cost that they incur to provide a megabyte (MB)
of data for their customers. Complicated costs such as However, as data revenue is compensating in part for the
spectrum cost, regulatory cost, base station associated cost, declining voice revenues of the mobile industry, firms within
fiber cost, cost related to the core side of the network, and the industry must begin to consider all associated pricing
acquisition cost are cost line items. If mobile network prob- lems as portfolio optimization. In doing so, all products
providers find it challenging to cost their data services, how of a mobile operator are priced as part of the entire portfolio,
can they price accurately” such that profits are maximized along with the achieved
strategic objectives [35].
Unlike other industries, pricing services and products in the
mobile telecommunication industry is determined mainly by
competition and regulation. Firstly, regulatory bodies set the 3. Fuzzy Expert Pricing System
minimum pricing threshold along with data, voice, and inter-
connect rates in many markets, which establishes the 3.1 Expert Systems
minimum or sometimes maximum pricing level of products
Expert systems find their origins in the branch of computing
and services. Competition, on the other hand, determines how
that is now referred to as artificial intelligence [36]. Expert
far each opera- tor can go beyond the regulatory benchmark.
systems are a part of computer science utilizing symbolic and
This regulatory approach has saved many markets from
non-algorithmic methods to solve tasks that seemingly are too
eroding their entire value as a result of price wars. With these
difficult to be executed by a human. They are computer pro-
two substantial fac- tors, any analysis that would be
grams that use problem-solving knowledge and simulations
acceptable for pricing in this space needs to consider the
at a level comparable to human experts [19, 37]. The main
demand, the offering, and the overall company strategic
components of an expert system are knowledge base,
objectives for pricing or pricing adjustment.
inference engine, fuzzifier, defuzzifier, and user interface [14,
The main pricing strategic objective is precisely driven by
38], as shown in Figure 2. The inference engine is responsible
what the company wants to achieve. This can be the type of
for bringing decisions based on its understanding and
brand the company is trying to build, the segment of the
interpretation
market targeted by the offer, or the size of the company’s
market share,
International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems, vol. 20, no. 3, September 2020

Figure 2.Expert system tools and associated components.


International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems, vol. 20, no. 3, September 2020

of the expert’s knowledge. The major participants in the • The knowledge base is the part that houses the fuzzy
expert system are the domain experts, responsible for making pro- duction rules. These are in the form “If A then B,”
deci- sions. These are engineers and users with vast such that A and B are fuzzy sets, which are respectively
experience and knowledge about strategies of problem- de- fined on input and output domains along with the
solving by leveraging the similarities between past solved defined membership functions of their possible values.
problems and current prob- lems. When the expert system is
being developed, knowledge engineers rely on domain • The database is the part that stores the problem’s
experts to carefully explain every step of the decision-making parame- ter along with other facts.
process.
• The inference engine is responsible for evaluating the
fuzzy rules contained in the knowledge base.
3.1.1 Components of expert systems
• The fuzzification and defuzzification modules convert a
The fuzzification process takes the input variables and crisp input into a fuzzy set and a fuzzy set into a crisp
compares them with the membership functions of the output, respectively.
antecedent part of the fuzzy rule, assigning membership
values to each linguistic label. 3.2 Expert Pricing Tools
On the other hand, defuzzification is the entire process that
combines the output of fuzzy sets generated by the inference An expert system is a tool that is created with different com-
mechanism. The overall objective of this process is to obtain ponents. In the pricing of digital services, Figure 1 described
a clear meaning of the fuzzy set, transforming it from a set of the architecture and the various elements forming the expert
aggregation into one of numerical values that can be utilized pricing tool, which resembles a shell containing all
by the user. In a fuzzy logic system, defuzzification is the last components of a typical expert system within a software
process, and it generates crisps output from a combined environment [36]. In the application development
aggre- gation of the output of a fuzzy set. It translates the environment, the shell describes the end-to-end development,
entire fuzzy output into a single crisp value along the degree configuration, and initiation of all relevant components. These
of membership values, and the system then consumes the processes align with our model for expert system price
applied crisp values. When comparing it with fuzzification, it adjustment, as shown in Figure 3. In this case, the knowledge
is an inverse transfor- mation process representing a fuzzy set base comprises factual and heuristic knowledge using the IF-
with a crisp number because, within the fuzzy system, the THEN rules. In the reasoning engine, the inference
internal representation of data is in fuzzy sets. This process is mechanism is at work; it conducts a manipulation of the
critical: the output from the fuzzy system needs to be in the information within the knowledge base to generate a line of
crisp form that can be consumed as commands performing reasoning for solving issues and problems.
specific functions [39–43]. The explanation subsystem explains all the actions in the
The following are the architectural components of the system, whereas the user interface stands as the means for
system:
International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems, vol. 20, no. 3, September 2020

Figure 3.Expert system tools and associated components for price adjustment.
International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems, vol. 20, no. 3, September 2020

communicating with the user. Unlike other areas of fuzzy sub- set of the output space. This overall output is
application of an expert system, the user interface is critical represented as R.
in the mobile telecommunication industry; in fact, the
implementation of final decisions can be catastrophic if not
managed well across all network elements [36, 44].
In practice, the most applied and popular method which is
acceptable across applications is expert knowledge [11]. How-
ever, when expert knowledge is not available, a fuzzy
classifier system and meta-rule methods that leverage the
artificial neural network or genetic algorithm are considered.
Rules determina- tion and various approaches are detailed in
[45].
In simple terms, the fuzzy rule contains an expression If-
Then rule such that the premise and the conclusion are both
fuzzy sets. The “If” part, which is the antecedent, and the
“Then” part, which is the consequence, are the two primary
components. Single or combined set conditions that are joined
by operators “OR” and “AND” can be composed of the
antecedent. The step following the determination of rules is to
perform the inference process along the degree of inputs
according to the fuzzy rules. To suppress the membership
functions of the rule’s consequent, two methods commonly
used are “clipping” and “scaling” [16].

3.2.1 Fuzzy modeling and aggregation

Fuzzy rules are the underlying technique behind complex and


ill-defined systems applying the fuzzy set theory. Some of
these applications are fuzzy expert systems, fuzzy logic
control, and fuzzy system modeling [46–48]. According to
[49], these situations are set of n rules that take the form:

R1: If x is A1 then y is C1,


R2: If x is A2 then y is C2,
.................
Rn: If x is An then y is Cn.
In the fuzzy inference process, the following four-step algo-
rithms are involved [47]:

• Each rule is determined and matched according to its


relevance to the current input values.

• The output of each rule is also determined as a fuzzy


subset of the output space. This individual rule output
is denoted as R j .

• The collation or aggregation of each of the rules in


order to obtain the overall fuzzy system output as the
International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems, vol. 20, no. 3, September 2020
• Some actions are selected based on the output set. offerings within the portfolio with the aim to:

4. Price Adjustment – A Case

4.1 Problem Statement

The objective was to solve the problem faced by a mobile


ser- vice provider in an emerging market, which was
predominantly a prepaid market with an upward price
adjustment of the firm’s data services portfolio and
characterized by a severe price war of data services. The
situation worsened for all the players when the market
leader jumped on the bandwagon and reduced data price
significantly, leading to tremendous value erosion. As a
result, the mobile service provider in question became the
most expensive operator in the market. At the start of the
price war, the firm retained its pricing by leveraging its
network quality and customers’ perception of the firm’s
better network quality as compared to the competition.
Shortly after the market leader reduced the prices of data-
related services, the firm needed to protect its customer base
as it was clear that value and volume share would shift to
the market leader in no time; this was due to the
predominantly prepaid nature of the market, which had
customers carrying multiple SIM cards. Therefore, the firm
responded by also reducing its prices of the data services
portfolio. As a result of this response, the following
happened:

• The firm’s network capacity became congested, espe-


cially in vital geographical locations that were critical
to the business revenue. The traffic grew significantly
within a very short time.

• Customer experience was impacted due to degraded


net- work quality.

• Gross margin was negatively impacted.

Due to the above changes in the business metrics, the


firm was left with only two options, namely (i) to invest in
the net- work expansion to improve the quality of service, or
(ii) to adjust the price upward to allow traffic growth to
align with business revenue. The latter was the preferred
option for the firm as the former would require considerable
capital expendi- ture, which the firm was not ready to invest
in the network at that time.

4.2 Price adjustment objectives

The objectives are to set the price of all data service


International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems, vol. 20, no. 3, September 2020

knowledge base by the in- ference mechanism takes place in


1) Protect the revenue of the existing data customers within the second phase to discuss
the customer base.

2) Reduce data traffic to address customer experience due


to the data network congestion experience.

3)Increase the overall revenue of the data portfolio.

4.3 Fuzzy Pricing Model Development

This paper proposes and implements a new fuzzy knowledge-


based pricing expert system for mobile telecommunication
ser- vices named FDPS. It provides a solution to the four
major problems that are associated with strategic pricing in
the mo- bile market: demand estimation, cost estimation,
competitive analysis, and final price point recommendation
[50, 51]. The available data across the enterprise of a mobile
service provider, coupled with the data from market research
and the years of experience with different functions in the
mobile operators’ commercial roles, would serve as input to
the system. The FDPS organizes all this information
accordingly to create and form a “knowledge base”.
In a competitive environment, the price point that
maximizes profitability and aligns with strategic objectives is
generated from the knowledge base through the underlying
mathemati- cal tools. This system uses fuzzy logic and fuzzy
reasoning in the computation of appropriate combinations of
the price points for telecommunication digital services and
products. The pricing output is expected to align with the
overall business strategy and the marketing strategy of the
firm while consider- ing all the associated strategic
constraints. While the system is somewhat restricted to short
or midterm pricing as a result of pricing volatility in the
telecommunication industry, the infer- ence leverages the
price changes in the market with a projected competition
reaction to an adjustment in price [36].

4.3.1 FDPS constructs

The FDPS utilizes a model that depends on three phases of


construction, as shown in Figures 1-3 [51, 52]. In the first
phase, the pricing and commercial experts showcase their
knowledge of the market, competitions, and their historical
expertise about outcomes of price changes through a
combination of what- if scenarios and rich customer data
about customer behavior that are readily available within the
service provider enterprise, along with market research data to
improve its knowledge base. A rigorous interrogation of the
International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems, vol. 20, no. 3, September 2020
intuition. The sys- tems take several similar scenarios. In the
profit margin maximization around different sensitivity case of data services that are bundled products for
param- eters. This stage provides projected sales and profit telecommunication operators, the
margin on the products as outputs. In the last and the third
phase, the extracts—new data resulting from system profit
maximization decisions—are used as back-check, and the
model trains itself to learn about the environment to enrich
its knowledge base and improve future decision-making.

4.3.2 What-if scenarios

A key feature of the FDPS is that all its workings follow


what-if scenarios, which are the “brain” of the entire
inference pro- cedure of the FDPS. Different scenarios also
compute price adjustment by competition, adoption, and
revenue from various products and services. The fuzzy
what-if scenarios are used in the FDPS system alongside the
fuzzy rules [53].
The FDPS considers the mobile operator in this case (Firm
A) with two competitions offering the same digital
products. The product offerings, in this case, are data
services provided to customers as data bundles of different
volumes in megabytes and gigabytes (MB/GB) with
divergent validity or expiry date at various price points, as
shown in Table 1.
Firm A is this study’s case firm, and Firms B and C are
the competition within the market. Suppose a price
adjustment is conducted by Firms B and C on their data
portfolio. A fuzzy what-if scenario for the problem that is
also a fuzzy rule may be represented as follows:

IF dPrice A is PNegativeHigh,
AND dPriceB is PNegativeLow,
AND dAPrice is PZero,
THEN dASales is SNegativeMedium.
Here, dPriceA and dPriceB are fuzzy linguistic variables
representing adjustment in the prices of the data services of
competitor A and competitor B, respectively, and dAprice
and dASales are fuzzy linguistic variables representing the
adjust- ment in price and products sales of the firm A.
PNegativeHigh, PNegativeLow, PZero, and
SNegativeMedium are fuzzy sets representing a high
decrease in price point, a low decrease in price point, and
almost no change in price, and high decrease in sales,
respectively [51].
Human experts formulate the what-if scenarios, and
appropri- ate fuzzy sets are defined for the antecedents and
the descendent rule following the business managers’ expert
International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems, vol. 20, no. 3, September 2020

Table 1.Competitive landscape of data services in the market

Data price Volume (MB) Comments


Validity
(NGN) a)
FIRM A FIRM B FIRM C
24 hours 100 50 30 30 -
b) c)
7 days 200 200 200 200 -
30 days 500 500 750 750 -
1,000 1,000 1,500 1,500 -
1,200 1,500 - - Only Firm A has this price point
2,000 2,000 3,500 3,500 -
2,500 3,500 - 5,000 Firm B does not compete at this price point
3,500 5,000 - 7,000 Firm B does not compete at this price point
5,000 - 10,000 10,000 Firm A does not have this price point
8,000 11,500 - 16,000 Firm B does not compete at this price point
10,000 15,000 22,000 22,000 -
NGN, Nigerian Naira.
a)
Introduces a 500% deal on selected price plans.
b)
At this price point, Firm A has a night plan of 1 GB (11 pm–5 am) with a 7-day validity.
c)
Firm C has an acquisition offer at this price point, and a one-off offer for the weekend.

intra-portfolio side effects are easy to manage. When a typi- independent. Along the what-if scenarios that have been built,
cal network provider makes a price move in the data services the effect of price adjustment on the revenue of the individual
portfolio, the move cuts across all products within the data product is captured, and market characteristics are obtained
ser- vices portfolio, and the daily, weekly, and monthly by the rules contained in each expert system. Reactions are
bundles will be adjusted accordingly. This is because of the fed into the fuzzy expert system following any price move by
nature of the products. For some, the intra-portfolio side the competition. At this stage, several outputs are considered
effects may need to be accommodated and accounted for. This based on acceptance or rejection following their alignment
effect is the impact that adjusting the price of some offerings with the organization’s overall strategic objective. In the case
within the company portfolio has on the sales of other of the telecommunication industry, network capacity,
offerings and products within it [36]. regulatory, and other factors would be considered at this
However, due to the complexity and sensitivity of price ad- stage.
justment, human decision-making as a role will remain A final selection is made from the final table following the
essential. Experienced commercial managers still need to possible level of price adjustments with a view to align with
make the final decision among several alternatives. In this the company’s overall strategic aims, such as profit, sales,
FDPS, this point is taken into consideration as several price and other network metrics (e.g., capacity).
points are obtained with final decisions in the hands of human
experts. 4.4 Experiments, Procedures, and Result

4.4.1 System and structure


4.3.3 FDPS architecture
The system inputs are the various changes in data pricing
Illustration of the FDPS architecture is given in Figure 4. The
across all players in the market at each product level. These
FDPS is a combination of several fuzzy experts working in
contain all product price points, validity, and data volume at
parallel with simple blocks and underlying computations [17].
every level. The expected output that is desired from the
Price adjustment by the competition serves as input into the
system is a set of values for all data offerings that will address
system along with every product of the firms. The impact
the three objectives above.
of price adjustment is predicted by all the products (N ) in
Similar problems were treated by [51, 54, 55] in their
the portfolio and by a layer of fuzzy expert systems that are
International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems, vol. 20, no. 3, September 2020
systems, which they referred to as PRICESTRAT,
FUZZYPRICE, and
International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems, vol. 20, no. 3, September 2020

Figure 4.System architecture.

exPrice, respectively. While the industries they considered price changes along with the data product segments (daily,
were different from the mobile telecommunication industry, weekly, and monthly.) A research was conducted to
the modeling processes were similar. In addition, the strategic understand customer preference for the price adjustment
aim of price adjustment altered the approach and could not direction. Con- sidering the situation of the firm A at that time,
enable a side by side comparison. Moreover, the market three were the clear approaches to adopt to increase the price
portfolio was segmented by the validity of data offers into of data services, all of which had to address the strategic
daily, weekly, and monthly bundles under each product constraints of revenue increase and protection, network
segment, and every competition had a list of offerings (Table congestion management, and customer experience:
1).
That of price increase is a highly sensitive exercise— 1)Reduction of volume in MB and reverting to the old price.
especially in a fiercely competitive market that is
2)Retaining the data volume but increasing the price per
predominantly prepaid, where the cost of switching is meager.
No assumption was made regarding the sales of the MB.
competition, and strategic con- straints were the objectives of
3) Retaining the data price and volume but off-loading
price adjustment, as mentioned in the above section.
portion of the data volume to the off-peak period when the
Three fuzzy expert systems were developed and designed
network is relatively underutilized.
with 70 rules each and with price changes in the competition
products as their inputs; the outputs were represented by the These three scenarios were loaded into the three fuzzy
changes in product uptake and revenue of firm A. A fourth expert systems that highlighted revenue projection for each
expert system was designed. Since price adjustment would product, along with the fourth system, which compensated for
shift the uptake of daily, weekly, and monthly takers, a fourth the canni- balization of the products within the three other
fuzzy expert system was used to compensate for this intra- segments—the intra-portfolio effects. The system was
portfolio effects of price adjustment for different models. The insensitive to the abso- lute figure as a result of inputs and
fourth fuzzy expert system contained 92 rules from the outputs that were percentages of change, and a single array
subject experts’ experience and reasoning. was mapped out with the input- output pairs of the results.
Several scenarios were created following the competition Strategic constraints were considered, and restrictions were
International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems, vol. 20, no. 3, September 2020
also applied, excluding the combination. The linear
programming procedure was used for the evaluation
International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems, vol. 20, no. 3, September 2020

of the final combinations, and those with maximum fitness price adjustment approach and price points at the product
were selected following the desired criterion. level are presented to decision-makers for existing data
customers.
4.4.2 Results With a well-thought-through approach using the proposed
In managing constraints and management objectives, the cus- FDPS, different price points and strategies are then suggested
tomer base is segmented into existing data bundle customers: for all products and services. The business managers’ selec-
those currently buying data services, or existing customers tion achieved the desired business objectives of firm A; data
(EC); those with a prospective data bundle, or new customers services revenue increased instantly by 5% month on month
(NC), who are not buying data services or are newly acquired with a 1.3% increase in gross margin. The network witnessed
customers. From these two broad segments, we have others a 14% reduction in data traffic, resulting in better throughput
such as price-sensitive customers (PS) and non-price-sensitive and network quality and, consequently, in a better customer
customers (NPS). Price and non-price-sensitive customers are experience, which impacted the net promoter score of the firm
known for their past responses to promotional campaigns on in the following quarter.
the network. The off-loading of the recent incremental data Other marketing mix, such as channels of engagement, was
flux on all certain data products to off-peak is one of the managed well during the implementation period. Existing
outputs of the simulation, positioned to reduce over- codes for purchases were maintained for existing customers,
utilization during the off-peak period and potentially increase and new codes with different price points were created for
data revenue. How- ever, this is managed well to ensure that new cus- tomers. No above the line (ATL) campaigns were
customer experience is not affected. All these segments are conducted on TV, radio, or social media for the data price
fed into different models. Business managers select the price adjustment as to manage customer perception of its
adjustment approach that fits different segments and expensiveness. All communi- cation was conducted below the
implement it, along with the various marketing mix strategies, line in a one-to-one marketing approach, and all online, retail,
as shown in Figure 5. and billboards were updated accordingly with commercially
For the customers that are new to data services or for non- available revamped data plans. The firm used an aggressive
data customers (NC), appropriate price adjustment and price below-the-line marketing campaign to drive uptake and
points for each product segment are suggested. In addition, performance.

