MOTIVATION OF PLANTERS IN CONDUCTING CASTRATION IN CROPS

NOT YET PRODUCING PALM OIL IN BANDAR ISLAND DISTRICT

ASAHAN DISTRICT

Iman Arman1*, Wahyuni Siahaan2, Aisar Novita3

1*
Program Studi Penyuluhan Perkebunan Presisi, Politeknik Pembangunan Pertanian Medan
2
Mahasiswa Politeknik Pembangunan Pertanian Medan
3
Program Studi Agroteknologi, Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Muhammadiyah Sumatera
Utara
Corresponding author: Iman.arman71@gmail.com

Abtrack
Motivation comes from the Latin word motive, which means encouragement. Motive is a force
contained within an organism that encourages it to act or act. The purpose of this study was to
examine the level of motivation and the factors that influence planters in casting immature oil palm
plants. This research was conducted in Bandar Pulau District, Asahan Regency from April to June
2023. The method of data collection was observation and interviews using a questionnaire. validity
and reliability have been tested, while the data analysis method uses a Likert scale and multiple
linear regression. The results showed that the motivation level of the farmers was 72.05% the
following equation Y = -9.947 + 0.130X1 + 0.374X2 – 0.247X3 +2.029X4 + 1.012X5 + 0.397X6 +
e Further testing using tcount shows that the factors of farming experience, income, cosmopolitan,
and availability of farm credit have a significant effect while age and education no significant effect
with tcount greater than t-table.
Keywords : Farmers' motivation, farming experience, income, cosmopolitan, availability of farm
credit, Multiple Linear Regression, Bandar Pulau District.

