Page 1 of 10 - Cover Page Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2685089342

Md Amer Md Amer
md amer
Aeronautical

b.tech

Institute of Aeronautical Engineering (IARE)

Document Details

Submission ID
trn:oid:::1:2685089342 8 Pages

Submission Date 2,075 Words

Sep 15, 2023, 2:55 PM GMT+5:30

11,885 Characters

Download Date

Sep 15, 2023, 3:28 PM GMT+5:30

File Name
mohammed_amer.docx

File Size

989.8 KB

Page 1 of 10 - Cover Page Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2685089342

 Page 2 of 10 - AI Writing Overview Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2685089342

How much of this submission has been generated by AI?

*15%
Caution: Percentage may not indicate academic misconduct. Review required.

It is essential to understand the limitations of AI detection before making decisions

about a student's work. We encourage you to learn more about Turnitin's AI detection
capabilities before using the tool.
of qualifying text in this submission has been determined to be
generated by AI.
* Low scores have a higher likelihood of false positives.

Frequently Asked Questions

What does the percentage mean?

The percentage shown in the AI writing detection indicator and in the AI writing report is the amount of qualifying text within the
submission that Turnitin's AI writing detection model determines was generated by AI.

Our testing has found that there is a higher incidence of false positives when the percentage is less than 20. In order to reduce the
likelihood of misinterpretation, the AI indicator will display an asterisk for percentages less than 20 to call attention to the fact that
the score is less reliable.

However, the final decision on whether any misconduct has occurred rests with the reviewer/instructor. They should use the
percentage as a means to start a formative conversation with their student and/or use it to examine the submitted assignment in
greater detail according to their school's policies.

How does Turnitin's indicator address false positives?

Our model only processes qualifying text in the form of long-form writing. Long-form writing means individual sentences contained in paragraphs that make up a
longer piece of written work, such as an essay, a dissertation, or an article, etc. Qualifying text that has been determined to be AI-generated will be highlighted blue
on the submission text.

Non-qualifying text, such as bullet points, annotated bibliographies, etc., will not be processed and can create disparity between the submission highlights and the
percentage shown.

What does 'qualifying text' mean?

Sometimes false positives (incorrectly flagging human-written text as AI-generated), can include lists without a lot of structural variation, text that literally repeats
itself, or text that has been paraphrased without developing new ideas. If our indicator shows a higher amount of AI writing in such text, we advise you to take that
into consideration when looking at the percentage indicated.

In a longer document with a mix of authentic writing and AI generated text, it can be difficult to exactly determine where the AI writing begins and original writing
ends, but our model should give you a reliable guide to start conversations with the submitting student.

Disclaimer
Our AI writing assessment is designed to help educators identify text that might be prepared by a generative AI tool. Our AI writing assessment may not always be accurate (it may misidentify
both human and AI-generated text) so it should not be used as the sole basis for adverse actions against a student. It takes further scrutiny and human judgment in conjunction with an
organization's application of its specific academic policies to determine whether any academic misconduct has occurred.

Page 2 of 10 - AI Writing Overview Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2685089342

 Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2685089342
Page 3 of 10 - AI Writing Submission

Using wind tunnel testing, the effects of ice

implementation on aircraft performance and
stability
MOHAMMED AMER (21951A2144)
HARINARTHINI AKSHAY (21951A2104)

Institute Of Aeronautical Engineering –Dundigal, Hyderabad –

500043 Department Of Aeronautical Engineering

Abstract:

Ice formation, which continues to be a major aviation safety concern, has a significant impact on
both the performance and safety of aircraft. The numerous effects of icing on aircraft are briefly
summarized in this abstract, with an emphasis on the effects it has on aerodynamics, structural
integrity, and operational safety. Ice on aircraft surfaces disturbs airflow, especially during takeoff
and landing, which leads to less lift, increased drag, and possibly fatal stall conditions. Ice makes
things heavier, which strains structural elements and increases the risk of long-term stress and
structural damage. Additionally, icing reduces the performance of the engines and control
surfaces, significantly limiting maneuverability and thrust production.

Aircraft are outfitted with anti-icing and de-icing systems that use heat or other
techniques to remove or limit the building of ice on important surfaces in order to lessen
these negative consequences. These equipment must be fitted, and safe operational
procedures must be followed, because regulatory authorities around the world maintain
strict rules and requirements surrounding aviation icing. To make sure that their designs
can survive the forces brought on by ice, aircraft manufacturers invest a lot of money in
research, development, and testing.

Keywords: be important and typical of the period.

