Module 2: Lecture 16

Angle Modulation

Dr. S .M. Zafaruddin

Associate Professor
Deptt. of EEE, BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

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Objectives of Today Lecture

Angle Modulation
PM and FM

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Instantaneous Phase Deviation and
Instantaneous Frequency Deviation

Un-modulated carrier: A cos(2πfc t)

Angle Modulated: x(t) = A cos(2πfc t + ϕ(t))
∆ϕ(t) = ϕ(t):
1 dϕ(t)
∆f (t) = fi (t) − fc = 2π dt .

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Angle Modulation: Phase Modulation

PM: ϕ(t) ∝ m(t)

ϕ(t) = kp m(t)
kp : phase sensitivity (radians per volt)
xP M (t) = A cos(2πfc t + kp m(t))

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Angle Modulation: Frequency
Modulation

FM: ∆f (t)(= fi (t) − fc ) ∝ m(t)

fi (t) − fc = kf m(t)
kf : frequency sensitivity (Hz per volt).
xF M (t) = A cos(2πfc t + ϕ(t))
1 dϕ(t)
fi (t) − fc = kf m(t) = 2π dt
Rt
ϕ(t) = 2πkf −∞ m(τ )dτ
Rt
xF M (t) = A cos(2πfc t + 2πkf −∞ m(τ )dτ )

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Phase Modulation: Summary

xP M (t) = A cos(2πfc t + kp m(t))

Unit of kp m(t): radians
Unit of kp : radians/unit of m(t)
1
fi (t) = fc (t) + 2π kp dm(t)
dt .
Maximum phase deviation ∆ϕ = kp mp
mp is maximum amplitude of m(t) as defined for
AM.
Maximum frequency deviation :
∆f = 2π 1
kp max dm(t)
dt

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Frequency Modulation: Summary

Rt
xF M (t) = A cos(2πfc t + 2πkf −∞ m(τ )dτ )
Rt
Unit of 2πkf −∞ m(τ )dτ : radians
Unit of 2πkf : radians/unit of m(t)
Unit of kf : Hz/unit of m(t)
fi (t) = fc (t) + kf m(t).
Maximum (or peak) R t phase deviation
∆ϕ = 2πkf max −∞ m(τ )dτ

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Angle Modulation: Modulation Index β

Maximum frequency deviation: ∆f = max ∆f (t)

Maximum frequency of message signal: fm
β = ∆f
fm

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Angle Modulation: Single Tone

m(t) = Am cos(2πfm t)
xP M (t) = Ac cos(2πfc t + kp Am cos(2πfm t))
xP M (t) = Ac cos(2πfc t + βp cos(2πfm t))
k f Am
xF M (t) = Ac cos(2πfc t + fm sin(2πfm t))
xF M (t) = Ac cos(2πfc t + βf sin(2πfm t))

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Angle Modulation: Sketch
x(t) = 2 cos(10πt + 1 sin(4πt))

0.5

-0.5

-1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1.5

0.5

-0.5

-1

-1.5

-2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

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Angle Modulation: Sketch
kf = 105 ; kp = π/2, fc = 100 MHz
FM fi (t) = 108 + 105 m(t)
k
PM fi (t) = fc + 2πp dm(t) 8 dm(t)
dt = 10 + 5 dt

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Angle Modulation: Sketch
kf = 105 ; kp = π/2, fc = 100 MHz
FM fi (t) = 108 + 105 m(t)
kp dm(t) 1 dm(t)
PM fi (t) = fc + 2π dt = 108 + 4 dt

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