UPSC Essentials UPSC Essentials October 2023 Edition

October 2023 Issue
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UPSC ESSENTIALS October 2023 Issue
LETTER TO
ASPIRANTS
Dear Aspirants,
INDEX
W
e are back with this month's UPSC
Essentials magazine. What a busy
September it was, wasn't it? COVER STORY UPSC SPECIALS
After appearing for Mains 2023, many of you
India’s G20 Presidency
might be in a relaxing mood, but there's a lot SOCIETY AND SOCIAL
happening out in the world which will be JUSTICE
important for this year's UPSC preparation. To
ensure you do not miss out on any important Literacy & associated issues
events, we continued to collect cues from the
latest news and are presenting it in the form of
EXPRESS EDGE 360 DEGREE UPSC DEBATE
this month's magazine. Like our first issue, this
HISTORY & CULTURE 1. Are Freebies a Gateway to
month too, we have three broad sections.
The Cover Story is an exclusive coverage of Financial Disaster?
G20 Summit 2023. Get the best of The Indian
1. How the Sikh migration to
2. Does India really need state
Express, both basic and advanced in this special Canada began?
Governors?
focus article. In our Express Edge section, we
bring to you the must-reads from History, Polity,
2. ‘Tagore’s vision for
Santiniketan difficult to restore, THIS QUOTE MEANS
International Relations, Economy, Environment,
and Security Issues. The articles are wri�en by but UNESCO tag can help ‘To the hungry, God can only
experts in respective fields and give you a be�er restore its historic structure appear as bread’
understanding of topics like the India-Canada
standoff, Women's Reservation Bill, etc. POLITY UPSC ETHICS SIMPLIFIED
Finally, in the UPSC Specials, we touch upon
topics directly from your UPSC syllabus, from Women’s Reservation Bill Voice of Conscience :
areas that you must not ignore for your exams. concept & caselet
This month's coverage ranges from literacy to INTERNATIONAL
voice of conscience, expert talks on Essay and RELATIONS GET INSPIRED
Ethics case studies and more. Don't miss our Get
Inspired article which truly means to inspire The India-Canada standoff The foot soldiers of governance
you for your bright future ahead. — District Magistrates (DMs)
Aspirants, there are no lean months in UPSC ECONOMY
CSE. It is important to remain focused in the What’s the link between GDP
EXPERTS TALK
upcoming months, and keep learning and
applying knowledge in your preparation. Let us
growth and employment in 1. ‘Don’t be afraid of Essays on
know the areas of your syllabus you want us to India philosophical quotes’: DU
work on for you. Stay motivated and keep Philosophy Professor Pratibha
ENVIRONMENT
reading The Indian Express. Sharma
‘Earth is now well outside of the
2. How to answer Ethics Case
THINK SMART safe operating space for
Study tells Nanditesh Nilay
WORK HARD humanity
PRACTICE QUIZ
CONQUER YOUR INTERNAL SECURITY
GOAL! Current Affairs Revision MCQs
Use of Armed Forces to quell
Enjoy reading internal security crises remains
Manas Srivastava controversial
2
COVER STORY
INDIA’S G20 PRESIDENCY

INTRODUCTION
W
orld leaders gathered in New Delhi for a two-day G20 Summit 2023, held on September 9 and 10. �e G20,
formed in 1999 in the backdrop of the �nancial crisis of the late 1990s that hit East Asia and Southeast Asia in
particular, aims to secure global �nancial stability by involving middle-income countries. As a forum for
international economic cooperation, it plays an important role in shaping and strengthening global architecture and governance
on all major international economic issues.
Some of its major objectives are as follows:

1. Policy coordination between its members in order to achieve global economic stability, sustainable growth;
2. To promote �nancial regulations that reduce risks and prevent future �nancial crises; and
3. To create a new international �nancial architecture.
Together, the G20 countries include 60 per cent of the world’s population, 85 per cent of global GDP, and 75 per cent of
global trade.
�e member countries include Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, Indonesia, Italy, Japan,
Mexico, South Korea, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Turkey, US, UK, EU, Bangladesh, Egypt, Mauritius, Netherlands,
Nigeria, Oman, Singapore, Spain and UAE. African Union (AU) is its latest member.
Unlike the UN, G20 does not have a permanent secretariat or sta�. Rather, the G20 Presidency rotates annually among the
members – the Presidency is responsible for bringing together the G20 agenda, organising its workings and hosting summits.
India holds the Presidency from December 1, 2022, to November 30, 2023.
At the end of the 18th G20 Summit on September 10, a G20 Leaders’ Declaration was adopted, which re�ected the
priorities and commitments discussed in the various ministerial and working group meetings throughout the year.
JUST FYI: How does the G20 work?
I
t is important to note that the G20 is an informal grouping. �is means that unlike the United Nations (UN), it does not
have a permanent secretariat or sta�. Rather, the G20 presidency rotates annually among the members and is responsible for
bringing together the G20 agenda, organising its workings and hosting summits �e presidency is supported by the “troika”
– previous, current and incoming presidencies. India holds the presidency from December 1, 2022, to November 30, 2023, with
the troika comprising Indonesia (the previous presidency), India, and Brazil (the incoming presidency). �e G20 is also informal
in another sense – while the decisions of the G20 are important, they do not get implemented automatically. Rather, the G20 is a
forum where leaders discuss various issues and make pronouncements, which signals their intentions. �en, they are
implemented by relevant nations or international organisations. For instance, if the G20 makes a pronouncement on trade, the
actual implementation of the pronouncement will be done by an organisation such as the World Trade Organization (WTO).
3
�e G20 presidency is rotated among its members who (except the EU) are divided into 5 groups.
Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5
Australia India Argentina France China
Canada Russia Brazil Germany Indonesia
Saudi Arabia South Africa Mexico Italy Japan
USA Turkey UK South Korea
�e presidency rotates from group to group. However, each country within a group is eligible for presidency when it is their group’s
turn. �us, the countries in the eligible group negotiate among themselves to determine the group’s presidency.
What does the G20 presidency entail?
As previously mentioned, the presidency is responsible for setting the G20 agenda for the year. �is is done in consultation with
other members as well as pertinent global developments.
(Note: �is image doesn’t include the recently added African Union)
�e president also gets to host various meetings and the G20 Leaders’ Summit, which is the culmination of all the work done by the
group at lower levels through the year. It is in charge of all logistics and in absence of a permanent secretariat, provides the human and
material resources to successfully conduct the workings of the forum for the year. Moreover, the G20 president also has the prerogative
to send invitations to other guest countries and organisations to take part in G20 processes for the year (more on that later). In short, the
G20 presidency is a major honour and responsibility, one which allows the country to determine the workings of the group for a year.
What is the working structure of the G20?
�e G20 works in three major tracks — two of them are o�cial and one is uno�cial, former Indian diplomat JS Mukul, who
served as sous-sherpa for the G20 process and was involved in six G20 summits between 2008 and 2011, told �e Indian
Express. �e o�cial tracks are the Finance Track and the Sherpa Track. �e uno�cial track includes engagement groups or civil
society groups.
FINANCE TRACK: Headed by the �nance ministers and central bank governors, who usually meet four times a year, it
focuses on �scal and monetary policy issues such as the global economy, infrastructure, �nancial regulation, �nancial
inclusion, international �nancial architecture, and international taxation. It currently has 8 working groups.
SHERPA TRACK: Established a�er the inception of G20 Leaders’ Summit in 2008, it is headed by Sherpas, who are the
appointed representatives of the member countries’ president/prime minister. It focuses on socio-economic issues such as
agriculture, anti-corruption, climate, digital economy, education, employment, energy, environment, health, tourism, trade,
and investment. It currently has 13 working groups.
ENGAGEMENT GROUPS: �e uno�cial track comprises non-government participants from each member country dealing
with a gamut of issues. �ese groups dra� recommendations to the G20 leaders that contribute to the policy-making process.
�ere are 11 Engagement Groups at the moment.
Who were invited to this year’s G20 Summit?
In addition to the member countries, each year, the G20 president invites guest countries to participate in the G20 meetings and the
Summit. �is year, India invited Bangladesh, Egypt, Mauritius, the Netherlands, Nigeria, Oman, Singapore, Spain and UAE as guest
countries during its G20 presidency.
�e president also invites certain international organisations (IOs). India invited the International Solar Alliance (ISA), the Coalition
of Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI) and the Asian Development Bank (ADB) as guest IOs in addition to the regular G20 IOs
(who participate every year) which include the UN, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank (WB), the World Health
Organization (WHO), the WTO, the International Labour Organization (ILO), the Financial Stability Board (FSB) and the
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD).
India also invited the chairs of the following regional organisations (RO): the African Union (AU), the African Union Development
Agency-New Partnership for Africa’s Development (AUDA-NEPAD) and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN).
4
Why are the International and Regional Organisations invited?

IOs and ROs are important for the G20 to achieve its aims of furthering international cooperation and implementing any
pronouncements made by the group.
As mentioned previously, the G20 itself is an informal grouping, in the sense that it does not have any direct power to
govern or implement any pronouncements made. Rather, it depends on its members and IOs to do that. �is is why it is
crucial to involve IOs in the workings of the G20. For instance, one of the areas India’s G20 presidency has emphasised has
been health. An organisation such as the WHO is crucial in this regard, as decisions made in the G20 can be implemented
and carried forward by it.
Similarly, ROs being a part of the G20 helps further the group’s reach to countries that otherwise might not be members
but who remain crucial to the G20’s agenda nonetheless. For instance, ASEAN as an RO can represent the interests of all its
member countries including the likes of the Philippines and �ailand which are not otherwise a part of the G20.
HOW WAS G20 CREATED?

Explained by Arjun Sengupta
�e G20’s emergence in the international order was not “the outcome of a carefully designed plan” by world leaders to
address pressing international issues. As writer Karoline Postel-Vinay puts it in the book �e G20: A New Geopolitical Order
(2014), “�e emergence of the G20 in the international order arose from a combination of chance and necessity. It is partly
the product of improvisation. It is also a logical consequence of the socioeconomic evolution of the world.”
In the 1990s, as the “spectre of communism” became a thing of the past and vibrant economies emerged in the Global
South, there was a need for reform in world institutions that had hitherto been dominated by nations from the Global North.
“World institutions such as the UN and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) had not managed to overcome the
North-South divide in their mode of deliberation… the G8 … perpetuated this dichotomy,” Postel-Vinay wrote. “For large
countries that were both rich and poor, such as China, India and Brazil … from the standpoint of the world order, the
North-South divide was no longer as clear … the G20 o�ered an initial response to the need for reform,” she added.
�us, the G20 emerged in the context of a growing recognition among Global North nations (speci�cally the G7) that
emerging economies in the Global South were not adequately represented in global economic discussion and governance.
Aftermath of the Asian financial crisis

�e G7 was set up in 1975, in the a�ermath of the twin exchange rate and oil crises of the early 1970s. Originally
comprising France, West Germany, Japan, Italy, the UK and the US, Canada joined in 1976. Finance ministers and central
bank governors of the G7 meet annually to discuss important economic issues and challenges.
In 1997, the Asian �nancial crisis ripped through some of the fastest-growing economies in East Asia. It soon spread to
Latin America, another hub of rapidly developing Global South nations. It was in the context of this crisis that the G22, G20’s
earliest iteration, was set up in 1998. While initially conceived as a one-time crisis-response meeting, in early 1999, two more
meetings were convened including 33 members (G33) to discuss reforms of the global economy and the international
�nancial system. �e dissatisfaction with the ad hoc nature of the G22 and G33 processes, however, led to the eventual
formation of the G20 in late 1999. �e joint communique issued by �nance ministers of the G8 (Russia was added in 1997
and removed in 2014) on September 1999 read:
“[W]e propose to establish a new mechanism for informal dialogue … among systemically signi�cant economies … in
December in Berlin, we will invite our counterparts from a number of systemically important countries from regions around
the world to launch this new group.” Between 1999 and 2008, it operated, mostly outside the public eye, with annual meetings
between members’ �nance ministers and central bank governors. Another crisis would catapult it to its present status.
The global economic crisis of 2008 and the creation of the G20 leaders’ summit
�e earliest proposal to create a G20 leaders’ forum was championed by Canadian Prime Minister Paul Martin in 2005, but
opposition from the US slowed progress.
“Everybody was onside, except the United States. George Bush himself was reluctant, he went back and forth, he wasn’t
5
against it but he wasn’t for it. I was very sure, as were a number of us, that it would take a crisis to bring it to the leaders’ level,
and that’s exactly what happened,” Paul Martin said in an interview in 2018.
In 2008, the world saw perhaps the greatest economic crisis to hit since the Great Depression (1929-39). France, which
held the EU presidency at the time, backed by the UK, argued for an emergency summit meeting to address the crisis. But
whom to invite?
�e G8 was not su�ciently in�uential on its own to stabilise a crisis on this scale. Typically, there would be extensive
discussion among various countries to decide the invitees. But there was simply no time to go through that.
�e G20, which had been functioning for nearly a decade by that time, was the obvious answer. As Postel-Vinay put it: “In
2008, it [G20] was in the right place at the right time.”
�e �rst G20 leaders’ summit (the ‘Summit on Financial Markets and the World Economy’) was convened in Washington
DC in November 2008. In addition to the 20 members, the heads of the IMF, the World Bank and the United Nations were
invited, along with Spain and the Netherlands. Annual summits have been held ever since.
A BRIEF GUIDE TO ALL