Figure 5. The architectural representation of product portfolio: current and FDPS output. PAYG, Pay as You Go pricing (non-bundle
pricing).
International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems, vol. 20, no. 3, September 2020
a) Potential revenue increase, b) existing price plans, c) new billing opportunity, d) innovation, e) proposed strategy.
International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems, vol. 20, no. 3, September 2020

5. Conclusion The authors wish to thank the University of Pecs under the
Higher Education Institution Excellence Program of the Min-
This study developed a knowledge-based pricing system istry of Innovation and Technology in Hungary within the
through fuzzy logic for the pricing of mobile frame-
telecommunication data- related products and service. Our work of the 4th Thematic Program, “Enhancing the Role of
FDPS was developed and implemented for making pricing Domestic Companies in the Re-industrialization of Hungary”.
decisions on a large cellu- lar network with clear objectives
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http://doi.org/10.5391/IJFIS.2020.20.3.227

Sistem Pakar Logika Fuzzy untuk Penetapan


Harga Layanan Digital: Kasus Penyesuaian
Harga untuk Penyedia Layanan Seluler
Adeolu Olukorede Dairo dan Krisztia´n Szu˝ cs
Fakultas Bisnis dan Ekonomi, Universitas Pecs, Hongaria

Abstrak
Karena perangkat pintar dan terminal yang terhubung terus tumbuh seiring dengan
konten digital, lalu lintas data penyedia layanan seluler juga tumbuh, dan perang harga di
pasar seluler mendorong pertumbuhan lalu lintas tanpa peningkatan pendapatan yang
sepadan. Akibatnya, investasi belanja modal jaringan (CAPEX), kualitas pengalaman, dan
pengalaman pelanggan berada di bawah tekanan yang sangat besar. Dalam pasar seluler
yang kompetitif, harga strategis mungkin memainkan peran penting dalam mengelola
tekanan ini hanya jika alat yang sesuai tersedia untuk penyedia layanan. Dalam makalah
ini, sistem harga ahli berbasis pengetahuan fuzzy dikembangkan dengan fokus pada
penyelesaian lalu lintas jaringan, perang harga, dan tantangan pendapatan bisnis dalam
pasar seluler yang kompetitif. Intinya terletak pada kemampuannya untuk
merekomendasikan titik harga terkait layanan digital dan data dalam lingkungan seluler
yang kompetitif dan perang harga. Sistem penetapan harga yang diusulkan secara
eksperimental dievaluasi melalui uji coba yang dilakukan pada beberapa segmen basis
pelanggan penyedia layanan seluler di pasar berkembang dan kemudian ditingkatkan ke
basis yang lebih luas. Setelah penerapan, pendapatan layanan data meningkat, dan
keseluruhan margin kotor meningkat dengan penurunan lalu lintas data, menghasilkan
kualitas jaringan dan hasil yang lebih baik, dan akibatnya, pengalaman pelanggan yang
lebih baik dengan peningkatan skor promotor bersih.
Kata kunci: Penyesuaian harga, Layanan data, Layanan digital, Pakar
fuzzy, Berbasis pengetahuan

1. pengantar

Diterima: 26 Mei 2020 Penetapan harga merupakan bagian integral dari fungsi
Direvisi: 2 September 2020
Diterima: 12 Sep 2020 pemasaran dan yang sangat penting untuk kelangsungan
Korespondensike: Krisztia´n Szu˝ cs ( szucsk@ktk.pte.hu ) hidup perusahaan secara keseluruhan. Ini adalah aspek
© Institut Sistem Cerdas Korea
bauran pemasaran yang tidak dapat dilakukan oleh
ⓍccThis adalah artikel Akses Terbuka yang disebarluaskan di bawah
perusahaan untuk melakukan kesalahan [1, 2]. Peningkatan
persyaratan Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial Li- cense kesadaran di pihak konsumen dan munculnya pembeli
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ oleh-nc / 3.0 /) yang mengizinkan cerdas telah membuat penetapan harga produk dan layanan
penggunaan, distribusi, dan reproduksi non-komersial yang tidak dibatasi
menjadi lebih kompleks dan kritis dalam fungsi pemasaran
dalam media apa pun, asalkan karya aslinya dikutip dengan benar.
[3–5]. Selain itu, strategi di balik penetapan harga sangat
International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems, vol. 20, no. 3, September 2020
penting karena perilaku pelanggan yang berbeda —
karenanya kebutuhan untuk memberi harga produk dan
layanan untuk segmen sasaran yang berbeda di pasar secara
tepat.
Dalam pasar yang kompetitif di mana keputusan
penetapan harga, jika salah, dapat menjadi bencana besar
bagi suatu merek karena kurangnya bukti tentang
bagaimana pasar akan bereaksi terhadap perubahan harga,
para ahli dapat memanfaatkan istilah linguistik fuzzy untuk
menavigasi masalah [6, 7] . Kemampuan logika fuzzy untuk
mengaitkan ambiguitas yang mencirikan keputusan
penetapan harga dengan penerapan data yang tidak tepat
memotivasi penggunaannya dalam penelitian ini tentang
penyesuaian harga. Untuk harga-seluler-dan-digital
International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems, vol. 20, no. 3, September 2020

pemikiran manusia, yaitu otak, dan komputer. Penerapan


terkait layanan, tujuan penetapan harga adalah fundamental, sistem pakar, yang menangani ketidakpastian dengan
menjadi motivasi untuk perubahan titik harga dari produk memanfaatkan pemrosesan informasi fuzzy melalui aturan
yang ada atau untuk menetapkan titik harga ke produk baru fuzzy, membentang di banyak industri seperti kedokteran,
[8-10]. Misalnya, jika pemimpin pasar membuat pergerakan ruang angkasa, teknik, dan manajemen [14]. Dalam studi ini,
harga dalam lingkungan seluler yang kompetitif, pemain lain sistem harga ahli berbasis pengetahuan fuzzy dikembangkan
mungkin perlu menyesuaikan harga mereka untuk melindungi dengan fokus pada penyelesaian lalu lintas jaringan, perang
pangsa pasar mereka di seluruh nilai dan volume. Motivasi di harga, dan tantangan pendapatan bisnis dalam pasar seluler
balik pergerakan harga menentukan strategi yang digunakan yang kompetitif. Alat penetapan harga berbasis pengetahuan
untuk membawa perubahan harga kepada konsumen. Ketika ahli ini diberi nama Fuzzy Digital Pricing System (FDPS). Alat
manajer komersial mempertimbangkan titik harga yang tepat, tersebut diimplementasikan
faktor-faktor seperti strategi pemasaran, persaingan, dan nilai
pada beberapa segmen basis pelanggan penyedia
terkait yang dianggap cocok oleh konsumen untuk produk
layanan seluler di pasar yang sedang berkembang sebagai
teratas dalam daftar untuk dipertimbangkan [11, 12],
percontohan dan kemudian ditingkatkan ke segmen yang
meskipun mereka membawa banyak ambiguitas daripada
lebih signifikan darinya. Ringkasan kontribusi makalah ini
kepastian. Di sinilah penilaian manusia dan ahli berperan
adalah sebagai berikut: (1) FDPS menggunakan data
dalam pengambilan keputusan, karena pemahaman dan
pelanggan historis di seluruh elemen jaringan, informasi riset
kemampuan manusia dapat menembus data yang tidak tepat
pasar, data pesaing, dan pengalaman profesional komersial
atau tidak jelas yang tidak dapat dimodelkan dengan mudah.
dan jaringan dari penyedia layanan untuk membangun basis
Melalui istilah-istilah linguistik, para ahli menetapkan skor
pengetahuannya;
seperti tinggi dan rendah untuk peristiwa ketika sulit untuk
(2) melalui penyesuaian harga dan titik harga yang
membuat pengukuran kemungkinan yang pasti atau spesifik,
direkomendasikan untuk data dan layanan terkait digital
atau ketika mereka kekurangan bukti tentang situasinya.
yang didukung oleh FDPS, masalah estimasi biaya, estimasi
Keadaan ini dicirikan oleh data yang tidak jelas dan tidak tepat
permintaan, dan masalah persaingan (perang harga), yang
sehingga menetapkan nilai yang tajam (non-fuzzy) ke
merupakan masalah harga strategis kritis yang dihadapi
penilaian yang tampaknya subjektif menjadi sulit [13].
layanan seluler penyedia di lingkungan pasar yang
Kemampuan logika fuzzy untuk menangkap dan
kompetitif dan besar ditangani; (3) kami mengembangkan
melambangkan ambiguitas yang terkait dengan membuat
dan menerapkan sistem penetapan harga berbasis
penilaian dari data yang tidak tepat memotivasi
pengetahuan fuzzy melalui uji coba yang kemudian
penggunaannya untuk model harga layanan digital dan terkait
diperluas ke basis pelanggan yang besar. Kinerja diukur
data dari penyedia layanan telekomunikasi seluler dalam
bersama dengan kendala strategis yang mendasarinya, dan
penelitian ini.
keputusan penyesuaian harga dibuat melalui poin harga
Secara umum, sistem pakar adalah sistem berbasis yang direkomendasikan dari pengurangan lalu lintas data
komputer dengan komponen yang disempurnakan berbasis (penghematan CAPEX), data, dan pertumbuhan pendapatan
pengetahuan sehingga dapat memberikan saran atau digital, dengan peningkatan margin kotor dan skor
membantu membuat keputusan cerdas; sistem melakukan promotor bersih. Bagian 2 dari makalah ini membahas
tindakan cerdas ini berdasarkan aturan yang mendasarinya. tentang logika fuzzy, penerapan sistem pakar, dan studi
Konstituen utama dari sistem pakar fuzzy adalah logika fuzzy. terkait. Bagian 3 menyajikan sistem penetapan harga ahli
Pola yang digunakan logika fuzzy merupakan sinonim dari yang kabur dan dinamika penetapan harga di lingkungan
pemikiran manusia. Sedangkan untuk otak manusia, pasar seluler. Bagian 4 menguraikan perkembangan FDPS
keputusan dapat dibuat dengan informasi yang tidak lengkap serta implementasinya, hasil, dan diskusi melalui studi kasus
dan tidak pasti, tetapi komputer hanya dapat mengatur operator seluler dengan basis pelanggan yang besar di pasar
penilaian yang tepat. Data yang memiliki angka “0” dan “1” negara berkembang. Bagian 5 adalah kesimpulannya.
hanya dapat dipahami oleh komputer; Oleh karena itu, logika
fuzzy menyediakan perantara berupa antarmuka antara
International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems, vol. 20, no. 3, September 2020
"sakit kepala = parah" dan "muntah = parah" dan tubuh "lemah
= parah" dan "pusing = parah" dan "nyeri sendi = ringan" dan
2. Latar Belakang kehilangan nafsu makan parah, MAKA "malaria = berat?.

2.1 Pekerjaan yang berhubungan


Penyesuaian harga adalah alat yang digunakan oleh Gupta dan Celtek [19] membangun sistem pakar fuzzy
perusahaan untuk tetap kompetitif di tengah pasar yang untuk otomatisasi pemrosesan pinjaman usaha kecil. Sistem
bergejolak dan sangat kompetitif. Perusahaan mungkin perlu menentukan siapa, di antara pelamar, yang memenuhi syarat
menyesuaikan harga karena biaya, peraturan, persaingan, atau untuk mendapatkan pinjaman. Beberapa variabel, seperti
beberapa faktor lainnya. Terlepas dari elemen yang kemampuan membayar, riwayat kredit, investasi pemilik, dan
mempengaruhi penyesuaian harga, pergerakan harga akan kemampuan manajemen, dianggap sebagai masukan dalam
berdampak pada kinerja bisnis [15]. Memastikan bahwa sistem. Fungsi keanggotaan dalam sistem ini tumpang tindih
dampaknya positif pada intinya tanpa reaksi dari pelanggan segitiga dan trapesium yang terdiri dari nama fungsi dan nilai
adalah apa yang membuat keputusan penetapan harga keanggotaan, dan operator agregasi menghitung tingkat
menjadi tugas yang sensitif dan menantang bagi perusahaan pemenuhan. Dengan sekitar 109 aturan, sistem memberikan
[6]. Dalam praktiknya, manajer dihadapkan pada pengambilan output untuk meminjamkan atau tidak meminjamkan
keputusan terkait harga dengan konsekuensi yang sangat besar pinjaman kepada pelanggan.
pada kinerja bisnis jika produk tidak dihargai dengan baik. Sebuah sistem pakar fuzzy berbasis web dikembangkan dan
Dalam situasi seperti itu, ketika manajer tidak memiliki cukup dilaksanakan oleh Goodarzi dan Rafe [20] sebagai penasihat
bukti, atau ketika para ahli kekurangan semua data yang karir dalam pengaturan pendidikan. Kursus yang lulus, nilai
relevan untuk membuat penilaian yang tepat, para ahli kursus, IPK, dan peringkat siswa di berbagai parameter
memanfaatkan istilah-istilah linguistik yang kabur [16]. Fuzzy digunakan sebagai variabel input. Kategorisasi IPK siswa dalam
logic menarik kekuatannya dari kemampuannya untuk kelompok yang berbeda diwakili dalam istilah linguistik seperti
menyerap ambiguitas dan menerapkan vague- data ness dan Sangat Baik, Lemah, dan Sangat Lemah, yang membentuk
tidak tepat untuk membuat penilaian yang baik, seperti fungsi keanggotaan Gaussian (eksponensial) setelah memilih
keputusan harga; ini memotivasi penggunaannya dalam padanan numerik dari istilah linguistik yang membawa tingkat
penelitian ini. keanggotaan maksimum. Sistem pakar fuzzy ini merupakan
Beberapa aplikasi sistem pakar fuzzy telah disorot dalam sistem penasihat pendidikan yang tangguh dengan beberapa
literatur di berbagai domain. Dengan memanfaatkan teori aturan fuzzy. Itu juga digunakan untuk pengembangan sistem
inferensi fuzzy, sistem harga berbasis agen untuk lelang online medis generik untuk penyakit jantung, diagnosis dengan
diusulkan oleh Li et al. [17]. Mediator, penjual, dan pembeli menggunakan gejala penyakit jantung sebagai masukan. Para
adalah tiga agen yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini, dan penulis [21] membagi variabel masukan menjadi variabel
keluarannya adalah sistem yang nyaman dan dapat disesuaikan linguistik seperti "rendah", "sedang", "tinggi", dan "sangat
untuk pembeli dan penjual melalui aturan kabur yang tinggi". Sistem menggunakan fuzzifier tipe segitiga dan
mendasari strategi harga dan negosiasi mereka. Di sektor trapesium, dan nilai keputusan tertimbang agregat
kesehatan, Djam et al. [18] mengembangkan sistem pakar fuzzy menentukan risiko penyakit jantung sesuai dengan aturan
untuk penyakit dan manajemen malaria. Dengan fuzzy yang ditentukan. Dalam sistem pakar fuzzy ini, metode
memanfaatkan masukan berupa gejala yang ditunjukkan sentroid digunakan untuk defuzzifikasi hasil agregat menjadi
pasien, sistem mendeteksi keberadaan parasit malaria. Untuk nilai crisp. Keluaran keseluruhan dari sistem menentukan
proses fuzzifikasi, fuzzifier berbentuk segitiga digunakan untuk apakah seorang pasien berisiko terkena penyakit jantung atau
menentukan serangkaian gejala yang relevan dengan parasit. tidak.
Penulis menerapkan nilai fuzzy untuk setiap gejala, dan faktor Nolan [22] mengembangkan aplikasi logika fuzzy untuk
pembobotan juga diterapkan pada set gejala. Dari himpunan penilaian di lingkungan pendidikan. Sistem ini
fuzzy (ringan, 1; sedang, 2; parah, 3; sangat parah, 4), mereka memanfaatkan sampel dan nilai yang diberikan kepada
memilih nilai bersama dengan keanggotaan masing-masing siswa untuk tulisan dan esai mereka. Variabel yang dapat
dengan memanfaatkan fuzzifier segitiga. Menurut sistem, JIKA dipisahkan, seperti pemahaman siswa dan skor pemahaman
International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems, vol. 20, no. 3, September 2020
membaca [23] digunakan sebagai masukan, dan variabel penyampaian layanan jaringan. Namun, industri telah
linguistik seperti "berwawasan" dan "bijaksana" berasal dari mengembangkan pendekatan standar yang menjadi dasar
masukan yang tajam; Aturan fuzzy seperti "JIKA pemahaman penetapan harga produk dan layanan mereka [29, 30].
tinggi, dan pengenalan karakter tinggi, MAKA pemahaman Di pasar telekomunikasi, pelanggan membandingkan harga
bacaan tinggi" dianggap sebagai aturan yang mendasari. menggunakan katalog online, alat pencarian khusus, dan
Dalam transformasi himpunan fuzzy menjadi output crisp platform kolaboratif. Di pasar yang didominasi prabayar, di
yang dapat digunakan melalui proses defuzzifikasi, metode mana banyak pelanggan seluler memiliki kartu SIM dari dua
centroid diterapkan. atau lebih penyedia layanan, perbandingan harga lebih jelas
Razak dkk. [24] mengembangkan sistem rekomendasi [31]; Oleh karena itu, operator seluler tidak punya pilihan
jalur karir untuk siswa dengan logika fuzzy dan evaluasi. selain memperhatikan beberapa parameter saat menetapkan
Selain itu, kinerja fakultas dalam institusi teknis dimodelkan harga [31].
oleh sistem pakar fuzzy oleh Jyothi et al. [25]. Penulis Faktor-faktor seperti persaingan, posisi pasar, biaya servis,
[26] menggabungkan langkah-langkah penetapan dan biaya manajemen pelanggan memainkan peran penting
harga logika fuzzy dengan prosedur pencarian adaptif untuk bagi penyedia layanan seluler dalam membuat pergerakan
menetapkan harga reservasi dalam lelang iklan online. harga yang tepat. Namun, operator telah mengembangkan
Metode tersebut mengungguli algoritme serupa dalam algoritme yang dapat mempelajari pola dari data, terus
eksperimen yang melibatkan data lelang iklan nyata dan menerus mengintegrasikan informasi baru, dan mendeteksi
terbukti membantu pengambilan keputusan yang lebih baik tren yang muncul atau perubahan permintaan. Dengan cara
dalam reservasi harga. ini, operator seluler mendapatkan keuntungan dari model
Ketika sebuah merek memasuki pasar dengan suatu prediktif yang memungkinkan mereka menentukan harga
produk, salah satu item terpenting yang menghubungkan terbaik untuk setiap produk atau layanan, yaitu harga yang
semua aktivitas masuk ke pasar dengan pelanggan adalah dioptimalkan (Lihat Gambar 1).
harga; Oleh karena itu, menetapkan titik harga yang tepat Harga ditetapkan untuk produk dan layanan melalui
untuk suatu produk adalah keputusan penting untuk optimalisasi harga dan direvisi secara teratur karena
mendorong produk atau jasa ke pasar [11]. Harga adalah perubahan konstan dalam perilaku pelanggan dan kualitas
komponen yang terlihat dari layanan atau produk apa pun layanan. Preferensi pelanggan sering kali dianalisis melalui
dan menentukan dorongan konsumen terhadap keputusan analisis gabungan otomatis sambil memantau persaingan
pembelian. Biaya secara alami memainkan peran penting dalam waktu nyata untuk melacak tindakan pesaing. Dengan
dalam menetapkan titik harga; Namun, nilai terkait yang demikian, operator seluler mencoba memahami reaksi
dilampirkan pelanggan ke produk atau layanan juga pelanggan terhadap strategi penetapan harga yang berbeda
merupakan faktor penting yang harus dipertimbangkan saat sambil menemukan harga terbaik yang menguntungkan bagi
menentukan harga item. Ini adalah nilai produk atau margin kotor dan hasil mereka di tingkat produk [32].
layanan bagi konsumen dalam istilah moneter, dan ini Dalam proses mengembangkan titik harga untuk
disebut sebagai nilai pelanggan [27]. Biaya suatu produk produk dan layanan, beberapa data dikumpulkan sebagai
atau layanan tidak terlihat oleh konsumen, sedangkan ini masukan. Riwayat penjualan yang mencakup daftar produk
merupakan faktor penting untuk pertimbangan titik harga yang dibeli bersama dengan penggunaan pelanggan di
dari pihak penyedia layanan. Manajer penetapan harga tingkat individu atau segmen dipertimbangkan. Informasi
ditantang untuk menentukan titik harga yang mengatur yang relevan tentang setiap produk dan informasi tentang
biaya dan yang memenuhi persepsi konsumen tentang promosi dan kampanye pemasaran sebelumnya merupakan
produk atau layanan dalam hal nilai [28]. input data. Selain itu, ulasan dan umpan balik yang
diberikan oleh pelanggan tentang mekanisme produk dan
2.2 Harga Produk dan Layanan Telekomunikasi Seluler aturan bisnis di sepanjang dinamika pasar dari lokasi

