Chapter3:Electrochemistry

Conductors Electrolytic Conductors

Metallic
Electrolytic and the
Metallic Conductor. without the Flow of electricity
the substance.
takes place with decomposition of
S Na takes place the movement of ions (flow
1. Flow of
electricity
substance. Electricity is produced due to
devmpsition ofthe movement of of matter). electrolytic
dueto the
2 Electricityis produced
electrons (no flow of
matter). As
temperature increases,
increase in
dissociation. conductance
inreases, electrical conduction
which increases dueto
vibrations
3 As temperature
to inese in kernel
dereases due resistane
causes incTease in
Conductance
Specific and Molar Molar Conductivity (A)
Conductivity (x) 1000
SpecificConductanceor A=Kx V=KX
Molarity
K=1_-G!
Formula Ra Smmor!

|SI unit Sm
Equation Switch
EMF and Nernst
E (cathode) - Ed (anode)
Votmeter
E (cathode) or Eg =
" Fen Eax (anode) + Zo
anode
NO
" Nernst Equation : 0.0591, 1
log
M (a) t ne ’MoiE= E n
[Ma! NO, JNO,
NO,
potential of a cell :
equation : To calculate electrode NO,
" Application ofNernst 0.0591,[X'[YP (at 298 K)
Zny ’ Znt 2e Cu+2e’Ca
Movement of cations
eX+yY ; Fcel =Pel log Movement of anions
aA+bB AB Vottaic Cell

Batteries
commercial cells are dry cell, mercury cell, nickel-cadmium cell, etc.
Battery is a source of electricalenergy. Some
UChapter 4: Chemical Kinetics
half-life, unit of rate constant and graph for the reactions of different orders
Rate law, integrated rate law,
Integrated rate law Half-life Unitof rate constant Graph
Order Rate law
2=AlJ2k mol L- s-l [A] vs t; slope =-k
0 Rate =k[Aj [A], = -kt+ [Al,
2 =0.693/k In[A] vs t; slope =-k
Rate =k{A]' In[A], =-t+ In[A]b
1
2-1 (mol L-" _-l vs t; slope =k
Rate = kAJ" (-1)k= [AS [A, k(n-1)[A6 lA

Some Important Graphs

concentration
Plots of rate sconcentration Plots of integrated rate equations Plots of half-lives winitial
ls arder lstorder
Zero order Zero onder
T|Zero order Itorder

Lntial conc. Lnitial conc

Concentrbos Concestratia
oIEMSTIY TODAY AL2
 Arrhenius Equation
k=Ae-E/RT : logk =log A- E,
2.303 2.303 R T7;
Activation Energy (E) Collision Theory
Activated Activated
-Energy complex
complex
Energy

Products NO Ineffective collision NO

AH
IRectants
Reactants
Products

Progress of the Progress of the

reaction reaction NO Effective collision NO
(Exothermic) (Endothermic)

Chapter 5: Surface Chemistry

Freundlich adsorption isotherm: kand n are constants and 1/n lies between 0 and
1.
1
or Flocculation value
Coagulating power
where, =amount of adsorbate, 1
m= mass of adsorbent at pressure P, Protective power oc Gold number
C= concentration,
Positively charged sols Negatively charged sols

Hydrated metallicoxides e.g., AI,O,-xH,0, Fe,O, xH,0; Metals e.g., Cu, Ag, Au; Metal sulphides e.g., As,S, CdS;
Metal hydroxides,e.g, Fe(OH), Al(OH),; Basic dye stuff Acidic dyes like eosin, congo red sols etc.; sols of gelatin,
gum, starch, etc.
like Prussian blue, haemoglobin (blood), etc.
Elements
Chapter 6:General Principles and Processes of lsolation of
electropositive metal displaces a less electropositive
Electromagnetic separation : When either ore or metal from its salt solution.
impurities are magnetic in nature. ore Pig iron is 93% Fe, 5% Calong with some impurities.
Roasting:In this process, the concentrated
presence This pig iron is melted and poured into moulds
(usually sulphide) is heated strongly in the which on solidification forms cast iron.
of excess of air below its melting point. converting Compressed air
" Calcination The process of
concentrated ore into oxide by heating airit strongly
is called
below its melting point in the absence of Froth bubbles -Sulphide ore
particles
calcination. carrying sulphide
Hydrometallurgy : The process of extraction ore particles -Water containing
solution is called as pine oil
of a metal from its salt on the
hydrometallurgy. This process is based
Gangue
that a more
Principle of electrochemical series,
18)
Chapter7:The p-Block Elements (Group 15 to
of p-block The bond angle : NH, > PH, > AsH, > SbH,
he general electronic configuration Order of acidic character of hydrides is
nsnp° (n = 2 to 7).
cements (Group 15 to 18) is H,0< H,S < H,Se <H,Te
Order of basicity : SbH, <AsH, <PH, <NH, CHEMISTRY TODAY APRIL '23 51