A. INTRODUCTION plants. Maintenance of oil palm immature plants

Oil palm is a plantation crop that
produces food oil, industrial oil and biofuel
(biodiesel). Oil palm has a positive influence
on economic and social growth. As one of
Indonesia's largest agricultural export
commodities, palm oil has an important role
as a large source of foreign exchange and
taxes. In the process of industrial production
and processing, oil palm plantations are also
able to create opportunities and jobs,
especially for rural communities while
improving people's welfare (Ditjenbun, 2021).
Bandar Pulau is one of the sub-districts in
Asahan Regency, this sub-district has an area
of 43,342 hectares (433.42 km²) consisting of
10 villages namely: 1) Aek Nagali Village, 2)
Bandar Pulau Village, 3) Buntu Village
Maraja, 4) Gajah Sakti Village, 5) Gonting
Malaha Village, 6) Gunung Berkat Village, 7)
Huta Rao Village, 8) Padang Pulau Village, 9)
Aek Tarum Plantation Village, 10) Padang
Pulau Plantation Village. The area of the
plantations that produce community oil palm
in Bandar Pulau District covers an area of
21,383 ha with an average production of
199,891 tons (BPS Asahan, 2021).
Maintenance of oil palm plants after
planting on land is divided into two, namely
maintenance of Immature Plants (TBM) and
maintenance of Mature Plants (TM). Oil palm
immature plantations are the pre-harvest
period (starting from planting until the first
harvest) which lasts for 30-36 months old
(TBM) usually includes plant sanitation, pest and
disease control, maintenance of terraced roads,
maintenance of crop plates, weed control ,
castration, and fertilization (Pardamean, 2017).
Of the many oil palm TBM maintenance
activities, there is one factor that is often a
problem for farmers in oil palm cultivation in
Bandar Pulau District, namely the problem of
poor growth of oil palm stems and farmers still
selling sandy fruit that is not suitable for
processing. this is because these farmers do not
castrate/ablate, the oil palm plants are immature,
resulting in the distribution of nutrients between
the plants and the sandy fruit of the oil palm.
Castration is the disposal of male and
female flowers on oil palm Immature Plants
(TBM). Castration must be carried out if more
than 50% of the oil palm trees have produced
flowers (male or female). given should be used
for plant growth so move to fruit development. If
farmers still do not want to castrate/ablate the
immature oil palm plants, there will be many
negative factors that are felt not only in terms of
poor cultivation to production that is not yet
feasible for production.
Motivation is also influenced by several
factors that come from within (internal) and from
outside (external) of what ?. Motivation Is an
encouragement due to a stimulus that makes a
person want to carry out certain
behaviors/activities so that they are better than
the previous situation (Uno, 2023).
1
It is important to identify the farmer's r-hitung (0,572 – 0,804) lebih besar dari nilai rt-
motivation, so that the factors that cause these tabel (0,514) dapat disimpulkan seluruh
activities to be carried out will be identified. pernyataan dinyatakan valid dan nilai cronbach
Based on the description above, the objectives alpha (0,699 – 0,841) lebih besar dari hasil 0,600
of this study are: menunjukkan bahwa kuesioner dalam penelitian
1. Assessing the level of motivation of ini dapat diandalkan Data collection techniques
smallholders in castration on oil palm were carried out by interviews, observation and
immature plantations in Bandar Pulau District, filling out questionnaires by the research sample.
Asahan Regency. The data analysis technique for the adoption rate
2. Assessing the factors that influence the uses quantitative data obtained from calculating
motivation of smallholders in castration on the total score taken as a sample from
Immature Palm Oil Plants in Bandar Pulau smallholders who castrate immature oil palm
District, Asahan Regency plants so that it can be interpreted into 5
categories based on level: very low, low,
B. METHODOLOGY medium, high and very high. For the factors that
The Final Project will start on April 6 to influence farmers on the use of life support on
June 8 2022. The research location is in chili plants using a Likert scale (1-5) and
Bandar Pulau District, Asahan Regency, multiple regression tests with the help of SPSS
North Sumatra Province. The selection of version 25. The regression analysis equation
research locations was determined used in this study is as follows:
purposively. Taking into account that the Y = a + β ₁X₁ + β 2X2 + β 3X3 + β 4X4 + β 5X5 +
majority of the population of the area are β 6X6
farmers/farmers of oil palm plantations. This Information:
research was conducted using descriptive Y = Farmers motivation -- planters
quantitative research, which is a method or X1 = age
way of analyzing data and describing existing X2 = education
assessment data and relating them to theories X3 = farming experience
related to the problem to draw conclusions. X4 = income
Data collection technique is a way of X5 = cosmopolitan
collecting data needed to answer the X6 = availability of farming
formulation of research problems, both in the credit
form of primary data and secondary data so RESULTS AND
that they can answer the problems to be DISCUSSION
studied. The motivation of the planters in castration on
Based on the results of the Regional immature oil palm plantations
Potential Identification (IPW) the number of Interest Level Score Maximum Percentage Catego
smallholders who have immature oil palm Obtaine Score (%) ry
plantations in Bandar Pulau District is 214 d
The motivation
people spread across 3 villages in Bandar of gardeners in
Pulau District. The number of samples to be castration on
tested in this study were 68 people from 3 immature oil
villages in Bandar Pulau District. The palm
plantations in 2.857 3.400 72,05 High
distribution of the number of samples in each the Bandar
village was carried out by means of Pulau
proportional random sampling. Instrument test subdistrict,
is divided into validity test, reliability test and Asahan
Regency
classical assumption test.
Operational boundaries are understanding Source: Primary Data Processing (2023)
boundaries that are used as guidelines or If it is drawn into a continuum line with
benchmarks in conducting research. score interpretation criteria according to
Operational is determining the construct or Sugiyono (2019), it will look as follows:
characteristic to be studied so that it becomes
a variable that can be measured (Sugiyono, 20% 36% 52% 68% 84%
2019). The research variables consisted of X 100%
and Y variables. Factors that influenced the
level of motivation of farmers in casting
immature oil palm plantations were age, 72,05%
education, farming experience, income,
cosmopolitan, and availability of farm credit.
Uji validitas dan reliabilitas telah Very low Low Currently Tall Very High
dilakukan terhadap 15 pekebun non sampel di
Kecamatan Pemali Kabupaten Bangka. Hasil Figure 1. Continuum Line of Farmers' Motivation
2
Level in Performing Castration on Immature Plants planters to castrate simultaneously (together).
in Bandar Pulau District R2 is coefficient determination explain here

