sj-u ttitii siijan ami) xah«iih,csii{i2i),2oi3 91

KHAI NIEM PHAN TANG XA HQI VA CACH TIEP CAN

TRONG VIEC DO Ll/CJNG CAC TANG L 6 P XA H'OI

DO THIEN KINH"

Bii viet trinh biy ve khii nipm phin ting xi hpi vi cich tiip can trong vipe do
ludng cic tang Idp xa hpi. Day li nhihig kien thuc dugc tdng hpp vi phan tich tir nhihig
thinh tuu eua xa hOi hgc hipn dai tren thi gidi. Nhihig npi dung trinh biy trong bii viet
niy li thiit thuc trudc mit ddi vdi tinh trang ly luan vi phan ting xa hpi d Viet Nam hi^n
nay. Ngoii ra, edn nhieu vin de ly luan hipn d^i khic niJa vi phin ting xa hgi, nhimg do
pham vi h ^ che ciia bii viet chua the trinh biy dupe.
1. Khai nifm phan tang xa hoi va do lirdng cac ting Idp xa h$i
1.1 Mgt sd khdi ni^m ca bdn
Dudi day li sir trinh biy mdt cich tdm luge ve ba khii niem co bin duge xem xet
theo gdc do cd lien quan den bii viet niy. Viec xem xet ba khii niem co ban (Harold R.
Kerbo, 2000: 10, 11) dudi diy se la ea sd dan tdi sir hieu biet can bin ve ly thuyet phan
ting xa hdi vi di dpng xa hpi.
Khdc biet xd hgi li sir mieu ti don thuin vi tinh ttang khic nhau theo nhihig die
diem, phim chit ci nhan vi vi tri cdng viec ciia mpi ngudi trong xa hdi. Vi du, cd the phin
chia thanh nhihig nhdm ngudi khie nhau vi gidi tinh, chiing tdc, nang lire vi su phan cdng
lao ddng . . . Xi hpi cing cdng nghipp hda, sir phin cdng lao ddng cing ting thi tinh trang
khic biet giOa mpi ngudi cing nhieu. Tdm lai, cing ting s\f phan cdng lao dpng, thi tinh
tt?ng khic bipt xi hpi eing da dang. Diiu quan trgng li d cho, sif khdc nhau ndy chua dugc
xd hgi ddnh gid vd chua dugc xip hgng theo nhirng thii bgc cao thdp ddi vdi nhau (day li
tinh trang diu tien dan tdi sif bat binh ding vi phan ting xa hpi). Chiing ta cd thi phin
nhom xi hpi theo su khac nhau niy vi cic nhdm hoin toin binh ding vdi nhau theo nghia
chua dit nhdm nao eao hon nhdm nio. Lien hp khii nipm niy vdi tinh hinh nghien cim ve
cac giai cap vi ting Idp d nude ta trong thdi ky ddi mdi ta thiy khii nipm niy the hien ro
qua cich hinh biy trong cic di tai thupc ve chii de gpi li "co ciu xa hdi".
Bdt binh ddng xd hgi li tinh trang nhihig ca nhin tiip can khdng cdng bing cie lo?i
nguin luc, ngudn Ipi, tii sin, dieh vy vi cic vi tri trong xi hdi. Ddng thdi, su tiip cin
khdng cdng bing niy dugc xi hdi danh gii. Nhu thi, bdt binh ddng xd hgi la su khdc bift
xa hgi da duac ddnh gid vd xep hang Iheo nhiing Ihu bgc cao thdp doi vdi nhau. Day la
diiu ein dugc nhin manh quan trpng vi nd cimg li trang thii tiep theo din tdi phin tang

TS. Vien XS hgi hoc.

92 Khdi niem phdn tdngxd hgi vd each tiep cgn...

xi hgi. Dg viy, bit binh ding xi h$i cd lien quan chit che din nhihig vj tri khic nhau
hong ciu tnic xa hOi. Tir nhihig vi tri khic nhau niy mi ngudi ta cd thi ti6p can khdng
cdng bing cic loai nguon \\fc, nguon Igi, tii sin vi djch vv xi hgi. Diiu dd li do sir khic
bipt ve die diim, phim chit ci nhin vi vj tri cdng vipe cua moi ngudi trong xa hgi.
Phdn Idng xd hgi (David B. Grusky, 2000; Giddens Anthony vi cpng sv, 2000:146;
Harold R. Kerbo, 2000: 11, 81) li tinh trjng bit binh ding xi h0i mang tinh ciu tnic
(structured inequalities), vi mang tinh thiet chi (institutionalized inequalities) - hlc li mpt
he thong xi hgi cd s\r xep hang theo tdn ti trat tir tren dudi giiia eic ting Idp dugc thiet
lip vi duy tri on dinh (the hipn sir ciu tnic hda vi thiit chi hda). Nhu vay, nd li mgt hp
thing cic moi quan hp xi hpi nhim xic dinh: (1) Lim thi nio mi ngudi ta d vio vj tri
nhu viy? (Tri ldi cho cau hdi AillWhol); (2) Cic loai ngudn Ivc, ngudn igi, tii sin vi
djch vv xi hgi dugc phin phdi giOa mgi ngudi theo nhihig quy tic, phucmg thdc nhu the
nio? vi bing cich nao mi hg nhin dugc nhihig gi? (Tri ldi cho nhihig ciu hdi Cdi gi? va
Nhu thi ndoTIWhall Howl); (3) Tai sao lai phin phdi nhu viy? (Tri ldi cho ciu hdi Tgi
saollWhyl)
Ba khii nipm tren cd mdi quan he bao him nhau. Chung nhu ba vdng trdn dong
tam. Trong dd, khii nipm khic bipt xi hgi li vdng trdn Idn nhit, khii nipm phan ting xi
hpi d trong cimg vi nd the hipn ban chat cua xa hdi mdt cich cin bin nhit. De ed the hieu
vi nhan thiic dugc sir phdn Idng xd hoi, trudc het cin hieu vi nhin thiic dugc su phdn
nhdm xd hgi (dua theo khii nipm khdc biel xd hgi). Phin nhdm xa hdi li dua tren mpt s6
tieu chuin xic djnh nio dd de phan chia thinh cac nhdm xa hgi khac nhau. Neu chi dimg
lai d vipe phin nhdm xi hgi, ta ed dugc cic nhdm hoin toin binh ding vtii nhau (nhom
nio cimg nhu nhdm nao). Nhung, sau khi thuc hien vipe phin nhdm xi hgi, ngudi ta lai
tiip t\ic tien hinh vipe sdp xep thir bgc giira cie nhdm vdi nhau (nhdm ng dimg tren nhom
kia) di tao thinh eic ting Idp khic nhau vi dan tdi phdn tdng xd hgi. Den liic niy, cic
nhdm khdng cdn binh ding vdi nhau niJa, mi giiia chung tdn tgi mgt sy bit binh ding xi
hdi. Nhu vay, sir bit binh ding li thugc tinh vdn cd trong ciu tnic phin ting, vi phan ting
xi hgi di the hipn trong nd sir phan nhdm xi hpi. Tir mdi quan he giiia ba khii nipm nhu
viy, ta cd the dua ra khii nipm phin ting xi hpi mpt cich cu thi hem sao cho nd thi hien
ci hai khai niem cdn Igi trong do. Cu thi nhu sau:
Phdn ting xd hgi Id sifphdn chia nhiing ngudi thdnh cdc nhom ca bdn khdc nhau.
Ddng thai, cdc nhom ndy duac xip hgng theo Ion ti trft ttf tren dual di tgo thdnh
cdc Idng lap trong h$ thdng. Moi Idng bao gdm nhiing ngudi co dia vj kinh li-xa
hpi tuang lu gdn vdi nhau. Hf Ihdng xip hgng Ion ti trdi lundyldsu bdi binh ddng
mang tinh edu true vd Id thugc linh ciia edu true xd hot Ddng thdi, sfc bdt binh d
ndy cUng mang tinh Met chi vd co the trao truyin qua cdc thi h^. Trong he thdng
phdn tdng, cdc thdnh vien si khdc nhau vi kha ndng thdng liin (di dgng) bdi dia
khong gidng nhau aia hg trong cdc bdc thang xd hgi
(Caroline Hodges Persell, 1992: David B. Grusky, 2000; Gidd
Anthony vd cgng su, 2000; G. Endruweit & G. Trommsdorff 20
Robert A. Rothman, 2005; Tony Billon vd cgng sif, 1993).
 £>d Thien Kinh 93