Secara tradisional, harga produk dan layanan di industri geografis dan pesaing lainnya adalah di antara data yang

telekomunikasi seluler adalah salah satu model yang paling relevan yang akan dipertimbangkan oleh operator selama

kompleks karena kompleksitas yang terkait dengan proses penetapan harga mereka [33].
International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems, vol. 20, no. 3, September 2020
Biasanya, tujuan dan batasan strategis ditentukan saat telah menggunakan model linier umum (GLMs), terutama
mempertimbangkan pergerakan harga. Beberapa tujuan yang regresi logistik; Namun, model yang lebih kompleks telah
jelas untuk dikejar mungkin berupa pemaksimalan dikembangkan belakangan ini [34]. Misalnya, bergantung
keuntungan, reaksi terhadap pergerakan persaingan, atau pada volume data yang tersedia, metode pembelajaran
keputusan peraturan untuk menaikkan atau menurunkan mendalam juga dapat digunakan, terutama untuk memberi
harga di seluruh pasar. Dalam pengembangan model dan harga pada produk yang ada yang riwayat perilaku
pelatihan model, operator mobil mengandalkan berbagai penggunaan pelanggannya tersedia.
model untuk pengoptimalan harga. Secara historis, mereka

Gambar 1.Harga kerangka mesin.


International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems, vol. 20, no. 3, September 2020

2.3 Perlunya Penetapan Harga Berbasis Pengetahuan


di antara faktor-faktor lainnya. Di pasar seluler yang
sedang berkembang, di mana persaingan sangat ketat
Penetapan harga produk dan layanan lebih rumit di
karena biaya akuisisi pelanggan yang rendah, pergerakan
industri telekomunikasi daripada di sebagian besar sektor
harga dan keputusan penyesuaian harga sebagian besar
lainnya. Salah satu alasan utama adalah bahwa sebagian
bergantung pada apa yang dilakukan oleh pemimpin pasar
besar komponen biaya tidak diketahui, sedangkan daftar item
atau pendatang baru. Misalnya, konsekuensi bisa sangat
biaya sangat banyak [32]. Misalnya, banyak operator seluler
besar jika pemimpin pasar membuat pergerakan harga, dan
merasa kesulitan untuk memastikan biaya yang mereka
orang lain tidak mengikuti atau menunda mengikuti
keluarkan untuk menyediakan satu megabyte (MB) data
pemimpin dengan cara yang kreatif.
untuk pelanggan mereka. Biaya rumit seperti biaya spektrum,
biaya regulasi, biaya terkait stasiun pangkalan, biaya serat, Namun, karena pendapatan data sebagian

biaya yang terkait dengan sisi inti jaringan, dan biaya akuisisi mengkompensasi penurunan pendapatan suara dari industri

adalah item baris biaya. Jika penyedia jaringan seluler merasa seluler, perusahaan dalam industri harus mulai

kesulitan untuk menentukan biaya layanan data mereka, mempertimbangkan semua masalah harga terkait sebagai

bagaimana mereka dapat menentukan harga secara akurat ” pengoptimalan portofolio. Dengan demikian, semua produk
operator seluler dihargai sebagai bagian dari keseluruhan
Tidak seperti industri lain, layanan harga dan produk dalam
portofolio, sehingga keuntungan dapat dimaksimalkan
industri telekomunikasi seluler ditentukan terutama oleh
seiring dengan pencapaian tujuan strategis [35].
persaingan dan regulasi. Pertama, badan pengatur
menetapkan ambang harga minimum bersama dengan data,
suara, dan tarif interkoneksi di banyak pasar, yang 3. Sistem Harga Pakar Fuzzy
menetapkan tingkat harga minimum atau terkadang
maksimum untuk produk dan layanan. Persaingan, di sisi lain, 3.1 Sistem Pakar
menentukan seberapa jauh setiap operator dapat melampaui
Sistem pakar menemukan asalnya di cabang
tolok ukur peraturan. Pendekatan regulasi ini telah
komputasi yang sekarang disebut sebagai kecerdasan
menyelamatkan banyak pasar dari mengikis seluruh nilai
buatan [36]. Sistem pakar adalah bagian dari ilmu komputer
mereka sebagai akibat dari perang harga. Dengan dua faktor
yang memanfaatkan metode simbolik dan non-algoritmik
penting ini, setiap analisis yang dapat diterima untuk
untuk menyelesaikan tugas-tugas yang tampaknya terlalu
penetapan harga dalam ruang ini perlu mempertimbangkan
sulit dilakukan oleh manusia. Mereka adalah program
permintaan, penawaran, dan tujuan strategis perusahaan
komputer yang menggunakan pengetahuan dan simulasi
secara keseluruhan untuk penetapan harga atau penyesuaian
pemecahan masalah pada tingkat yang sebanding dengan
harga.
ahli manusia [19, 37]. Komponen utama sistem pakar adalah
Sasaran strategis penetapan harga utama justru didorong basis pengetahuan, mesin inferensi, fuzzifier, defuzzifier,
oleh apa yang ingin dicapai perusahaan. Ini bisa berupa jenis dan antarmuka pengguna [14, 38], seperti yang ditunjukkan
merek yang coba dibangun perusahaan, segmen pasar yang pada Gambar 2. Mesin inferensi bertanggung jawab untuk
ditargetkan oleh penawaran, atau ukuran pangsa pasar mengambil keputusan berdasarkan pemahaman dan
perusahaan, interpretasinya
International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems, vol. 20, no. 3, September 2020

Gambar 2.Alat sistem pakar dan komponen terkait.


International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems, vol. 20, no. 3, September 2020

dari pengetahuan ahli. Partisipan utama dalam sistem • Basis pengetahuan adalah bagian yang menampung
pakar adalah pakar domain, yang bertanggung jawab untuk aturan produksi fuzzy. Ini adalah dalam bentuk “Jika A
membuat keputusan. Mereka adalah insinyur dan pengguna lalu B,” sehingga A dan B adalah himpunan fuzzy, yang
dengan pengalaman dan pengetahuan yang luas tentang masing-masing ditentukan pada domain input dan
strategi pemecahan masalah dengan memanfaatkan output bersama dengan fungsi keanggotaan yang
kesamaan antara masalah yang dipecahkan di masa lalu dan ditentukan dari nilai yang memungkinkan.
masalah saat ini. Ketika sistem pakar sedang dikembangkan,
• Basis data adalah bagian yang menyimpan parameter
insinyur pengetahuan mengandalkan pakar domain untuk
masalah bersama dengan fakta lainnya.
menjelaskan setiap langkah proses pengambilan keputusan
dengan cermat. • Mesin inferensi bertanggung jawab untuk
mengevaluasi aturan fuzzy yang terdapat dalam basis
3.1.1 Komponen sistem pakar pengetahuan.

• Modul fuzzifikasi dan defuzzifikasi masing-masing


Proses fuzzifikasi mengambil variabel input dan
mengubah masukan yang tajam menjadi rangkaian
membandingkannya dengan fungsi keanggotaan bagian
fuzzy dan rangkaian fuzzy menjadi keluaran yang
anteseden dari aturan fuzzy, memberikan nilai keanggotaan
tajam.
ke setiap label linguistik.
Di sisi lain, defuzzifikasi adalah keseluruhan proses yang
3.2 Alat Penetapan Harga Ahli
menggabungkan output dari himpunan fuzzy yang dihasilkan
oleh mekanisme inferensi. Tujuan keseluruhan dari proses ini Sistem pakar adalah alat yang dibuat dengan komponen
adalah untuk mendapatkan makna yang jelas dari himpunan yang berbeda. Dalam penentuan harga layanan digital,
fuzzy, mengubahnya dari himpunan agregasi menjadi salah Gambar 1 menggambarkan arsitektur dan berbagai elemen
satu nilai numerik yang dapat dimanfaatkan oleh pengguna. yang membentuk alat harga ahli, yang menyerupai shell
Dalam sistem logika fuzzy, defuzzifikasi adalah proses terakhir, yang berisi semua komponen sistem pakar yang khas dalam
dan ini menghasilkan keluaran keripik dari gabungan lingkungan perangkat lunak [36]. Dalam lingkungan
gabungan keluaran dari himpunan fuzzy. Ini menerjemahkan pengembangan aplikasi, shell menjelaskan pengembangan
seluruh output fuzzy menjadi satu nilai crisp sepanjang derajat end-to-end, konfigurasi, dan inisiasi semua komponen yang
nilai keanggotaan, dan sistem kemudian menggunakan nilai relevan. Proses ini sejalan dengan model penyesuaian harga
crisp yang diterapkan. Ketika membandingkannya dengan sistem pakar kami, seperti yang ditunjukkan pada Gambar 3.
fuzzifikasi, ini adalah proses transformasi terbalik yang Dalam kasus ini, basis pengetahuan terdiri dari pengetahuan
merepresentasikan himpunan fuzzy dengan bilangan crisp faktual dan heuristik menggunakan aturan IF-THEN. Dalam
karena, dalam sistem fuzzy, representasi internal data berada mesin penalaran, mekanisme inferensi sedang bekerja; itu
dalam himpunan fuzzy. melakukan manipulasi informasi dalam basis pengetahuan
Berikut ini adalah komponen arsitektural dari sistem: untuk menghasilkan garis penalaran untuk memecahkan
masalah dan masalah.
Subsistem penjelasan menjelaskan semua tindakan
dalam sistem, sedangkan antarmuka pengguna berdiri
sebagai sarana
International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems, vol. 20, no. 3, September 2020

Gambar 3.Alat sistem pakar dan komponen terkait untuk penyesuaian harga.
International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems, vol. 20, no. 3, September 2020

berkomunikasi dengan pengguna. Tidak seperti area subset fuzzy dari ruang output. Keluaran aturan
penerapan sistem pakar lainnya, antarmuka pengguna sangat individu ini dilambangkan sebagai Rj.
penting dalam industri telekomunikasi seluler; pada
• Pengumpulan atau agregasi dari masing-masing aturan
kenyataannya, implementasi keputusan akhir bisa menjadi
untuk mendapatkan keluaran sistem fuzzy secara
bencana jika tidak dikelola dengan baik di semua elemen
keseluruhan sebagai bagian dari ruang keluaran fuzzy.
jaringan [36, 44].
Output keseluruhan ini direpresentasikan sebagai R.
Dalam praktiknya, metode yang paling banyak diterapkan
dan populer yang dapat diterima di seluruh aplikasi adalah • Beberapa tindakan dipilih berdasarkan set keluaran.
pengetahuan ahli [11]. Namun, ketika pengetahuan ahli tidak
tersedia, sistem pengklasifikasi fuzzy dan metode meta-rule
yang memanfaatkan jaringan saraf tiruan atau algoritma
genetika dipertimbangkan. Penentuan aturan dan berbagai
pendekatan dirinci dalam [45].
Secara sederhana, aturan fuzzy berisi ekspresi If-Then rule
sedemikian rupa sehingga premis dan kesimpulan keduanya
merupakan himpunan fuzzy. Bagian "Jika", yang merupakan
anteseden, dan bagian "Kemudian", yang merupakan
konsekuensinya, adalah dua komponen utama. Kondisi set
tunggal atau gabungan yang digabungkan oleh operator "OR"
dan "AND" dapat terdiri dari anteseden. Langkah berikut
penentuan aturan adalah melakukan proses inferensi
sepanjang derajat masukan sesuai aturan fuzzy. Untuk
menekan fungsi keanggotaan konsekuensi aturan, dua
metode yang umum digunakan adalah "clipping" dan "scaling"
[16].

3.2.1 Pemodelan dan agregasi fuzzy

Aturan fuzzy adalah teknik yang mendasari di balik


sistem yang kompleks dan tidak jelas yang menerapkan teori
himpunan fuzzy. Beberapa dari aplikasi tersebut adalah
sistem pakar fuzzy, kontrol logika fuzzy, dan pemodelan
sistem fuzzy [46-48]. Menurut [49], situasi ini merupakan
himpunan dari n aturan yang berbentuk:

R1: Jika x adalah A1 maka y adalah C1,


R2: Jika x adalah A2 maka y adalah C2,
.................
Rn: Jika x adalah An maka y adalah Cn.
Dalam proses inferensi fuzzy, berikut empat algoritma
langkah yang terlibat [47]:

• Setiap aturan ditentukan dan dicocokkan menurut


relevansinya dengan nilai masukan saat ini.