Analysis of the factors that influence

the motivation of smallholders in castration
on immature oil palm plantations in the Partial Test (t-test)
Bandar Pulau District. Based on Table 28, it is known that the F-
Analysis to determine the factors that test count value is 216,401. If the F- test count
influence the motivation of smallholders in value is compared to the Ftable value at a
castration on immature oil palm plantations significance level of 0.05 where the degree of the
uses multiple linear regression analysis. Peling (DF1) = K-1 = 6 and the de So it can be
Regression is a method used to predict how concluded that the value of Fcount (22.842)>
much influence the independent variables have Ftable (2.25) and a significance value of 0,000
on the dependent variable (Sugiyono, 2019). <0.05 then H0 is rejected and H1 is accepted.
This shows that the variable X simultaneously
has a very significant effect on the variable Y.
The second hypothesis states that the age,
education, income, income, income, cosmopolita,
the availability of farming credit has a significant
effect on the Y. Sawit Oil palm in Bandar Pulau
District, Asahan Regency was accepted. These
factors affect the increase in the motivation of
planters in carrying out the castration of plants
that have not produced oil palm in Bandar Pulau
District.
The statistical equations formed from
N Variabel Koefisi Koefisi T Sig the multiple linear regression analysis
o en en hitun according to the partial test results in Table
Regres Regres g 28 are as follows:
i i Y = a + β ₁X₁ + β 2X2 + β 3X3 + β 4X4 + β 5X5 + β
terstan
6X6 +e
darisas
Y= -9,947 + 0,130X1 + 0,374X2 – 0,247X3
i
+2,029X4 + 1,012X5 + 0,397X6 + e
1 Age 0.190 0.116 2.167 0.033
.
a. age
2 Educatio 1.638 0.843 15.71 0.000 Based on calculations using statistical
. n 8 analysis in table 28, the tcount value is 1.105
<1,999 ttable with a significant level of 0.273 >
3 farming 0.105 0.058 2.094 0.039 0,05, so H0 is accepted and H1 is rejected. It can
. experien be concluded that partially the age variable has
ce no significant effect on the motivation of farmers
4 Income -0.559 -0.121 - 0.000 in casting immature oil palm plants in Bandar
. 4.340 Pulau District, Asahan Regency.
Based on the real conditions in the study
5 Cosmopo 0.724 0.211 7.411 0.000 area, the age of the farmer is a factor that is
. litan closely related to the ability to work in carrying
out his farming activities, even though they are
6 availabili 0.073 0.40 1.442 0.153 old, the farmers there are still enthusiastic about
. ty of working on their land, even though there are
farming some jobs that they need other people to help
credit them, even though they are old. can be used as a
Source: Primary Data Processing (2023) benchmark for the activities carried out by
someone at work where the productive age will
work optimally. So that in this study the age of
Simultaneous effect Overall test (F
the respondents has no effect because on average
test)
all people play an active role in their farming and
The simultaneous influence test (F test)
aims to determine the effect of the independent it has become a hereditary habit. and attached to
variables, namely age level, education,
farming experience, income, cosmopolitan, themselves so that they are accustomed to
availability of farming credit with the running and managing their business. Age is not
dependent variable the motivation of the an obstacle for farmers in doing their farming.
3