PREVIOUS G20 SUMMITS
Here is a list of all the G20 summits ever held and their key outcomes.
2008: USA
�e �rst G20 summit took place on November 14 and 15, 2008, in Washington DC, USA. It was held against the backdrop
of the 2008 global economic crisis — the summit was called ‘Summit on Financial Markets and the World Economy’. Its key
achievements included leaders agreeing on common principles for reforming global �nancial markets and launching an
action plan to implement those principles. �e common principles were as follows: strengthening transparency and
accountability; enhancing sound regulation; promoting integrity in �nancial markets; reinforcing international cooperation;
reforming international �nancial institutions (IFIs).
2009: United Kingdom
�e next G20 summit convened in London, the United Kingdom, on April 2, 2009. �e main focus in the second edition of
the meeting continued to be the global economic crisis. �ere were three main outcomes, according to the Brookings
Institution, a think tank based in Washington DC.
First, due to the process of concertation, communication and coordination in the run-up to the summit, the G20 countries
together “provided $5 trillion in stimulus to the world economy, an unprecedented combined jolt to precipitously dropping
global demand.” Second, member countries pledged $1 trillion dollars in additional resources to the IMF and promised to
“strengthen its role in global �nance and reform its governance. �ird, leaders committed themselves to strengthening
national and global institutions for oversight, supervision and regulation of �nancial markets and institutions.
2009: USA
�e second G20 summit of 2009 was planned right a�er the completion of the London meeting. �e summit took place on
September 24 and 25 in Pittsburgh, USA. At the summit, the G20 was o�cially designated as “the premier forum for
international economic co-operation”. �e move was a recognition that the G8 was a thing of the past, as it excluded the
emerging economies of China, India, South Africa, Mexico and Brazil.
2010: Canada
�is edition of the G20 summit was held in Toronto, Canada, on June 26 and 27, 2010. �e leaders of member countries
acknowledged the fragile and uneven state of the global economy a�er the 2008 economic crisis. Most signi�cantly, advanced
economies agreed to cut their de�cits in half by 2013, and put debt loads on a stable or downward path by 2016.
6
2010: South Korea

�e ��h G20 summit convened on November 11 and 12, 2010, in Seoul, South Korea. For the �rst time in the meeting’s
short history, development policy issues were on its agenda. Together they came to be known as ‘Seoul Development
Consensus for Shared Growth’.
2011: France
�e 2011 G20 summit took place on November 3 and 4 in Cannes, France. �e focus of the meeting was the reform of the
international monetary system, according to an Indian government document. �e establishment of the Agricultural Market
Information System (AMIS) was one of the key outcomes of the summit. AMIS is an inter-agency platform to enhance food
market transparency and encourage international policy coordination in times of crisis, the document added.
2012: Mexico
�e subsequent summit convened on June 18 and 19, 2012, in Los Cabos, Mexico. Its main agenda was to �nd ways to �ght
youth unemployment and generate quality jobs with social security coverage and fair income. �e meeting also underlined
the link among development agenda, agriculture and environment-friendly economic growth.
2013: Russia
�e next meeting was held on September 5 and 6, 2013, in Saint Petersburg, Russia. At the summit, leaders not only agreed
on the automatic exchange of tax information but also passed something called the Action Plan on Base Erosion and Pro�t
Shi�ing (BEPS). �e plan sought to put together a regulatory policy to oversee the activities of tax-evading multinational
companies, which minimise their pro�ts and shi� them to other countries, where the activities deriving those pro�ts take
place.
2014: Australia
�e 2014 G20 summit was organised on November 15 and 16 in Brisbane, Australia. �e leaders set an ambitious goal at
the conclusion of the meeting — to increase the G20 countries’ collective GDP by an additional two per cent. �ey also aimed
at reducing the gender gap in the labour workforce by 25% by 2025.
2015: Turkey
�e 10th G20 summit was conducted on November 15 and 16 in Antalya, Turkey. �is edition of the meeting marked the
�rst time that G20 member countries focused on the migration and refugee crisis. Moreover, leaders agreed to more �nancial
sector reforms and support for plans to tackle climate change. A statement on the ‘Fight against Terrorism’ was also issued.
2016: China
�e next meeting convened on September 4 and 5, 2016, in Hangzhou, China. Two developments stood out during the
summit. One, the digital economy — an essential driver of development and growth — was included in the G20 agenda for
the �rst time. Two, the ‘G20 Action Plan on 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development’ was adopted. �e plan sought to
promote sustainable development among the member countries.
2017: Germany
�e 2017 meeting took place in Hamburg, Germany, on July 7 and 8. During the summit, special emphasis was given to
the topic of counter-terrorism. �e joint declaration issued at the end of the summit reiterated the importance of the Paris
Agreement — an international treaty on climate change adopted in 2015 — and said it was “irreversible”.
2018: Argentina
�e subsequent summit was held on November 30 and December 1, 2018, in Buenos Aires, Argentina. According to a
report by the United Nations, the joint statement by the leaders underscored three key messages. First, it rea�rmed support
for the UN Agenda 2030 for Sustainable Development — it envisages “a world of universal respect for human rights and
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human dignity, the rule of law, justice, equality and non-discrimination”. Second, it stressed the need for ramping up the
e�orts to deal with climate change. �ird, the statement showed that the G20 leaders recognised the importance of a
multilateral approach to trade and of the reform of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and renewed their commitment to
a rules-based international order.
2019: Japan
�is edition of the G20 summit took place on June 28 and 29 in Japan’s Osaka. �e most important statement from the
leaders came regarding the exploitation of the Internet for terrorism. �ey urged online platforms not to facilitate terrorism
and Violent Extremism Conducive to Terrorism (VECT), and to prevent such content from being streamed, uploaded, or
re-uploaded.
2020: Saudi Arabia
�e 2020 G20 summit was scheduled to take place in Saudi Arabia on November 21 and November 22. But it was held via
video conference due to the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. �e leaders pledged to work together to overcome the
pandemic, restore growth, and build a more inclusive, sustainable and resilient future.
2021: Italy
�e 16th G20 summit was organised on October 30 and October 31 in Rome, Italy. A�er the talks, the leaders committed
to keep �ghting against climate change. �ey agreed to keep the goal of limiting global warming to 1.5 degrees compared
with pre-industrial levels within reach. �e leaders also pledged to achieve global net zero greenhouse gas emissions or
carbon neutrality by or around mid-century.
2022: Indonesia
Held on November 15 and 16 in Bali, Indonesia, this was the �rst G20 summit since the Russian invasion of Ukraine began
in February 2022 and the �rst full-�edged physical leaders’ meeting since the COVID-19 pandemic began. �e joint
statement of member countries condemned the Russian aggression against Ukraine. It also condemned the use of, or threats
of the use of, nuclear weapons.
WHY G20 MATTERS

DESPITE
ITS FAILINGS?
By: New York Times
M
ost of the group’s joint statements since it formed in 1999
have been dominated by resolutions as solid as gas fumes,
with no clear consequences when nations underperform.
One example: At the 2021 summit in Rome, G20 leaders said they
would limit global warming with “meaningful and e�ective actions,”
highlighting a pledge to end the �nancing of coal power plants
overseas. But the communiqué le� out domestic coal investments.
And in 2022, coal-�red power generation worldwide reached a new
high, according to the International Energy Agency. �is year,
investment in coal is expected to rise by another 10%, to $150 billion
— despite G20 statements and a scienti�c consensus that coal use
must end immediately.
8
What has the G20 accomplished?

�e G20 began with a meeting of �nance ministers a�er the wave of steep currency devaluations in the late 1990s, and added
an annual meeting of world leaders a�er the global �nancial crisis a decade later. Senior o�cials (mostly Germans, Canadians
and Americans) pushed for what they saw as a more �exible, inclusive forum than the Western-led Group of 7 nations, or G7.
�ey believed that convening both established and rising powers would better protect the global economy, and early evidence
suggested that they were right. Many experts praised the group for stabilizing the �nancial system in 2008 and 2009 by agreeing
to spending measures worth $4 trillion and instituting bank reforms to rebuild trust.
�e 2016 summit in China also showed the power of bringing leaders together when President Barack Obama and the
Chinese leader, Xi Jinping, announced that their countries would sign on to the Paris Agreement on climate. More recently,
in 2021, the G20 supported a major tax overhaul that included a global minimum tax of at least 15% for each country. It
also backed new rules that would require large global businesses like Amazon to pay taxes in countries where their products
are sold, even if they lack o�ces there. �e plan promised to add billions in government revenue and make tax havens less
of a driving force for corporations. But, as with a lot of G20 statements, follow-through has been weak. “�e global tax
agreement is an important step in the right direction,” the International Monetary Fund declared this year, “but it is not yet
operational.”
Why has the G20 struggled to make an impact?
Some critics argue that the G20 was �awed from the start, with a membership roster based on the whims of Western �nance
o�cials and central bankers. According to Robert Wade, a political economy professor at the London School of Economics,
German and U.S. o�cials “went down the list of countries saying, Canada in, Portugal out, South Africa in, Nigeria and Egypt
out, and so on.” For example, Argentina is neither an emerging economy nor among the 20 largest. It is a G20 member, many
argue, because one of its former economy ministers, Domingo Cavallo, was a Harvard roommate of Larry Summers, the U.S.
Treasury secretary from 1999 to 2001. In an email, Wade said the organization still su�ered from a “lack of representational
procedures,” without a well-de�ned process for inclusion. “A given state is in or out, permanently,” he said. �e group’s
summits have also become a forum for the forces pulling against the established post-World War II order. When the G20
started, there was more consensus about how to hold the world together. Free trade was ascendant; great power rivalry seemed
but a memory; and optimists worldwide hoped that the G20 would lead to a broader power base for aging institutions like the
United Nations and the International Monetary Fund.�ose hopes are still there, and blossoming elsewhere (the recent BRICS
summit in South Africa is the latest example). But con�icts have supplanted G20 team e�orts. �e United States and China have
become bitter competitors. Nationalism has surged as networked economies have come to look far riskier a�er the COVID-19
pandemic and the war in Ukraine, which has pushed up food and energy prices for countries far from the front lines.
“�ere’s a lot more dissatisfaction with hyper-globalization, open trade and free capital,” said Stewart Patrick, director of the Global
Order and Institutions Program at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. “In a situation where the global economy is
fracturing and countries are pursuing their own thing, the question is, what do you do when you still have rules and institutions that
were created for a very di�erent environment?”
Does the world need the G20?
Few critics want to see the G20 eliminated. �ey worry that it is already weakening, with Xi skipping this year’s meeting.
(Russian President Vladimir Putin will also be a no-show.) Many foreign policy experts argue that the G20’s failures simply point
to the need for modernization in international institutions. As Dani Rodrik and Stephen M. Walt wrote last year in Foreign
A�airs: “It is increasingly clear that the existing, Western-oriented approach is no longer adequate to address the many forces
governing international power relations.” �ey predicted a future with less agreement, in which “Western policy preferences will
prevail less” and “each country will have to be granted greater leeway in managing its economy, society and political system.”
Wade has called for a reformulated G20, with a core of economic powerhouses complemented by a rotating set of smaller
nations. Patrick said the G20 could play a leading role in the “post-neoliberal” order by discussing how to separate the bene�ts of
trade from the risks of overindulging the free-market system that the organization was built to protect. “�e G20 would be a
natural place to begin hammering out what rules of peaceful coexistence permit countries to share in a more tempered globaliza-
tion,” he said. “�at would be a positive agenda.”
(This article originally appeared in The New York Times.)
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WHAT IS THE G20 LOGO AND