Aircraft Icing, Icing Types, Aircraft

Performance, Aerodynamic Effects, Icing
Detection, Deicing, Anti-icing, Icing-Related
Accidents, Icing Certification, Ice Protection
Systems, Icing Research, Weather
Conditions, Icing Severity, Ice Accretion
Models, Icing Prevention Strategies.

Literature Review:

This literature review's aim is not to provide

a complete overview of the field of icing
aerodynamics research but rather to examine
some of the work that the authors believe to

Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2685089342
Page 3 of 10 - AI Writing Submission
 Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2685089342
Page 4 of 10 - AI Writing Submission

This review's objective is to

investigate how ice formation
affects various aircraft forms,
with a focus on the
implications it has on the
fuselage, wings, tail, engines,
and landing gear. The
evaluation takes into account
how crucial anti-icing and de-
icing systems are in reducing
these consequences.

Introduction:

The greatest concern for

aviation safety and
operational effectiveness is
the effect of icing on
aircraft. The accumulation of
ice on aircraft surfaces causes
aviation icing, which lowers
lift, increases drag, and
obstructs airflow. It is a
significant risk that could
result in mishaps. Pilots steer
clear of icing situations and
deice their aircraft as needed

Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2685089342
Page 4 of 10 - AI Writing Submission
 Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2685089342
Page 5 of 10 - AI Writing Submission

It typically occurs when an aircraft is exposed

to extremely cold weather, precipitation, or
clouds with supercooled water droplets.
Because of this, there is a serious issue with
aircrafts operating at very high altitudes,
which necessitates thorough examination and
the development of preventative measures.

Many organizations, including the National

Methodology:
Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), the
1. Formation of Icing on aircraft
Commercial Aviation Safety Team (CAST),
structures:
the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA),
and the National Transportation Safety Board The icing on aircraft surfaces is formed
(NTSB), have acknowledged the ongoing when freezing rain comes into contact with
the aircraft's structures. Many factors
problem of icing.
contribute to the formation of icing on
aircraft surfaces:
Aeronautics and Space Administration
(NASA). The NTSB has made numerous Temperature, Moisture, Clouds, Freezing
safety recommendations after icing- related Rain, Duration of Exposure etc.
incidents and accidents and has ranked icing
The circumstances mentioned above must be
among its “MOST WANTED Aviation
satisfied before supercooled water droplets
Transportation Safety Improvements”1 since
can hit the aircraft's surfaces. The smooth
1997.
airflow over the wings, tail, and other
This introduction aims to offer a thorough surfaces can be disrupted as ice builds up,
review of the numerous effects of icing on changing the aerodynamic qualities and
aircraft in addition to highlighting the perhaps impacting the performance and
significance of this phenomena for aviation safety of the aircraft.
safety and operation. It examines the various
Anti-icing and de-icing systems are installed
forms of icing, how they damage an aircraft's
on aircraft to combat the icing
structural elements and aerodynamics, and
effect.
what manufacturers and operators are
attempting to lessen these effects. It also
illustrates the importance of ongoing study
and oversight by the authorities in
maintaining the dependability and safety of
aircraft during icing conditions.
Understanding the complexities of aircraft
icing is essential for improving safety,
efficiency, and dependability of air transport
in all weather conditions.

Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2685089342
Page 5 of 10 - AI Writing Submission

Page 6 of 10 - AI Writing Submission
2. Icing formation on various aircraft
structures:
Icing may have an effect on many
aircraft constructions, which could lead
to several performance and safety issues.
The effects of icing depend on the
location and intensity of the icing, which
can occur in many different places on an
aircraft. The following is a list of how
ice affects various aircraft structures.
 Wings and Air-foil Surfaces
 Tail Surfaces (Horizontal and
Vertical Stabilizers)
 Control Surfaces (Ailerons,
Elevators, Rudders)
 Engine Components (Inlets, Fan
Blades)
 Landing Gear
 Antennas and Sensors
 Exterior Surfaces
 Structural Components
Page 6 of 10 - AI Writing Submission
Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2685089342
Anti-icing and de-icing systems are installed
on aircraft to reduce the impact of icing on
the aircraft's structural integrity. These
systems use a number of methods, such as
pneumatic boots or heated surfaces, to
prevent or stop the formation of ice in
critical areas. To ensure aircraft safety in
icing circumstances, stringent operational
standards and regulations are put in place,
taking into account the necessity of pilot
training and adherence to procedures.
Research and development projects aiming
to enhance anti-icing systems and
comprehend the complexity of icing are
helping to further improve aviation
safety.
Anti-icing:
A vital component of aviation safety is anti-
icing, which involves preventing or
removing ice formation on aircraft surfaces.
Icing can cause performance loss and safety
Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2685089342