• Output dari setiap aturan juga ditentukan sebagai


International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems, vol. 20, no. 3, September 2020

4. Penyesuaian Harga - Kasus 4.2 Tujuan penyesuaian harga

4.1 Pernyataan masalah Tujuannya adalah untuk menetapkan harga semua


penawaran layanan data dalam portofolio dengan tujuan
Tujuannya adalah untuk memecahkan masalah yang
untuk:
dihadapi oleh penyedia layanan seluler di pasar yang sedang
berkembang, yang sebagian besar merupakan pasar
prabayar dengan penyesuaian harga ke atas dari portofolio 1) Lindungi pendapatan pelanggan data yang ada dalam
layanan data perusahaan dan ditandai dengan perang harga basis pelanggan.
layanan data yang parah. Situasi memburuk untuk semua 2) Kurangi lalu lintas data untuk mengatasi pengalaman
pemain ketika pemimpin pasar ikut-ikutan dan menurunkan pelanggan karena pengalaman kemacetan jaringan data.
harga data secara signifikan, yang menyebabkan erosi nilai
yang luar biasa. Alhasil, penyedia layanan seluler tersebut 3)Meningkatkan pendapatan keseluruhan dari portofolio data.
menjadi operator termahal di pasar. Pada awal perang
harga, perusahaan mempertahankan penetapan harga 4.3 Pengembangan Model Penetapan Harga Fuzzy
dengan memanfaatkan kualitas jaringan dan persepsi
Makalah ini mengusulkan dan mengimplementasikan sistem
pelanggan tentang kualitas jaringan perusahaan yang lebih
pakar harga berbasis pengetahuan fuzzy baru untuk layanan
baik dibandingkan dengan pesaing. Tak lama setelah
telekomunikasi seluler bernama FDPS. Ini memberikan solusi
pemimpin pasar menurunkan harga layanan terkait data,
untuk empat masalah utama yang terkait dengan harga
perusahaan perlu melindungi basis pelanggannya karena
strateggis di pasar mobil: estimasi permintaan, estimasi biaya,
jelas bahwa nilai dan pangsa volume akan beralih ke
analisis kompetitif, dan rekomendasi titik harga akhir [50, 51].
pemimpin pasar dalam waktu singkat; hal ini disebabkan
Data yang tersedia di seluruh perusahaan penyedia layanan
oleh sifat pasar yang didominasi prabayar, yang memiliki
seluler, ditambah dengan data dari riset pasar dan
pelanggan yang membawa banyak kartu SIM. Oleh karena
pengalaman bertahun-tahun dengan fungsi yang berbeda
itu, perusahaan menanggapi dengan juga menurunkan
dalam peran komersial operator seluler, akan berfungsi
harga portofolio layanan datanya. Akibat tanggapan ini,
sebagai masukan untuk sistem. FDPS mengatur semua
yang berikut terjadi:
informasi ini sesuai untuk membuat dan membentuk “basis
• Kapasitas jaringan perusahaan menjadi padat, pengetahuan”.
terutama di lokasi geografis penting yang sangat Dalam lingkungan yang kompetitif, titik harga yang
penting bagi pendapatan bisnis. Lalu lintas tumbuh memaksimalkan profitabilitas dan sejalan dengan tujuan
secara signifikan dalam waktu yang sangat singkat. strategis dihasilkan dari basis pengetahuan melalui alat
matematika yang mendasarinya. Sistem ini menggunakan
• Pengalaman pelanggan terpengaruh karena kualitas logika fuzzy dan penalaran fuzzy dalam perhitungan
jaringan yang menurun. kombinasi titik harga yang tepat untuk produk dan layanan
• Margin kotor terkena dampak negatif. telekomunikasi digital. Output harga diharapkan selaras
dengan keseluruhan strategi bisnis dan strategi pemasaran
Karena perubahan metrik bisnis di atas, perusahaan perusahaan sambil mempertimbangkan semua kendala
hanya memiliki dua pilihan, yaitu (i) berinvestasi dalam strategis yang terkait. Sementara sistem agak terbatas pada
perluasan jaringan untuk meningkatkan kualitas layanan, penetapan harga jangka pendek atau menengah sebagai
atau (ii) untuk menyesuaikan harga ke atas untuk akibat dari ketidakstabilan harga dalam industri
memungkinkan lalu lintas. pertumbuhan agar selaras telekomunikasi, kesimpulan memanfaatkan perubahan harga
dengan pendapatan bisnis. Yang terakhir adalah pilihan yang di pasar dengan reaksi persaingan yang diproyeksikan
disukai untuk perusahaan karena yang pertama akan terhadap penyesuaian harga [36].
membutuhkan pengeluaran modal yang besar, dimana
perusahaan tidak siap untuk berinvestasi di jaringan pada
saat itu.
International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems, vol. 20, no. 3, September 2020

4.3.1 Konstruksi FDPS


FDPS menggunakan model yang bergantung pada
tiga fase konstruksi, seperti yang ditunjukkan pada Gambar
1-3 [51, 52]. Pada fase pertama, ahli penetapan harga dan Perusahaan A adalah perusahaan kasus studi ini, dan
komersial memamerkan pengetahuan mereka tentang Perusahaan B dan C adalah persaingan dalam pasar.
pasar, kompetisi, dan keahlian historis mereka tentang hasil Misalkan penyesuaian harga dilakukan oleh Perusahaan B
perubahan harga melalui kombinasi skenario bagaimana- dan C pada portofolio data mereka. Skenario fuzzy
jika dan data pelanggan yang kaya tentang perilaku bagaimana-jika untuk masalah yang juga merupakan aturan
pelanggan yang tersedia dalam layanan. perusahaan fuzzy dapat direpresentasikan sebagai berikut:
penyedia, bersama dengan data riset pasar untuk
meningkatkan basis pengetahuannya. Sebuah interogasi JIKA dPrice A PNegativeHigh, AND
yang ketat dari basis pengetahuan dengan mekanisme dPriceB PNegativeLow, AND
interferensi berlangsung di fase kedua untuk membahas dAPrice adalah PZero,
memaksimalkan margin keuntungan di sekitar parameter
LALU penjualan adalah SNegativeMedium.
sensitivitas yang berbeda. Tahap ini memberikan proyeksi
penjualan dan margin keuntungan pada produk sebagai Di sini, dPriceA dan dPriceB masing-masing adalah
output. Pada fase terakhir dan ketiga, ekstrak — data baru variabel linguistik fuzzy yang mewakili penyesuaian harga
yang dihasilkan dari keputusan maksimalisasi laba sistem — layanan data pesaing A dan pesaing B, dan dAprice dan
digunakan sebagai pemeriksaan ulang, dan model melatih dASales adalah variabel linguistik fuzzy yang mewakili
dirinya sendiri untuk mempelajari lingkungan guna penyesuaian harga dan penjualan produk perusahaan A.
memperkaya basis pengetahuannya dan meningkatkan PNegativeHigh, PNegativeLow, PZero, dan
pengambilan keputusan di masa depan. SNegativeMedium adalah himpunan fuzzy yang mewakili
4.3.2 Skenario bagaimana-jika penurunan titik harga yang tinggi, penurunan titik harga
yang rendah, dan hampir tidak ada perubahan harga, dan
Fitur utama dari FDPS adalah bahwa semua kerjanya
penurunan penjualan yang tinggi, masing-masing [51].
mengikuti skenario bagaimana-jika, yang merupakan "otak"
Pakar manusia merumuskan skenario bagaimana-jika, dan
dari seluruh prosedur inferensi dari FDPS. Skenario yang
himpunan fuzzy yang tepat didefinisikan untuk anteseden
berbeda juga menghitung penyesuaian harga berdasarkan
dan aturan turunan mengikuti intuisi ahli manajer bisnis.
persaingan, adopsi, dan pendapatan dari berbagai produk
Sistem mengambil beberapa skenario serupa. Dalam hal
dan layanan. Skenario fuzzy what-if digunakan dalam sistem
layanan data yang merupakan produk bundel untuk
FDPS bersama dengan aturan fuzzy [53].
operator telekomunikasi,
FDPS mempertimbangkan operator seluler dalam
kasus ini (Firm
A) dengan dua kompetisi yang menawarkan produk
digital yang sama. Penawaran produk, dalam hal ini, adalah
layanan data yang diberikan kepada pelanggan sebagai
bundel data dengan volume berbeda dalam megabyte dan
gigabyte (MB / GB) dengan validitas atau tanggal
kedaluwarsa yang berbeda pada berbagai titik harga, seperti
yang ditunjukkan pada Tabel 1.
International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems, vol. 20, no. 3, September 2020

Tabel 1.Lanskap kompetitif layanan data di pasar


(NGN) Perusahaan Perusahaan Perusahaan
A B C
24 Jam 100 50 30 30 -
b) c)
7 Hari 200 200 200 200 -
30 Hari 500 500 750 750 -
1,000 1,000 1,500 1,500 -
1,200 1,500 - - Hanya Perusahaan A yang memiliki titik
harga ini
2,000 2,000 3,500 3,500 -
2,500 3,500 - 5,000 Perusahaan B tidak bersaing pada titik
harga ini
3,500 5,000 - 7,000 Perusahaan B tidak bersaing pada titik
harga ini
5,000 - 10,000 10,000 Perusahaan A tidak memiliki titik harga ini
8,000 11,500 - 16,000 Perusahaan B tidak bersaing pada titik
harga ini
10,000 15,000 22,000 22,000 -

NGN, Naira Nigeria.


Sebuah)
Memperkenalkan promo 500% pada paket harga tertentu.
b)
Pada titik harga ini, Perusahaan A memiliki paket malam 1 GB (11 malam – 5 pagi) dengan masa berlaku 7 hari.
c)
Perusahaan C memiliki penawaran akuisisi pada titik harga ini, dan penawaran satu kali untuk akhir pekan.
efek samping intra-portofoliomudah dikelola. Ketika penyedia
jaringan umum membuat pergerakan harga dalam portofolio
4.3.3 Arsitektur FDPS
layanan data, perpindahan tersebut melintasi semua produk
dalam portofolio layanan data, dan bundel harian, mingguan, Ilustrasi arsitektur FDPS diberikan pada Gambar 4. FDPS
dan bulanan akan disesuaikan. Ini karena sifat produknya. merupakan kombinasi dari beberapa ahli fuzzy yang bekerja
Untuk beberapa, efek samping intra-portofolio mungkin perlu secara paralel dengan blok sederhana dan perhitungan yang
diakomodasi dan diperhitungkan. Efek ini merupakan dampak mendasarinya [17]. Penyesuaian harga oleh persaingan
dari penyesuaian harga beberapa penawaran dalam berfungsi sebagai masukan ke dalam sistem bersama dengan
portofolio perusahaan terhadap penjualan penawaran dan setiap produk perusahaan. Dampak penyesuaian harga
produk lain di dalamnya [36]. diprediksi oleh semua produk (N) dalam portofolio dan lapisan
Namun, karena kompleksitas dan sensitivitas penyesuaian sistem pakar fuzzy yang independen. Sepanjang skenario
harga, pengambilan keputusan oleh manusia sebagai peran bagaimana-jika yang telah dibangun, pengaruh penyesuaian
akan tetap penting. Manajer komersial yang berpengalaman harga terhadap pendapatan produk individu ditangkap, dan
masih perlu membuat keputusan akhir di antara beberapa karakteristik pasar diperoleh dengan aturan yang terdapat
alternatif. Dalam FDPS ini, poin ini menjadi pertimbangan dalam setiap sistem pakar. Reaksi dimasukkan ke dalam sistem
karena beberapa poin harga diperoleh dengan keputusan pakar fuzzy mengikuti setiap pergerakan harga oleh kompetisi.
akhir berada di tangan para ahli manusia. Pada tahap ini, beberapa keluaran dipertimbangkan
berdasarkan penerimaan atau penolakan mengikuti
keselarasannya dengan tujuan strategis organisasi secara
keseluruhan. Dalam kasus industri telekomunikasi, kapasitas
jaringan, regulasi, dan faktor lain akan dipertimbangkan pada
tahap ini.
International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems, vol. 20, no. 3, September 2020
Pilihan akhir dibuat dari tabel akhir mengikuti mengetahui preferensi pelanggan terhadap arah
kemungkinan tingkat penyesuaian harga dengan maksud penyesuaian harga. Mempertimbangkan situasi perusahaan
untuk menyelaraskan dengan tujuan strategis perusahaan A pada saat itu, ada tiga pendekatan yang jelas untuk
secara keseluruhan, seperti laba, penjualan, dan metrik diadopsi untuk meningkatkan harga layanan data, yang
jaringan lainnya (misalnya, kapasitas). kesemuanya harus mengatasi kendala strategis peningkatan
pendapatan dan perlindungan, manajemen kemacetan
4.4 Eksperimen, Prosedur, dan Hasil jaringan, dan pengalaman pelanggan. :

4.4.1 Sistem dan struktur 1) Pengurangan volume dalam MB dan kembali ke harga

Input sistem adalah berbagai perubahan harga data lama.


di semua pemain di pasar pada setiap tingkat produk. Ini
berisi semua poin harga produk, validitas, dan volume data 2) Mempertahankan volume data tetapi menaikkan harga
di setiap level. Keluaran yang diharapkan yang diinginkan
dari sistem adalah sekumpulan nilai untuk semua per MB.
penawaran data yang akan membahas tiga tujuan di atas.
3) Mempertahankan harga dan volume data tetapi tidak
Masalah serupa ditangani oleh [51, 54, 55] dalam sistem
memuat sebagian volume data ke periode off-peak
mereka, yang mereka sebut PRICESTRAT, FUZZYPRICE, dan
ketika jaringan relatif kurang dimanfaatkan.
exPrice, masing-masing. Sementara industri yang mereka
anggap berbeda dari industri telekomunikasi seluler, proses Ketiga skenario ini dimuat ke dalam tiga sistem pakar
pemodelannya serupa. Selain itu, tujuan strategis fuzzy yang menyoroti proyeksi pendapatan untuk setiap
penyesuaian harga mengubah pendekatan dan tidak dapat produk, bersama dengan sistem keempat, yang
memungkinkan perbandingan yang berdampingan. Selain mengkompensasi kaninasi produk dalam tiga segmen lainnya
itu, portofolio pasar dikelompokkan berdasarkan validitas — efek intra-portofolio. Sistem tidak peka terhadap gambar
penawaran data menjadi bundel harian, mingguan, dan absolut sebagai akibat dari masukan dan keluaran yang
bulanan di bawah setiap segmen produk, dan setiap merupakan persentase perubahan, dan satu larik dipetakan
kompetisi memiliki daftar penawaran (Tabel 1). dengan pasangan masukan-keluaran hasil. Kendala strategis
dipertimbangkan, dan pembatasan juga diterapkan, tidak
Bahwa kenaikan harga adalah kegiatan yang sangat sensitif
termasuk kombinasi. Prosedur program linier digunakan
— terutama di pasar yang sangat kompetitif yang sebagian
untuk evaluasi dari kombinasi akhir, dan kombinasi dengan
besar dibayar di muka, di mana biaya pengalihannya sedikit.
kebugaran maksimum dipilih mengikuti kriteria yang
Tidak ada asumsi dibuat tentang penjualan kompetisi, dan
diinginkan.
batasan strategis adalah tujuan penyesuaian harga, seperti
yang disebutkan di bagian atas.
Tiga sistem pakar fuzzy dikembangkan dan dirancang
dengan masing-masing 70 aturan dan dengan perubahan
harga dalam produk persaingan sebagai masukan mereka;
output diwakili oleh perubahan dalam pengambilan produk
dan pendapatan perusahaan A. Sistem pakar keempat
dirancang. Karena penyesuaian harga akan menggeser
pengambilan harian, mingguan, dan bulanan, sistem pakar
fuzzy keempat digunakan untuk mengkompensasi efek intra-
portfolio dari penyesuaian harga untuk model yang berbeda.
Sistem pakar fuzzy keempat berisi 92 aturan dari pengalaman
dan penalaran pakar subjek.
Beberapa skenario dibuat setelah kompetisi
perubahan harga seiring dengan data segmen produk
(harian, mingguan, dan bulanan). Penelitian dilakukan untuk
International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems, vol. 20, no. 3, September 2020

Gambar 4.Sistem arsitektur.


4.4.2 Hasil harga yang sesuai untuk setiap segmen produk disarankan.
Tambahan, pendekatan penyesuaian harga dan poin harga di
Dalam mengelola kendala dan tujuan manajemen, basis
tingkat produk disajikan kepada pembuat keputusan untuk
pelanggan dibagi menjadi pelanggan bundel data yang ada:
pelanggan data yang ada.
mereka yang saat ini membeli layanan data, atau pelanggan
Dengan pendekatan yang dipikirkan dengan matang
yang sudah ada (EC); mereka yang memiliki bundel data
menggunakan FDPS yang diusulkan, poin harga dan strategi
prospektif, atau pelanggan baru (NC), yang tidak membeli
yang berbeda kemudian disarankan untuk semua produk
layanan data atau merupakan pelanggan baru. Dari dua
dan layanan. Seleksi manajer bisnis mencapai tujuan bisnis
segmen besar ini, kami memiliki segmen lain seperti
yang diinginkan dari perusahaan A; pendapatan layanan
pelanggan sensitif harga (PS) dan pelanggan non-sensitif harga
data meningkat secara instan sebesar 5% bulan ke bulan
(NPS). Pelanggan yang tidak sensitif terhadap harga dan harga
dengan peningkatan margin kotor sebesar 1,3%. Jaringan
dikenal karena tanggapan mereka sebelumnya terhadap
menyaksikan penurunan 14% dalam lalu lintas data,
kampanye promosi di jaringan. Off-loading fluks data
menghasilkan throughput yang lebih baik dan kualitas
inkremental baru-baru ini pada semua produk data tertentu
jaringan dan, akibatnya, dalam pengalaman pelanggan yang
ke off-peak adalah salah satu keluaran dari simulasi,
lebih baik, yang memengaruhi skor promotor bersih
diposisikan untuk mengurangi penggunaan yang berlebihan
perusahaan pada kuartal berikutnya.
selama periode off-peak dan berpotensi meningkatkan
pendapatan data. Bagaimanapun, ini dikelola dengan baik Bauran pemasaran lainnya, seperti saluran keterlibatan,

untuk memastikan bahwa pengalaman pelanggan tidak dikelola dengan baik selama periode implementasi. Kode

terpengaruh. Semua segmen ini dimasukkan ke dalam model yang ada untuk pembelian dipertahankan untuk pelanggan

yang berbeda. Manajer bisnis memilih pendekatan yang sudah ada, dan kode baru dengan titik harga berbeda

penyesuaian harga yang sesuai dengan segmen yang berbeda dibuat untuk pelanggan baru. Tidak ada kampanye above

dan menerapkannya, bersama dengan berbagai strategi the line (ATL) yang dilakukan di TV, radio, atau media sosial

bauran pemasaran, seperti yang ditunjukkan pada Gambar 5. untuk penyesuaian harga data guna mengelola persepsi

Untuk pelanggan yang baru mengenal layanan data atau pelanggan tentang kemahalannya. Semua komunikasi

untuk pelanggan non-data (NC), penyesuaian harga dan poin dilakukan di bawah garis dalam pendekatan pemasaran
International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems, vol. 20, no. 3, September 2020
satu-ke-satu, dan semua online, ritel, dan papan reklame
diperbarui sesuai dengan rencana data yang diperbarui dan
tersedia

secara komersial. Perusahaan menggunakan kampanye


pemasaran di bawah garis yang agresif untuk mendorong
penyerapan dan kinerja.