ITS SIGNIFICANCE?
I
ndia introduced the lotus as its logo and the Sanskrit phrase
‘Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam — One Earth, One Family, One
Future’ as the theme. Bharat, the other name for India, is also
written alongside. A government press release said: “�e G20 Logo
draws inspiration from the vibrant colours of India’s national �ag
– sa�ron, white and green, and blue. It juxtaposes planet Earth
with the lotus, India’s national �ower that re�ects growth amid
challenges. �e Earth re�ects India’s pro-planet approach to life,
one in perfect harmony with nature.” Introducing the lotus logo via
a video conference last year, Prime Minister Narendra Modi said,
“India’s G20 presidency is coming at a time of crisis and chaos in
India introduced the lotus as its logo and the Sanskrit phrase
the world… �e world is going through the a�er-e�ects of a
'Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam — One Earth, One Family, One Future' as
disruptive once-in-a-century pandemic, con�icts and a lot of the theme. Bharat, the other name for India, is also wri�en
economic uncertainty… �e symbol of the lotus in the G20 logo alongside. (Via govt website)
is a representation of hope in this time. No matter how adverse
the circumstances, the lotus still blooms. Even if the world is in a deep crisis, we can still progress and make the world a better place.” He
said, “In Indian culture, both the Goddesses of knowledge and prosperity are seated on a lotus. �is is what the world needs most today.
Shared knowledge that helps us overcome our circumstances. Shared prosperity that reaches the last person at the last mile… �is is why,
in the G20 logo, the Earth is placed on a lotus too.” “�e seven petals of the lotus in the logo are also signi�cant. �ey represent the seven
continents. Seven is also the number of notes in the universal language of music. In music, when the seven notes come together, they
create a perfect harmony. But each note has its own uniqueness. Similarly, the G20 aims to bring the world together in harmony while
respecting diversity,” he added. �e logo is to re�ect the idea of Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam (the whole earth is a family). “�e lotus �ower
symbolises our Puranic heritage, our aastha (belief) and boddhikta (intellectualism),” the PM said.
What is the significance of the G20 theme?

According to the o�cial G20 website, the theme – “Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam — One Earth, One Family, One Future’” – is drawn
from the ancient Sanskrit text of the Maha Upanishad. “Essentially, the theme a�rms the value of all life – human, animal, plant, and
microorganisms – and their interconnectedness on the planet Earth and in the wider universe,” it adds. “India, with its mantra of ‘One
Sun, One World, One Grid’, has called for a renewable energy revolution in the world. India took up a campaign of ‘One World, One
Health’ to strengthen global health. Now, in the G20 also, our mantra is One Earth, One Family, One Future. �ese thoughts and values
of India show the way for the welfare of the world,” the Prime Minister said. Further, the website says the theme also spotlights LiFE
(Lifestyle for Environment), “with its associated, environmentally sustainable and responsible choices, both at the level of individual
lifestyles as well as national development, leading to globally transformative actions resulting in a cleaner, greener and bluer future.”
“�e logo and the theme together convey a powerful message of India’s G20 Presidency, which is of striving for just and equitable
growth for all in the world,” the press release adds.
WHAT HAPPENED AT THIS YEAR’S

G20 MEETINGS UNDER DIFFERENT
‘TRACKS’?
10
T
hroughout the year, meetings take place in various cities of the host country on a range of sectors – health, tourism, �nance
and so on. �is happens under di�erent ‘Tracks’, with some involving government o�cials and others including non-gov-
ernmental actors, such as civil society organisations. As of last month, India’s G20 Sherpa Amitabh Kant said that 185
meetings, including 13 ministerial-level meetings, was held. Twelve outcome documents and 12 other deliverables had been
adopted with consensus but no joint communiques have been adopted. Here is a look at some major meetings.
Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors’ Meeting
�e positions taken by Russia on the language related to Ukraine have been supported by China in many instances. In
February 2023, the �rst meeting of G20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors (FMCBG) in Bengaluru under India’s
presidency stopped short of issuing a Communique. It released instead a “Chair’s Summary and Outcome Document” a�er
Russia and China opposed the paragraphs condemning Russia’s war on Ukraine. Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman
said paragraphs 3 and 4 of the Summary were “exactly what the Bali Leaders’ Summit had come up with… But, two countries
— Russia and China — had reservations. So, with a footnote, certainly a Communique can’t go out. And therefore, it had to be a
Chair’s Summary and Outcome Document”. �e two contested paragraphs reiterated the stance of member nations about the
ongoing war, and deplored “in the strongest terms the aggression by the Russian Federation against Ukraine” while demanding
Russia’s “complete and unconditional withdrawal from the territory of Ukraine”. �e “peaceful resolution of con�icts, e�orts to
address crises, as well as diplomacy and dialogue, are vital,” and “Today’s era must not be of war”, the paragraphs opposed by
Russia and China underline. �e summary noted enhancing international policy cooperation and steering the global economy
towards securing strong, sustainable, balanced and inclusive growth.
Tourism Ministerial Meeting
Held over four days in Goa in June, the G20 Tourism ministerial meeting saw more than 12 countries’ ministers participating.
China, which didn’t send its representation to the previous tourism working group meeting in Srinagar, didn’t attend this meeting as
well. �e ministers unanimously supported the �ve tourism priority areas identi�ed by India’s G20 Presidency — ‘Green Tourism;
Digitalisation, Skills, Tourism MSMEs, and Destination Management’. �ey also committed to advancing “gender equality and
empowerment of women through tourism policies and initiatives”. �e �nal outcome document said that paras 1 to 3 and 6 to 36
“have been unanimously agreed to by all G20 delegations”. However, regarding paragraphs 4 and 5, only the chair’s summary was
released. Paragraphs 4 and 5 were taken from the Bali Declaration and called for an immediate end to the Ukraine con�ict.
Environment and Climate Ministers’ Meeting

�e July meeting in Chennai followed the adoption of an Outcome document, the Chennai High Level Principles for a
Sustainable and Resilient Blue/Ocean-based Economy. But, expectations from leading economies for a push for stronger climate
action remained futile as there was no agreement on any language that signalled enhanced action. �e ministerial meeting
remained divided on the most crucial issues, including raising emission reduction targets and attaining the global peak of
emissions by 2025. While developed countries pressed for the enhancement of mitigation targets from everyone, the developing
countries in the group emphasised on delivery of the unful�lled promises related to �nance and technology and urged the devel-
oped countries to do more, playing out a familiar divide.
Health Ministers’ Meeting
In an August meeting in Gandhinagar, there was consensus on setting up a research and manufacturing network for vaccines,
therapeutics, and diagnostics, along with a platform for making open-source, interoperable digital solutions readily available. It also
resulted in a 25-point outcome document and the chair’s summary. �e Global Initiative Digital Health — a platform for sharing digital
goods and knowledge — was also launched. It will have four pillars: investment tracker, an ask tracker to track technologies the
countries need, a library of available digital tools, and a platform for knowledge-sharing to implement these technologies at scale.
Agreement was not reached only in one paragraph of the documents on the Russia-Ukraine war. Russia rejected its inclusion, contend-
ing that it does not conform to the G20 mandate. China also stated that G20 is not the right platform to address security issues and
opposed the inclusion of geopolitical-related content.
Trade and Investment Ministerial Meeting
In August, the Jaipur meeting on Trade and Investment led to an outcome document and the Chair’s summary. �ey called for
11
measures to promote digitalisation of trade documents, a generic mapping framework for global value chains (GVCs) and a “Jaipur Call
for Action” to enhance the access of micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) to information. Russia and China objected to
mentions of the Ukraine War and the need to incorporate it at that particular meeting, respectively. �e G20 member countries
deliberated on �ve priority areas — trade for growth and prosperity, trade and resilient global value chain, integrating MSMEs in global
trade, logistics for trade and World Trade Organisation (WTO) reform. �e ministers rea�rmed their commitment to conduct
discussions with a view to having a fully and well-functioning Dispute Settlement System accessible to all members by 2024.
Agriculture Ministers’ Meeting
Russia dissociated itself from three paragraphs of the ‘Outcome document & chair’s summary of the G20 agriculture ministers’
meeting in June that was held in Hyderabad. �ose paragraphs mentioned the Ukraine war and the Black Sea Grain Initiative, while
China stated that the meeting outcome should not include any reference to the Ukraine crisis. However, the ministers reiterated their
“commitment to food security and nutrition for all, through the development of inclusive, resilient, and sustainable agriculture and food
systems.” �ey also agreed on Seven Deccan High-Level Principles on Food Security and Nutrition 2023 and expressed their commit-
ment to champion these High-Level Principles.
G20 NEW DELHI LEADERS’

DECLARATION
Highlights of G20 New Delhi Leaders’ Declaration
On Ukraine War
ALL STATES must act in a manner consistent with purposes and principles of UN charter in its entirety.
THEY MUST REFRAIN from threat or use of force to seek territorial acquisition against territorial integrity and sovereignty or
political independence of any state; also from use or threat of use of nuclear weapons is inadmissible.
PEACEFUL RESOLUTION of con�icts, and e�orts to address crises as well as diplomacy and dialogue are critical.
“THERE WERE di�erent views and assessments of the situation.”
“TODAY’S ERA must not be of war.”
On Grain/Food/Energy Security
CALLS ON Russia and Ukraine to ensure immediate and unimpeded deliveries of grain, foodstu�s, and fertilizers/inputs from
Russia and Ukraine. EMPHASISING importance of sustaining food and energy security, called for cessation of military destruction or
other attacks on relevant infrastructure. POTENTIAL FOR high levels of volatility in food and energy markets remains.
On Economies & Financial Markets
“WILL PROTECT the vulnerable, through equitable growth and enhancing macroeconomic and �nancial stability.” REAFFIRM
April 2021 exchange rate commitment made by G20 �nance ministers and central bank governors. ENDORSE �nancial stability
board’s high-level recommendations for regulation, supervision and oversight of crypto-assets, activities. FINANCE MINISTERS and
central bank governors will discuss taking forward the cryptocurrency roadmap at their meeting in October. RENEW our commit-
ment to ensure a level-playing �eld and fair competition by discouraging protectionism, market distorting practices.
On Climate Change
NEED TO ACCELERATE e�orts to phase down unabated coal power, in line with national circumstances. WILL WORK towards
facilitating low-cost �nancing for developing countries to support their transition to low carbon. WILL PURSUE and encourage e�orts
to triple renewable energy capacity globally through existing targets and policies, in line with national circumstances by 2030. REITER-
ATE our commitment to take action to scale up sustainable �nance. REITERATE use of carbon pricing and non-pricing mechanisms
and incentives toward carbon neutrality and net zero. RECOGNISE need for increased global investments to meet our climate goals of
the Paris agreement. NOTE NEED OF $5.8-5.9 trillion in pre-2030 period required for developing countries, in particular for their
12
needs to implement their emission targets. CALLS ON parties to set an ambitious, transparent, and trackable New Collective Quanti-
�ed Goal of climate �nance in 2024, from a �oor of $100 billion a year.
On Global Debt Vulnerabilities
COMMIT TO promoting resilient growth by urgently and e�ectively addressing debt vulnerabilities in developing countries. CALL
FOR swi� conclusion of the debt treatment for Ethiopia.
On Health
REMAIN COMMITTED to strengthening global health architecture. WILL ENHANCE resilience of health systems and support
development of climate-resilient and low-carbon health systems in collaboration with multilateral banks. �e leaders at India’s
showpiece G20 Summit arrived at a joint communique — called the G20 New Delhi Leaders’ Declaration — a�er months of work
and, in the last stretch, �ve sleepless nights of negotiations. �e big sticking point was the Ukraine-Russia con�ict, which was addressed
in detail in seven paragraphs. �is is much more elaborate than the Bali Declaration, which had just two paragraphs. �e consensus at
the Bali declaration frayed and broke down within a month of the Summit in November last year, and the last nine months witnessed
acrimony on both sides — the G7 grouping on one side and Russia-China bloc on the other. But, brick-by-brick, through many
conversations over countless co�ees, and hours of painstaking negotiations, the two sides built a consensus formula, with the help of
four diplomats, and guided and led by Sherpa Amitabh Kant, External A�airs Minister S Jaishankar, and Finance Minister Nirmala
Sitharaman.
G20 NEW DELHI LEADERS’