Page 7 of 10 - AI Writing Submission
risks by obstructing airflow across an
aircraft's wings, control surfaces, and engine
parts. Various anti-icing devices and
approaches are used to avoid adverse
consequences of icing:
Anti-icing techniques:
 De-icing Fluids
 Anti-Ice Systems
 Engine Anti-Ice Systems
 Wing Anti-Ice Systems
 Propeller De-icing
 Rotor Blade De-icing
De-icing:
De-icing is a crucial step in aviation that
involves clearing snow, ice, or frost off of an
aircraft's surfaces. As ice buildup on an
aircraft can interfere with aerodynamics, add
weight, and impair the functionality of vital
equipment, it is crucial for ensuring flight
safety. To guarantee a safe and effective
flight, de-icing is frequently done right
before take-off or while the aircraft is still on
the ground.
De-icing techniques:
 Heated Surfaces
 Pneumatic Boots
 Hot Air
Page 7 of 10 - AI Writing Submission
Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2685089342
 Mechanical De-icing
 De-icing Trucks
Proper de-icing practices, combined with
anti-icing measures, help maintain
aviation safety in icy and snowy
conditions.
Effect of icing on the aerodynamic lift:
The production of aerodynamic lift, a
fundamental force required for maintaining
flight, is significantly disrupted when icing
forms on aircraft wings and other
aerodynamic surfaces. The shape of the air-
foil is altered as ice builds up on the surface
of the wing, which interferes with the
airflow across the wing. Due to this
interruption, lift output is significantly
reduced, which lowers aircraft performance
and raises the possibility of safety issues.
Because of the changing aerodynamic
properties caused by icing, the aircraft must
use more energy to maintain velocity and
altitude, which reduces lift and increases
drag.
Effect of icing on aerodynamic drag:
Aerodynamic drag, a force that resists an
aircraft's forward motion in the air, is
significantly impacted by icing on aircraft
surfaces. The smooth flow of air is disrupted
Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2685089342

Page 8 of 10 - AI Writing Submission
when ice builds up on the wings, fuselage, or
other aerodynamic surfaces, causing
irregularities in the surface and changing the
shape of the aircraft. This disturbance raises
the pressure drag and skin friction drag, both
of which significantly raise total drag. Ice
reduces lift while also requiring higher
engine power to overcome the ensuing
increased drag, which lowers fuel efficiency
and overall performance.
Wind Tunnel Results for the Effect of
Icing on 3-Dimensional Wing Models:
The objective was to simulate the
conditions that aircraft encounter during
flight through icing conditions and
assess the resulting changes in lift and
drag coefficients.
Page 8 of 10 - AI Writing Submission
Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2685089342
Results:
1. Effect on Lift Coefficient (Cl):
With the introduction of simulated icing
conditions, the lift coefficient
experienced a noticeable decrease
compared to the baseline clean wing.
The extent of the reduction in Cl was
directly related to the thickness and
shape of the ice accretion. Thicker ice
layers resulted in more significant
reductions in Cl.
2. Effect on Drag Coefficient (Cd):
The drag coefficient exhibited an
increase with the introduction of icing, as
expected.
The type of ice accretion, such as rough
or irregular ice shapes, contributed to
higher Cd values compared to smoother
ice surfaces.
3. Effect on Stall Characteristics:
Stall angles of attack under icing
conditions were lower than those
observed with the clean wing, indicating
a reduced margin of safety during flight.
Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2685089342