Khai nipm ve phin tang xa hpi tren diy da the hipn hai khii nipm khic bi§t xi hOi
va bit binh dang xa hpi trong dd. Phin tich cy the hon, nd cd nhirng ndi dung co bin nhu
sau (David B. Grusky, 2000):
a. Sir phin chia thinh eic nhdm xa hpi khic nhau dva tren co sd kiem soil khic
nhau ddi vdi cic logi ngudn Igi, tii sin (kinh ti, chinh trj, xi hgi, vin hda, uy tin
. . . ) vi dich v\i xa hpi. Cic loai nguon Igi vi tii sin dd tgo thinh nhiing co
sd/tieu chuin di phan chia. Tir s\r phan chia niy, ta cd thi xic dinh dugc so
lugng cic nhdm ca bin trong xa hgi.
b. Sv xip hgng cic nhdm theo tdn ti trat tv tren dudi di tao thinh cie ting lop xi
hgi trong h$ thing. Nhiing co sd/tieu chuin (mieu ti d diiu a tren diy) dimg de
xep hang thudng cd moi tuong quan chit che, gin lien vi di cimg vdi nhau.
Chiing thudng hgi du vio cimg mdt ting Idp de tao nen sv kit tinh/ro ring vi dia
vi (status crystallization) cho tang Idp dd. Tuy nhien, sv xep hang niy cung cd
thi xuat hipn tinh trang gpi li su khdng nhit quin vi vj thi (status
inconsistency). Tuc li mpt ting Idp cd thi d vi tri cao xet theo tieu chuin niy,
nhung lai d vi tri thip hon neu xet theo tieu chuin khic. Xa hpi cing phat trien,
cang cdng nghipp hda thi tinh trgng khdng nhit quan ve vj the giiia cac tang Idp
cing nhieu. Dieu niy dan tdi "duimg ranh gidi" giiia cic ting lap xa hgi thudng
khdng ro rang. Cic tang Idp thudng cd sir "giao thoa" vdi nhau.
c. Sv bit binh ding mang tinh ciu tnic vi tinh thiet che. Tire la nd the hien su ciu
tnic hda vi thiit chi hda - mdt phiic hgp cic thiet che xa hpi da tao ra sv bit binh
ding trong vipe phin chia nhirng logi ngudn Ivc, ngudn igi vi tii san cd gii tri
cua xi hpi. Cv thi han, do cd thi li nhiing quy tic trong viec phan chia nhiing
ngudn Ivc, nguon Igi niy theo nhirng vi tri nghe nghiep va dia vi xa hdi cua moi
ngudi trong bin dd hp thing phin ting.
d. Sv di dpng giiia cie ting Idp xi hpi. Tire li he thing nhiing ca chi di dpng cua
cic ci nhan giiia cic tang Idp xi hgi vi tao nen nhiing kiem soil khac nhau mgt
cich bit binh ding vi cic ngudn Ivc, ngudn igi cd gii ai. Tin tgi sire manh xa
hgi nim ben dudi vi quy djnh qui trinh di dgng niy. Ddi vdi moi tang lap xa
hgi, hoic toin bg hp thong phan ting cd thi li di ddng khep kin (ddng), hoic li
di dpng md. Xi hgi cing phit triin, eing cdng nghipp hda thi trang thii di dgng
xa hgi trong hp thing phan ting ngiy cing eao (tuc li hp thing phin ting md,
chir khdng khep kin - li he thing phan ting ddng).
e Trong hp thing phan ting, lim thi nio mi ngudi ta chiim giir duge mgt dia vj
kinh te - xi hgi xic dinh? Cd hai con dudng di dat tdi dia vi nhu viy: dia yi gdn
cho (ascribed status) cd sin va dia vi dgt dugc (achieved status) phii phan dau
mdi gianh dugc. Dia vj gan cho li dig vi ed dupe khi nhd dya chu yiu vio nhiing
nhan td sinh hpc tv nhien vi xi hdi cd sin (nhu tudi, gidi tinh, chung toe, nguon
goc giai cip). Dia vj dat dugc li khi nhd dya chu yiu vio tii ning vi sv nd lyc
c6 ging cua ci nhin (nhu thdng qua hgc van vi giio due). Hai phuang thiie dat
94 Khdi niem phdn tdngxd hgi vd each tiep cgn...