Gambar 5.Representasi arsitektural dari portofolio produk: keluaran saat ini dan FDPS. PAYG, harga Pay as You Go (harga
non-paket).
a) Potensi peningkatan pendapatan, b) rencana harga yang ada, c) peluang penagihan baru, d) inovasi, e) strategi yang
diusulkan.
International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems, vol. 20, no. 3, September 2020
International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems, vol. 20, no. 3, September 2020

5 Kesimpulan Referensi

Studi ini mengembangkan sistem harga berbasis


pengetahuan melalui logika fuzzy untuk penentuan harga [1] W. Riaz and A. Tanveer, “Marketing mix, not brand- ing,”
produk dan layanan terkait data telekomunikasi seluler. FDPS Asian Journal of Business and Management Sci- ences,
kami dikembangkan dan diterapkan untuk membuat vol. 1, no. 11, pp. 43-52, 2012.
keputusan harga di jaringan seluler besar dengan tujuan dan [2] G. Nan, S. Wang, Z. Li, and R. Dou, “A novel pricing
batasan yang jelas. Sistem harga ahli membahas estimasi strategy for mobile broadband carriers using two-stage
biaya, estimasi permintaan, masalah persaingan (perang Stackelberg model,” Knowledge-Based Systems, vol.
harga), dan rekomendasi titik harga, yang merupakan 142, pp. 45-57, 2018.
masalah strategis harga kritis yang dihadapi penyedia https://doi.org/10.1016/j.knosys.2017.11. 024
layanan seluler dalam lingkungan pasar yang kompetitif dan
luas. Basis pengetahuan dibentuk melalui hasil riset [3] G. Rekettye and J. Liu, Pricing: The New Frontier. Lon-

pemasaran yang dilakukan. Selain itu, tahun-tahun don, UK: Transnational Press London, 2018.

pengalaman staf pemasaran dan staf lain dari jaringan dan [4] D. Jobber and D. Shipley, “Marketing-orientated pric-
pengembangan produk serta data pelanggan yang kaya di ing,” European Journal of Marketing, vol. 46, no. 11/12,
semua elemen jaringan dalam perusahaan berkontribusi pp. 1647-1670, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1108/
padanya. 03090561211260022
Investasi CAPEX.
Dalam makalah ini, alat penetapan harga yang diusulkan, [5] G. Nan, C. Zang, R. Dou, and M. Li, “Pricing and re-
FDPS, digunakan untuk merekomendasikan titik harga di source allocation for multimedia social network in cloud
semua segmen untuk layanan terkait data selama masa environments,” Knowledge-Based Systems, vol. 88, pp.
perang harga dan kendala investasi jaringan karena 1-11, 2015.
kurangnya investasi CAPEX. Melalui implementasi awal yang https://doi.org/10.1016/j.knosys.2015.08.017
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Original Article ISSN(Print)


International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and 1598-
Intelligent Systems Vol. 20, No. 3, 2645
September 2020, pp. 188-200 ISSN(Online)
http://doi.org/10.5391/IJFIS.2020.20.3.188 2093-744

Development of a Mecanum-Wheeled Mobile Robot


for Dynamic- and Static-Obstacle Avoidance Based on
Laser Range Sensor
Musa Matli1 , Ahmet Albayrak2 , and Raif Bayir3
1 Graduate Education Institute, Department of Mechatronics
Engineering, Karabuk University, Karabuk, Turkey
2 Faculty of Technology, Department of Computer Engineering, Duzce
University, Duzce, Turkey
3 Faculty of Technology, Department of Mechatronics Engineering,
Karabuk University, Karabuk, Turkey

Abstract
This study aims to present an idea about the practical consequences of using
mobile robots with Mecanum wheels. For mobile robots, an approach is
proposed to avoid obstacles without location and map information. This approach
is presented using a series of developed solutions. This article shares the
process on how a set of discussed conceptual methodologies can be applied as
well as their practical results. This method is provided using fuzzy logic and gap
tracking. LIDAR is used to recognize obstacles around the mobile robot. By using
the LIDAR, the robot detects gaps around it and moves according to fuzzy logic.
The fuzzy logic consists of three inputs, an output, and 45 rules. The first of the
membership functions represents the membership function that replaces the
obstacle. The second membership function calculates the distance to the
obstacle. The final login membership function is used to determine the angle
between the obstacle and robot view. The output membership function
represents the membership function that moves the robot. The results are
analyzed under three different scenarios with five different experiments for each
scenario. The results show that the mobile robot can avoid obstacles without
location and map information. We believe that the proposed method can be used
in mobile robots such as guard and service robots.
Keywords: Fuzzy logic, Mobile robot, Follow-the-gap method, Mecanum
wheel
Correspondence to: Raif Bayir (rbayir@karabuk.edu.tr)
Received: May 7, ©The Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
2020
Revised : Jun. 8,
2020 ccThis is an Open Access article dis-tributed under the terms of the Creative
Accepted: Sep. 14, Commons Attribution Non-Commercial Li-
2020
cense(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted
non-commercial use, distribution, and rtion in any medium,
International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems, vol. 20, no. 3, September 2020

they must learn the environment and carry out their movement according to the
obstacles. Their mobility varies depending on the wheel structure. In the 1970s,
Bengt Ilon developed the Mecanum wheel. Mecanum wheels greatly increase the
1. Introduction
mobility of mobile robots [3]. On the other hand, the circumference-detection
Mobile robots move method and increase in mobility make robot control difficult. Because of the variable
within predefined areas, dynamics of the environment and the mobile structure of the robot, intelligent
instead of along specially control methods are needed. The control method determines how the robot will
defined areas. They are perform a motion plan by interpreting the data from the sensors
capable of autonomous [4]. Detecting the environment/obstacles and determining the direction of
movement without a human movement relative to these obstacles are the main problems in mobile-robot
operator [1, 2]. When they control. Many studies have been
move within a working area,
International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems, vol. 20, no. 3, September 2020
International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems, vol. 20, no. 3, September 2020

controlled [15]. Mobility is limited in four-wheeled mobile-robot


platforms without Mecanum wheels. Differential-type mobile
robots must perform turn motions while avoiding obsta-cles.
Compared with mobile robots with Mecanum wheels, the
differential-type mobile robots lose more time while avoiding
obstacles. In our study, the robot scanned its environment
using a LIDAR sensor. In systems that operate using a stereo
camera placed in one direction, the left and right areas of the
robot cannot be controlled. Sensors are placed in these areas,
and these sides are controlled. In our study, the robot
environment was controlled using a LIDAR sensor [16].
The contribution of this study to the literature is its use of
Figure 1. Parameters of the Mecanum wheel. fuzzy logic and follow-gap- methods together in the mobile-
robot motion control. In this context, it offers an alternative for
presented in the literature in this field, and many system operation based on navigation by providing the ability
methods have been proposed. In addition to the image-based to avoid obstacles in indoor areas without the need for
methods for ob-stacle detection, laser-based distance sensors information such as the location of obstacles, map information,
and sonar sensors are used. The main obstacle-detection and robot location. Mobile-robot platforms with Mecanum
methods are enumerated as follows: artificial potential field wheels pro-vide an omnidirectional advantage in avoiding
method [4, 5], vector field histogram [6, 7], bug algorithm [8], obstacles. The proposed system can be used in mobile robots
follow-the-gap method [9], fuzzy logic [10], and neural network that operate in a narrow area. We believe them to be
[11]. advantageous in warehouse and industrial transportation
Mecanum wheel is a traditional wheel with a series of rollers processes owing to their omnidi-rectional linear movement.
fastened around it. Each of these rollers has an axis of rotation The robot ability to move without disturbing the reference
of 45 with the plane of the wheel and 45 with a line that
angle does not change the viewpoint of the equipment. Thus,
passes through the center of the cylinder parallel to the axis of
rotation of the wheel. Knowledge of the Mecanum wheel it can also be used as an indoor guard or service robot. The
structure, mobility, and mathematical equations is important to proposed approach may be preferred because it is cheaper
develop a mobile-robot platform with Mecanum wheels [12, than the navigation-based systems.
13]. This study is structured by explaining the kinematic model
The Mecanum wheel consists of a Swedish wheel and a of the mobile robot with Mecanum wheel and discussing the
fixed standard wheel with passive rollers attached to the design and production after the literature review is provided.
circumfer-ence of the wheel (Figure 1). Mecanum wheel is a Next, the method for detecting obstacles and gap widths is
type of Swedish wheel with = 45 , where is the angle between described. The design of the fuzzy-logic classifier and its rela-
the wheel plane and rotation axis of the passive rollers [14]. tionship to the gap widths are provided. Experimental studies
In the present study, a mobile-robot platform with four are explained, and the paper is completed with conclusions
Meca-num wheels was developed. A laser-based distance- and evaluation. Design and production of Mecanum wheeled
detection sensor was installed on the mobile robot. To prevent mobile robot.

moving as well as avoid mobile obstacles in a closed


environment, the follow-the-gap and fuzzy-logic methods were 1.1 Kinematics of a Robot with Four
Mecanum Wheels
used together. The experiments demonstrated that successful
results could be obtained using these methods. Fuzzy A Mecanum wheel mounted on a mobile robot with local coor-
controllers have be-come very popular in mobile-robot dinate frame fRg : XRYRZR is shown in Figure 1. Point A is the
applications because of the use of linguistic variables. They center of the wheel, and the other geometrical parameters are
defined as follows: is the angle of the GA vector relative to X R
are used to process and clas-sify complex data. Mobile-robot
from origin G to point A, and is the angle between the main
motion control is a complex system. Fuzzy logic is suitable for
wheel angle and GA vector. The distance from geometric
mobile-robot movements. In the current study, the robot- center G to wheel center A is l, and the main wheel radius is
motion behavior was mainly

189
International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems, vol. 20, no. 3, September 2020
http://doi.org/10.5391/
IJFIS.2020.20.3.188
Table 1. Mecanum wheel parameters
W αi βi γi
hells
−1 −1
1 tan ¿) −tan ¿ (π /2+ π /4 )
)
−1 −1
2 π−tan ¿ tan ¿ −(π /2+ π /4)
) )
−1 −1
3 π + tan ¿ −tan ¿ (π /2+ π /4 )
)
−1 −1
4 2 π −tan ¿ tan ¿ −(π /2+ π /4)
) )

r and ’SW are the rotational speeds of the main wheel


and passive rollers in contact with the ground, respectively
[17].
By assuming that the contact point between the mechanical
Figure 2. View of the mobile-robot mobility with a
wheel and ground is the sudden center of rotation, the contact Mecanum wheel.
is in a simple rolling state without sliding. Then, the speed of
matic equation of the four-Mecanum-wheeled mobile
wheel center A along the tangential direction is r’, as shown in
robot is expressed as Eq. (3).
Figure 1. Thus, the speed component of wheel center A along

[]
[]
φ̇1
the axis of the contacting wheels is r’ cos . The instantaneous
ẋ I +¿ φ̇2 ¿
displacement rate of the robot under the fRg conditions in the φ̇3
T
local frame is [xR yR] . The rotational speed around the ZR
ẏ =−( √ 2/2 ) r j
I

axis is . The speed of point A, which is the center of the


θ̇
wheel, can be calculated by adding displacement velocity T −1 T
vectors xR Here, J +¿=(J J) J ¿
is the inverse of, J figure 2 shows
yR and relative speed l _ due to the rotation speed, as the
shown in Figure 1 [14].
movement capabilities of the Mecanum-wheeled mobile
We assume that the four Mecanum wheels are mounted at robot. The kinematic and dynamic properties of the Mecanum-
equal distances. Thus, Table 1 is taken into account, and the
wheeled mobile robots show that they can achieve omnidirec-
motion equation is expressed as Eq. (2).

[ ] ( )[ ][
tional movements. Some movements of the Mecanum-
√2 ∕ 2 √ 2 ∕ 2

][ ]
φ̇ 1 lsin (π /4−α ) wheeled mobile robot are shown in Figure 2. In this study, A,
cos θ sin θ 0 ẋ I
φ̇ 2
=−
√ 2 √ 2 ∕ 2 −√ 2 ∕ 2 lsin (π /4−α ) B, C, E, and their inverse motion types are used, as shown in
× −sin θ cos θ 0 ẏ I
φ̇3 r − √ 2 ∕ 2 −√ 2 ∕ 2 lsin (π /4−α ) Figure 02. By using these movement types, static and dynamic
0 1 θ̇
φ̇4 − √2 ∕ 2 √ 2 ∕ 2 lsin (π /4−α ) obstacles are avoided.
(1)
1
In this equation, = tan (b=a) is considered. The hori-zontal 1.2 Design of a Mecanum-Wheeled Mobile Robot
distance of the robot from the center point to the center of the
wheel is a, and the vertical distance is b. The Jacobian matrix The mobile-robot platform consists of four direct current (DC)
is defined by Eq. (2). motors, LIDAR, motor drives, minicomputer, battery,

[ ][
√2 ∕ 2 √2 ∕ 2 lsin(π /4−α ) Mecanum wheels, and body. The general representation of

]
cos θ the
sinθ
system0 is shown in Figure 3. The top LIDAR and touch
J=
√ 2 ∕ 2 − √2 ∕ 2 lsin(π /4−α )
. −sin θ screen
cos θ are0 positioned at the top of the robot.
−√ 2 ∕ 2 − √ 2 ∕ 2 lsin(π /4−α ) 0 0 production-development
The 1 process of the robot from the
−√ 2 ∕ 2 √ 2 ∕ 2 lsin(π /4−α ) design stage is shown in Figure 4.
(2) The DC motors are driven by RoboClaw 2 15 A motor
drives. Each drive is also connected to a minicomputer. The
According to the aforementioned equations, the
advanced kine- In-tel NUC5i7RYB minicomputer is used as the system
controller. The minicomputer sends the necessary control
signals to the motor drives. The LIDAR sensor is connected to
the
minicom-puter. The minicomputer interprets the data from
LIDAR and generates the necessary control signals. The
employed driver, computer, motor, and sensors are shown in
Figure 5.
International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems, vol. 20, no. 3, September 2020

j
190
International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems, vol. 20, no. 3, September 2020
International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems, vol. 20, no. 3, September 2020

(a) (b)

Figure 3. View of the system structure.

(c) (d)

(a) (b)

(e)

(c) (d) Figure 5. Equipment used in this study. (a) Mecanum


wheel, (b) Intel NUC, (c) DC motor, (d) Motor drive, and (e)
Figure 4. Images of the manufactured mobile robot LIDAR.
from simulation to the final assembly: (a) robot design, (b)
mechanical assembly, (c) electrical design, and (d) final that are farther than 1 m and considering the distance
assembly. for ob-stacles that are less than 1 m. In the filtered data, a
zero value indicates gaps, whereas data closer than 1 m
This study uses Mecanum wheels whose diameter, width, indicate obstacles. In this case, values from zero and lower
and carrying capacity are 203 mm, 78 cm, and 150 kg, provide the start and end points of the obstacles. The gap
width is calculated by finding the start and end points of the
respectively. The robot movement is provided by a 24-V 95-W
obstacles. Three different situations occur between the robot
220-r/min DC gearmotor. A 2 15 A motor driver is used as the
and obstacles, which are shown in Figure 6.
driver of the motors. RP A2 LIDAR is used to detect obstacles
Figure 6(a) shows that the robot is positioned between the
and the environment. It has a 360 detection capacity. It
obstacles. Here d1 and d2 indicate the distances between the
provides 8000-point distance information per second. Its
boundaries of the obstacles and the robot measured by the
detection distance is
LIDAR. The angles of the boundaries of the obstacles with the
20 m.
robot are expressed as a1 and a2. The distance of the
obstacle boundaries to the axis that passes perpendicular to
2.Detecting Obstacles and Gaps
the robot is expressed as x1 and x2. We conclude that if the

Obstacles are detected using the data received from the sum of x1 and x2 is greater than the width of the robot, the
robot can pass.
LIDAR. The distance data are filtered by considering zero for
obstacles

191 j Musa Matli, Ahmet Albayrak, and Raif Bayir


International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems, vol. 20, no. 3, September 2020
http://doi.org/10.5391/
IJFIS.2020.20.3.188

Figure 6. Situations between obstacles and the robot: (a) if robot middle of obstacle, (b) if robot right of obstacle, and (c)
if robot left of obstacles.

Eq. (4) is used to calculate the gap width. Figure 6(b) shows 3. Design of a Fuzzy Logic Classifier
the robot at the right side of the obstacles. In this case, the
The robot starts to move by calculating the center angle
gap width to be calculated is given by Eq. (5). Figure 6(c)
shows that the robot is located at the left side of the obstacles. of the gap. It must also avoid obstacles when moving toward

In this case, Eq. (6) is used to calculate the gap width. the center of the gap. In this case, a fuzzy logic classifier is
used to avoid obstacles and move the robot to the center of
x1 = d1= the gap. The fuzzy logic classifier is designed with three inputs
sin(a1);
x2 = d2= and one output. The center angle of the gap, the closest
sin(a2); obstacle angle, and the closest obstacle distance are given as
Gap width = x1 + x2; (4) input. The robot-movement type is determined by the output.
x1 = d1= Input values indicate where the robot is located in the gap, at
sin(a1);
x2 = d2= which side of the obstacle, and how close it is to the center of
sin(a2); the gap. Figure 7 shows the fuzzy logic classifier membership
Gap width =
x1 x2; (5) functions.
x1 = d1= The position of the gap center relative to the robot is ex-
sin(a1);
x2 = d2= pressed by linguistic variables, namely, left, middle, and right.
sin(a2); The viewing angle of the robot is 70 from the center to the right
Gap width =
x2 x1: (6) and 80 to the left. The scanning angle of the robot is

The three situations are evaluated according to the angle of


the obstacle boundaries. More than one gap may exist
because of the presence of more than one obstacle. In this
case, all gap widths are calculated, and the maximum width is
taken into account. If the width with the largest value is greater
than the width of the robot, the robot is guided into that gap.
The robot is guided to the midpoint of the gap during the
orientation process. Calculation of the midpoint of the gap is
performed using Eq.
(7).