Page 9 of 10 - AI Writing Submission
Nomenclature:
 α- AoA angle of attack, deg
 β -angle of sideslip, deg
 b- wing span
 δa, δe, δr, δf -control surface
deflection: aileron, elevator,
rudder, flap, deg
 Cd, CD - drag coefficient
 Ch, δA - aileron hinge moment
 Cl, CL - lift coefficient
 CL, δA - aileron control
effectiveness
 CN - normal force coefficient
Page 9 of 10 - AI Writing Submission
Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2685089342
 Cm - pitching moment coefficient
 Cmα - pitching moment
coefficient derivative with AoA,
longitudinal stability
 c - chord length
 CAST - Commercial Aviation Safety
Team
 CFD - computational fluid dynamics
 ICEFTO - Ice Contamination
Effects Flight Training Device
 k/ c - the ratio of
protuberance height to chord
length
 IPS - ice protection system
 LAMP Bihrle Applied
Research Large Amplitude
Multi-Purpose wind tunnel
 LWC - liquid water content
 MVD - median volumetric diameter
 Re - Reynolds number
Conclusion:
The impact of icing on aircraft is a complex
issue with broad consequences for flight
performance and safety. Icing interferes with
aerodynamics, reduces lift, increases drag,
and impairs control of different aircraft
structures and components. Particularly
during crucial flying phases, the presence of
ice causes dangers ranging from lessmobility
to an increased risk of engine stalls and
inefficiency.
In conclusion, the wind tunnel experiments
on the 3-dimensional wing model revealed
that icing has a significant adverse effect on
both lift and drag coefficients. This research
review underscores the importance of
effective anti-icing systems and protocols to
mitigate the impact of icing on aircraft
performance and safety. Furthermore, it
highlights the need for accurate modeling
and predictive tools to aid in the design of
aircraft that can better withstand and operate
safely in icing conditions.
Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2685089342

Page 10 of 10 - AI Writing
References:
1. Diebold, J.M.; Broeren, A.P.; Bragg,
M.B. Aerodynamic classification of
swept-wing ice accretion. In Proceedings
of the 5th AIAA Atmospheric and Space
Environments Conference, San Diego,
CA, USA, 24–27 June 2013.
2. Endres, M.; Sommerwerk, H.; Mendig,
C.; Sinapius, M.; Horst, P. Experimental
study of two electro-mechanical de-icing
systems applied on a wing section tested
in an icing wind tunnel. CEAS Aeronaut.
J. 2017.
3. Sojoudi, H.; Wang, M.; Boscher, N.D.;
McKinley, G.H.; Gleason, K.K. Durable
and scalable icephobic surfaces:
Similarities and distinctions from
superhydrophobic surfaces. Soft Matter
2016.
4. Hejazi, I.; Mir Mohamad Sadeghi, G.;
Seyfi, J.; Jafari, S.H.; Khonakdar, H.A.
Self-cleaning behavior in
polyurethane/silica coatings via
formation of a hierarchical packed
morphology of nanoparticles. Appl. Surf.
Sci. 2016.
5. Barroso, G.; Li, Q.; Bordia, R.K.;
Motz, G. Polymeric and ceramic silicon-
based coatings—A review. J. Mater.
Chem. A 2019.
6. Tao, C.; Li, X.; Liu, B.; Zhang, K.;
Zhao, Y.; Zhu, K.; Yuan, X. Highly ice
phobic properties on slippery surfaces
formed from polysiloxane and
fluorinated POSS. Prog. Org. Coat.
2017.
Page 10 of 10 - AI Writing
Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2685089342
7. Rønneberg, S.; Laforte, C.; Volat, C.;
He, J.; Zhang, Z. The effect of ice type
on ice adhesion. AIP Adv. 2019.
8. National Transportation Safety Board,
Safety Recommendation to Mitigate the
Existing Risk to the Saab 340 Fleet
When Operating in Icing Conditions. A-
06-48/51, July 10, 2006.
9. Lee, S., Ratvasky, T.P., Thacker, M.,
and Barnhart, B.P., “Geometry and
Reynolds-Number Scaling on an Iced
Business-Jet Wing,” AIAA Paper 2005–
1066, NASA/TM—2005-213575, Aug.
2005.
10. National Transportation Safety Board,
Crash During Approach to Landing,
Circuit City Stores, Inc., Cessna Citation
560, N500AT, Pueblo, Colorado,
February 16, 2005, Aircraft Accident
Report NTSB/AAR-07/02. Washington,
DC., January 2007.
11. Bragg, M., Broeren, A., Addy, H.,
Potapczuk, M., Guffond, D., Montreuil,
E., “Airfoil Ice-Accretion Aerodynamics
Simulation,” AIAA Paper 2007–085,
Jan. 2007.
12. “Aircraft Ice Protection,” Advisory
Circular AC No 20–73A, Aug. 2006.
13.T. Hu et al. Study on airworthiness
problems of operating in supercooled
large drops icing conditions for transport
category airplanes
Proc. Eng. (2014).
14.Y. Cao et al. Effects of rainfall on
aircraft aerodynamics
Prog. Aerosp. Sci. (2014)
Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2685089342
 Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2685089342
Page 11 of 10 - AI Writing

15.A. Lampton et al. Prediction of icing

effects on the lateral/directional stability
and control of light airplanes

Aerosp. Sci. Technol. (2012).

Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2685089342
Page 11 of 10 - AI Writing