tdi dia vi nhu viy deu dugc ciu triic hda vi thiet chi hda. Hai phuong thiic niy
thudng kit hgp vdi nhau, trong dd cd phuang thirc ndi trpi. Xi hgi cing phit
triin, cing cdng nghipp hda thi dja vi dgt dugc cing noi trgi, cdn dia vi gin cho
sS md dan.
f Tdn tai sv khic nhau vi hanh vi, thii dg, phong cich sdng vi "vin hda giai cap"
giiia cic ting Idp xi hpi.
Dudi day, chung ta se trinh biy tong quan cic hp thing phin tang trong lich sii da
thi hipn khii nipm phin ting xi hpi neu ra tren diy nhu the nio.
1.2 Cdc he thdng phdn langxd hgi ca bdn trong lich sii
Chi do chiim hihi no le (slavery) li mpt dang thuc eve doan cua sv phin ting xi
hpi. Trong xi hgi dd, cgn ngudi dugc phin chia thinh hai loai (chit nd vi nd Ip) dua tren
lieu chudn sd hau cua mgt nhom it ngudi doi vdi nhiing ngudi khdc duac coi nhu la Idi
sdn cua hg. Chit no chiim hiiu nd le nhu Id mgt thic lu lieu sdn xudt cua hg. Chu nd thu^c
ting idp tren vi ip biic nd le d ting Idp dudi. Nd Ip li ngudi lao dgng khdng cd tu lieu
sin xuit, hi tudc mit hit quyin lim ngudi, khdng ed tv do va bien thinh vat sd hiiu cua
chit nd. Mdi quan hp giiia chu nd va nd Ip nhu vgy dugc lugt phdp thira nhdn vd bdo v$
bdng nhiing Ihiil chi xd hgi chinh thirc. Sv bat binh ding giiia hai tang Idp niy duge day
tdi miie cvc doan trong quan he giira ngudi vdi ngudi. Giiia chii nd vi nd le cd mgt ranh
gidi phan chia cling nhic, eic ting lap khep kin tuyet ddi. Ting lap nd Ip khdng the di
dgng vuon len ting Idp chu nd dugc.
He Ihdng ddng cdp (caste) li mgt dgng thirc cua phin ting xi hdi khep kin. Cic
ding cip dupe phin chia theo nhiing diu hipu khic nhau: ngudn gdc gia dinh, sic tgc, ton
giio, tai sin va chuyen mdn nghe nghiep. Nhiing diu hipu niy cung thudng cd sv gin lien
it nhieu vdi chinh tri. Dia vf cua mdi thdnh vien trong limg ddng cdp dugc xdc lap ngay
lit khi sinh ra gdn lien vai dia vi xd hgi cita cha me vd khong the thay doi Dia vj niy
dugc trao truyen tir the h? niy sang the hp khic (cha truyen con ndi) va cd thi li di truyen
xi hpi - mgt sv di truyin di quy dinh nghe nghipp, uy tin vi quan hp xi hpi cua moi
thinh vien. Giiia cic ding cap duge xep hang theg tdn ti trat tv tren dudi vi cd ranh gidi
phan chia ciing nhic, tich rdi nhau. Tdn ti trgt tv giiia eic ding cip dugc thiit lip bdi cac
tyc Ip (vi du nhu ngi hgn), luat phip, quin dpi vi dupe sv ho trg bdi hp tu tudng tdn giio,
hoic hp tu tudng khic. Cic ding cip li khep kin va ding cip dudi khdng thi di dpng len
ding cip Ven dugc. Vi dv, hp thong ding cip Hindu d An Dp ngiy xua gim ed 4 ding
cap tir tren dinh xudng dudi li: Brahmins (giao si vi hgc gia Bi La Mdn - Brahman),
Kshatriyas (vd si, chien binh), Vaishyas (ndng dan, ngudi chin nudi, thg thii cdng vi
thucmg nhan), Sudras (tdi td). Ngoii 4 ding cip chu yiu d tren cdn cd cic tiiu ding cap
(subcastes - jatis) vi mdt sd lugng Idn ngudi khdng thupc ding cip nio (outcastes -
untauchables - lien ddn). Nhihig tien din li ting Idp thip nhit vi d dudi diy xi hpi.
Che do phong kien chdu Au thdi Trung c6 (estates) li mgt dang thdc cua phin ting
xa hpi khep kin. Cic tang Idp duge phan chia dva tren ca sd ve sa hiiu rugng ddt co
quyen thira ke vi dugc thiit lap bdi lugt phdp quy dinh vi quyin vi nghia vv cia mil
 Dd Thien Kinh 95

ting Idp. Do viy, c i e ting Idp dugc x i c lip l i cd miu sic cua chinh tri. Chi dg niy d
chiu Au cd c i c ting Idp dugc x i p hgng theo tdn ti trat tv nhu sau: quy tgc (aristocracy,
nobility) xung quanh nhi vua (hoing di), ting lii (clergy), nhitag ngudi binh dan
(commoners, bao gdm ngudi d v i ndng din ngheo - ti diin, thg thu edng v i thugng
nhin). Trong che do phong kiin d phuang Ddng cd thi phan chia thinh dia chii v i ndng
no (ndng din ngheo, t i dien). Moi ting Idp cd nhimg nghi thiic v i hinh vi trong ddi sing
rieng ciia nd. Cic ting Idp l i khep kin, cd ranh gidi phin chia rieng bipt va ting idp dudi
rat khd cd the di dgng len ting Idp tren.

He thdng giai Idng (classes/strata) trong xd hgi cdng nghiep l i mgt dgng thiie phin
ting xa h g i m d . C i c giai t i n g d u g c p h i n chia v i x i p hang thii b i c dan tren nhiing c o s d :
(1) S d h i m v i k i e m s o i t k h i c nhau d i i v d i c i c loai ngudn Ivc kinh t i ( t u lieu s i n x u i t , tai
san), to chirc v i v i n hda; ( 2 ) D i a vj x i hgi, n g h e nghipp v i uy tin; ( 3 ) C h i i m gift q u y i n
luc v i q u y e n u y . M d i giai t i n g b a o g d m nhiing ngucri c d d i a vi kinh t i , chinh trj v i x i
hpi t u o n g t v g i n v d i nhau. Q u i trinh tao t h i n h h e t h i n g c i c giai t i n g thudng d u p e thyc
hien thdng qua c i c hinh thirc thiit c h i kinh t i , chinh tri v i g i a o due. C i c t i n g Idp khdng
con khep k i n v i c d n h i e u s u di d g n g x a hdi giiia c i c giai t i n g . Trong x a hpi thdi ky d i u
cong n g h i e p ( t h i k y X I X ) e d h a i giai c i p chii y i u l i giai c i p t u s i n v a giai c i p vd s i n . X i
hpi c i n g d mirc d p c d n g n g h i e p e a o v e sau thi s u p h i n chia thanh nhieu t i n g Idp c i n g ro
rang h o n ( d i e biet l i c a c tang Idp trung luu d giiia).