DECLARATION: SENSE OF THE
CONSENSUS
By Shubhajit Roy
Dlivering A Win-Win On The Ukraine Question

�e Russia-Ukraine paragraphs did not condemn Russia for its actions, nor did it call it an “aggression”. But the West also got what it
wanted. As a G7 diplomat put it, “to achieve a language of consensus on a subject as divisive as Ukraine, we had to be able to rea�rm
what we said in Bali, which we have done by recalling the Bali conversation; we had to refer to the United Nations texts, which are
indeed mentioned; and then we had to a�rm a few obvious points for us, but which are not necessarily obvious for everyone, i.e., that a
war of territorial conquest is unacceptable, that the sovereignty and territorial integrity of states must be respected, and that a just and
lasting peace must respect these principles”.
“All this is well incorporated in the text and, as was our main objective at this Summit, enables us to look ahead to what should be the
solution for a just and lasting peace at the end of the war in Ukraine.” �e diplomat added: “�e statement says that all states must
refrain from conquering territories by force. Russia is the only country to have done so. All this helps to build consensus for the future.”
�e G7 diplomat underlined the special role that India played in this process. “India has assumed a kind of power and an ability to
bring countries together. Not many countries are in a position to negotiate as India has done, i.e., to take on board comments from
everyone, and to work out a compromise proposal. �is is something important,” the diplomat said.
Range of deliverables, presented imaginatively
�e Russia-Ukraine paragraphs in the G20 New Delhi Leaders’ Declaration have captured global attention, but the communique is
�lled with deliverables on a range of issues. It is also cra�ed in a di�erent way — not the usual paragraphs that are structured in a joint
declaration. Instead, it starts with a preamble, and then has 10 chapters, and ends with a conclusion. In fact the Russia-Ukraine
paragraphs are at the beginning, just a�er the preamble, and “For the plant, people, peace and prosperity”. �e chapters are numbered A
to J, in 10 chapters, based on themes.
13
Progress for all; focus on education, health

�e �rst chapter is titled “Strong, Sustainable, Balanced, and
Inclusive Growth”, and talks about the global economic
situation, advancing �nancial inclusion, and �ghting
corruption. It vows to implement the Action Plan against
Fugitive Economic O�enders that will help strengthen
international cooperation and information sharing among law
enforcement agencies to combat corruption. �e next chapter
is on “Accelerating Progress on Sustainable Development Goals
(SDGs)” — which is about eliminating hunger and
malnutrition, health collaboration and delivering quality
education among others. One of the important elements is on
how future pandemics can impact the economy, which also
brings out the gaps in the existing pandemic response India showcased Konark Wheel of Odisha at welcome handshake for
mechanism, including institutional and funding arrangements. world leaders
On education, it talks about enhancing teachers’ capacity,
improved curricula, content in local language, and access to digital resources, which will ensure that all children, including the most
marginalised, are provided with the essential building blocks for all future learning.
Future is now: Sustainability, chips…
�e chapter on “Green Development Pact for a Sustainable Future” stresses the need to implement clean, sustainable, just, a�ordable,
and inclusive energy transitions. One important element is the mention of the need to build reliable, diverse, responsible, and
sustainable value chains of critical minerals, semiconductors, and related technologies. �e chapter on “Multilateral Institutions for the
21st Century”, speaks of reforming international �nancial institutions. One of the most important elements is that reform of the UN
Security Council was agreed to for the �rst time in the G20; and there was a strong push towards reforms for better, bigger, and more
e�ective Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs).
…Digital infrastructure, and a safe, secure Internet

�e chapter on “Technological Transformation & Digital Public Infrastructure”, contains elements of building digital public
infrastructure, crypto-assets, and harnessing Arti�cial Intelligence (AI) responsibly for Good and for All. �e G20 leaders agreed on a
G20 framework for digital public infrastructure and Global Digital Public Infrastructure Repository (GDPIR). �e Leaders’ Declaration
also talks about a comprehensive toolkit which is aimed at improving cyber education and cyber awareness for the protection and
empowerment of children and youth, especially considering the growing digital footprint of children and youth, and the increasing
risks associated with it.
Focus on gender equality, terror in G20 crosshairs
In the chapter on “Gender Equality and Empowering all Women and Girls”, the Declaration promotes equal rights to economic
resources, property ownership, �nancial services, and inheritance for women, while supporting women’s organisations and networks,
and closing gender gaps in agricultural access. Under India’s G20 Presidency, a decision to create a full-�edged working group on
women’s empowerment has been made. �e group will prioritise gender equality, women’s empowerment, and leadership, and bring
convergence across sectors at all levels. �e chapter “On Countering Terrorism and Money Laundering”, contains a strong
condemnation of terrorism in all its forms and manifestations, and a positive message towards international peace and security.
Welcome aboard, Africa; a diverse, tolerant grouping
�e last chapter on “Creating a More Inclusive World”, has two important elements. One, India’s G20 Presidency has paved the way
for the African Union’s permanent membership in the G20. �is will make G20 more inclusive, deepen cooperation with Africa, and
help realise its developmental aspirations. Second is a commitment to promote respect for religious and cultural diversity, and deploring
all acts of religious hatred, including against religious symbols and holy books.
14
From Delhi, a vision for Brazil, South Africa, US

O�cials said that, in conclusion, there were a few broader takeaways that this Summit projected: a strong commitment for future
Presidencies including for the new cycle beginning in 2026 — Brazil in 2024, South Africa in 2025, and the US in 2026. �ere was
recognition of all Engagement Groups and Initiatives of India’s G20 Presidency. Recommendations of Engagement Groups — B20, S20,
SAI20, Startup20, T20, U20, W20, Y20, C20, P20 and L20 — and Initiatives — EMPOWER, Research Initiative, SELM, CSAR, and
G20 Cybersecurity Conference — were welcomed. And, by conducting over 200 meetings in 60 cities across India, New Delhi has set a
new template — and a high bar — of taking G20 to the people: indeed, the democratisation of diplomacy is a key takeaway from the
successful exercise.
CRYPTO TO CLIMATE: DELHI TAKES

STEP BACK TO MOVE FORWARD,
GET CONSENSUS
Wri�en by Soumyarendra Barik , Aanchal Magazine
F
rom calling for a global framework on regulating crypto-assets to
yielding on climate transition, India, as part of its G20 presidency, is
working to evolve a consensus on a range of contentious issues even if
that means stepping back on many of its stated position.
On �ursday, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the Financial
Stability Board (FSB), released a policy paper, at the request of the Indian G20
Presidency, which recommended against an outright ban on crypto-assets.
Instead, it suggested introducing a licensing regime for crypto-asset platforms
bringing the asset under the fold of anti-money laundering and counter-
terrorist �nancing standards.
India’s expected endorsement shows how far its key regulators have moved:
In 2018, the Central Board of Direct Taxes had submitted a dra� scheme to
the �nance ministry for banning virtual currencies and a month later, the RBI Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman speaks during a
restrained banks from dealing in cryptocurrencies, a decision that had to be press conference at the international media centre on
reversed by the Supreme Court in 2020. Despite this, the banking regulator the sidelines of the G20 summit in New Delhi on
has been vocal about its problems with crypto-assets, having identi�ed them Saturday.
as “a macro-economic risk”. In July last year, underscoring that the RBI had
sought a ban, Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman said in Parliament that “international collaboration” would be needed for “any
e�ective regulation or ban” on cryptocurrency as the digital currency is borderless in nature. �e government had last year imposed a
tax on “any income from transfer of any virtual digital asset” at a rate of 30 per cent, along with a 1 per cent tax deduction at source
(TDS) on each transaction.
During India’s presidency, multiple meetings on various issues have not been able to arrive at a single joint communique so far,
primarily over objections of Russia and China over the inclusion of two paragraphs that call for the former to de-escalate and
withdraw from Ukraine. Apart from cryptocurrencies, during the various �nance track meetings, India has tried to
accommodate di�ering views on issues like climate change and �nancing for developing nations. “It will be a key win for us if we
can get a consensus on creating a global regulatory structure for dealing with crypto-assets…we want to show that we can take
the lead in global technology regulations. �ere could be some concerns by more crypto-friendly jurisdictions and those will
need some ironing out,” a senior government o�cial said. “What India has signalled is that this is the beginning of the
conversation on a global framework for regulating crypto-assets, with New Delhi acting as the main enabler, which in itself is a
big win from our perspective,” he added.
�e Sherpas of the G20 countries were in Manesar over the last three days, and their action will move to Delhi for the leaders’
15
summit today (September 9) as they work on coming up with a joint communique so that the leaders’ summit can produce a
declaration. India’s G20 Sherpa Amitabh Kant said Friday that there will be a New Delhi leaders’ declaration with India setting
itself up as the voice of the Global South. He, however, did not respond to questions on whether the Russia-Ukraine issue would
potentially derail the joint declaration. Even as the paragraph in the �nal declaration on climate change and the inclusion of
phasing out fossil fuels is expected to be a sticking point for Saudi Arabia, New Delhi is understood to have made an
accommodation on the behest of the kingdom that the reference to “just climate transition” be changed to “just transition”. �is
could be re�ected in the leader’s declaration, a senior o�cial said. �e Indian Express had earlier reported that di�erences over
food and energy security issues, especially opposition from Russia, were sticking points, with the Indian presidency willing to
consider inclusion of the opposing view in the joint declaration text instead of a footnote.
On the issue of enhanced capital requirements for multilateral development banks (MDBs), sources said some countries
expressed apprehension over the issue of their �nancial commitment. However, India, along with US support, has assuaged these
concerns pushing for greater leveraging of MDB capital to enable these institutions face emerging challenges including climate
change and digital public infrastructure. �at said, China can potentially play spoilsport here. It has pushed back on any debt
package having “climate resilient” features under the discussions to address debt issues of lower-income and vulnerable middle-
income countries.
NORTH-SOUTH DIVIDE, AND G20 AS A

FORUM WHICH GAVE VOICE TO THE
GLOBAL SOUTH
Explained by Arjun Sengupta
P
rime Minister Narendra Modi have repeatedly invoked the term ‘Global South’. Earlier this year, at the G20 Development
Ministers’ meeting in Varanasi, the Prime Minister said that “development is a core issue for the Global South”.
�e North-South divide �e term ‘Global South’, in conjunction with ‘Global North’, was �rst used in 1967 by the
American academic Carl Oglesby to refer to the “centuries of dominance” that some countries (the North) have exercised over
others (the South). It became much more popular by the turn of the century.
Today, this categorisation is ubiquitous in international development and political discourse. While traditionally powerful,
industrialised nations are seen as the ‘Global North’, the ‘Global South’ refers to nations further behind in their development
journeys. �e South — which is not the same as the geographical south, or the southern hemisphere — includes countries in
Africa, Asia, Latin America, and Oceania (sans Australia and New Zealand) whereas the North includes countries of Europe, the
United States, Canada and Australia-New Zealand. Notably, the North still shares hierarchical relations with the South in the
international order, which is perhaps the best re�ected in the make-up and workings of international forums and institutions.
Last year, on the day India assumed the G20 presidency (December 1, 2022), External A�airs Minister S Jaishankar had said that
the country would be the “voice of the Global South, that is otherwise under-represented in such forums”.
Genesis of the divide
To understand how the North-South divide in international a�airs works, one �rst needs to understand how it came into existence.
Simply put, the North-South divide is a product of colonialism and the hierarchical relations between colonial empires and the
colonised. As the colonial powers industrialised and developed �rst, exploiting labour and resources from their colonies, an ever-
growing imbalance of power emerged. �is imbalance of power continues to dictate relations between modern nation states, largely
mirroring the North-South divide. Even a�er the emergence of the post-World War II international order, with its promise of
decolonisation and democracy, these hierarchies in the international sphere did not disappear. As Alexander Barder wrote in Empire
Within: International hierarchy and its imperial laboratories of governance (2015), while “canonical approaches to international theory
continue to…obfuscate the reverberating impacts of such hierarchical relations”, these relations endure, both in the economic gap
between the North and South, and the institutions that are charged with global governance.
16
Gs of North, Gs of South
Nearly all the international institutions and fora that emerged post-1945 re�ect the North-South divide — from the United Nations
and its o�shoots to �nancial institutions such as the World Bank and IMF to the various “Gs”, or constellations of nations with shared
interests. Much before the G20 came into being, the G7 came up, during the economic crises of the 1970s. It comprised France, Canada,
Italy, West Germany, the United States, the United Kingdom and Japan — the strongest economic powers of the time. �ere were other
‘Gs’ too, notably among nations from the South, such as the G77 (1964) and the G24 (1971). �ese largely unsuccessful groupings were
born out of a desire to counterbalance the dominance of the North in global governance. But by doing so, they too a�rmed rather than
challenged the North-South dichotomy. As Karoline Postel-Vinay puts it in �e G20: A new geopolitical order (2011): “All of the ‘Gs’
that have come into being since the postwar period show evidence of “asymmetric global governance”, to use Roy Culpeper’s
expression.” �ey were either groupings of the North or groupings of the South.
The rise of China, India, Brazil
However, entering into the last decade of the 20th century, the North-South divide, while still very much in existence, was no longer
as clear cut as earlier. Emerging economic powers such as China, India, and Brazil exhibited characteristics of both the North and the
South. On one hand, their gross national income could rival that of richer Global North nations. On the other hand, socially and
politically, they were grappling with challenges that are typical to the Global South. Despite the breadth and depth of their socio-
economic challenges, the sheer weight of their populations and the growing size of their economies underlined the signi�cance of these
countries to the rest of the world. �is is why the G20 – where nations from both the Global North and South are equal members – is
important. “…What the constitution of the G20 points up is that it is impossible today to consider the world according to a clear
division between North and South and settle for a dialogue that is con�ned to this overly simplistic representation,” Postel-Vinay writes.
�e G20 was founded in the a�ermath of the Asian �nancial crisis, but it became truly important in global geopolitics post the 2008
global economic crisis. As much of the world reeled from the e�ects of the recession, it was obvious that only North countries could not
provide all solutions, and that the Global South needed to have a greater say in the way global challenges were addressed. As Peter I
Hajnal put it in �e G20: Evolution, interrelationships, documentation (2014): “…�e shi� of the balance of power from advanced
market-economy countries to emerging giants — especially China, India and Brazil — made clear the need to include both kinds of
actors as full equals… �is development [rise of the G20] was inevitable and necessary for e�ective global governance. Beyond
realpolitik, this shi� also has to do with equity, if only by implication.”
AFRICAN UNION IN G20:

WHAT IS THE GROUP?
Wri�en by Alind Chauhan
T
he African Union (AU) was admitted as a new member of the G20 on Saturday (September 9), barely three months a�er India
�oated the idea of including the organisation. �e development took place at the ongoing 18th G20 Heads of State and
Government Summit in New Delhi.
What is the AU?
�e AU is an intergovernmental organisation of the 55 member states located on the continent of Africa. Launched on July 9, 2002,
the grouping is the successor of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU), which was formed in 1963 (more on this later). �e AU
seeks to build “an Integrated, Prosperous and Peaceful Africa, driven by its own citizens”, according to its website. �e AU’s secretariat,
the African Union Commission, is based in Addis Ababa. Collectively the group has a gross domestic product (gdp) of $3 trillion with
some 1.4 billion people.
Why was the AU formed?
�e AU’s predecessor, OAU, was also an intergovernmental organisation and it aimed to bring African nations together and resolve
17
common issues through collective action. Its main focus, however, was to help liberate the colonised countries on the continent. To do
so, OAU mustered diplomatic support and provided logistical aid to liberation movements across Africa. “Its Liberation Committee,
based in Dar es Salaam (the Tanzanian commercial capital), donated weapons and funds to the insurgencies in South Africa,
Zimbabwe, Namibia, Angola, and Mozambique,” wrote Keith Gottschalk, a political scientist at the University of the Western Cape
(South Africa), in his article, ‘60 years of African unity: what’s failed and what’s succeeded’, published by �e Conversation. OAU’s
e�orts helped numerous African nations gain independence from their European colonists in the following years. But the organisation
su�ered from major shortcomings. It failed to �llip political and economic integration among its member countries. �erefore, it was
decided to reform the OAU during the mid-1990s, which ultimately led to the formation of the AU.
Notably, the man spearheading the idea of the AU was the Libyan dictator Colonel Muammar Gadda�. “He also did more than any
other leader to ensure the creation of the African Union (AU) in 2002, hosting several meetings, and forcing Nigeria and South Africa
to react to his frantic drive towards creating a federal body,” an analysis published in �e Guardian said.
What are the objectives of the AU?
Unlike the OAU, the AU concentrates its energy and resources on achieving greater unity and solidarity between African countries
and their people. It seeks to accelerate the process of the political and socio-economic integration of the continent. Moreover, the AU
addresses the multifaceted social, economic and political problems that the African nations have been facing. Its key objectives also
include promoting peace, stability, and security across the region. Protecting and promoting human rights are also part of the agenda.
What are the notable achievements of the AU?
Many of the AU’s peacekeeping missions have
helped governments tackle terrorism across
Africa, from the Sahel to northern
Mozambique. Over the years, the organisation’s
interventions have prevented violence in
countries like Burundi, the Central African
Republic, Comoros, Darfur, Somalia, South
Sudan, Sudan, and Mali. AU’s diplomatic e�orts
have also resulted in resolving con�icts in
Africa. Last year, it brokered a peace deal
between the Ethiopian Government and the
Tigray People’s Liberation Front (TPLF) in
South Africa, almost two years a�er the two
entities began �ghting. �e establishment of the
African Continental Free Trade Area
(AfCFTA), which came into force in 2021, is African heads of state a�end the 35th Ordinary Session of the African Union (AU)
yet another achievement of the organisation. Assembly in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Feb. 5, 2022. (AP Photo, File)
With 54 member countries as signatories,
AfCFTA is the world’s largest new free trade area since the establishment of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1994. It seeks to
increase intra-African trade through deeper levels of trade liberalisation and enhanced regulatory harmonisation and coordination. �e
AfCFTA will increase Africa’s income by $450 billion by 2035 and increase intra-African exports by more than 81%, according to the
World Bank estimates.
What have been the shortcomings of the AU?
One failure of the AU has been its inability to thwart coups in Africa. Since the 1960s, the continent has witnessed more than 200
coups – the most recent ones took place in Gabon and Niger. “�e obvious reason is that the continental body never sends a military
intervention to suppress the putschists, to capture them and bring them to trial for treason. It limits itself to diplomatic pressures against
them, such as suspending their membership,” Gottschalk wrote in his article. �e organisation has also been unable to get its member
countries to pay their annual dues, leaving it starved of funds. As a result, it has to depend on external funding, which impacts its
autonomy.
18
What can be the upshot of AU’s inclusion in G20?

“�e AU now has an opportunity to use its G20 permanent seat to cra� a win-win pathway for the entire world with an
uncompromising demand to redesign the global trade, �nance, and investment architecture,” Fadhel Kaboub, associate professor of
economics, at Denison University, President, Global Institute for Sustainable Prosperity, told the media. Meanwhile, Kenya’s President
William Ruto said the group’s inclusion will give African interests and perspectives voice and visibility in the G20.
HOW INDIA SUCCESSFULLY

PUSHED ENGAGEMENT WITH AU
NATIONS AND AMPLIFIED GLOBAL
SOUTH’S VOICE?
Wri�en by Shubhajit Roy
I
ndia’s move of including the African
Union as a member of G20 in June this
year has paid o�. �e grouping that
represents 55 countries was admitted as a
new member of the G20 on Saturday
(September 9). �e idea was �oated in June
this year, when Modi wrote to G20 leaders to
propose that the African Union be given “full
membership at the upcoming Delhi Summit
of G20, as requested by them”. Sources said
the idea germinated a�er the ‘Voice of the
Global South’ summit in January this year, in
which most of the African continent’s 55
countries had participated. �e discussions
were carried forward in Addis Ababa in Prime Minister Narendra Modi during Session-2 on ‘One Family’ of the G20 Summit
Ethiopia, which houses the headquarters of 2023 at the Bharat Mandapam, in New Delhi, Saturday, Sept. 9, 2023. (PTI)
the African Union. So far there was only one
country from the entire African continent in the G20 – South Africa. Many African leaders had argued that Europe is represented by
�ve countries as well as the European Union (EU), and the African Union merits similar representation as well. Very soon, the US and
French Presidents a�rmed their support. O�cials said that the move was a “right step” towards a “just, fair, more inclusive and
representative global architecture and governance”. “As part of India’s G20 Presidency, India has particularly focused on incorporating
the priorities of the African countries in the G20 agenda,” the source said.
�e move is a re�ection of the intensity of New Delhi’s engagement with Africa, which got a �llip when more than 40 Heads of State
and Government came for the 3rd India-Africa Forum Summit in October 2015. Under the Africa Outreach initiative, India has had
visits to all African countries at Ministerial level. Modi himself has visited at least 10 countries in Africa in the last nine years. While
India’s structured outreach to Africa began in 2008, China has stolen the march, as it �rst held its outreach in 2000, when Jiang Zemin
was President. �e Forum on China Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) process began when the �rst ministerial meeting was held in
Beijing that year, and has come a long way since then as a show of evolving Chinese interests in the African continent. But, with this
move of including the African Union in the G20 grouping, India has pitched itself as a leader of the developing and underdeveloped
countries. �is is also in sync with India’s aspiration for permanent membership of the UNSC, for which Delhi is keen to garner
support from Africa that has 55 votes.
19
HOW GLOBAL EVENTS PUT

TERRORISM ON G20’S AGENDA?
Wri�en by Deeptiman Tiwary
I
ndia has consistently pushed for global consensus on �ghting terrorism and emphasised on a “uniform, uni�ed and zero tolerance
approach”. However, at the G20 the needle on terrorism decisively moved only in 2015 post the Paris attacks. How focused has G20
been on terrorism? G20 is a grouping on 20 largest economies in the world that came together in 1999 largely for issues related to
the global economy, such as international �nancial stability, climate change mitigation and sustainable development. �us, it has never
been a forum that was primarily concerned with security issues of security. In fact, in the �rst two ministerial conferences (G20 started
having summits only from 2008 onwards), terrorism did not even �nd a mention.
However, following the events of September 11, 2001, as global terrorism reached American shores, the attention of international
powers turned to the menace that had long impacted India and certain other regions in West and South Asia. �e G20 Meeting of
Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors held in November that year mentioned “terror”, “terrorist” and “terrorism” a total of 29
times in its communique. �is was largely a result of a push by the US following the 9/11 attacks as it felt need for an international
cooperation, specially on terror �nancing. �is resulted in strengthening of Financial Action Task Force (FATF) and certain other arms
of international �nancial bodies. “Terrorism was never really a core topic for the G20 when its �rst summit took place in 2008. Being a
predominantly economic forum, security debates within it were almost frowned upon. However, Turkey’s G20 presidency in 2015 can
be seen as a pivotal moment when Ankara decided that for its national, and economic interest, it was an important issue to raise,” Kabir
Taneja, a fellow with the Strategic Studies programme at Observer Research Foundation, told �e Indian Express.
How has G20’s approach to terrorism evolved over the years?
Following the 2001 communique, there were fewer mentions of terrorism in the communiques until the 2015 summit in Turkey,
when dedicated documents started being produced in the summit. In fact, a 2002 meet, held in New Delhi, had only three mentions of
the word “terror” or “terrorism” and no signi�cant assertion beyond “renewed commitment” to combating terror �nancing. �e Turkey
Summit once again picked the issue up, this time, in the a�ermath of the Paris attack and the rise of Islamic State. �e summit
communique was signi�cant for expressing “resolve in the �ght against terrorism in all its forms and wherever it occurs”. According to a
paper by Katherine Yampolsky, research analyst with G20 Research Group at University of Toronto, G20 leaders have made a total of 48
commitments on terrorism between 2008 and 2020 and dedicated a total of 6,469 words to terrorism in their public communiqués, for
an average of 462 at each summit. “�ere were none at the summits in April 2009 at London and in 2014 at Brisbane, and represented
as high as 5% at the 2009 Pittsburgh Summit, the 2011 Cannes Summit, the 2015 Antalya Summit and the 2017 Hamburg Summit. �e
highest word count came in 2017 at Hamburg, with 1,900 words. �is was followed by a decline in 2018 at Buenos Aires, with only 64
words dedicated to terrorism, representing 1% of the total words. �ere was an increase to 721 words at the most recent regular
summit, in 2019 at Osaka, which, at 11%, is the highest percentage of total words dedicated to terrorism in a summit communiqué to
date,” the paper said. “From 2008 to 2019, the G20 leaders focused on condemning the act of terrorism and addressing terrorist
�nancing. In 2017 at Hamburg, the G20 leaders released their “Statement on Countering Terrorism.” At Osaka in 2019 they included
discussions on preventing internet exploitation for terrorism and violent extremism,” it added. �e paper also studied six commitments
on terrorism for compliance and found that “the four commitments with low binding verbs (such as “reiterate,” “remain committed”
and “will continue to”) averaged of 87%, compared to 50% for the one commitment with a highly binding phrase (“we are committed
to realizing”).”
How has India been placed in this discussion?
India has been pushing its concerns on terrorism in various international forums including the G20, even though the group has
achieved very little in this regard. Dr Sameer Patil, senior fellow, Centre for Security, Strategy and Technology and Deputy Director,
ORF, Mumbai, believes that till date, the G20 has hardly achieved anything on counter-terrorism beyond rhetoric. “In the last one year,
however, India has been able to bring G20 focus back on it. It has been able to articulate the linkages between global economy and
terrorist �nancing. �e July G20 conference organised by the Ministry of Home A�airs on impact of new-age technologies on security
was commendable, given that the grouping is largely focused on economic cooperation and governance,” Patil said. In the past one year
20
India has hosted three conferences at the level of Interpol, the UN and the No Money for Terror Conference where challenges of
combating terror �nancing and propagation due to emerging technologies were discussed.
Is G20 the right forum to address terror concerns?
According to Taneja, since the nature of terrorism itself is changing, even a forum like the G20 cannot completely ignore it.
“Terrorism today has evolved rapidly, along with the global order, speci�cally over the past decade. It’s not just about groups like Al
Qaeda or the post-9/11 ‘war on terror’ agenda but how we see terrorism and extremism in an era of geoeconomics which encompasses
everything from security of connectivity projects to security of digital infrastructure and the cyber space. From ports to cryptocurrency,
terrorism utilises every available infrastructure today,” Taneja said. He hopes that issues like Afghanistan, which have now fallen from
international agendas, �nd some space from an Indian viewpoint on both economic and political security aspects. “However, G20 is
not the correct forum to expect practical or tactical returns on regional or national terrorism related challenges. But it does not stop
New Delhi from raising any issue it deems critical to its economic blueprint towards its aim to become a $5 trillion economy,” he said.
WHAT IS INDIA-MIDDLE EAST-EUROPE