Gap center angle


= Gap right boundary angle+Gap left boundary angle : (7) 2

Figure 7. Input and output membership functions.

www.ijfis.org Development of a Mecanum-Wheeled Mobile Robot for Dynamic- and Static-Obstacle Avoidance Based on Laser Range Sensor j 192
International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems, vol. 20, no. 3, September 2020
International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems, vol. 20, no. 3, September 2020
Le To Strai
Middle ft o far ght
Mi Left
the same as these angles. The angle of the nearest obstacle Middle ddle Very close side
Mi Cl Left
is expressed by linguistic variables, i.e., left, middle, and right. Middle ddle ose cross
The third entry is the distance from the nearest obstacle to the Mi Mi Left
Middle ddle ddle cross
robot. The distance of the nearest obstacle is evaluated under
five groups. The distance is expressed by linguistic variables:
very close, close, medium, far, too far. Because LIDAR has a
visibility of 20 m, a function between 0-20; 000 mm is created.
Except for the forward, backward, and stop functions, the
robot can perform six different movements because of the
Mecanum wheels. These movements are positioned to the
negative and positive points as left and right. A rule base is
developed in which the outputs are assigned according to the
incoming data. The rule base consists of 45 rules (Table 2).
In the rule base, all possible inputs are evaluated, and
output values related to an expert opinion are formed. In
addition, if the width of the gap is smaller than the robot width
and no space is available to go further, the robot stops. The
fuzzy logic classifier

Table 2. Rule base


Ob Ob Rob
stacle stacle ot
Gap an dis mov
gle tance ement
Le Righ
Left ft Very close t side
Le Cl Righ
Left ft ose t cross
Le Mi Righ
Left ft ddle t cross
Le Righ
Left ft Far t cross
Le To Strai
Left ft o far ght
Mi Left
Left ddle Very close side
Mi Cl Left
Left ddle ose cross
Mi Mi Left
Left ddle ddle cross
Mi Left
Left ddle Far cross
Mi To Left
Left ddle o far cross
Ri Left
Left ght Very close side
Ri Cl Left
Left ght ose cross
Ri Mi Left
Left ght ddle cross
Ri Left
Left ght Far cross
Ri To Left
Left ght o far cross
Le Righ
Middle ft Very close t side
Le Cl Righ
Middle ft ose t cross
Le Mi Righ
Middle ft ddle t cross
Le Righ
Middle ft Far t cross
International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems, vol. 20, no. 3, September 2020
cross
Left
Left Right Right Middle cross
Middle Middle Far cross Left
Left Right Right Far cross
Middle Middle Too far cross
Right Right Too far Straight
Middle Right Very close Left side
Left
Middle Right Close cross and control algorithms are coded in Python. The fuzzy
Left logic classifier is created using the scikit-fuzzy library [18].
Middle Right Middle cross
Left Because the output of the fuzzy logic used in the study
Middle Right Far cross determines the type of robot motion, the term fuzzy logic
Middle Right Too far Straight classifier is used instead of fuzzy logic controller. The
Right employed fuzzy logic classifier actually controls the movement
Right Left Very close side
Right of the robot depending on the location between the robot and
Right Left Close cross obstacle. Thus, we can say that it is used as a controller.
Right
Right Left Middle cross
Right 1. Experimental Studies
Right Left Far cross
Right Experimental studies were carried out in the Mechatronics
Right Left Too far cross Engineering Laboratory of Karabuk University, Faculty of
Right
Right Middle Very close side Tech-nology Department. The experimental studies were
Right performed under three different scenarios, which included
Right Middle Close cross scanning the area, avoiding static obstacles, and avoiding
Right
Right Middle Middle cross static/moving ob-stacles.
Right In this study, five experiments were performed under three
Right Middle Far cross different experimental setups. Fuzzy logic and a gap-tracking
Right
Right Middle Too far cross algorithm were used together in the experiments. Figure 8
Right Right Very close Left side shows the flowchart of the approach followed in the experi-
Right Right Close Left ments. Figure 8 shows that the robot scanning functions of

193 j Musa Matli, Ahmet Albayrak, and Raif Bayir


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IJFIS.2020.20.3.188

Figure 8. Flowchart of the approach followed in the


experiments.

ing on the task types. Each experiment was repeated


the environment were separate. However, to avoid five times to increase the measurement accuracy.
fixed and movable obstacles, a common flowchart was used Two obstacles were placed in front of the robot for
because the same flow was followed.
detection. The environment measured by the robot could be
Figure 8 shows three different experiments such as
given as a two-dimensional graph in terms of point-cloud
scanning the robot environment and avoiding fixed and
distance angle (Figure 9). The two obstacles shown in Figure 8
moving obstacles. Figure 8 shows the tracked methodology of
were between 319 -346 and 12 -39 , as shown in Figure 10.
the mobile robot to avoid obstacles based on the LIDAR
The obstacles were located approximately 1 m from the robot.
information. In this methodology, different process steps were
Each measure-
introduced depend-

www.ijfis.org Development of a Mecanum-Wheeled Mobile Robot for Dynamic- and Static-Obstacle Avoidance Based
on Laser Range Sensor j 194
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International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems, vol. 20, no. 3, September 2020

4.1 Field-Scanning Experiment of the Mecanum-Wheeled


Mobile Robot

In this experiment, our test found that the mobile-robot


platform with Mecanum wheels could start to move in an area
without hitting around and go back to where it started. We
found that the robot could repeatedly perform the same
movements. Images of the working environment are shown in
Figure 12.
The robot was required to scan the working environment.
Figure 9. View of the LIDAR data.
The robot was expected to scan the working environment
following the route shown in Figure 13. During the scanning
process, the robot moved and maintained its position relative
to the right wall. It also controlled the obstacles at its front and
determined its movement. The experiments were repeated five
times and recorded. Each repetition was done with a fully
charged battery. The field-scanning experimental results are
shown in Figure 13.
The floor was not completely smooth because the ambient
floor was paved with cobblestones. In this case, the robot was
exposed to vibrations from the Mecanum wheels as it passed
Figure 10. Environment where the data in Figure 9 are
measured by through each cobblestone. This vibration created shifts in the
LIDAR. robot movement. The robot position was corrected according
to its distance from the wall. The robot moved left when an
obstacle appeared in front. When it determined that the
corridor was on its right side, it moved forward for 2 seconds,
turned right, and moved forward to avoid the sharpness of the
right turns. The robot tried to maintain a distance of 80 to 110
cm from the right wall.

Figure 11. Filtered distance angle chart.

ment over a distance of more than 2 m is considered zero,


and the graph shown in Figure 9 is similar to that shown in
Figure 11.
Figure 10 shows that two obstacles were placed in front of
the mobile robot. Figure 11 shows the results of these
obstacles filtered after they were received by the LIDAR.
Figure 11 shows that obstacles appeared as a result of the
applied filter.

Figure 12. View of the laboratory environment where


the field screen-ing test is performed.

195 j Musa Matli, Ahmet Albayrak, and Raif Bayir


International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems, vol. 20, no. 3, September 2020
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IJFIS.2020.20.3.188

Figure 13. Results of the field-scan test.

4.2 Mecanum-Wheeled Mobile-Robot Static-Obstacle- Mecanum wheels was that the robot could perform
Avoidance Test cross and side movements to avoid cross obstacles.

In the experiment, the mobile robot consistently started from


the same point to measure the robot response as observed. 4.3 Static- and Mobile-Obstacle-Avoidance Test of

Car-ton boxes with the same dimensions were used as static the Mecanum-Wheeled Mobile Robot

obsta-cles. The dimensions of the carton boxes were 40 40 60 In this experiment, the ability of the mobile robot to avoid static
cm3. The static obstacles were positioned at different points to and moving obstacles was investigated. In the experiment, the
study the robot mobility. The obstacles were positioned as robot consistently started from the same point to investigate its
shown in Figure 14 (blue line) to test the robot ability to pass response. Carton boxes from the static-barrier avoidance test
between two obstacles and avoid cross obstacles. The robot were used as static obstacles. A training robot called mBot
tried to pass the center of the gaps between the obstacles was used as a moving obstacle. The robot was covered with a
according to its algorithm. The expected movement of the cloth, as shown in Figure 15, to create an obstacle.
robot is shown in Figure 14.
The moving obstacle moved to the right and left following
The experiments were repeated five times. The battery was the line shown in Figure 16. Figure 16 also shows the
fully charged. In all of the five repetitions, the robot was ob- positions of the mobile and static obstacles in the static- and
served to avoid obstacles. The robot movements in all experi-
mobile-obstacle-avoidance test environment.
ments are shown in Figure 14.
The experiment was repeated five times, and it started with
Figure 14 shows that in the experimental study, the robot
a full charge in the battery. The robot did not hit any static
avoided obstacles in all five repetitions. The advantage of the
obstacles in the five experiments. In addition, it was able to

www.ijfis.org Development of a Mecanum-Wheeled Mobile Robot for Dynamic- and Static-Obstacle Avoidance Based
on Laser Range Sensor j 196
International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems, vol. 20, no. 3, September 2020
International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems, vol. 20, no. 3, September 2020

Figure 14. Results of the static-obstacle-avoidance


tests.

Figure 16. Static- and mobile-obstacle-avoidance test


environment.

Figure 15. Moving obstacle.


course while successfully avoiding the moving obstacle.
In the second repetition, the robot and moving obstacle col-
complete the experiment by hitting the moving obstacle lided. The robot managed to avoid the static obstacles. During
twice only. The first repetition of the static- and mobile-
the experiment, the moving obstacle remained at the left side
obstacle-avoidance test is shown in Figure 17.
of the robot. Therefore, the robot was directed toward the right
In the first repetition, the robot avoided both static and mov-
side. However, the moving obstacle moved toward the robot.
ing obstacles. Figure 11, which is reproduced in Figure 17,
The robot, which moved to the right, collided with the moving
shows the moving obstacle at the right side of the robot. The obstacle. The robot completed the course by avoiding the
robot moved toward the wide space on its left side. The robot static obstacle after passing the moving-obstacle zone.
successfully completed the movement toward the end of the
In the third repetition, the robot and the moving
obstacle

197 j Musa Matli, Ahmet Albayrak, and Raif Bayir


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IJFIS.2020.20.3.188

which consists of stationary obstacles, is completed by


the robot with 100% accuracy. It completes the experiment at
an average time of 38 seconds. In the third experiment, a
track with both stationary and moving obstacles is completed
by the robot. The third experiment is completed with 60%
accuracy. The robot completes the experiment at an average
time of 38 seconds.
To avoid obstacles, the gaps between the obstacles are
mea-sured during the movement, and the measured values
and the distance and angle values of the nearest obstacle are
evaluated using a fuzzy logic classifier. The follow-the-gap and
fuzzy logic methods are used together in this study. The use of
the follow-the-gap method and fuzzy logic classifier together is
Figure 17. Static- and moving-obstacle-avoidance
experiments re-sults. an original concept in this study. When the width of the largest
gap is greater than that of the robot, the robot is directed to the
collided. The moving obstacle was at the right side of the gap. The robot, which is directed to the center of the gap, must
robot. Then, the robot was directed to the left. However, the also avoid obstacles during its movement. The gap angle,
closest obstacle distance, and angle are used as inputs to the
moving obstacle caught up with robot and moved to its front.
fuzzy logic classifier, and the output for the required robot
The robot collided with the moving obstacle. The robot
movements is obtained.
continued its movement after this collision, avoiding the static
In the Mecanum-wheeled mobile robots, the number of pa-
obstacles.
rameters to be controlled is large because the movement
In the fourth repetition, no collision occurred. The robot
varies. Clearly, this problem cannot be solved using motor
reached the end of the track, avoiding the static and moving
control only. In addition, because of the structure of the
obstacles. When the robot encountered the moving obstacle,
Mecanum wheels, slippage can occur during movement,
it detected a gap at its left side. It passed the left side of the
which distorts the linear-ity of the path the robot follows to
moving obstacle and completed the course without any
avoid obstacles. Therefore, in the Mecanum-wheeled mobile-
collision. Similarly, no collision occurred in the fifth repetition.
robot work, the robot-position control makes obstacle
avoidance more efficient. Owing to the structure of the
5.Conclusion and Evaluation Mecanum wheel, no large vibration can be ex-perienced on
smooth surfaces. However, too much vibration can occur on
In this study, a mobile-robot platform with four Mecanum
rough surfaces, which is undesirable. The use of Mecanum
wheels was designed and manufactured. Mecanum wheels
wheels with a suspension system can solve this problem.
are known to provide versatility to robots. We observe that this
LIDAR has a difficulty detecting glazed surfaces. LIDAR can
mobility allows the robot to use multiple motion scenarios
sometimes see the glass, depending on the angle between the
while avoiding obstacles. LIDAR technology is used to detect
glass and the robot, and sometimes, it can see objects behind
obstacles. Mobile robots usually know the map and its location
the glass. The presence of glazed sections in the laboratory
in the map. In this study, the robot does not know its position
causes deviations in the movement of the robot during the
and the map. Therefore, it avoids static and dynamic obstacles
experiment. To prevent deviations, the glazed surfaces within
that may be encountered while moving freely in its environ-
the LIDAR distance are covered with paper, which solves the
ment. The robot was tested under three different scenarios.
problem of deviation in the robot movements.
Each scenario was repeated five times. In the five repetitions,
Battery usage is very important in mobile robots because
the robot consistently starts from the same position. In this
when the battery cannot supply sufficient power to the robot,
manner, the accuracy is measured. In the first experiment, a
problems such as reduction in the data read from the LIDAR
successful result is obtained with 100% accuracy rate. The
and decrease in the robot speed can occur. To solve this
robot completes the field-scanning experiment at an average
of 4 minutes 45 seconds. In the second experiment, a track, problem, the battery-charge status must be continuously
checked. The robot operation and task success are directly
affected when the
International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems, vol. 20, no. 3, September 2020
www.ijfis.org Development of a Mecanum-Wheeled Mobile Robot for Dynamic- and Static-Obstacle Avoidance Based
on Laser Range Sensor j 198
International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems, vol. 20, no. 3, September 2020
International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems, vol. 20, no. 3, September 2020

battery-charge level drops below a certain value. robot: a review,” in Proceedings of the 2012 Mechani-cal
Engineering Conference on Sustainable Research and
Conflict of Interest Innovation, Juja, Kenya, 2012, pp. 314-318.

No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article [8] J. Ng and T. Braunl, “Performance comparison of bug
was reported. navigation algorithms,” Journal of Intelligent and Robotic
Systems, vol. 50, pp. 73-84, 2007.
Acknowledgements https://doi.org/10.1007/ s10846-007-9157-6

[9] V. Sezer and M. Gokasan, “A novel obstacle avoidance


This work was supported as a KBU BAP-18-YL-157
coded BAP project. The authors would like to thank the algorithm: “Follow the Gap Method”,” Robotics and Au-
Karabuk Uni-versity Scientific Research Project Coordinator tonomous Systems, vol. 60, no. 9, pp. 1123-1134, 2012.
for its financial support. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.robot.2012.05.021

[10] A. Nasrinahar and J. H. Chuah, “Intelligent motion plan-


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Artikel asli
Jurnal Internasional Logika Fuzzy dan Sistem Cerdas Vol. 20, No. 3, September 2020, hlm. 188-
200 http://doi.org/10.5391/IJFIS.2020.20.3.188
ISSN (Online) 2093-744
International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems, vol. 20, no. 3, September 2020
ISSN (Cetak) 1598-2645

Pengembangan Robot Seluler Beroda


Mekanum untuk Penghindaran Rintangan
Dinamis dan Statis Berdasarkan Sensor Jarak
Laser
Musa Matli1 , Ahmet Albayrak2 , dan Raif Bayir3
1 Institut Pendidikan Pascasarjana, Departemen Teknik Mekatronika, Universitas Karabuk, Karabuk,
Turki
2Fakultas Teknologi, Departemen Teknik Komputer, Universitas Duzce, Duzce, Turki
3 Fakultas Teknologi, Departemen Teknik Mekatronika, Universitas Karabuk, Karabuk, Turki

Abstrak
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menyajikan gambaran tentang konsekuensi praktis penggunaan
robot bergerak dengan roda Mecanum. Untuk robot seluler, pendekatan diusulkan untuk
menghindari rintangan tanpa lokasi dan informasi peta. Pendekatan ini disajikan menggunakan
serangkaian solusi yang dikembangkan. Artikel ini membagikan proses tentang bagaimana
seperangkat metodologi konseptual yang dibahas dapat diterapkan serta hasil praktisnya. Metode
ini disediakan dengan menggunakan logika fuzzy dan pelacakan celah. LIDAR digunakan untuk
mengenali rintangan di sekitar robot seluler. Dengan menggunakan LIDAR, robot mendeteksi
celah di sekitarnya dan bergerak sesuai logika fuzzy. Logika fuzzy terdiri dari tiga masukan, satu
keluaran, dan 45 aturan. Fungsi keanggotaan yang pertama merupakan fungsi keanggotaan yang
menggantikan rintangan. Fungsi keanggotaan kedua menghitung jarak ke rintangan. Fungsi
keanggotaan login terakhir digunakan untuk menentukan sudut antara pandangan obstacle dan
robot. Fungsi keanggotaan keluaran merepresentasikan fungsi keanggotaan yang menggerakkan
robot. Hasilnya dianalisis dalam tiga skenario berbeda dengan lima eksperimen berbeda untuk
setiap skenario. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa mobile robot dapat menghindari rintangan
tanpa informasi lokasi dan peta. Kami percaya bahwa metode yang diusulkan dapat digunakan
dalam robot bergerak seperti robot penjaga dan robot servis. Hasilnya dianalisis dalam tiga
skenario berbeda dengan lima eksperimen berbeda untuk setiap skenario. Hasil penelitian
menunjukkan bahwa mobile robot dapat menghindari rintangan tanpa informasi lokasi dan peta.
Kami percaya bahwa metode yang diusulkan dapat digunakan dalam robot bergerak seperti robot
penjaga dan robot servis. Hasilnya dianalisis dalam tiga skenario berbeda dengan lima
eksperimen berbeda untuk setiap skenario. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa mobile robot
dapat menghindari rintangan tanpa informasi lokasi dan peta. Kami percaya bahwa metode yang
diusulkan dapat digunakan dalam robot bergerak seperti robot penjaga dan robot servis.

