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Marking scheme of Calculus for Engineerers I

Question 1.

a. Verify whether the following numerical series converges or not (2Marks)

2𝑘−5 𝑘
∑+∞
𝑘=1 ( )
4𝑘+1

Answer:

𝑘
2𝑘−5 2𝑘−5 2𝑘 1
lim √( ) = lim ( ) = = /1Mark
𝑘→∞ 4𝑘+1 4𝑘+1 4 2 𝑘→∞

As this limit is less that to one, then the above series converged /1Mark

𝑥 1
b. Find the real value of 𝑥 such that the inverse of the matrix A = [ ] does
2 5
exist. (2Marks)
Answer: From the definition of the existence of inverse of the matrix we have:
𝑥 1
|A| = det(𝐴) = | |≠0 /1 mark
2 5
⟺ 5x − 2 ≠ 0 /0.5 mark
⟺ x ≠ 2⁄5 or x ∈ ℝ − {2⁄5} . /0.5 mark
𝑑𝑦
c. Compute for 𝑡 = 1, if (2Marks)
𝑑𝑥
𝑥 = 𝑡 ln 𝑡
{ ln 𝑡
𝑦=
𝑡

𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦
Answer: By definition we get: = 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 /0.5mark
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑡

ln 𝑡
𝑑𝑦 𝑑( ) 1−ln 𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑑(𝑡 ln 𝑡)
= 𝑡
= and = = 1 + ln 𝑡 /0.5mark
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑡2 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

1+ln 𝑡
𝑑𝑦 𝑡2 1−ln 𝑡 1 1−ln 𝑡
Then = = × = /0.5mark
𝑑𝑥 1+ln 𝑡 𝑡2 1+ln 𝑡 𝑡 2 (1+ln 𝑡)

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𝑑𝑦 1
| = = 1. /0.5mark
𝑑𝑥 𝑡=1 12

d. Find y in terms of x given that: (3marks)

5 log 2 𝑦 − 3 log 2 (𝑥 + 4) = 2 log 2 𝑦 + 3 log 2 𝑥 ∀𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ ℝ − {0}.

Answer:
⟺ 5 log 2 𝑦 − 2 log 2 𝑦 = 3 log 2 (𝑥 + 4) + 3 log 2 𝑥

⟺ 3 log 2 𝑦 = 3 log 2 (𝑥 + 4) + 3 log 2 𝑥 /0.5mark

⟺ 3 log 2 𝑦 = 3 log 2 𝑥(𝑥 + 4) /0.5mark

⟺ log 2 𝑦 = log 2 𝑥(𝑥 + 4) /1mark

⟺ 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 /0.5mark
𝑑𝑦
= 2𝑥 + 4 /0.5mark
𝑑𝑥

𝑥+1
e. Given 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥−1

i)Calculate the limits around the boundaries of domain of definitions and deduce the
equations of all possible asymptotes (3 Marks)

ii) Find its integral on this interval [2, 3] (2 Marks)

Answer:
i) 𝑑𝑜𝑚𝑓 = ℝ − {1} /0.5mark
𝑥+1 𝑥+1
lim− (
𝑥−1
) = −∞ and lim+ (𝑥−1) = ∞ /0.5mark
𝑥→1 𝑥→1

⟹ that the function has vertical Asymptote i.e 𝑉. 𝐴 ≡ 𝑥 = 1 /0.5mark

𝑥+1
lim =1 /0.5mark
𝑥→∞ 𝑥−1

⟹ that the function has Horizontal Asymptote i.e the 𝐻. 𝐴 = 𝑦 = 1 /0.5mark

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No oblique Asymptotes /0.5mark

ii)

3 3 𝑥+1 3 𝑥−1+2 3 𝑥−1 3 2

∫2 𝑓(𝑥) = ∫2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫2 𝑑𝑥 /0.5mark
𝑥−1 𝑥−1 𝑥−1 𝑥−1

3 3 2
= ∫2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫2 𝑑𝑥 /0.5mark
𝑥−1