b. Education
Based on calculations using statistical
analysis in table 28, the t-count value is 1.025
< ttable 1.999 with a significant level of 0.309
> 0.05, then H0 is accepted and H1 is rejected.
It can be concluded that partially the
education variable has no significant effect on
the motivation of farmers in casting immature
oil palm plants in Bandar Pulau District,
Asahan Regency.
The results in the field show that even
though the average education is at the high
school level, it does not affect the motivation
of farmers in castration on immature oil palm
plants in Bandar Pulau District, Asahan
Regency. this is because farmers need more
education through non-educational skills
training experienced as a child in order to
improve their skills in oil palm cultivation to
hone their abilities in determining good oil
palm cultivation besides that outside formal
education canprovide greater stimulation in
making decisions and do something.
c. farming experience
Based on calculations using statistical
analysis in table 26, the tcount t-test is -2.062
> ttable 1.999 with a significant level of 0.044
<0.05, then H0 is rejected and H1 is accepted.
It can be concluded that partially the variable
farming experience has a significant effect on
the motivation of farmers in castration on
immature oil palm plants in Bandar Pulau
District, Asahan Regency. and it can be
concluded that the duration of farming has a
negative effect on the motivation of farmers in
castration.
Based on the results of interviews in the
field, the longer the farmers and the more
often farmers cultivate oil palm plants, the
farmers feel that they have often received
failure from their efforts so that their
motivation is lost. In addition, experience has
a negative effect because the longer the
experience of farmers in cultivating oil palm
already feels comfortable with cultivation
techniques that have been carried out from
generation to generation so that farmers feel
comfortable with the cultivation so they are
reluctant to adopt existing innovations while
farmers who have little experience they are
more willing to accept innovation and are
more motivated to develop their farming
business.
d. Income
Based on calculations using statistical
analysis in table 26, the tcount value is 3.287 >
ttable 1.999 with a significant level of 0.002
<0.05, then H0 is rejected and H1 is accepted.
It can be concluded that partially the income
variable has a significant effect on the motivation
of planters in casting immature oil palm plants in
Bandar Pulau District, Asahan Regency.
Based on the results of interviews in the
field, one of the factors that motivated farmers to
be motivated by new innovations was because
they wanted to increase their income, that the
average income of oil palm farmers was only
around 2.6 to 5 million. Therefore farmers want
to increase their income due to the many
economic needs that they want to fulfill. And
they were motivated because they knew what
benefits would be obtained if they castrated the
farmers who thought that if immature oil palm
plants were castrated, they would get benefits
such as fruit growth that was larger and uniform
in weight and oil palm stems that had been
castrated more strong and sturdy this is what
makes farmers motivated.
e. Cosmopolitan
Based on calculations using statistical
analysis in table 26, the tcount value is 8.952 >
ttable 1.999 with a significant level of 0.000
<0.05, then H0 is rejected and H1 is accepted. It
can be concluded that partially the cosmopolitan
variable has a significant effect on the motivation
of farmers in castration on immature oil palm
plants in Bandar Pulau District, Asahan Regency.
Based on the results of interviews in the
field, one of the factors that motivated farmers to
be motivated by new innovations was because
the respondent farmers were already open to
outside innovations. On average, the respondent
farmers have mobile phones and television.
They also like to find information about oil palm
cultivation, including the importance of
castration on oil palm plants.
in the Bandar Pulau sub-district and its
surroundings there are many companies in the
plantation sector that are close to village
residents where they also often exchange
information and share experiences about oil palm
cultivation. And many of the farmers in the
village work for nearby plantation companies,
these companies have already applied castration
to immature plants, that's where the farmers see
clear evidence that castration is profitable when
applied, that's where the farmers want to try and
practice it directly on their oil palm lands. And
it's not only from there that the farmers in the
village often hold associations with extension
workers and many of these farmers are very
enthusiastic about the counseling given.
f. availability of farming credit
Based on calculations using statistical
analysis in table 26, the tcount value is 3.751>
ttable 1.999 with a significant level of 0.000>
0.05, then H0 is rejected and H1 is accepted. It
4
can be concluded that partially the availability
of farm credit has a significant effect on the
motivation of farmers in castrating immature
oil palm plants in Bandar Pulau District,
Asahan Regency.
Based on interviews with farmers, the
availability of farm credit is very helpful for
oil palm farmers, especially for plants that are
still in the Immature Plants (TBM) stage,
where these funds will help farmers to meet
their family needs and also for capital to open
other businesses while waiting for their oil
palm plants. entered into the stage of
Producing Plants (TM).
In seeking capital to plant oil palm, a
guaranteed source of funds is needed, to lend
capital to farming credit, what is often
guaranteed by farmers is the land certificate
they own so that farmers will be even more
persistent in seeking money so that the land
certificate that has become collateral can be
redeemed back, therefore the capital provided
will be used by farmers to open agricultural
businesses and other businesses.
CONCLUSION
Based on the results of a study conducted
regarding the motivation of planters in
castration on immature oil palm plantations in
Bandar Pulau District, Asahan Regency, the
following conclusions can be drawn:
1. The motivation level of the farmers in
castrating the immature oil palm plantations in
Bandar Pulau District, Asahan Regency is in
the high category (72.05%).
2. There is a simultaneous significant effect of
the independent variable (X) on the dependent