Kata kunci: logika fuzzy, robot bergerak, metode ikuti-celah, roda


mecanum
Diterima: 7 Mei 2020
Direvisi: 8 Juni 2020
Robot seluler bergerak dalam area yang telah ditentukan, bukan di sepanjang area yang
Diterima: 14 Sep. 2020
Korespondensi ke: Raif Bayir ditentukan secara khusus. Mereka mampu bergerak secara otonom tanpa operator manusia [1,
( rbayir@karabuk.edu.tr )
© Institut Sistem Cerdas Korea 2]. Saat mereka bergerak dalam suatu wilayah kerja, mereka harus belajar tentang lingkungan
ccIni adalah artikel Akses Terbuka yang
dan melakukan pergerakan sesuai dengan kendala yang ada. Mobilitas mereka bervariasi
didistribusikan menurut ketentuan Creative
Commons Attribution Non-Commercial Li-
tergantung pada struktur roda. Pada 1970-an, Bengt Ilon mengembangkan roda Mecanum. Roda
cense (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ mecanum sangat meningkatkan mobilitas robot bergerak [3]. Di sisi lain, metode pendeteksian
oleh-nc / 3.0 /) yang mengizinkan lingkar dan peningkatan mobilitas membuat pengendalian robot menjadi sulit. Karena dinamika
penggunaan, distribusi, dan reproduksi non- variabel lingkungan dan struktur seluler robot, diperlukan metode kontrol cerdas. Metode kontrol
komersial yang tidak dibatasi dalam media
menentukan bagaimana robot akan melakukan rencana gerak dengan menginterpretasikan data
apa pun, asalkan karya aslinya
dari sensor.[5] Mendeteksi lingkungan / halangan dan menentukan arah pergerakan relatif
dikutip dengan benar.
terhadap hambatan tersebut merupakan masalah utama dalam pengendalian mobile-robot.

2. pengantar
Jurnal Internasional Logika Fuzzy dan Sistem Cerdas, vol. 20, tidak. 3, September 2020
International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems, vol. 20, no. 3, September 2020
saat ini, perilaku gerak robot terutama dikendalikan [15].
Mobilitas terbatas pada platform robot bergerak beroda empat
tanpa roda Mecanum. Robot seluler tipe diferensial harus
melakukan gerakan belok sambil menghindari rintangan.
Dibandingkan dengan robot seluler dengan roda Mecanum,
robot seluler tipe diferensial kehilangan lebih banyak waktu
saat menghindari rintangan. Dalam penelitian kami, robot
memindai lingkungannya menggunakan sensor LIDAR. Dalam
sistem yang beroperasi menggunakan kamera stereo yang
ditempatkan dalam satu arah, area kiri dan kanan robot tidak
dapat dikendalikan. Sensor ditempatkan di area ini, dan sisi-
sisi ini dikontrol. Dalam penelitian kami, lingkungan robot
dikontrol menggunakan sensor LIDAR [16].
Kontribusi studi ini terhadap literatur adalah penggunaan logika
fuzzy dan metode follow-gap bersama-sama dalam kontrol gerak

Gambar 1. Parameter roda Mecanum. robot bergerak. Dalam konteks ini ditawarkan suatu alternatif
pengoperasian sistem berbasis navigasi dengan memberikan
disajikan dalam literatur di bidang ini, dan banyak kemampuan untuk menghindari rintangan di dalam ruangan tanpa
metode telah diusulkan. Selain metode berbasis gambar memerlukan informasi seperti lokasi rintangan, informasi peta,
untuk deteksi rintangan, sensor jarak berbasis laser dan
dan lokasi robot. Platform robot seluler dengan roda Mecanum
sensor sonar digunakan. Metode deteksi hambatan utama
disebutkan sebagai berikut: metode medan potensial buatan memberikan keunggulan omnidirectional dalam menghindari
[4, 5], histogram bidang vektor [6, 7], algoritma bug [8], rintangan. Sistem yang diusulkan dapat digunakan pada robot
metode follow-the-gap [9], logika fuzzy [10 ], dan jaringan bergerak yang beroperasi di area sempit. Kami percaya mereka
saraf [11]. akan menguntungkan dalam proses transportasi gudang dan
industri karena gerakan linier omnidi-rektional mereka.
Roda mecanum adalah roda tradisional dengan
Kemampuan robot untuk bergerak tanpa mengganggu sudut
serangkaian roda yang diikat mengelilinginya. Masing-masing
roller ini memiliki sumbu rotasi 45 dengan bidang roda dan 45 acuan tidak mengubah sudut pandang peralatan. Jadi, itu juga
dengan garis yang melewati bagian tengah silinder sejajar dapat digunakan sebagai penjaga dalam ruangan atau robot
dengan sumbu rotasi roda. Pengetahuan tentang struktur roda servis. Pendekatan yang diusulkan mungkin lebih disukai karena
Mecanum, mobilitas, dan persamaan matematika penting
lebih murah daripada sistem berbasis navigasi.
untuk mengembangkan platform mobile-robot dengan roda
Mecanum [12, 13]. Penelitian ini disusun dengan menjelaskan model
kinematik mobile robot dengan roda Mecanum serta
Roda Mecanum terdiri dari roda Swedia dan roda standar membahas desain dan produksi setelah dilakukan tinjauan
tetap dengan rol pasif yang dipasang di sekeliling roda pustaka. Selanjutnya, metode untuk mendeteksi rintangan
(Gambar 1). Roda mecanum adalah salah satu jenis roda
dan lebar celah dijelaskan. Disain pengklasifikasi fuzzy-
swedia dengan = 45, dimana merupakan sudut antara bidang
roda dan sumbu rotasi dari roda pasif [14]. logic dan hubungannya dengan lebar celah disediakan.
Dalam penelitian ini, dikembangkan platform mobile-robot Studi eksperimental dijelaskan, dan makalah dilengkapi
dengan empat roda Meca-num. Sensor pendeteksi jarak dengan kesimpulan dan evaluasi. Desain dan produksi
berbasis laser dipasang pada robot bergerak. Untuk robot bergerak beroda Mecanum.
mencegah pergerakan serta menghindari hambatan seluler
1.1Kinematika Robot dengan Empat Roda Mecanum
dalam lingkungan tertutup, metode follow-the-gap dan fuzzy-
Roda Mecanum dipasang pada robot bergerak dengan
logic digunakan secara bersamaan. Eksperimen menunjukkan
bahwa hasil yang sukses dapat diperoleh dengan bingkai coor-dinate lokal fRg: XRYRZR ditunjukkan pada
menggunakan metode ini. Pengontrol fuzzy telah menjadi Gambar 1. Titik A adalah pusat roda, dan parameter geometris
sangat populer dalam aplikasi robot seluler karena lainnya didefinisikan sebagai berikut: adalah sudut vektor GA
penggunaan variabel linguistik. Mereka digunakan untuk
relatif terhadap XRdari titik awal G ke titik A, dan merupakan
memproses dan mengklasifikasikan data kompleks. Kontrol
sudut antara sudut roda utama dan vektor GA. Jarak dari
gerak robot seluler adalah sistem yang kompleks. Logika
fuzzy cocok untuk pergerakan robot bergerak. Dalam studi pusat geometris G ke pusat roda A adalah l, dan jari-jari roda
utama adalah

189 j Musa Matli, Ahmet Albayrak, dan Raif Bayir http://doi.org/10.5391/IJFIS.2020.20.3.188

−1 −1
2 π−tan ¿ tan ¿ −(π /2+ π /4)
) )
Tabel 1. −1 −1
Parameter roda
3 π + tan ¿ −tan ¿ (π /2+ π /4 )
mecanum )
−1 −1
W αi βi γi
4 2 π −tan ¿ tan ¿ −(π /2+ π /4)
hells ) )
−1 −1
1 tan ¿) −tan ¿ (π /2+ π /4 )
)
International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems, vol. 20, no. 3, September 2020

r. 'dan'SW adalah kecepatan rotasi roda utama dan rol


Gambar 2. Tampilan mobilitas robot seluler engan roda
pasif yang bersentuhan dengan tanah, masing-masing [17]. Mecanum
Dengan mengasumsikan bahwa titik kontak antara roda persamaan matic robot bergerak roda empat
mekanis dan tanah adalah pusat rotasi yang tiba-tiba, maka
mecanum dinyatakan sebagai Persamaan. (3).
kontak berada dalam keadaan menggelinding sederhana
tanpa bergeser. Maka kecepatan pusat roda A sepanjang arah

[]
[]
φ̇1
tangensial adalah r ', seperti yang ditunjukkan pada Gambar
ẋ I +¿ φ̇2 ¿
1. Jadi, komponen kecepatan pusat roda A sepanjang sumbu φ̇3
roda yang bersentuhan adalah r' cos. Laju perpindahan ẏ I =−( √ 2/2 ) r j
sesaat robot di bawah kondisi fRg dalam bingkai lokal adalah θ̇
T
[xR yR] . Kecepatan rotasi di sekitar ZR
kemampuan pergerakan robot bergerak beroda mecanum.
sumbu adalah. Kecepatan titik A, yang merupakan
pusat roda, dapat dihitung dengan menjumlahkan vektor Sifat kinematik dan dinamis dari robot bergerak beroda mecanum
kecepatan perpindahan xR menunjukkan bahwa mereka dapat mencapai gerakan
yR dan kecepatan relatif l _ karena omnidirectional. Beberapa gerakan dari mobile robot beroda
kecepatan rotasi, seperti yang ditunjukkan pada mecanum ditunjukkan pada Gambar 2. Pada penelitian ini
Gambar 1 [14].
digunakan jenis gerak A, B, C, E, dan inversnya, seperti yang
Kami berasumsi bahwa keempat roda Mecanum ditunjukkan pada Gambar 2. Dengan menggunakan jenis gerak
dipasang pada jarak yang sama. Jadi, Tabel 1 diperhitungkan, tersebut, statis dan dinamis rintangan dihindari.
dan persamaan gerak dinyatakan sebagai Persamaan.
(1). 1.2 Desain Robot Seluler Beroda Mecanum

[ ] ( )[ ][
Platform mobile-robot terdiri dari empat motor arus searah
√2 ∕ 2 √ 2 ∕ 2

][ ]
φ̇ 1 lsin (π /4−α ) (DC), LIDAR, penggerak motor, komputer mini, baterai,
cos θ sin θ 0 ẋ I
φ̇ 2
=−
√ 2 √ 2 ∕ 2 −√ 2 ∕ 2 lsin (π /4−α ) roda Mecanum, dan bodi. Representasi umum dari sistem
× −sin θ cos θ 0 ẏ I
φ̇3 r − √ 2 ∕ 2 −√ 2 ∕ 2 lsin (π /4−α ) ditunjukkan pada Gambar 3. LIDAR atas dan layar sentuh
0 0 1 θ̇
φ̇4 − √2 ∕ 2 √ 2 ∕ 2 lsin (π /4−α ) diposisikan di bagian atas robot.
Proses produksi-pengembangan robot dari
Dalam persamaan ini, = tan 1 (b = a) dianggap. tahap perancangan ditunjukkan pada Gambar 4.
Jarak hori-zontal robot dari titik tengah ke tengah Motor DC digerakkan oleh penggerak motor RoboClaw 2 15 A.

roda adalah a, dan jarak vertikal b. Matriks Setiap drive juga terhubung ke komputer mini. Komputer mini

Jacobian didefinisikan oleh Persamaan. (2). NUC5i7RYB In-tel digunakan sebagai pengontrol sistem.
Komputer mini mengirimkan sinyal kontrol yang diperlukan ke

[ ][
penggerak motor. Sensor LIDAR terhubung ke minicom-puter.
√2 ∕ 2 √2 ∕ 2 lsin(π /4−α )

]
cos θ sinθ Komputer
0 mini menafsirkan data dari LIDAR dan menghasilkan
J=
√ 2 ∕ 2 − √2 ∕ 2 lsin(π /4−α )
. −sin θ cos θ sinyal
0 kontrol yang diperlukan. Pengemudi, komputer, motor, dan
−√ 2 ∕ 2 − √ 2 ∕ 2 lsin(π /4−α ) 0 0 sensor1 yang digunakan ditunjukkan pada Gambar 5.
−√ 2 ∕ 2 √ 2 ∕ 2 lsin(π /4−α )

Menurut persamaan yang disebutkan di atas, kine- tingkat lanjut

190 j Musa Matli, Ahmet Albayrak, dan Raif Bayir


www.ijfis.org
Jurnal Internasional Logika Fuzzy dan Sistem Cerdas, vol. 20, tidak. 3,
September 2020

Gambar 3. Lihat struktur sistem.


International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems, vol. 20, no. 3, September 2020

(b)

Gambar 4. Gambar robot seluler yang diproduksi dari


simulasi ke perakitan akhir: (a) desain robot, (b) perakitan
mekanis, (c) desain kelistrikan, dan (d) perakitan akhir.

Penelitian ini menggunakan roda Mecanum yang diameter, Gambar 5. Peralatan yang digunakan dalam penelitian
lebar, dan daya dukungnya masing-masing 203 mm, 78 cm, dan ini. (a) roda Mecanum, (b) Intel NUC, (c) motor DC, (d)
Penggerak motor, dan (e) LIDAR.
150 kg. Pergerakan robot disediakan oleh gearmotor DC 24-V 95-
W 220-r / mnt. A 2 15 Pengemudi motor digunakan sebagai
penggerak motor. RP A2 LIDAR digunakan untuk mendeteksi yang lebih jauh dari 1 m dan mempertimbangkan
hambatan dan lingkungan. Ini memiliki kapasitas deteksi 360. Ini jarak untuk rintangan yang kurang dari 1 m. Dalam data
memberikan informasi jarak 8000 poin per detik. Jarak deteksinya yang difilter, nilai nol menunjukkan celah, sedangkan data
yang lebih dekat dari 1 m menunjukkan hambatan. Dalam
adalah 21 m.
hal ini, nilai dari nol dan yang lebih rendah memberikan titik
2. Mendeteksi Hambatan dan Celah awal dan akhir dari rintangan. Lebar celah dihitung dengan
Hambatan dideteksi menggunakan data yang diterima dari LIDAR. mencari titik awal dan akhir rintangan. Tiga situasi berbeda
Data jarak difilter dengan mempertimbangkan nol untuk rintangan terjadi antara robot dan rintangan, yang ditunjukkan pada
Gambar 6.
Gambar 6 (a) menunjukkan bahwa robot ditempatkan di antara
rintangan. Di sini d1 dan d2 menunjukkan jarak antara batas
rintangan dan robot yang diukur dengan LIDAR. Sudut batas
rintangan dengan robot dinyatakan sebagai a1 dan a2. Jarak
batas halangan ke sumbu yang melewati tegak lurus robot
dinyatakan sebagai x1 dan x2. Kesimpulannya, jika penjumlahan
dari x1 dan x2 lebih besar dari lebar robot maka robot tersebut
dapat melintas.

191 j Musa Matli, Ahmet Albayrak, dan Raif Bayir


http://doi.org/10.5391/IJFIS.2020.20.3.188
International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems, vol. 20, no. 3, September 2020

Gambar 6. Situasi antara halangan dan robot: (a) jika robot berada di tengah halangan, (b) jika
robot di kanan halangan, dan (c) jika robot kiri rintangan.

Persamaan. (4) digunakan untuk menghitung lebar celah. 4. Desain Pengklasifikasi Logika Fuzzy
Gambar 6 (b) menunjukkan robot di sisi kanan rintangan.
Dalam hal ini, lebar celah yang akan dihitung diberikan oleh Robot mulai bergerak dengan menghitung sudut tengah
Persamaan. (5). Gambar 6 (c) menunjukkan bahwa robot celah. Itu juga harus menghindari rintangan saat bergerak ke
berada di sisi kiri rintangan. Dalam hal ini, Persamaan. (6) tengah celah. Dalam hal ini, pengklasifikasi logika fuzzy digunakan
digunakan untuk menghitung lebar celah untuk menghindari rintangan dan memindahkan robot ke tengah
celah. Pengklasifikasi logika fuzzy dirancang dengan tiga
x1 = d1 = sin
(a1); masukan dan satu keluaran. Sudut tengah celah, sudut halangan
x2 = d2 = sin terdekat, dan jarak halangan terdekat diberikan sebagai masukan.
(a2); Jenis gerakan robot ditentukan oleh keluaran. Nilai input
Lebar celah = x1 + (4) menunjukkan di mana robot berada di celah, di sisi mana
x2; rintangan, dan seberapa dekat jaraknya dengan pusat celah.
x1 = d1 = sin Gambar 7 menunjukkan fungsi keanggotaan pengklasifikasi logika
(a1);
fuzzy.
x2 = d2 = sin
(a2); Posisi pusat celah relatif terhadap robot diekspresikan oleh
Lebar celah x2; (5) variabel linguistik, yaitu kiri, tengah, dan kanan. Sudut
= x1 pandang robot adalah 70 dari tengah ke kanan dan 80 ke kiri.
x1 = d1 = sin Sudut pemindaian robot adalah lebih besar dari lebar robot
(a1); maka robot diarahkan ke celah tersebut. Robot dipandu ke titik
x2 = d2 = sin
tengah celah selama proses orientasi. Perhitungan titik tengah
(a2);
celah dilakukan dengan menggunakan Persamaan.
Lebar celahx1; (6)
= x2