= [𝑥]32 + 2[ln(𝑥 − 1)]32 /0.5mark

= (3 − 2) + 2(ln 2 − ln 1) = 1 + 2 ln 2 = 1 + ln 4 /0.5mark

f. 𝑇: ℝ𝟐 → ℝ𝟑 defined as 𝑇(𝑥⃗) = 〈𝑥2 , 𝑥1 , 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 〉. Show that 𝑇 is a linear

operator? (3Marks)
Answer:

𝑇 is a linear operator iff 𝐿(𝛼𝑥⃗ + 𝛽𝑦⃗) = 𝛼𝐿(𝑥⃗) + 𝛽𝐿(𝑦⃗), ∀𝑥⃗, 𝑦⃗ ∈

ℝ𝟐 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑∀ 𝛼, 𝛽 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑠 /0.5mark

Verification:
𝑥1 𝑦1 𝛼𝑥1 𝛽𝑦 𝛼𝑥 + 𝛽𝑦1
𝑇(𝛼𝑥⃗ + 𝛽𝑦⃗) = 𝑇 (𝛼 [𝑥 ] + 𝛽 [𝑦 ]) = 𝑇 ([𝛼𝑥 ] + [ 1 ]) = 𝑇 ([ 1 ])
2 2 2 𝛽𝑦2 𝛼𝑥2 + 𝛽𝑦2
/0.5mark

𝛼𝑥2 + 𝛽𝑦2 𝛼𝑥2 + 𝛽𝑦2

=[ 𝛼𝑥1 + 𝛽𝑦1 ]=[ 𝛼𝑥1 + 𝛽𝑦1 ]/0.5mark
(𝛼𝑥1 + 𝛽𝑦1 ) + (𝛼𝑥2 + 𝛽𝑦2 ) 𝛼(𝑥1 + 𝑥2 ) + 𝛽(𝑦1 + 𝑦2 )

𝛼𝑥2 𝛽𝑦2
=[ 𝛼𝑥1 ]+[ 𝛽𝑦1 ] /0.5mark
𝛼(𝑥1 + 𝑥2 ) 𝛽(𝑦1 + 𝑦2 )

𝑥2 𝛽𝑦2
= 𝛼[ 𝑥1 ]+[ 𝛽𝑦1 ] = 𝛼𝑇(𝑥⃗) + 𝛽𝑇(𝑦⃗) /1mark
(𝑥1 + 𝑥2 ) 𝛽(𝑦1 + 𝑦2 )

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Then, we confirm that𝑇 is a linear operator

g. Show that the 𝑓(𝑥) = sin 𝑥 satisfies the Rolle’s Theorem everywhere? (3Marks)

Answer:

𝑓(𝑥) = sin 𝑥 is both continuous and differentiable everywhere, so that 𝑓(𝑥) =

sin 𝑥 is continuous on [0, 2𝜋] and differentiable on (0,2𝜋) /1mark

𝑓(0) = sin 0 = 0 and 𝑓(2𝜋) = sin 2𝜋 = 0 /0.5mark

So that 𝑓 satisfies the hypotheses of Rolle’s Theorem on the interval [0, 2𝜋].

Thus, we are guaranteed that there is at least one point

𝑐 ∈ (𝑎, 𝑏) 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑓 ′ (𝑐) = 0. /0.5mark

𝜋 3𝜋
𝑓 ′ (𝑐) = 0 ↔ cos 𝑐 = 0 → 𝑐 = 𝑜𝑟 𝑐 = /1mark
2 2

SECTION B / 30 Marks

QUESTION 2.

Consider the function defined by 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 1 and the line D≡ 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 3 on the

interval [0,2].

a. Find the intersection points between the line and the curve of the function.
(5marks)
b. Draw the function and the line in the same plane (5marks)

c. Use integration to calculate the area bounded by the two curves (5marks)
Answer:

a. The intersection points of D and P are given by the solution of the

𝑦 = 𝑥2 + 1
system: { /1mark
𝑥+𝑦 =3⟹𝑦 =3−𝑥

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The equation 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 1 becomes:3 − 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 1 ⟹ 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 2 = 0 /1mark

The solution of the quadratic equation are: 𝑥 = −2 and 𝑥 = 1 /1mark

Then the intersection points are (-2,5) and (1,2). /2marks

b.