Ta c d the t d m l u g e m g t s d d i e trung c o b i n v e c i c hp thong phan t i n g x i hdi trong

ijch sir loai n g u d i n h u sau:

Bang 1: M$t s6 tl$c trimg co* ban cDa e&e h^ thong phan tang x3 h$i

Cic nguon l^c ldm

Hf thdng ph9nt§ng nit binh Di d^ng xl
ca sd'phSn chia, Cdc giai tAng chinh Dia vj x3 hgi
x3h$i ddng hfi
xh hang
xa hpi nsuyfin Ihiiy Thap
Hinh th^i chdu A Chinh trj (quyen luc) Nguai thong trj, nong Cao Gan cho Kh^p kin
dan
/. Chiem him no /p Kinh te (tai san con ngudfChu no, no 1^ Cao Gan cho Kh^p kin
2. Ddng cdp Uy tin va vSn h6a Cac dang cap Cao Gan cho Kh^p kin
3. Phong kien chdu Au Kinh te (tai san dat dai) Quy tgc, tang Iff, ta dien Cao Gan cho Khep kin
4. H4 Ihdng giai Idng trong xa h^i cang nghiep:
•Giaic^pxah^i Kinh t^ (tu li^u san xuat)Tu sin, v6 san Cao can cho, d^l dugc itkh^pkin
- Chii nghia xa hgi Chmh trj (dang phai, Ngudi quan ly. bj Trung binh Ganch3,dat^]gc it kh^p kin
nha nirdc quyen t^rc) quan iy ]
- Tang 16p xa h?i Kinh t^, x3 h$i, chinh cac nh6m nghe n^i|p Trung binh Gancho,d9t Md
trj, uy tin va vSn h6a dupe

NguSn: Bien tap lai tit David B. Grusky, 2000: 2808, 2810 vd 2001: 4, 9.

' Ndi theo %\f kk hpp gitta \^ thuyet cua K. Pvlarx \h M. Weber thi dd I^ 3 chilu canh (dimensions): (1) Tu
li§u sdn xuit, iiX sSn, ciia cai; (2) Dja vj, uy tin; va (3) Quyin \\fc, quyin uy.
96 Khdi niem phdn Idng xd hgi va each Hep cgn...

Trong bon hp thong phin ting xi hgi tren diy, ba H thing diu tien (nd 1^, ding
cip vi phong kiin) thupc ve cic xd hgi ndng nghiep vi dja vj cua cic thinh vien thudng
li dja vi gin cho. Hp thing sau ciing thupc vi xd hgi cdng nghigp vi dja vi dat dugc
thudng noi trpi.
1.3. Cdeh nip cfn trong vifc do ludng cdc giai lang
Qua sv khii quit tir Ijeh su phit triin cua loii ngudi tren day, ta thay ring cic logi
ngudn Ivc, nguon Igi vi tii sin chu yen (egt 2, Bing 1) tgo nen ca sd/chiiu cgnh diing di
phin chia vi xip hang cic tang Idp trong xi hgi di thay ddi tir ngudn Ivc niy den nguon
Ivc khie, tir dan giin (mpt logi nguon Ivc chu yiu) din phiic hgp (da ngudn Ivc). Theo
dd, sv do ludng cie giai tang xi hgi eiing thay doi mgt cich tuong irng. Ddi vdi cic xi hpi
tien cdng nghipp, cac ting Idp thudng dugc do ludng/xic djnh bdi mgt logi nguin
Ivc/chiiu cgnh ndi bat/chu yen (mic dii nguon Ivc dd cd thi thay ddi tir cii niy sang cai
khic). Mpt chiiu canh dd vira diing di phin nhdm vi vira dimg de xep hgng cic tang Idp
xa hgi. Tire li, co sd diing di phin nhdm xa hgi vi xip hgng (phan ting xi hgi) dupe
ddng nhdt vdi nhau. Sv ddng nhit niy tdn tgi cho din tin thi ky XIX (thdi ky diu cdng
nghipp hda tren the gidi). Ching han nhu ngudn Ivc ve sd hiiu tii sin (tu lipu sin xuit -
TLSX) dugc thi hipn noi trgi de phin chia vi xep hgng thinh hgi giai cap ddi khing chii
yeu trong xi hgi: Giai cip tu sin cd sd hiiu TLSX sS diing tren vi bdc Igt giai cip vd sin;
cdn giai cip vd sin khdng sd hiiu TLSX d dudi vi chju su bdc Igt (Iy thuyet cua K.
Marx). Nhu vgy, doi vdi K. Marx thi ca sd/chieu cgnh dimg de phan nhdm xi hgi vi xep
hgng (phan ting xi hgi) dugc dong nhit vdi nhau.
Doi vdi cic xi hgi cdng nghipp, nhitag loai ngudn Ivc vi tii sin tgo nen co sd/ehiiu
cgnh dimg de phan tang xi hgi li da dang ban nhitag diiu dugc thi hipn trong ly thuyit
cua K. Marx (ching hgn nhu ly thuyit cua M. Weber va cic nhi xi hgi hgc hien dai vi
sau di ehiing td diiu niy). Diiu dd li do cic xa hgi cdng nghipp ngay cing phit triin da
dgng hon, nhieu nguon Ivc cd gii tri mdi xuat hipn. Trudc thvc tien phit triin cua xi hpi
cd nhieu logi ngudn Ivc vi tii sin, vgy thi sS dva vio co sd nio di phin logi vi xip hgng
cac tang Idp xi hpi? Hodc lieu cd thi van tiip tvc kien dinh bim giil truyin thong li theo
thuyit quy giin (reductionism) vi chi mpt logi nguon Ivc vi tii sin chii yiu nhit? Niu
nhu vgy, thi se khdng "bdc tich" dugc mpt so ting Xof khic kiim soat cic logi ngudn lire
cdn Igi. Hon nOa, cd nhflng nguon Ivc rieng re mi niu do ludng trvc tiip nd thi rit kho
khin vi khdng khi thi tren thvc ti (vi dv nhu quyen Ivc). Hodc each khdc Id phii tim
hudng do ludng giin tiip, nhung li cich do ludng tdng hgp sao cho "quy tv" vi "hpi du"
dugc cic logi nguon Ivc, tii sin chu yiu (d cgt 2, Bing I) trong vipe phin logi vi xip
hgng cic tang Idp xi hpi, Tiic li sao cho "quy tv" vi "hgi du" dugc cic logi ngudn lyc
vio ciing moi tang lap di tgo nen sv kit tinh/rd ring vi dia vi c ho moi ting Idp dd. Viy,
lim the nio de do ludng/xic dinh mgt each tdng hgp cic loai ngudn Ivc va tii sin chit yeu
cimg vdi nhau?