ECONOMIC CORRIDOR?
�e project includes India, the UAE, Saudi Arabia, the European Union,
France, Italy, Germany and the US. “Today we all have reached an important
and historic partnership. In the coming times, it will be a major medium of
economic integration between India, West Asia and Europe,” he said. �e
corridor will give a new direction to connectivity and sustainable
development of entire world, said PM Modi Meanwhile, US President Joe
Biden called the launch “a big deal”, saying one is going to hear the phrase
economic corridor more o�en in the coming decade.
What is the project?
�e rail and shipping corridor is part of the Partnership for Global
Infrastructure Investment (PGII) — a collaborative e�ort by G7 nations to
fund infrastructure projects in developing nations. PGII is considered to be
the bloc’s counter to China’s Belt and Road Initiative. �e project will aim to
enable greater trade among the involved countries, including energy
products. “It could also be one of the more ambitious counters to China’s
massive infrastructure program, through which it has sought to connect
more of the world to that country’s economy,” AP said. �e corridor will
include a rail link as well as an electricity cable, a hydrogen pipeline and a
high-speed data cable, according to a document prepared by European
Commission President Ursula von der Leyen. �e document also called the
project “a green and digital bridge across continents and civilizations.”
Why is the project being proposed?
Speaking to AP, Jon Finer, President Biden’s principal deputy national security adviser, gave three major reasons for developing the
corridor. First, it would increase prosperity among the countries involved through an increased �ow of energy and digital
communications. Second, the project would help deal with the lack of infrastructure needed for growth in lower- and middle-income
nations. And third, it could help “turn the temperature down” on “turbulence and insecurity” coming out of the Middle East, Finer said,
according to AP. “We see this as having a high appeal to the countries involved, and also globally, because it is transparent, because it is a
high standard because it is not coercive,” he added. Moreover, the project could be seen as Biden’s attempt to further strengthen the G20
group to counter the dominance of China’s Xi Jinping and Russia’s Vladimir Putin.
(With inputs from AP)
21
Anil Sasi writes:
For India, this new connectivity architecture could result in an alternative trans-regional commercial transportation
route, joining forces in petrochemicals manufacturing by integrating India’s hydrocarbon value chain and creating an
innovation corridor for green energy and innovative technology manufacturing value chains, Professor Michael
Tanchum, who teaches international relations and political economy of the Middle East and North Africa at
Universidad de Navarra, Spain had noted in his paper titled ‘India’s Arab-Mediterranean Corridor: A Paradigm Shi� in
Strategic Connectivity to Europe’.
An ANI tweet quoting government o�cials said: “India, USA, UAE, Saudi Arabia, France, Germany, Italy and the
European Union Commission have signed the Memorandum of Understanding to establish the India-Middle East-
Europe Economic Corridor (IMEE EC). �is will encourage and provide impetus to economic development through
enhanced connectivity and economic integration between
Asia, West Asia/Middle East and Europe.” �e MoU, it said,
“will create opportunities for the promotion of trade and
economic cooperation between the signatories in the �elds of
connectivity, logistics & freight infrastructure, clean energy &
hydrogen production and energy transmission infrastructure”.
“It will facilitate and enhance the infrastructure in the
logistics and transportation sector and lead to the
development of signi�cant capacities in India, thereby
enhancing our self-reliance,” the agency said in the post,
adding that “this is also in line with the vision of path-
breaking initiative such as Make in India, Sagarmala and
Atmanirbhar Bharat”.
Quoting government o�cials, the post said: “�e IMEE EC
will consist of two separate corridors (i) East Corridor
connecting India to West Asia/Middle East and (il) Northern
Corridor connecting West Asia/Middle East to Europe. It will
include a rail line that, which upon completion, will provide a
reliable and cost-e�ective cross-border ship-to-rail transit
network to supplement the existing multi-modal transport
routes enhancing transshipment of goods and services
between South East Asia through India to West Asia/Middle
East Europe.”
SEVEN REASONS WHY THE INDIA-

MIDDLE EAST-EUROPE CORRIDOR COULD
CHART BOLD NEW COURSE IN
CHANGING WORLD?
Explained by C Raja Mohan
The project underlines several new geopolitical trends:

First, just a few years ago, the conventional wisdom in Delhi said India and the United States might work together in the Indo-Paci�c
but had little in common in the Middle East. �at myth was broken when India and the United States joined hands with Israel and the
22
Prime Minister Narendra Modi welcomes Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia Mohammed Bin Salman Bin Abdulaziz Al Saud upon his arrival
at the Bharat Mandapam convention center for the G20 Summit, in New Delhi, Saturday, Sept. 9, 2023. (PTI Photo)
United Arab Emirates to set up the I2U2 forum to develop a few joint economic projects. �e India-Arabia-Europa corridor could turn
out to be far more consequential.
Second, it breaks Pakistan’s veto over India’s overland connectivity to the West. Since the 1990s, Delhi has sought various trans-
regional connectivity projects with Pakistan. But Islamabad was adamant in its refusal to let India gain access to land-locked
Afghanistan and Central Asia.
�ird, Tehran is more open to India, but its confrontation with the West has cast a shadow over the commercial utility of corridors
across Iran into Eurasia.
Fourth, the corridor will deepen India’s strategic engagement with the Arabian peninsula. �e Modi government, which had rapidly
elevated political and strategic links with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia in the last few years, now has an opportunity to
build enduring connectivity between India and Arabia. During the years of the British Raj, the subcontinent’s resources played a key
role in linking India, Arabia, and Europa. �e current project will restore India’s role as a driver in shaping regional connectivity.
Fi�h, the mega connectivity project could, in the words of US o�cials, help “bring down’ the political temperature in the Arabian
peninsula by promoting intra-regional connectivity. “Infrastructure for peace” has long been an alluring but elusive goal for the Middle
East. It remains to be seen if the current corridor will break that jinx.
Sixth, it is no secret that the new corridor is being presented as an alternative to China’s Belt and Road Initiative, which a number of
countries in South Asia, the Middle East, and Africa have embraced. A lot would depend on the speed at which the new corridor is
implemented and its ability to avoid the problem of sustainability — �nancial as well as ecological — associated with the BRI.
Seventh, the corridor also marks the mobilisation of Europe into the infrastructure development in the region. �e European Union
had earmarked 300 million Euros for infrastructure spending worldwide during 2021-27. Its support for the new corridor will make the
EU a major stakeholder in integrating India with Arabia and Europa.
Finally, the US and the EU have envisaged a plan to build a Trans-African corridor connecting Angola, the Democratic Republic of
Congo, and Zambia. India, which has stepped up its engagement with Africa in general and especially with countries trying on the
Indian Ocean coast, would want to team up with the US and EU in Africa.
(C Raja Mohan is a senior fellow with the Asia Society Policy Institute, Delhi and a contributing editor on international
a�airs for the Indian Express)
23
WITH THE ANNOUNCED INDIA-EUROPE

ECONOMIC CORRIDOR, A LOOK AT
INDIA’S SUPPLY CHAIN OPPORTUNITY
Wri�en by Ganeshan Wignaraja
First, what are supply chains?
Supply chains — variously described as global production networks, production fragmentation, or global value chains — refer to the
geographical location of stages of production (such as design, production, assembly, marketing, and service activities) in a cost-e�ective
manner. Global supply chains have been the leading model of industrial production since the 1980s, in�uencing the pace and nature of
globalisation and regionalisation. �e shi� in industrial production from local and regional supply to global supply took place gradually
over the last 100 years. Global supply chains can be found in a wide range of simple (textiles and clothing, food processing and
consumer goods, etc.) and complex industries (e.g., automotives, aircra�, machinery, electronics and pharmaceuticals).
Why are global supply chains moving from China?
Even before the Covid-19 pandemic, Western �rms had begun to reduce their
reliance on China, and its popularity as a sourcing market among Western buyers was
diminishing. Some production stages in Chinese supply chains, particularly the
labour-intensive ones, were moving to lower-cost locations. �e trend was
attributable in part to rising wages and supply chain bottlenecks within China, and
investor concerns about tighter regulation of foreign �rms. �e global risks of supply
chains concentrated in mainland China and Hong Kong are underlined by recent
data. Exports from the two markets, which together represent 20% of world exports
of intermediate goods, decreased 15% and 27% year-on-year respectively during the
last quarter of 2022. Shipments from the US, which accounted for 8.1% of world
exports of intermediate goods, fell by 3% while those of Japan, with 4% share, fell by
13%. �e downturn, coupled with internal risks in China and the country’s trade war
with the US, is forcing multinational companies to rethink their global sourcing
strategies. It is costly to shi� supply chains — new plants need to be set up, and
workers need to be hired and trained, which makes it di�cult to relocate production
from China wholesale. Even so, considerations of pro�tability are in�uencing a trend
of relocating production either to friendly countries or back to the US.
Why is India being considered an attractive supply chain hub?
Southeast Asia has beckoned foreign companies with cheap wages, �scal incentives and improved logistics. Vietnam and �ailand
are big winners in supply-chain shi�ing. But over time, India can become a complementary Asian manufacturing hub to China by
reaping gains from foreign technology transfers and creating value-adding jobs. �is is seen in the ramped-up manufacturing of
iPhones in the country, early technology transfer in the product cycle of the technologically advanced Mercedes Benz EQS to India, and
Foxconn Technology Group developing a chip-making fabrication plant in Gujarat. Manufacturing sectors in India such as
automotives, pharmaceuticals, and electronics assembly are already sophisticated, and likely to emerge as winners in this race. India’s
attractiveness to foreign investors is also linked to geopolitical and economic factors. �e World Trade Organisation (WTO) lists India
as the ��h largest importer of intermediate goods in 2022 Q4 with a 5% share, suggesting that supply chain pessimism on India may be
altering since the pandemic. �e countries ahead of India are China (23.4%), the US (16.2%), Germany (9.1%), and Hong Kong (6.0%).
India could in the future double its current 1.5% share of world exports of intermediate goods. Indian service can also be a winner,
including in information and communications technology, back-o�ce work, �nancial and professional services, and transport and
24
logistics. Since 2022, the Narendra