For the straight line. /1mark

For the parabola /1mark

For well scaled axes /1mark

For x and y-intercepts /1mark

For the intersection of the parabola and the straight line. /1mark

c. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 1 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 3 − 𝑥;

1 2
then S=∫0 (𝑔(𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥))𝑑𝑥 + |∫1 (𝑔(𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥))𝑑𝑥 | /2marks

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Or 𝑔(𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥) = −𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 2. /1mark

1 2
𝑥3 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥2
S=[− − + 2𝑥] + |[− − + 2𝑥] | /1mark
3 2 0 3 2 1

8
=(-1/3-1/2+2)+|(− − 2 + 4) − (−1/3 − 1/2 + 2)|=-5/6+2+11/6=3au.
3
/1mark

QUESTION 3.

a. Find the interval of convergence and radius of convergence of the power series
(5Marks)
(−1)𝑘 (𝑥−1)𝑘
∑+∞
𝑘=0 3𝑘 (𝑘+1)

b. Find the eigenvalues and the corresponding eigenvectors for the following matrix
1 −1 0
𝐴 = [−1 2 −1] (10marks)
0 −1 1
Answer:
a. We apply the ratio test for absolute convergence.
|𝑢𝑘+1 | (𝑥−1)𝑘+1 3𝑘 (𝑘+1) 𝑘+1
𝑞 = lim = lim | 𝑘+1 (𝑘+2)
. | = lim ||𝑥 − 1| ( )| = |𝑥 − 1|
𝑘→∞ |𝑢𝑘 | 𝑘→∞ 3 (𝑥−1)𝑘 𝑘→∞ 𝑘+2
/1mark

The series converges absolutely if 𝑞 < 1 ↔ |𝑥 − 1| < 1 ↔ −1 < 𝑥 − 1 < 1 𝑜𝑟 0 <

𝑥 < 2 , and diverges if 𝑥 > 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 < 0 /1mark

The ratio test fails when 𝑥 = 0, and 𝑥 = 2 need separate analyse.

Substituting 𝑥 = 0in a given series yield:

+∞ +∞
1𝑘 1
∑ 𝑘 =∑ 𝑘
3 (𝑘 + 1) 3 (𝑘 + 1)
𝑘=0 𝑘=0

Which is the convergence series /0.5mark

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Substituting𝑥 = 2 in a given series yield:

+∞
(−1)𝑘
∑ 𝑘
3 (𝑘 + 1)
𝑘=0

Which is absolutely convergent series at 𝑥 = 2. /0.5mark

Thus the interval of convergence for the given series is [0, 2]and the radius of
convergence is 𝑅 = 1. /2marks

b. The characteristic equation:

1−𝜆 −1 0
𝑑𝑒𝑡(𝐴 − 𝜆𝐼) = 0 ↔ | −1 2−𝜆 −1 | = 𝟎 /2marks
0 −1 1−𝜆

→ 𝜆1 = 0 , 𝜆2 = 1, 𝜆3 = 3 /2marks
1 −1 0 𝑥 0
For𝝀 = 𝟎, we have (𝐴 − 0𝐼)𝑥 = 0 ↔ [−1 2 −1] (𝑦) = (0) → 𝑥 = 𝑦, 𝑦 =
0 −1 1 𝑧 0
𝑧
1
𝑥⃗ = 𝑥 (1) , ∀ 𝑥 ∈ ℝ∗ /1mark
1
1
Therefore 𝜆 = 0 is an Eigen-value of a matrix 𝐴 and 𝑥⃗ = 𝑥 (1) , ∀ 𝑥 ∈ ℝ∗ is an
1
Eigen-vector or characteristic. /1mark
0 −1 0 𝑥 0
For𝝀 = 𝟏, we have (𝐴 − 1𝐼)𝑥 = 0 ↔ [−1 1 −1] (𝑦) = (0) → 𝑥 = −𝑧, 𝑦 =
0 −1 0 𝑧 0
0
1
𝑥⃗ = 𝑥 ( 0 ) , ∀ 𝑥 ∈ ℝ∗ /1mark
−1