D6 giii quyet vin de do ludng ting hgp neu tren, cic nlii xi hgi hpc da cd nhiiu
each do ludng dugc tdm tit trong Bing 2 dudi diy.
 Do Thien Kinh 97

Bdng 2: Tdm tfit iii§t s6 cdeh tilp c$n do lufrng c&c tAng Idp xa h

C^ch ti^p c§n Cic v^u tS do lirdng (dOne dl phSn nhdm vit/ho3c xip hang)
/. Vi tri trong quan h4 san Quyin sd hOu vA kilm soAt d6i vdi TLSX, von tdi chinh; Kiem soit d6i
xudtxShqi^*^ vdi site lao dgng (mua, bdn vA quin \</ siic lao d^ng); Mirc dg tham gia
dua ra quyet djnh, quyin uy noi lim vi?c, quyin l\rc chfnh trj, vk muc
dO dgc lap, Hr djnh hu&ng trong cdng vi§c
2. Dja vj kinh ti-xa hgi (KT- Bao g6m 3 ylu t6: Thu nhgp, Gido di^c, Vy tin nghe nghiep
XH. viet tdt SES)
3. Tit nhgn ihuc chii quan Nhftng chi bdo cha quan tu ddnh gid cua ci nhSn thuQc vl tang Idp nio
4. edu true nghe nghiep va dja - PhSn nhdm dya v4o cau true nghi nghiep (phSn t6/nhdm cdc loai
vi KT-XH ma rgng (SES ma nghi)
rgng) - Phan ting d\ia vdo dja vj KT-XH md r§ng: Tdi san/cua cdi, thu
nhgp: Gido dvc; Uy lin nghi nghifp; Von vdn hoa: Von xd hgi
'' D^i bilu cho cich tilp c§n niy li Erik O. Wright va nhthig ngudi khac da k^t hgp nhOng khfa canh
trong each tiep can ciia K. Marx \k M. Weber
Ngudn: Bien tgp Igi lii Caroline Hodges PerseU, 1987: 204. 209, 234, 260 vd Da
B. GruslQi, 2001: 3. 7, 555-642. 671-781.

Trong Bing 2, cich tiip can si 2 di coi nhe yiu to sd hihi/kiim soit TLSX, tii
sin/cua cii vi vi tri trong quan hp sin xuit (so vdi cich tiip cgn si I). Vdi sv do ludng
thong qua dia vi KT-XH md rdng d cich tiip can si 4, nd di bao him (vi khic phuc,
vugt qua) dugc ci cich tiip can si 1 vi si 2. Do dd, eich tiip can si 4 dugc da si cic
nhi xi hgi hgc qudc ti ip dung vio thue ti cupc sing de do ludng he thdng phin tang d
timg xi hgi eu thi (Robert A. Rothman, 2005: 6, 7). Rieng viec dva vao edu tnic nghi
nghiep it cich tiip can si 4 di giin tiip ve nen bdn dd giai cdp li su bd sung mdi so vdi
cic cich tiip can trudc dd. Trong mgi xi hdi ludn ludn cd sv thay ddi nhOng vi tri nghe
nghipp. Dd li nhimg ci nhan mdi tham gia vio luc luong lao dpng di thay the cho nhitag
ngudi khic (do chit, nghi huu, di chuyin). Hon niia, lai cdn ngay ci bin thin timg vi tri
nghi nghipp vi nhflng ngudn Igi gin liin vdi nd ciing cd sv thay ddi dien hinh vi dien ra
til tir. Chinh vi vgy, mi Joseph Schumpeter (1953) da coi ciu mic nghi nghipp nhu li
"mot khich san [...] ludn ludn ddng khich, nhung cung ludn ludn bdi nhiing ngudi khac
nhau." (trich lai tu David B. Choisky (ed.), 2001: 3). Hoic la, bdi vi cic ngudn Jvc (d Bang
I) dung lim co sd di phin chia vi xip hang cic ting lop cung thudng gin lien qua nghe
nghipp, hoic vi tri xa hgi mi ci nhin nim gifl. Chinh vi vgy, mi Frank Parkin (1971) da
coi ciu tnic nghi nghipp nhu li "chiic xuong sdng cua toin h? thing ngudn Igi trong xi
hpi phuang Tiy hipn dai". Hoic li Robert M. Hauser vi David L. Featherman (1977) di
cho ring nghien ciiu "ciu tnic di ddng nghi nghiep [...] da mang Igi nhung thdng tin ddng
thdi (mic dii li giin tiip) vi quyin Ivc dia vi, quyin luc kinh ti vi quyen Ivc chinh tri",
figay ci Otis Dudley Duncan (1968) va Talcott Parsons (1954) eung cho ring nhu viy
(trich lai tir David B. Grusky (ed.), 2001: 7). Hon ntta, su phin lo^i vi xep hgng uy tin
98 Khdi niem phdn tdngxd hgi vd cdeh tiep cgn...

nghi nghipp thudng cd tinh kha thi vi dp chinh xic eao hem so vdi vipe thu thgp nhflng
tieu chuin khic khd do ludng (vi dv nhu quyin Ivc) ve cic tang Idp trong xi hpi.
Tdm Igi, tren diy li nhftng diiu trinh biy vi khii nipm hp thong phan ting xi hdi
ciing vdi nhitag npi dung cv thi ciia khii nipm niy vi phucmg phip do ludng nd nhu the
nio. Ta cd thi coi nhitag dieu trinh biy dd nhu li "Khung tham chieu" di "soi td" it nhiiu
nhflng thvc ti lich su. Dong thdi, qua hp thong phan ting xi hgi trong lich su loii ngudi,
dpc gii ciing tv suy ngam vi thay cic hp thdng phin ting dd di minh hga it nhieu cho
nhitag npi dimg cy the cita khii nipm phin ting xi hgi. Vgy cdn trudng hgp d Vipt Nam
thi sao? Dudi diy li mgt vi dy tir lich sir Vipt Nam (nhu li nghien ciru trudng hgp - ease
study) cung nhim minh hga it nhiiu cho nhitag vin de trinh biy neu tren.
2. Mot vi du ve phan tang xi h§i a Vipt Nam trong lich sir
Tii lipu lich sii trong myc niy dugc trich dan chu yeu tir nhitag edng trinh nghien cim
eua GS. TS. Nguyen Vin Huyen: "Gdp phdn nghien cim vdn hoa Vift Nam" -Tgp I (1995).
Vipe thd thinh hoing ling dugc thuc hipn d nhieu iing qud ngudi Vipt vimg Ddng bing sdng
Hdng (DBSH). Thinh hoang Ly Phye Man - mpt vien tudng trung thinh cua dng vua Ly Bi
(503-548) - li mgt Vong nhitag trudng hgp nhu viy. Ly Phyc Man duge thd lim thanh
hoing ling trong 20 ling d vimg DBSH. Hinh inh vi dng li hoin toin fruyin thuyit. Theo tii
lipu lich sir vi truyen thuyit din gian dia phuang, Ly Phyc Man li ngudi sinh la d ling Yen
Sd (ten gpi cu li Cd Sd) va mai ting cung d ling Yen Sd (thupc tdng Duang Lieu, huypn Dan
Phugng, phu Hoai Dire, tinh Hi Ddng, cich Hi Ngi khoing 25 km):
"Chung ta thdy rdng, lich sii vd truyin thuyit ddn gian da coi ngdi mg Ly Phuc
Man la a Yen Sa, nai dd tra thdnh trung Idm thd dng. Chinh do Id nai cd pho
tugng tgc Iheo hinh dnh md Ly Thdi Td ndm mgng thdy.
Viec tha cdng duac trdng nom bdi hai lang Idn cgn nhau. thugc hai ting khdc nh
Yen Sa thugc Idng Duang Liiu, con Ddc Sa thugc tdng Ddc Sd. [...] Ddc Sd phd
chdng chi Id mgt sd xdm tdch khoi Yen Sd vdo mgt thai diim nhdt dinh luc Idng b
ddu dd tra thdnh qud lan? [...] Nguai ta di nghieng vi gid dinh cho rdng cd hai lan
ndy xua Ida chi la mgt khdi hdnh chinh duy nhdt, tdc long Cd Sd cila Ly Thdi Td ".
(Nguyin Vdn Huyen, 1995: 310. 312)
Tai ngdi dinh ling Yen Sd - nai hung tim thd Ly Phyc Man duge thuc hipn bdi hai
lang Yen Sd vi Die Sd cimg nhau trdng nom vipe thd cung - di thi hien toin bd ciu tnic
xi hpi cua hai ling qua hai diy hdnh lang trong dinh dinh cho hai ling niy (Hmh I). Toan
bp ddn dng cua moi ling dugc chia thinh 12 hang. Moi diy hinh lang diu ed 11 d ngan
dinh cho cie ding cip ciia moi ling. Trong dd, 10 d ngin dinh cho 10 ding cip vi 1 d
ngin cdn lai. Vio nhung ngiy le hgi Ly Phye Man hang nim, cic ding cip dugc phan chia
theo nhflng d ngin di quy dinh cua hinh lang. Tdn ti frit ty cao thip (ngdi thir) gifla cic 6
ngin dugc tinh tir dien tha. Ding cip nio d gin dipn thd hon thi cd dia vi xa hdi cad hon.
Tiep theo, mm d ngin lai cdn dugc chia nhd thanh 3 bgc (ben fren rai chiiu) cd do cao thip
khac nhau (moi bic cao han bic dudi khoing 10-15 cm) dinh cho 3 Idp ngudi ciing khic
nhau trong ciing mpt ding cip (Nguyen Vin Huyen, 1995: 332, 347, 349, 409, 410). Nhu
 Dd Thien Kinh 99