(7) Sudut tengah celah


= Gap sudut batas kanan + Gap sudut batas kiri : (7) 2

Gambar 7. Fungsi keanggotaan input dan outp

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positif sebagai kiri dan kanan. Basis aturan dikembangkan di
mana keluaran ditetapkan sesuai dengan data yang masuk.
sama dengan sudut tersebut. Sudut halangan terdekat Basis aturan terdiri dari 45 aturan (Tabel 2).
dinyatakan dengan variabel linguistik, yaitu kiri, tengah, dan Dalam basis aturan, semua masukan yang mungkin dievaluasi,
kanan. Entri ketiga adalah jarak dari halangan terdekat ke dan nilai keluaran yang terkait dengan pendapat ahli dibentuk.
robot. Jarak rintangan terdekat dievaluasi dalam lima Selain itu, jika lebar celah lebih kecil dari lebar robot dan tidak
kelompok. Jarak dinyatakan oleh variabel linguistik: sangat ada ruang yang tersedia untuk melangkah lebih jauh, robot akan
dekat, dekat, sedang, jauh, terlalu jauh. Karena LIDAR berhenti. Pengklasifikasi logika fuzzy
memiliki jarak pandang 20 m, fungsi antara 0-20; 000 mm
Meja 2. Basis aturan
dibuat. Kecuali untuk fungsi maju, mundur, dan berhenti, robot
dapat melakukan enam gerakan berbeda karena adanya roda Celah Kendala Kendala Robot
Mecanum. Gerakan-gerakan ini diposisikan ke titik negatif dan
International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems, vol. 20, no. 3, September 2020
sudut jarak gerakan maka digunakan istilah pengklasifikasi logika fuzzy sebagai
pengganti pengendali logika fuzzy. Pengklasifikasi logika
Kiri Kiri Sangat dekat Sisi kanan fuzzy yang digunakan sebenarnya mengontrol pergerakan
Kiri Kiri Menutup Salib kanan robot tergantung pada lokasi antara robot dan halangan. Jadi,
Kiri Kiri Tengah Salib kanan kita dapat mengatakan bahwa itu digunakan sebagai
Kiri Kiri Jauh Salib kanan pengontrol.
Kiri Kiri Terlalu jauh Lurus 3. Studi Eksperimental
Kiri Tengah Sangat dekat Sisi kiri
Kiri Tengah Menutup Salib kiri Studi eksperimental dilakukan di Laboratorium Teknik
Kiri Tengah Tengah Salib kiri Mekatronika Universitas Karabuk, Fakultas Teknologi
Kiri Tengah Jauh Salib kiri Jurusan. Studi eksperimental dilakukan dalam tiga
skenario berbeda, yang meliputi pemindaian area,
Kiri Tengah Terlalu jauh Salib kiri
menghindari rintangan statis, dan menghindari rintangan
Kiri Baik Sangat dekat Sisi kiri
statis / bergerak.
Kiri Baik Menutup Salib kiri
Dalam studi ini, lima percobaan dilakukan di bawah tiga
Kiri Baik Tengah Salib kiri
pengaturan eksperimental yang berbeda. Logika fuzzy dan
Kiri Baik Jauh Salib kiri
algoritma pelacakan celah digunakan bersama dalam
Kiri Baik Terlalu jauh Salib kiri percobaan. Gambar 8 menunjukkan diagram alir pendekatan
Tengah Kiri Sangat dekat Sisi kanan yang diikuti dalam percobaan. Gambar 8 menunjukkan bahwa
Tengah Kiri Menutup Salib kanan fungsi pemindaian robot
Tengah Kiri Tengah Salib kanan
Tengah Kiri Jauh Salib kanan
Tengah Kiri Terlalu jauh Lurus
Tengah Tengah Sangat dekat Sisi kiri
Tengah Tengah Menutup Salib kiri
Tengah Tengah Tengah Salib kiri

Tengah Tengah Jauh Salib kiri


Tengah Tengah Terlalu jauh Salib kiri
Tengah Baik Sangat dekat Sisi kiri
Tengah Baik Menutup Salib kiri
Tengah Baik Tengah Salib kiri
Tengah Baik Jauh Salib kiri
Tengah Baik Terlalu jauh Lurus
Baik Kiri Sangat dekat Sisi kanan
Baik Kiri Menutup Salib kanan
Baik Kiri Tengah Salib kanan
Baik Kiri Jauh Salib kanan
Baik Kiri Terlalu jauh Salib kanan
Baik Tengah Sangat dekat Sisi kanan
Baik Tengah Menutup Salib kanan
Baik Tengah Tengah Salib kanan
Baik Tengah Jauh Salib kanan
Baik Tengah Terlalu jauh Salib kanan
Baik Baik Sangat dekat Sisi kiri
Baik Baik Menutup Salib kiri
Baik Baik Tengah Salib kiri
Baik Baik Jauh Salib kiri
Baik Baik Terlalu jauh Lurus
dan algoritma kontrol dikodekan dengan Python.
Pengklasifikasi logika fuzzy dibuat menggunakan pustaka
scikit-fuzzy [18]. Karena keluaran dari logika fuzzy yang
digunakan dalam penelitian menentukan jenis gerak robot,
International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems, vol. 20, no. 3, September 2020

193 j Musa Matli, Ahmet Albayrak, dan Raif Bayir

http://doi.org/10.5391/IJFIS.2020.20.3.188
mobile robot untuk menghindari rintangan berdasarkan informasi
LIDAR. Dalam metodologi ini, langkah-langkah proses yang
berbeda diperkenalkan tergantung-

Angka 8. Diagram alir pendekatan yang diikuti dalam


percobaan. mempelajari jenis tugas. Setiap percobaan
diulang lima kali untuk meningkatkan akurasi
lingkungannya terpisah. Namun, untuk pengukuran.
Dua rintangan ditempatkan di depan robot untuk dideteksi.
menghindari hambatan tetap dan bergerak,
Lingkungan yang diukur oleh robot dapat diberikan sebagai grafik
diagram alur umum digunakan karena alur yang
dua dimensi dalam hal sudut jarak titik-awan (Gambar 9). Kedua
sama diikuti.
rintangan yang ditunjukkan pada Gambar 8 adalah antara 319 -
Gambar 8 menunjukkan tiga eksperimen berbeda seperti
346 dan 12 -39, seperti yang ditunjukkan pada Gambar 10.
memindai lingkungan robot dan menghindari rintangan tetap dan
Hambatan tersebut terletak sekitar 1 m dari robot. Setiap ukuran-
bergerak. Gambar 8 menunjukkan metodologi yang dilacak dari
International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems, vol. 20, no. 3, September 2020
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4.1 Eksperimen Pemindaian Lapangan Robot


Seluler Beroda Mekanum

Dalam percobaan ini, pengujian kami menemukan bahwa


platform mobile-robot dengan roda Mecanum dapat mulai
bergerak di suatu area tanpa terbentur dan kembali ke tempat
semula. Kami menemukan bahwa robot bisa berulang kali
melakukan gerakan yang sama. Gambar lingkungan kerja
ditunjukkan pada Gambar 12.
Gambar 9. Lihat data LIDAR. Robot itu diminta untuk memindai lingkungan kerja. Robot
diharapkan dapat memindai lingkungan kerja mengikuti rute yang
ditunjukkan pada Gambar 13. Selama proses pemindaian, robot
bergerak dan mempertahankan posisinya relatif terhadap dinding
kanan. Ia juga mengendalikan rintangan di depannya dan
menentukan pergerakannya. Percobaan diulang lima kali dan
dicatat. Setiap pengulangan dilakukan dengan baterai yang terisi
penuh. Hasil percobaan pemindaian lapangan ditunjukkan pada
Gambar 13.
Lantainya tidak sepenuhnya mulus karena lantai
ambiennya sudah dilapisi batu-batuan. Dalam kasus ini, robot
terkena getaran dari roda Mecanum saat melewati setiap batu
Gambar 10. Lingkungan tempat data pada Gambar 9 diukur
besar. Getaran ini menciptakan pergeseran gerakan robot.
LIDAR.
Posisi robot dikoreksi sesuai jaraknya dari dinding. Robot itu
bergerak ke kiri saat rintangan muncul di depan. Saat
ditentukan bahwa koridor berada di sisi kanannya, ia bergerak
maju selama 2 detik, berbelok ke kanan, dan bergerak maju
untuk menghindari ketajaman belokan kanan. Robot berusaha
menjaga jarak 80 hingga 110 cm dari dinding kanan.

Gambar 11. Bagan sudut jarak yang difilter.

jarak lebih dari 2 m dianggap nol, dan grafik yang


ditunjukkan pada Gambar 9 mirip dengan yang
ditunjukkan pada Gambar 11.
Gambar 10 menunjukkan bahwa dua rintangan
ditempatkan di depan robot mobil. Gambar 11
menunjukkan hasil penyaringan hambatan tersebut
setelah diterima oleh LIDAR.
Gambar 11 menunjukkan bahwa hambatan Gambar 12. Tampilan lingkungan
muncul sebagai akibat dari filter yang diterapkan. laboratorium tempat uji penyaringan lapangan
dilakukan.

195 j Musa Matli, Ahmet Albayrak, dan Raif Bayir


http://doi.org/10.5391/
IJFIS.2020.20.3.188
International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems, vol. 20, no. 3, September 2020

Gambar 13. Hasil uji pindai lapangan.


Roda Mecanum adalah agar robot dapat
4.2Uji Penghindaran Rintangan Statis Beroda melakukan gerakan menyilang dan menyamping
Sekanum untuk menghindari rintangan yang menyilang.

Dalam percobaannya, mobile robot secara konsisten


4.3 Pengujian Menghindari Hambatan Statis dan
memulai dari titik yang sama untuk mengukur respon robot
Seluler dari Robot Seluler Beroda Mekanum
seperti yang diamati. Kotak mobil ton dengan dimensi yang
sama digunakan sebagai penghalang statis. Dimensi kotak
3 Dalam percobaan ini, kemampuan robot bergerak untuk
karton adalah 40 40 60 cm . Hambatan statis diposisikan di
menghindari statis dan hambatan bergerak diselidiki. Dalam
berbagai titik untuk mempelajari mobilitas robot. Hambatan
percobaan tersebut, robot secara konsisten memulai dari titik
diposisikan seperti yang ditunjukkan pada Gambar 14 (garis
yang sama untuk menyelidiki tanggapannya. Kotak karton dari
biru) untuk menguji kemampuan robot untuk melewati dua
uji penghindaran penghalang statis digunakan sebagai
rintangan dan menghindari rintangan silang. Robot mencoba
penghalang statis. Robot pelatihan yang disebut mBot
melewati tengah celah antar rintangan sesuai algoritmanya.
digunakan sebagai penghalang bergerak. Robot ditutup
Gerakan robot yang diharapkan ditunjukkan pada Gambar 14.
dengan kain, seperti yang ditunjukkan pada Gambar 15, untuk
Percobaan diulang lima kali. Baterai terisi penuh. membuat penghalang.
Dalam kelima pengulangan, robot diamati untuk Hambatan bergerak pindah ke kanan dan kiri mengikuti
menghindari rintangan. Gerakan robot di semua garis yang ditunjukkan pada Gambar 16. Gambar 16 juga
percobaan ditunjukkan pada Gambar 14. menunjukkan posisi hambatan gerak dan hambatan statik
Gambar 14 menunjukkan bahwa dalam studi dalam lingkungan uji hambatan gerak statik dan gerak
eksperimental, robot menghindari rintangan di kelima jalan menghindari hambatan.
pengulangan. Keuntungan dari Percobaan diulang lima kali, dan dimulai dengan pengisian
penuh di baterai. Robot tersebut tidak mengalami hambatan
statis dalam lima percobaan. Selain itu, ia mampu

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International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems, vol. 20, no. 3, September 2020

Gambar 14. Hasil tes penghindaran hambatan


statis.

Gambar 15. Pindah hambatan.


selesaikan percobaan dengan memukul
Gambar 16. Lingkungan pengujian penghindaran halangan statis
rintangan yang bergerak dua kali saja. dan seluler.
Pengulangan pertama dari pengujian kursus sambil berhasil menghindari rintangan
penghindaran hambatan statis dan seluler bergerak.
ditunjukkan pada Gambar 17. Pada pengulangan kedua, robot dan rintangan bergerak
bersinggungan. Robot berhasil menghindari rintangan statis.
Pada pengulangan pertama, robot menghindari rintangan
Selama percobaan berlangsung, hambatan yang bergerak
statis dan bergerak. Gambar 11, yang direproduksi pada
tetap berada di sisi kiri robot. Sebab, robot diarahkan ke sisi
Gambar 17, menunjukkan hambatan bergerak di sisi kanan
kanan. Namun, rintangan yang bergerak bergerak menuju
robot. Robot itu bergerak menuju ruang luas di sisi kirinya.
robot. Robot yang bergerak ke kanan bertabrakan dengan
Robot berhasil menyelesaikan gerakan menjelang akhir
rintangan yang bergerak. Robot menyelesaikan lintasan
dengan menghindari rintangan statis setelah melewati zona
rintangan bergerak.

197 j Musa Matli, Ahmet Albayrak, dan Raif Bayir


http://doi.org/10.5391/IJFIS.2020.20.3.188
http://doi.org/10.5391/IJFIS.2020.20.
International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems, vol. 20, no. 3, September 2020
logic digunakan bersama dalam penelitian ini. Penggunaan
metode follow-the-gap dan pengklasifikasi logika fuzzy secara
Gambar 17. Hasil eksperimen statis dan bersama-sama merupakan konsep asli dalam penelitian ini.
menghindari rintangan yang bergerak. Ketika lebar celah terbesar lebih besar dari lebar celah robot,
Pada pengulangan ketiga, robot dan rintangan bergerak
robot diarahkan ke celah tersebut. Robot yang diarahkan ke
bertabrakan. Hambatan bergerak berada di sisi kanan robot.
tengah celah juga harus menghindari rintangan selama
Kemudian robot diarahkan ke kiri. Namun, rintangan yang
bergerak. Sudut gap, jarak halangan terdekat, dan sudut
bergerak berhasil mengejar robot dan pindah ke depannya. Robot
digunakan sebagai masukan untuk pengklasifikasi logika
itu bertabrakan dengan rintangan yang bergerak. Robot
fuzzy, dan diperoleh keluaran untuk pergerakan robot yang
melanjutkan gerakannya setelah tabrakan ini, menghindari
dibutuhkan.
rintangan statis.
Pada mobile robot beroda mecanum jumlah parameter
Pada pengulangan keempat, tidak terjadi benturan. Robot
yang harus dikontrol cukup banyak karena pergerakannya
mencapai ujung lintasan, menghindari rintangan statis dan
bervariasi. Jelas, masalah ini tidak dapat diselesaikan hanya
bergerak. Ketika robot menemui rintangan yang bergerak, ia
dengan menggunakan kontrol motor. Selain itu, karena
mendeteksi adanya celah di sisi kirinya. Ia melewati sisi kiri
struktur roda Mecanum, selip dapat terjadi selama gerakan,
rintangan yang bergerak dan menyelesaikan lintasan tanpa
yang mengganggu linieritas jalur yang diikuti robot untuk
tabrakan. Demikian pula, tidak ada tabrakan yang terjadi pada
menghindari rintangan. Oleh karena itu, dalam kerja mobile-
pengulangan kelima.
robot beroda Mecanum, kontrol posisi robot membuat
5. Kesimpulan dan Evaluasi penghindaran rintangan menjadi lebih efisien. Karena struktur
Dalam studi ini, platform mobile-robot dengan empat
roda Mecanum, tidak ada getaran besar yang dapat terjadi
roda Mecanum dirancang dan diproduksi. Roda Mecanum
pada permukaan yang halus. Namun, terlalu banyak getaran
dikenal memberikan keserbagunaan pada robot. Kami
dapat terjadi pada permukaan yang kasar, yang tidak
mengamati bahwa mobilitas ini memungkinkan robot untuk
diinginkan. Penggunaan roda mecanum dengan sistem
menggunakan berbagai skenario gerakan sambil menghindari
suspensi bisa mengatasi masalah ini.
rintangan. Teknologi LIDAR digunakan untuk mendeteksi
LIDAR sulit mendeteksi permukaan kaca. LIDAR terkadang
rintangan. Robot seluler biasanya mengetahui peta dan
dapat melihat kaca, tergantung pada sudut antara kaca dan
lokasinya di peta. Dalam penelitian ini robot tidak mengetahui
robot, dan terkadang, ia dapat melihat objek di balik kaca.
posisi dan petanya. Oleh karena itu, ini menghindari hambatan
Adanya glazed section di laboratorium menyebabkan
statis dan dinamis yang mungkin ditemui saat bergerak bebas
penyimpangan pergerakan robot selama percobaan
di lingkungannya. Robot itu diuji dalam tiga skenario berbeda.
berlangsung. Untuk mencegah penyimpangan, permukaan
Setiap skenario diulangi lima kali. Dalam lima kali
kaca dalam jarak LIDAR ditutup dengan kertas, yang
pengulangan, robot secara konsisten memulai dari posisi yang
memecahkan masalah penyimpangan dalam gerakan robot.
sama. Dengan cara ini, akurasi diukur. Pada percobaan
Penggunaan baterai sangat penting dalam robot seluler karena
pertama didapatkan hasil yang sukses dengan tingkat akurasi
ketika baterai tidak dapat memasok daya yang cukup ke robot,
100%. Robot menyelesaikan percobaan pemindaian lapangan
masalah seperti pengurangan pembacaan data dari LIDAR dan
dengan rata-rata 4 menit 45 detik. Dalam percobaan kedua,
penurunan kecepatan robot dapat terjadi. Untuk mengatasi
sebuah lintasan,
masalah ini, status pengisian baterai harus terus menerus
yang terdiri dari rintangan stasioner, diselesaikan oleh robot
diperiksa. Operasi robot dan keberhasilan tugas secara langsung
dengan akurasi 100%. Itu menyelesaikan percobaan pada waktu
dipengaruhi saat tingkat pengisian daya baterai turun di bawah
rata-rata 38 detik. Pada percobaan ketiga, lintasan dengan
nilai tertentu.
rintangan diam dan bergerak diselesaikan oleh robot. Eksperimen
ketiga diselesaikan dengan akurasi 60%. Robot menyelesaikan
eksperimen dalam waktu rata-rata 38 detik.
Untuk menghindari rintangan, jarak antara rintangan diukur
selama pergerakan, dan nilai terukur serta nilai jarak dan
sudut rintangan terdekat dievaluasi menggunakan
pengklasifikasi logika fuzzy. Metode follow-the-gap dan fuzzy Penghindaran Rintangan Dinamis dan Statis Berdasarkan Sensor Jarak Laser j 198
Konflik kepentingan Pekerjaan ini didukung sebagai proyek BAP
berkode KBU BAP-18-YL-157. Para penulis ingin
Tidak ada potensi konflik kepentingan yang mengucapkan terima kasih kepada Koordinator
relevan dengan artikel ini yang dilaporkan. Proyek Penelitian Ilmiah Universitas Karabuk atas
dukungan keuangannya.
Ucapan Terima Kasih
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