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1
Therefore 𝜆 = 1 is an Eigen-value of a matrix 𝐴 and 𝑥⃗ = 𝑥 ( 0 ) , ∀ 𝑥 ∈ ℝ∗ is an
−1
Eigen-vector or characteristic. /1mark
−2 −1 0 𝑥 0
For𝝀 = 𝟑, we have (𝐴 − 1𝐼)𝑥 = 0 ↔ [−1 −1 −1] (𝑦) = (0) → 𝑥 = 𝑧, 𝑦 =
0 −1 −2 𝑧 0
−2𝑥
1
𝑥⃗ = 𝑥 (−2) , ∀ 𝑥 ∈ ℝ∗ 1mark
1
1
Therefore 𝜆 = 1 is an Eigen-value of a matrix 𝐴 and 𝑥⃗ = 𝑥 (−2) , ∀ 𝑥 ∈ ℝ∗ is an
1
Eigen-vector or characteristic. /1mark

QUESTION 4.

0 1 0 3 1 0
a. Consider the matrices 𝐽 = (0 0 0) and 𝐴 = (0 3 0)
0 0 0 0 0 3
Show that 𝐴𝑛 = 3𝑛 𝐼3 + 𝑎𝑛 𝐽 where 𝑎𝑛 is a real number that you determine.
(7marks)

b. A box with an open top is to be constructed from a rectangular piece of card-

board with dimensions 14 meter by 22 meter by cutting out equal squares of side x
at each corner and then folding up the sides. Express the volume V of the box as a
function of x and find the value of x for which the volume is maximal. (8marks)

Answer:

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3 1 0 3 1 0 9 6 0 9 0 0
a. 𝐴 = (0 3 0) ∙ (0
2
3 0) = (0 9 0) = (0 9 0) +
0 0 3 0 0 3 0 0 9 0 0 9
0 6 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
(0 0 0) = 32 (0 1 0) + 2 × 3 (0 0 0) = 32 𝐼3 + 2 × 3 𝐽
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
/1mark
9 6 0 9 6 0 27 27 0 27 0 0
3
𝐴 = (0 9 0) ∙ (0 9 0) = ( 0 27 0 ) = ( 0 27 0 ) +
0 0 9 0 0 9 0 0 27 0 0 27
0 27 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
3 2
(0 0 0 ) = 3 (0 1 0 ) + 3 × 3 (0 0 0) = 33 𝐼3 + 3 × 32 𝐽
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
/1mark
27 27 0 27 27 0 81 108 0
4
𝐴 = ( 0 27 0 ) ∙ ( 0 27 0 ) = ( 0 81 0)=
0 0 27 0 0 27 0 0 81
81 0 0 0 108 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
4 3
( 0 81 0 ) + (0 0 0) = 3 (0 1 0) + 4 × 3 (0 0 0) =
0 0 81 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
4 3
3 𝐼3 + 4 × 3 𝐽 /1mark

3𝑛 𝑛 ∙ 3𝑛−1 0 3𝑛 𝑛 ∙ 3𝑛−1 0 0 1 0
𝑛 𝑛−1
𝐴 =(0 3𝑛 0)=(0 3𝑛 0)+𝑛∙3 (0 0 0)
0 0 3𝑛 0 0 3 𝑛 0 0 0
/2marks

𝑎𝑛 = 𝑛 ∙ 3𝑛−1 /2marks

b.

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/1mark

𝑉 = (1 − 2𝑥)2 𝑥 = 4𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 + 𝑥 /2marks
𝑑𝑉 𝑑2𝑉
The maximum is reached when = 0 and <0 /1mark
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑉 1 1
= 0 ⟺ 12𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 1 = 0 ⟹ 𝑥 = 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = /2marks
𝑑𝑥 2 6

𝑑2𝑉
= 24𝑥 − 8
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑2𝑉 1
| 1 = 24 ( ) − 8 = 4 > 0 ⟹
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥= 2
2

𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑤𝑒 𝑑𝑜 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑡𝑜 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 /1mark

𝑑2𝑉 1
2
| 1 = 24 ( ) − 8 = −4 < 0 ⟹
𝑑𝑥 𝑥= 6
6

𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑤𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑡𝑜 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 /1mark

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