v&y, moi lop nguoi se ngoi an uong cung mpt chiiu va c6 "chieu tren, chieu du<5fi" trong
cung dang cap. So do hai d§y hdnh lang trong dinh Yen Sd nhir sau:

DI$N T H 6
S6 nfilfcri: So ngudi:
L5o thupng (> 70 tu6i) 50 TuvSn Yen Thai 30
Lao tmng (60-69 tu6i) too Tu van Dai D6ng 10
Kymyc Tuvan Dilm xa 120
Quan vien chinh 52 Chirc dich Tam th6n
Tuvan 18 Trung dinh Diem x a 100
Tu v5 (x5 binh) 143 Trung dinh Dai D6ng 160
XadSn Trung dinh Y«n Thai 100
Quan vign ton 40 Lao Diem Xa 60
Quan vi6n mdi 21 Lao Dai D6ng 60
U o h ? (55-59 tu6i) 95 Lao Yen Thai 40
Hang phi€n 30 Hang phien kieu
Hanh lang Yen S6'> Hanh lang Dac S A - 7 0 0
(nhalxa nhdl Ihon) (nhdt xa lam ihdn: Yen Thai. Dpi Ddng. DiemXd)
Ddn sd > 5000 ngudi Ddn sd < 1000 nguai

Ngudn: Bien tap Igi tir Nguyin Vdn Huyen, 1995: 312, 343-349.
Hinh 1. Vj tri cac dang c i p trong hinh lang dinh Y£n Sd (nam 1937)

Dudi day li mieu ta vi hinh lang phia tay dinh cho ling Yen Sd:
That ra, chi cd 10 hgng ky muc; thdp lich ggi ndm no Id mudi ndc. Hgng ky muc
tin tgi khi nguai ta bdn viec long. Lite dn udng, hgi he, cdc ky muc trd ve chd cu
Ngudi dOng ddu hgi ddng xd cd Ihi la mgt nguai nhd binh hdm ngii phdm. Khi d
udng nguai ndy ngii a chiiu ddu tien ciia cdc xd binh Ly Irudng ngii chieu xa ddn
Bdi thi trong ngdy hgi, cdc chieu ky muc diing ldm nai tiep ddn. [...]
Mdi ding cdp dugc ddnh nhirng chd ngii rieng bift a ngdi nhd cdng cgng cua
lang ggi la Dinh lang. Nhiing ngdy li hgi, cd mudi ddng cap Ihdn hdo tap hgp a
hdnh lang. lice Id mgt ddy nhd ggch khdng cua ngd gi, ndm a phia trdi cai sdn
chinh. Ddy hdnh lang co 11 d ngdn, trong ddco lOd ddnh cho 10 ddng cdp Ihdn
hdo, vd mgi 6 ddnh cho cdc dgi dien chinh Ihiic cua lang ggi Id Ky mifc. [...]
Ngudi ta nhgn thdy rdng nhOng ngdy cd hgp bdn viec lang, cdi d thir ba dugc
ddnh rieng cho nhiing ngudi Ky muc lice Id nhiing igi dien chinhjhiic ciia lang
Niu khdng thi do Id nai tiip khdch long trgng trong nhiing ngdy le hgi
Mdi ddng cdp cdn dugc chia nhd Idm ba lap. mdi lap cd gdc chieu ngdi riSng.
Mdi 6 ngdn duac chia thdnh ba phan: lap thdn hao thii nhdt ngdi vdo chiec
chiiu trdi phdn trin 6 ngdn Ihir nhdt a phia trdi, ddp cao han hai phdn 6 ngan
kia 25 cm. Rdi din Idp thdn hdo tha hai Lap Ihdn hdo thii 3 ngii trin chiec
chiiu a phia sdn dinh.
100 Khdi niem phdn tdngxd hgi vd each tiip cgn...