Modi government’s trade policy has
placed renewed emphasis on
preferential trade through a �urry of
bilateral deals with trading partners.
�e UAE-India Comprehensive
Economic Partnership Agreement
entered into force in May 2022. An
early harvest was reached in April 2022
for the Australia-India free trade
agreement (FTA), and talks are ongoing
to conclude the full FTA by the end of
2023. Negotiations for a UK-India and
EU-India FTA are in process.
�ese new deals are signi�cant Chinese President Xi Jinping a�ends the plenary session of the 2023 BRICS Summit
because they are with Western trading at the Sandton Convention Centre in Johannesburg, South Africa on August 23, 2023.
partners, and re�ect plans for deep (Photo: GIANLUIGI GUERCIA/Pool via REUTERS/File Photo)
economic integration going well beyond India’s previous FTAs which focused solely on the goods trade and related measures.
So, what must India do going forward?
India can learn much from China’s experience.
First, the promotion of export-oriented foreign direct investment (FDI) is key to participating in supply chains. A gradual stance of
trade liberalisation dictates maintaining an open-door policy toward FDI in manufacturing and facilitating investment at a high level,
with competitive �scal incentives and the creation of modern special economic zones as public-private partnerships. �e reduction of
business hassles through digitalisation of tax, customs, and business administration, and high-quality free trade deals is essential.
Second, local companies need smart business strategies to join global supply chains. Big companies naturally have advantages in
supply chains due to the larger scale of production, better access to foreign technology, and the ability to spend more on marketing.
Conglomerates can cross-subsidise investments and other costs among business units. Small and mid-sized enterprises should,
therefore, work as industrial suppliers and subcontractors to large exporters. Business strategies like mergers, acquisitions, and alliances
with multinationals and large local business houses are rational approaches. So is investment in domestic technological capabilities to
achieve international standards of price, quality, and delivery.
�ird, caution should be exercised before India attempts to replicate China’s state interventionist template wholesale, as there is a
signi�cant risk of government failure and cronyism. It may be prudent to actively engage with think tanks to gain insights into what
might work. Still, some aspects of China’s industrial policy may be relevant to India, including better targeting of multinationals in new
industrial activities in which there may be a potential comparative advantage and better coordination between the central and state
governments. Equally important is upstream investment in tertiary-level education in science, technology, engineering, and
mathematics.
Could the South Asian region as a whole benefit from this approach?
India has a historic opportunity to promote industrialisation in South Asia, which would stabilise the region, increase jobs, and make
it less vulnerable to Chinese enticements. Market-led spillovers from India’s supply chains through outward-foreign investment in
labour-intensive manufacturing are a natural transmission channel to Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. India’s dynamic start-up culture,
venture capital �nancing and �ntech capacity can be used to draw in young entrepreneurs from other South Asian countries. �e
Indian government should consider two policy initiatives to promote regional supply chains.
First, upscaling the Make in India Programme into a Make in South Asia Programme. India can provide �scal incentives to Indian
manufacturers to expand into Bangladesh and Sri Lanka, which are in apparel supply chains. Food processing, textiles and apparel, and
the automotive sector might be candidates for this, given India’s neighbours’ factor endowments and industrial experience.
Second, India should conclude a comprehensive bilateral FTA with Bangladesh and upgrade the Indo-Sri Lanka FTA to support
regional rules-based trade and investment. �ese initiatives can help to integrate these two countries into supply chain activities centred
25
on India as the assembly hub, and bring mutual welfare gains in terms of industrialisation, real income growth and job creation. Unless
India creates channels for South Asia, it has no o�er for the Global South. �e fresh supply chains opening up with the US are a good
place for India to start its global integration journey, Neighborhood First.
(Dr Ganeshan Wignaraja is Professorial Fellow in Economics and Trade at Gateway House: Indian Council on Global Relations,
Mumbai. He is the author of the paper, ‘�e Great Supply Chain Shi� from China to South Asia?’)
WHAT WAS BEHIND XI JINPING’S

NO-SHOW AT G20 SUMMIT?
Wri�en by Hemant Adlakha
T
ypical of the way one party-ruled authoritarian China is governed, the Chinese foreign ministry issued a last-minute one-
sentence noti�cation on its website Monday (September 4) announcing
that “Premier Li Qiang will represent China at the Sept. 9-10 gathering of
G20 leaders.” More typically, when asked to explain the reason why President Xi
Jinping would not be attending the summit, the ministry’s seasoned spokeswoman
Mao Ning declined to answer. With Beijing not revealing why Xi has preferred to
be absent at the annual G20 Leaders’ Summit, analysts worldwide are o�ering
con�icting interpretations for Xi skipping the event. Most plausible explanations
include deliberately snubbing India – the “regional or local” power – avoiding
one-to-one meetings with “insincere” US President Joe Biden, staying home to
tackle too many uncertainties brought on by the ongoing economic slowdown, etc.
and so on.
How has India responded to Xi’s absence?
In India, analysts are suggesting that Xi not joining the G20 summit is to
deliberately “snub” India as “China is unwilling to confer in�uence on its southern
neighbour that boasts one of the fastest growing one of the major economies while
China slows.” But o�cially, New Delhi has tried to play down Beijing’s “snub.”
India’s External A�airs Minister S Jaishankar responded by saying, “At the end of
the day, countries are represented by whoever they have chosen to represent them.
�e levels of representation do not become the �nal determinant of the position of
a country.”
In addition, a mere glance at the op-ed commentaries in the country’s elite English media shows three widely discussed factors: Xi is
annoyed at India’s attempts to undermine China’s “leadership” role at recently concluded BRICS summit and India snubbing China at
New Delhi’s SCO gathering two months ago; escalating border tensions along the Line of Actual Control (LAC) between India and
China; and, India being actively drawn into the US-led Western anti-China “alliance” – speci�cally in the rapidly transforming security
architecture in the Indo-Paci�c.
How has the US reacted?
�e media in the US and West has also hinted at Xi avoiding a face-to-face meeting with the US President during the summit in New
Delhi as one of the more tangible factors. Recall here Xi’s �nally agreeing to meet with Biden on the side-lines of the G20 Bali summit
last November was a�er a great deal of initial reluctance.
A Chinese proverb goes that “hesitation only brings disaster.” �is is precisely what happened to the US-China worsening relations
a�er the Bali summit. �e mutual acrimony and bitterness between the world’s two economic superpowers took a further ugly turn
when Biden called Xi a dictator. Biden’s infamous remark was made a day a�er the US Secretary of State Antony Blinken concluded his
much-hyped China visit on June 18 this year.
More importantly, according to experts, there might be internal political pressures that Xi has been forced to sit out of the G20
26
summit in New Delhi and avoid a meeting with Biden. Singapore-based political scientist Zhuang Jiaying told �e New York Times:
“Since all power is in the hands of Xi, his absence illustrates the uncertainty caused by opacity.” Speaking of internal challenges and
opacity in the face of mounting economic pressure by the US technological and investment policies of “de-sinicization,” (it’s a process of
eliminating or reducing Chinese cultural elements, identity, or consciousness from a society or nation) in a rather unusual social media
post-China’s Ministry of Security (MSS) declared Monday that the US must show more sincerity.
Interestingly, the MSS WeChat post was uploaded on the same day as the Chinese foreign ministry announced Xi would not be
heading for the G20 summit – Monday. �ough surprising that some scholars in China were quick to question the MSS post’s
credentials to “cast doubt” over Xi’s diplomatic assignments, a report in the AP news agency described the security ministry as
equivalent to the KGB in the erstwhile Soviet Union. At the same time, there are reports that Biden expressed disappointment over Xi
not attending the G20 summit and hoped to meet with the Chinese President at the APEC summit in San Francisco in the coming
November. Casting doubt over Xi even travelling to San Francisco, AP cited the Chinese MSS post as saying, “To truly realise ‘from Bali
to San Francisco,’ the United States must present su�cient sincerity.”
What are experts based in China saying?
On the other hand, experts and analysts in mainland China have been o�ering
con�icting interpretations of Xi’s decision to not attend the G20 summit. Most Chinese
experts and scholars have refrained from linking Xi’s skipping the summit in New Delhi
with various domestic uncertainties and emphasised the external factors.
Whereas Professor Zhu Feng, dean of International Relations at Nanjing University,
has told Hong Kong’s English daily the SCMP that he clearly sees the decision to
dispatch Premier Li as to “snub India and it stems from New Delhi consistently
hampering the bilateral relations in the recent years.” Professor Wang Yiwei, a Beijing-
based IR expert, in an interview with the international media, said he believes China’s
decision to send Li, who is in charge of the country’s economic policy, to represent
China at the G20 is reasonable. �is is because the multilateral grouping is intended as a
platform to discuss international economic and �nancial issues.”
While well-known foreign policy expert and professor at Beijing’s prestigious Renmin
or People’s University, Shi Yinhong admits Xi’s absence is con�rmation that given
many G20 countries now have varying degrees of confrontation with China, Beijing is
beginning to view G20 as more of a platform with shrinking value and with a limited
international in�uence.
Is Xi committing a faux pas by not coming to the G20 summit?
Finally, all the above explanations – from snubbing India to avoiding meeting Biden to being held captive to tackling domestic
challenges – do not capture the raison d’etre for Xi opting out of the summit in the manner in which India’s former Foreign Secretary
Shyam Saran describes it as “unusual.” Although Saran, who has decades studying, analysing, and watching China’s foreign relations,
has not elaborated on Xi’s “unusual” act, it is not di�cult to understand what is implied is that this might be Xi’s major diplomatic faux
pas. In diplomacy, absenteeism is seen not only as a failure but also as a disaster. Recall what happened at the World Economic Forum
in Davos in January 2017. A week before the US President-elect Donald Trump was to take o�ce – Trump had already announced he
wouldn’t be going to Davos – Xi delivered his maiden speech at the largest gathering of the world’s economic elite. Stunned by the
communist Chinese leader’s pledge to protect globalisation, a former US administration o�cial had observed: “Xi’s words made China
look like a potential alternative global leader to the US.” �e founder of the WEF Klaus Schwab declared while introducing Xi: “�e
world is looking at China.
”Further, as Trump began to distance the US from its allies, Beijing took the opportunity to take a more leading role in global a�airs.
�anks to Trump, the next 12 months became remarkable for Xi. Steve Tsang, director of a London-based think tank, remarked: “�e
Trump administration was a godsend for the Communist Party of China.”
But a year later, the authoritarian style of the Chinese leader started to be re�ected in China’s external dealings. As He Yinan, who
teaches Chinese foreign policy at Lehigh University, observed in her interview with CNN in October 2020: “�e behaviour of China
under Xi Jinping really enraged many other countries. When Beijing wasn’t actively starting diplomatic rows with other countries, it
o�en talked down to or intimidated them.” Now, following his absence at the BRICS business forum in Johannesburg, his skipping the
27
ASEAN summit in Jakarta held two days ago, and missing out at this weekend’s G20 in New Delhi, Xi is continuing to replicate his
domestic authoritarian governance style externally as well. Some say this is a sign of the failure and decline of Xi-style diplomacy.
Explaining this authoritarian nature, Cornell University associate professor and China expert Jessica Chen Weiss recently said, “�ough
the aggressive [Chinese] behaviour has estranged diplomatic partners, the real target remains domestic. China’s system of government
may not actually have ever been up to the challenge of becoming the world’s leading superpower, at least not in the model of the US.”
Very “unusual.”
(Hemant Adlakha is a professor of Chinese at the Jawaharlal Nehru University in New Delhi. He is also Vice-Chairperson and
Honorary Fellow at the Institute of Chinese Studies (ICS), Delhi.)
HOW THE G20 DECLARATION ON HEALTH

INCLUDES INDIA’S THREE PRIORITIES AND
GIVES A DIGITAL PUSH?
Wri�en by Anonna Du�
A ll three health priorities of India’s G20 presidency found a mention in the G20 New Delhi Leaders’ Declaration
released on Saturday. �e declaration spoke of strengthening primary healthcare, health workforce, and essential
health services to better-than-pre-pandemic levels, ideally within the next two to three years. In addition to focusing
on epidemics such as tuberculosis and AIDS, the G20 recognised the importance of research on long COVID. �e declaration
also stressed the importance of one health approach — where diseases in animals, plants, and humans are tracked by the same
mechanism — with focus on tackling antimicrobial resistance. �e G20 health track that concluded last month was one of the
most successful under India’s presidency: not only did India manage to build consensus on all three of its priority areas, it also
managed to launch a proposed repository of scalable digital health platforms.
What were the three priorities?
�e three priorities kept in mind the economic and social disruption caused by Covid-19, and what could be done to prevent such
losses in the future.
The priorities included:
� Building resilient systems for health emergency prevention, preparedness, and response.
� Strengthening cooperation in the pharmaceutical sector with focus on ensuring equitable availability and
access to vaccines, diagnostics, and therapeutics during a pandemic.
� Creating a platform for sharing digital health innovations and solutions to ensure better and universal health
coverage, like CoWIN and e-Sanjeevani.
�e consensus was reached with some compromises — India did not insist on countries contributing towards a $200-million fund
for a digital health programme, or on a permanent platform for sharing knowledge, intellectual property rights, and resources for
developing vaccines, diagnostics, and therapeutics.
What is this digital health programme?