variable (Y), namely the motivation of the
planters in casting immature oil palm plants in
Bandar Pulau District, Asahan Regency.
Partially, the variable (X) has a significant
effect on the motivation variable. farmer (Y)
is the variable Farming Experience (X3),
Income (X4), Cosmopolitan (X5) and
Availability of farm credit (X6). Meanwhile,
the variables Age (X1) and Education (X2)
did not have a significant effect on the
motivation of farmers in casting immature oil
palm plants in Bandar Pulau District, Asahan
Regency.
SUGGESTION RECOMMENDATIONS
Based on the studies that have been
carried out regarding the existing conditions
in the field, some suggestions are given from
the author as follows:
1. It is hoped that farmer extension workers
will increase assistance in the field and get
closer to farmers so that farmers are even
more motivated in applying castration to
immature plants in accordance with the
instructions/directions in carrying out castration,
and establishing a close relationship between
farmers and extension workers.
2. Provision of information regarding good oil
palm cultivation to increase the success and
welfare of smallholders in the oil palm plantation
sector.
3. high level of cosmopolitan between fellow
farmers and outsiders is expected to exchange
information about oil palm cultivation in order to
further increase knowledge and skills.
4. Further research is carried out to find out other
factors that can motivate smallholders to castrate
oil palm immature plantations.
REFERENCES
Ardi, M. R., and Effendi, M. 2018. Factors That
Motivate Farmers in Doing Watermelon
(Citrullus vulgaris S.) Farming in Sumber
Sari Village, Kota Bangun District, Kutai
Kartanegara Regency. Jurnal Agribisnis dan
Komunikasi Pertanian, 1(2), 98-103
Badan Pusat Statistik. 2021. Planted Area and
Production of Oil Palm Plantations in
Community Plantations by District:BPS
Asahan.
Charina, A., Kusumo, R. A. B., Sadeli, A. H.,
and Deliana, Y. (2018). Factors influencing
farmers in implementing standard operating
procedures (SOP) for organic farming
systems in West Bandung Regency. Jurnal
Penyuluhan, 14(1), 68-78.
Direktorat Jendral Perkebunan (Dirjenbun).
2021. Plantation Statistics Book 2019-2021:
Ministry of Agriculture.
Fathurrahman, A., and Trimo, L. 2018.
Motivation of young farmers in applying
organic rice cultivation techniques using
the system of rice intensification method
(Case Study in the Mekar Sari IV Farmer
Group, Ciapus Village, Banjaran district,
Bandung regency). AGRICORE-Jurnal
Agribisnis dan Sosial Ekonomi
Pertanian, 3(1): 359-426.
Fauzi, Y., Widyastuti, Y. E., Satyawibawa, I.,
and Paeru, R. H. 2012. Palm oil. Self-Help
Group Spreader.
Ghozali, I. 2011. Multivariate Analysis
Application with SPSS Program.
Semarang :Badan Penerbit – UNDIP.
Gusti, I. M., Gayatri, S., and Prasetyo, A. S.
2021. The Influence of Age, Education
Level and Years of Farming Regarding
the Benefits and How to Use Farmer
5
 Cards in Parakan District. Jurnal
Litbang Provinsi Jawa Tengah, 209-
221.
Harahap, N., and Effendy, L. 2017 Textbook
of Agricultural Extension Evaluation.
Agricultural Education Center
Agency for Extension and
Development of Agricultural Human
Resources Jakarta
Harahap, r. 2019. Farmers' motivation in
using certified superior seeds for oil
palm (elaeis guineensis jacq) in Ulu
Barumun District, Padang Lawas
Regency, North Sumatra Province
Medan
Hartono. 2015. Instrumental Item Analysis.
Pekanbaru : Zanafa Publishing.
Ismulhadi and Rukka. H. 2017.
Agricultural Extension Research
Methods. Center for Agricultural
Education, Agency for Extension and
Development of Agricultural Human
Resources, Ministry of Agriculture.
Jakarta.
Melis., Muthalib. Azis. Abdul, and Apoda
2016. Analysis of Community
Participation in Village Development
(Study in Wawolesea Village, Lasolo
District, North Konawe Regency).
Noor, J.2012. Research Methodology: Thesis,
Thesis, Dissertation and Scientific
Work. Jakarta: Kencana.
Nugroho, A. 2019. Teknologi Agroindustri
Kelapa Sawit. Lambung Mengkurat
Universitas Press (Issue November).
Nurmedika, M. Basir, and L. Damayanti
Analysis of Factors Influencing
Farmers' Choices of Changing
Farming in Rio Pakava District,
Donggala Regency.2015. Jurnal
Agroland. Universitas Tadulako.
Palu.
Pakpahan, T. E., Siregar, A. Z., and Simamora,
R. (2021). Farmers' motivation in
converting banana land to paddy rice
in Sipora Selatan District, Mentawai
Islands Regency, West Sumatra
Province. Jurnal Agribisnis Terpadu,
14(1), 1-16
Pambela, R., Yusmini, and S. Edwina. 2012.
Strategy for Rejuvenating Oil Palm
Plantation Businesses with Plasma
Pattern in Sari Galuh Village, Tapung
District, Regency Kampar. Fakultas
Pertanian Universitas Riau. Riau.
Pardamean, M. 2017. Peel Complete
Agribusiness Palm Oil. Penebar Swadaya
Grup
Poluan, J., Rantung, V.V., and Ngangi, C. R.
2017. Dynamics of the Maesaan Wayah
Farmer Group in Manembo Village,
Langowan Selatan District. Agri
Sosioeconomics: Scientific Journal of
Agricultural Socioeconomics.
Raihan. 2017. Research methods. Universitas
Islam Jakarta. Jakarta.
Ravik., K. 2005. Educational Sociology,
Surakarta : UNS Press.
Raya, A. B., dan Wati, R. I. (2021). The
Influence of Farmer Motivation on the
Sustainability of Corporate Farming in
Trimulyo Kapanewon Village, Jetis, Bantul
Regency. Jsep (Journal of Social and
Agricultural Economics), 14(3), 319-330.
Retno, S., and Dewandini. 2010. Farmers'
motivation in cultivating Mendong
(fimbristylis globulosa) in Minggir District,
Sleman Regency. Surakarta : fakultas
pertanian universitas sebelas maret.
Rivai, V and E.J. Sagala. 2010. Human Resource
Management For Companies. Raiagrafindo
Persada. Jakarta.
Rosara. D. B., Harini, Nugroho. J. A. 2018. The
Influence of Industrial Work Practice
Experience and Motivation to Enter the
World of Work on the Job Readiness of
Surakarta Christian 1 Vocational High
School Students in the 2017/2018 Class
Year. Journal of Business and Economic
Education 4(1): 1-14.
Shinta, A., 2011. Business Science. Universitas
Brawijaya Press (UB Press). Malang
Soekartawi. 1999. Agribusiness Theory and
Applications. Jakarta : Raja Grafindo
Persada.
Sudarsana, B. U. 2011. Reading Interest
Development, Universitas Terbuka. Jakarta
Sugiyono. 2019. Quantitative, Qualitative and
R&D Research Methods. Bandung:
Alfabeta, CV.
Sujarweni, V. W. 2014. Research Methods:
6
 Complete, practical, and easy to
understand. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Baru
Press.