Nhiing ngudi Ihugc ciing ddng cdp, cimg Idng lap. ciing ngii mdt chieu, ciing dn
mgi mdm. Mudn gia nhdp ddng cdp ngudi la phdi dap ung nhiing diiu Men dgc
Met duac xdc dinh nghiem ngdi Thi dif: phdn thit nhdt cua d ddnh cho ddng cdp
Tu vdn. dugc ddnh cho nhiing ai di gidi uu trong ky thi vdn hgc. 6 dd ngdy nay
bi bd tring vi chdng ai trong lang ddp irng dugc dieu kien do cd. [...]
Mudn cho thi chi ddng cdp dd cd mpt ca sd vOng chdc, ngudi la dd tgo cho no
mgt tinh chdt Idn gido. Nhiing ai thda mdn nhiing diiu kien vdt chdt vd dgo dire
di gia nhgp mgt ddng cdp, trudc lien phdi hien mgt le le Thdn Thdnh hodng. Do
ddy, dia vi xd hgi cda hg mang tinh chdt Idn gido.
(Nguyin Vdn Huyen. 1995: 349, 409, 410)
Ben dudi cic ding cip thudc hai diy hinh lang tren diy li nhflng ddn dinh (hang thu
12 - citng dinh). Chi nhitag ngudi thugc 11 hang mdi cd quyin cd cho d dinh (cdn hang thii
12 thi khdng nhu viy). Biy gid ta hiy "soi td" ciu tnic xi hgi cua hai ling Yen Sd vi Die Sd
theo "Khung tham chieu" ve ngi dung ciia khii niem phin tang xi hgi nhu the nio.
a. ve dai the, cau tnic xa hdi ciia hai ling Yen Sd vi Die Sd dugc phan chia thinh hai
logi hgng ngudi: Nhimg ngudi qudn ly xd Ihdn (the hipn qua 11 d ngin d hai day hinh
lang) vi da sd ddn dinh cdn Igi (hgng 12). Sy phin chia thinh hai loai hang ngudi nhu
the niy, theo ngdn ngfl eua M. Weber la dua theo tieu chuin vi quyen luc chinh trj
(ddng thdi cung bao ham vi ket tinh ci ve dia vi KT-XH trong dd). Thii bic cao thip ro
rang la nhitag ngudi quan Iy xa thdn d tren da sd din dinh.
b. Cy thi hon, ddi vdi nhitag ngudi quin ly xi thdn thi moi ling Yen Sd vi Die Sd Igi
ed su phin chia theo tdn ti trjt ty (ngdi thu) theo hai each khic nhau. Trong do, ci
hai ling diu sip xip hang thir 11 (hdng phien) diing cudi cimg li do sy di ddng luin
phien cit eil tir hang 12 dua len. Het thdi gian luin phien (thudng li mgt/vii nim)
thi hp lai trd ve hang 12, vi dugc thay mdi bing nhimg ngudi khic cung tu hgng 12.
Cac ddng cdp it hac tren hdng phien khdng gidng hoin toan vdi ding cip d An Dp
cd dai li cha truyen eon ndi vi ddng kin, mic du cic ding cip niy d ling xi Viet
Nam dugc duy tri dia vi xi hgi cua hg nhu vgy khi dii (cd thi din gii) vi cd thi di
ddng len cic ding cip fren. Biiu hipn cua ding cip dugc thi hipn rit rd d dinh ling
qua sinh hogt in udng, dung ngdi, ti le vi thd cung. Cic tieu chuin di phin chia vi
xep hang cac ding cap niy d hai ling li sy kit hgp vi tudi tic, chirc tudc, bing cip
vi dia vi.
V. Cudi cimg li cich phan chia vi xip hang ting quit cho toin bg din cu ling xi theo
cii ggi li Hi ddn: Si-Ndng - Cgng - Thucmg. Diiu niy dugc thi hien qua cic hinh
trang tri tren nhflng vien gach dd tram tri tao thinh dudng gd ciia buc tudng hai ben
tam quan (gin hai hdnh lang) 6 dinh ling Yen Sd:
Cdc gd tuang a ddy trinh bdy ring, phuang, vd Idn. Sir yen in chi co Ihi dugc
thuc Men trong nude bdng lao dgng vd su li chiic hdi hoa cua cdc giai Idng
trong xd hgi Nghe IhudI trang tri thi hifn y ndy bdng cdeh trinh bdy nhom ti
 Bd Thien Kinh 101

ddn: sT, ndng, cdng, Ihuang: hodc bon cdnh cua ddi sing binh thudng: ngu,
lieu, canh, dgc. Ta thdy bdn cdnh ndy trong bin hinh trgm khdc a day ngudi
dgc sdch,... ngudi lieu phu.... ngudi edu cd....vd ngudi ldm rugng [...J
Ngudi la vdn quen phdn biel bdn giai cdp hogc ding cdp trong xd hgi ngudi Vi
Si (nho si), Ndng (ndng ddn). Cdng (thg thii cdn^ vd Thuong (ngudi budn bdn
Ddy Id mgi suphdn biel hodn todn dgi khdi phdn lan dyia tren nghe nghiep c
limg ngudi han la dua tren vai trd cda moi cd nhdn trong xd hgi Diiu do rdt ro
net trong Idng xd ngudi Viet nai md each phdn biet dd chdng cd gid tri gi ldm.
(Nguyin Vdn Huyen, 1995: 330, 409)
Cich phin chia theo 4 logi hinh tir ddn niy da bao ham them ci hang 12 tren day
(gim ed Ndng - Cdng - Thuong). Theo ngdn ngfl eua xa hdi hgc hipn dgi thi do li dya
theo tieu chuin nghe nghiep da bao ham ci dia vi xa hdi (tieu chuin sd 4, Bing 2). Ta cd
thi ting hgp lai Idn ti trgt lu tir tren xudng dudi cic ding cap d ling xa Viet Nam trong
lich su (thiri ky phong kien) nhu sau: Quin ly xa/thdn (bao gdm ci SI) - Ndng - Cdng -
Thuong. Sy phin chia nay trudc hit la dya tren quyen lye chinh tri, sau dd la dya theo
nghi nghiep. Theo y nghTa cua sy phin logi cac nhdm nghi nghipp hipn nay, thi nhdm
Quin ly xi thdn cung li mgt logi nghi dgc biet. Do viy, su phin loai cac ting lop xa hpi
d ling/xa ndng thdn fren day cd the quy giin ve tieu chuin duy nhit li nghe nghiep.
d. Thi chi di dpng xa hpi gia nhap vio cic ding cap bing nhieu con dudng khic nhau:
thien dinh (hay Xi, trgng lao ddi vdi ngudi gii), thi cii (dii vdi Tu vin), di bat vd
chudn y (dii vdi Quan vien chinh), mua ngoi (dii vdi Quan vien mdi), vi cit cii
(ddi vdi tuin dmh, tire hang phien). Dii eho thiit ehi di dpng xi hdi bing nhiiu con
dudng khic nhau, nhung dau sao tit ci cic ding cip d bic tren hing phien deu phii
hiin mdt le ti Thin Thinh hoang. Tuc li diu phai lim le cung d dinh vi sau do la
tiec timg khao vgng:
Mgt cau ngan ngii noi: vd vgng bdt thdnh quan, nghia la "niu khdng co tiec
tiing khao vgng, thi khong thdnh quan (cm lang) duac". Mudn dugc chdp
nhdn vdo hgng minh co quyin duac vdo, cdn phdi cd li ciing a dinh, tiic la
cho cdc ky muc cua Idng dn udng.
(Nguyin Vdn Huyen, 1995: 346)
Nhu viy, di tdn tgi mgt sure mgnh ciia thiit ehi xa hgi nim ben dudi vi quy dinh
qui trinh di dpng cua cic ding cip. Ddng thdi, nhitag thiit chi di ddng xa hdi trong ddi
sing hipn thyc ndi trin thi da dugc bao phu bdi mau sic ton giio. Tdn giao di tao them
sy ring budc va lim ting them sue manh cho thi che noi trin tuc.
e. Nhflng thiit chi di ddng xi hdi tren diy da tao ra dia vi xi hdi cho cic ding cap.
Theo ngdn ngfl cua xi hpi hgc hipn dai, cd hai con dudng di dat tdi dia vi xa hpi ndi
fren li dia vi gdn cho cd sin (vi dy diin hinh nhu ding cip Lao) va dja vi dgt dugc
phii phin diu mdi giinh dugc (vi dy diin hinh nhu ding cip Tu vdn). Cdn theo
ngdn ngfl tiing Vi$t (cua cic nhi Sfl hpc) thi dd li Thien tudc va Vuang luac (Vu
Huy Phuc. 1978:18).
f. Phuang thiic di dgng xi hpi dugc thiit chi hda di tgo ra sy bit binh ding mang tinh
ciu triic cua xi hdi. Sy bit binh ding niy li thudc tinh ciia ciu tnic xi hgi giiia eic
102 Khdi niem phdn idng xd hgi vd each tiep cgn...

ding cip d ling/xi Vipt Nam trong vipe phin chia nhflng loai ngudn lyc, ngudn Ipi
va tii sin cd gii trj ciia xi hgi (ndi theo ngdn ngfl cua xi hgi hgc hipn dgi). Cy the
hon, dd li nhitag quy tic frong vipe phin chia nhung ngudn luc, ngudn Igi niy theo
dia vi xi hgi cua moi ding cap noi chdn dinh ling:
Con vgl bi giel (bd, Ign. gd...) thudng dugc quy dinh thdnh mgi "bdn do khu v
rdt ti mi ddnh cho tiing chiic hide, ding cdp nhdt dinh. [...] Sif phdn chia cdc b
phgn con vgl lim qud biiu cho cdc ngdi Ihir khdng chi dan thudn theo mgt thii
uu lien, md Id Iheo mgi quy dinh nghiem ngdi dugc quy chi hoa trong lang xd.
(Nguyin Thira Hy, 1978:128)
Qua nhflng diim phin tich tren diy, ta thiy ciu tnic xi hdi Vipt Nam truyen thing
di thi hipn ly thuyet phin ting xa hpi cua xa hgi hgc hipn dai.
3. Van de thio luin
Trudc tinh hinh nghien ciru ve biin doi ca ciu xi hgi - giai cip nhu dang diing
trudc ngi ba dudng (Do Thien Kinh, 2012: 39) d nude ta hien nay, ndi len mgt si vin di
cin thio lugn cd lien quan din nhflng ngi dung trinh bay frong bii viit fren diy nhu sau:
Tdn tgi mgt dieu ngim djnh mic nhien ring, tieu chuin phin chia thinh cic ting lop xi
hpi d Viet Nam hipn nay li dya vio sd him TLSX, bdi vi h? tu tudng nen ting cua tu duy ly
luin niy li dya vio K. Marx. Theo dd, cich phin chia thinh hai giai cip vi mgt ting Idp (tire
li "2 giai, 1 ting": giai cap cdng nhan, giai cap ndng din vi tang Idp tri thiic) van cdn inh
hudng Idn den nhiing nghien ciiu ve co ciu xi hdi hipn nay. Mie dii nhitag nghien cuu ve co
ciu xi hgi - giai cip hipn nay cd nhimg npi dung mdi (nhu cho ring co ciu xi hgi - giai cap
khdng don giin la 2 giai cap, I tang Idp nhu trudc day niia, ma cd sy xuit hipn nhitag ting
idp xi hdi mdi: doanh nhan, tieu thuong - tieu chu vi cic nhdm xa hgi khic), nhung v6 co
bin CO ciu xa hdi - giai cap Viet Nam hipn nay van duge ciu thinh bdi hai giai cip cdng
nhin, ndng dan vi tang lap fri thuc. Ddng thdi vdi tieu chuin dya vio sd hiiu ddi vdi TLSX,
cic nhi nghien ciru cdn ket hgp them ci tieu chuin dya vio nginh sin xuat (nhu cac nginh
cdng nghipp, ndng nghipp, dieh vy) di phin chia cic ting Idp trong xi hgi.
Nhung nhiiu ngudi nghien ciiu d Vipt Nam khdng biit duge ring fren thi gidi
ngudi ta di phan tich ra thinh quyen sd hau vi quyen kiem sodt ddi vdi TLSX. Ly luan
ve sd him TLSX cua K. Marx di dugc bd sung them mit kiim soit ddi vdi chiing. Hon
nfla, trong qui trinh edng nghipp hda phit friin mgnh mS d cic nude, da sd cic nhi xi hpi
.hgc hipn dgi tren the gidi di lya chgn lieu chudn tdng hgp la nghi nghiep de phin
logi/phan nhdm vi xep hgng cac ting Idp trong xi hgi. Hg vi mpt cich hinh anh vi ciu
tnic nghe nghipp nhu li tryc xuong sing trong ca thi xi hgi. Do viy, hg di lya chpn hp
tieu chuin dya vio nghi nghipp va dia vi kinh ti-xi hdi md rgng (nhu di trinh biy d tren)
de xie djnh cic ting lap trong xi hdi. Day li hp thing da tieu chuin (da chiiu canh) cd
ngudn gdc xuit phat tu M. Weber, ehii khdng phii chii yiu li don tieu chuin (mpt ehieu
canh) nhu K. Marx. Ndi each khic, he thing da tieu chuin niy li su kit hgp giua Marx va
Weber do cac nhi xa hdi hgc tren thi gidi xiy dyng vi phat triin sau niy.
Do viy, trong qui trinh cdng nghipp hda, hipn dai hda vi hdi nhgp qudc ti hipn nay
d Viet Nam, eic nhi nghien eim nen hgi nhgp vdi xi hgi hgc hipn dai fren thi gidi. Tiic
 Do Thien Kinh 103

la, chiing ta ciing nSn ip dyng tieu chuin ting hgp li nghe nghipp vi dia vi kinh ti-xi hgi
md rgng di phin loai/phan nhdm va xip hgng cic ting Idp trong xi hpi. Dieu niy cung li
phii hgp vdi tieu chuin phan chia vi sip xip tdn ti frit ty gifla cic giai ting frong Uch su
Vipt Nam, bdi vi xa hgi li mgt qui trinh phit triin Uch su ty nhien vi lien tyc.

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