Susanto, H., M. Antara, and Sisfahyuni. 2014.

Analysis of income and feasibility of
paddy rice farming in Karawana
Village, Dolo District, Sigi Regency.
Jurnal Agroteknis. Fakultas Pertanian
Universitas Tadulako. Palu.

Susanto, H., Syahrial, R., and Budiwan, A.

2022. Analysis of farm credit on the
welfare of farmers in the village of
Kedung Lengkong, Dlangu District,
Mojokerto Regency. economics45:
Scientific Journal of Management,
Business Economics,
Entrepreneurship, 9(2), 139-150.

Syifa, S.H., Arif Wijayano., Hanifah

Insaniyati., 2020 Farmer
Participation in the Demonstration
Program for Healthy Paddy
Cultivation Areas in Boyolali District.
Vol. 14.2. Pages 156-164

Tulangow, N. N., Waney, N. F., and Timban,

J. F. 2017. Migration of Labor from
the Agricultural to Non-Agricultural
Sector in Tatelu Village, Dimembe
District. AGRI-
SOCIOECONOMICS, 13(3A): 191-
202.

Uno, H. B. 2023. Theory of motivation & its

measurement: Analysis in the field of
earth literacy education

Widiyanti, N. M. N. Z., Baga, L. M., and

Suwarsinah, H. K. 2016. Farming
performance and farmer motivation
in implementing hybrid corn varieties
innovations on dry land in East
Lombok Regency. Extension Journal,
12(1).

Yusifa, N., and Sudarko, S. 2022. Coffee

Farmers' Motivation and
Determining Factors in the
Application of Gap Innovations in
Community Forest Coffee Centers,
Banyuwangi Regency. Respati
Scientific Journal, 13(1), 9-20.

7
8