With the pandemic highlighting the importance of digital health innovation, India committed to developing a platform for sharing
scalable solutions under the World Health Organisation (WHO) that can be utilised by its member states. �is culminated in the
launch of Global Initiative on Digital Health (GIDH), with four main pillars — an investment tracker, a repository of existing digital
28
health solutions, knowledge sharing for implementation and country-speci�c adaptation of these solutions, and an ask tracker to
monitor the needs of di�erent countries.
While a $200-million fund proposed by India did not �nd consensus among countries, several non-pro�ts have committed to the
fund. India has committed to o�ering its vaccine management platform CoWIN, its tele-medicine platform e-Sanjeevani, and its
Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission platform as digital public goods to others. �is initiative, delegates present on the negotiating table
said, may help in ending the “epidemic of pilots” where several similar initiatives are launched in di�erent countries but aren’t scaled up.
A World Bank report released on the sidelines of the health ministers’ meeting took a look at the Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission,
and said it was “an example of a concerted e�ort to �ll in the health information gaps and connect health information dots.” Around
44.2 crore unique IDs have been created and 110 digital health services integrated into the mission as of August 2023, the report said.
However, it went on to add that there are concerns regarding data protection and privacy.
What is the interim medical counter measure platform?
While there was no consensus on creating a permanent platform for ensuring equitable access to medical countermeasures during a
pandemic, the committees agreed to develop an interim platform to promote an end-to-end network for research and manufacturing
them till a legally binding pandemic treaty can be agreed upon. �e outcome document said that the interim platform should be led by
an inclusive decision-making arrangement, including e�ective representation of low- and middle-income countries, and convened by
the WHO. Although there is an in-principle agreement by the G20 member countries on the need for such a platform, there is no
clarity yet on how soon the platform can be developed.
Why have some opposed this interim platform?
Delegates present at the
negotiating table said the push for
this interim platform has come
from G7 countries, which
currently hold the majority of the
patents for drugs, diagnostics, and
vaccines. Even though the
outcome document speci�cally
mentions lower- and middle-
income countries having a voice
in the platform, many said it is
likely to replicate the failures of
the ACT accelerator — a similar
platform developed to share
medical countermeasures during
Covid-19 — by giving more say to
the G7 countries.
One of the senior delegates
present at all the negotiations said,
“�is will replicate what the ACT did. Even the people who were on the table are not clear about the negotiations that happened
during the pandemic. Also, now that Covid-19 is no longer a public health emergency of international concern, those agreements no
longer stand, and poorer countries have to keep paying high prices to maintain the level of vaccination.” Another said that an interim
measure would be used as an excuse by the G7 countries to keep delaying a legally binding pandemic treaty.
What is the role proposed for traditional medicine?
India’s G20 presidency also pushed for integration of evidence-based traditional medicine practices with modern medicine. A global
summit on traditional medicine was hosted on the sidelines of the health ministers’ meeting last month. �e outcome document said:
“We acknowledge the potential of evidence-based traditional and complementary medicine practices in public health delivery systems,
provided they are rigorously and scienti�cally validated.”
29
Bharat Mandapam convention centre, venue of the upcoming G20 Summit in New Delhi, is now home to what is believed to
be the world’s tallest Nataraja statue. The G20 summit will be held in New Delhi from Sept 9 to 10. (ANI)
G20 SUMMIT: HOW WIN-WIN CAME,

PARA BY PARA; PAVES WAY AHEAD ON
UKRAINE WAR
By Express News Service
As the curtains fell on the G20 Summit, the consensus arrived in the G20 New Delhi Leaders’ Declaration set the stage for the
diplomatic and political conversation on the Russia-Ukraine con�ict with a hope — across the spectrum — that the text is expected to
set the tone for any negotiations between the two warring sides: the West-led G7 grouping that is backing Ukraine, and Russia, which
has Beijing’s support in the form of a no-limits friendship.
�e consensus text “enables us to look ahead to what should be the solution for a just and lasting peace at the end of the war in
Ukraine,” a G7 o�cial said. �e Indian Express spoke to o�cials from several member states to �nd that behind the hectic negotiations
that went into the joint communique, lay hard work to build common ground and articulate a formulation acceptable to all.
What framed the challenge was the fact that the two paras in the Bali declaration lay shattered within a month of the November 2022
G20 Summit, the sense being that these, by echoing the UN resolutions — where India had abstained — deploring Russian aggression,
were “divisive” and “divergent.” Bali had recorded the G7 position of condemnation of the war in Ukraine and the Russian position on
unilateral sanctions. It had the West’s formulation on the war’s impact on the global economy but also factored in the Russian-Chinese
stance that G20 is an economic forum that does not discuss security issues. It did acknowledge the impact of security on the economy
but also �agged the UN charter on dialogue and diplomacy and the phrase that “today’s era must not be of war.” �e Delhi declaration
needed a “completely new language,” said an o�cial closely involved in the process. “We needed a text that had something for
everyone so that each member can go back with a win.”
30
In almost 200 G20 meetings across 50 locations, the G7 pushed for a maximalist language in its criticism of Russia. And Russian
interlocutors would look at China, which stood up for its “no-limits friendship”. So sharp was the divide that the two sides refused to
get photographed together at every G20 meeting.
New Delhi decided, therefore, to reach out to each member individually and separately, which took hours of painstaking
conversation to get a sense of each one’s red lines. Russia and China, sources said, were almost always on the same page: they did not
want mention of Russian aggression or condemnation of the war in Ukraine. �e G7 grouping wanted a reference to UN resolutions,
mention of “war and territorial expansionism” and the pointed phrases: “sovereignty and territorial integrity of States must be
respected”, and “just, and durable peace in Ukraine”. New Delhi made the “voice of Global South” the fulcrum of the argument, and
�rst roped in Brazil, the next host in 2024. �e Brazilians were the most active and supportive partners. Later, the South Africans
joined in, since they are the hosts in 2025. �ese three, along with the last host Indonesia, became a team, and worked on each of these
negotiating teams. At the political level as well, there was outreach to leaders from both sides —Modi spoke to Putin and Jaishankar
met Lavrov; South African President Cyril Ramaphosa spoke to Chinese President Xi Jinping and Brazilian Foreign Minister Mauro
Vieira spoke to his Russian counterpart Sergey Lavrov. �ere was consensus on two aspects. One, the G20 is the last working and
functioning global forum, and it should not go the UNSC way where veto power has blocked any movement and the body has
e�ectively collapsed. And, two, the Global South was most adversely hit by the consequences of the war.
�is framed the backdrop for the “creative ambiguity” that was needed to come up with a language acceptable to both sides. It was
communicated to the G7 by the Global South countries that if they wanted to have a consensus, a direct reference to Russia would have
to be omitted — since that was the Bali’s divisive consensus. So, while the UN resolutions were recalled, unlike last time, there was no
mention of voting records and abstentions. An illustrative line in the Delhi declaration is about “threat or use of force to seek territorial
acquisition against the territorial integrity and sovereignty or political independence of any state.” For the G7, this was targeted at
Russia. For Russia, it was targeted at the US, UK or France. Indeed, Lavrov mentioned the territorial expansionist activities by the G7
countries today. �is was also a message from the developing countries to the powerful P-5.
�e other new formulation that was raised by the Chinese and the Russians was that G20 is the economic forum and not a political
one. New Delhi and the Global South framed it in a way that it acknowledged that while the Russian and the Chinese view is correct,
geopolitical and security issues can have an impact on the economic situation as well — a contention of the West, led by G7 grouping.
This was seen as a win by both sides.
�e Global South, the prime mover of the new language, brought in the impact they were su�ering from — something that both G7
and the Russia-China bloc agreed with. �e most di�cult and bitterly contested paragraph that India had to negotiate on was the one
on military infrastructure and civilians. While the West saw this as a criticism of Russian action in Ukraine, Moscow saw this as
something they are also su�ering from in the war. �at is what New Delhi felt was the “creative ambiguity” behind the formulation: “In
this context, emphasizing the importance of sustaining food and energy security, we called for the cessation of military destruction or
other attacks on relevant infrastructure. We also expressed deep concern about the adverse impact that con�icts have on the security of
civilians thereby exacerbating existing socio-economic fragilities and vulnerabilities and hindering an e�ective humanitarian response”.
Both warring sides felt that this re�ected their grievance.
Another challenging paragraph was the reference to the Black Sea Grain Initiative, which had not found a mention in the recently
concluded BRICS summit as well. India, South, Brazil and Indonesia — who positioned themselves as speaking for the Global South,
packaged it as something important for the developing and least developed countries — a point that Russia and China could not reject.
Also added to this para was the need to “meet the demand in developing and least developed countries, particularly those in Africa.”
�e fact that the African Union was joining the summit added formidable weight to this.
�e G7 wanted that Ukraine’s call for “just, and durable peace” must be re�ected in the communique. �is was included in the
paragraph by New Delhi under its broad summit theme: “We will unite in our endeavour to address the adverse impact of the war on
the global economy and welcome all relevant and constructive initiatives that support a comprehensive, just, and durable peace in
Ukraine that will uphold all the Purposes and Principles of the UN Charter for the promotion of peaceful, friendly, and good
neighbourly relations among nations in the spirit of ‘One Earth, One Family, One Future’.”
New Delhi also added paragraphs on territorial integrity: Beijing found it applicable for US approach to Taiwan; Delhi saw it as a
message to China over the border stando�; G7 saw it as a message to Russia and Moscow saw it as a message to NATO. “We call on all
states to uphold the principles of international law including territorial integrity and sovereignty, international humanitarian law, and
the multilateral system that safeguards peace and stability. �e peaceful resolution of con�icts, and e�orts to address crises as well as
diplomacy and dialogue are critical.
31
EXPRESS EDGE / HISTORY & CULTURE
HOW THE SIKH MIGRATION

TO CANADA BEGAN
The ongoing tussle between New Delhi and Ottawa has brought the Sikh diaspora in Canada under the spotlight. Currently,
Canada is home to the largest Sikh population outside India and Sikhs have been arriving there for more than a century.
Sikhs onboard the Japanese steamship Komagata Maru, which reached the shores of Vancouver, Canada, in 1914. The
passengers were were detained onboard the ship for about two months, and then escorted out of Canadian waters.
(Wikimedia Commons)
C
anadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau on Friday (September 22) said his government shared with India evidence of
“credible allegations” about the involvement of Indian agents in the killing of the pro-Khalistan leader Hardeep
Singh Nijjar many weeks ago. A diplomatic stand-o� erupted between Canada and India on Tuesday (September 19)
a�er Trudeau alleged a “potential link” between the Indian government and the killing of Nijjar in Canada earlier this year. In
response, New Delhi accused Ottawa of sheltering “Khalistani terrorists and extremists”. �e fallout once again brought the
Sikh diaspora in Canada under the spotlight. According to the 2021 Canadian census, Sikhs account for 2.1% of the country’s
32
population. Moreover, Canada is home to the largest Sikh population outside India.
�e numbers don’t come as a surprise, though. For over a century, Sikhs have been migrating to Canada. Why did Sikhs start to
move to Canada? Who were the �rst Sikhs to arrive in the country? What challenges did they face?
THE ARRIVAL
Sikhs began to migrate overseas in the late 19th century as they were involved in the armed services for the British Empire,
Gurharpal Singh, an emeritus professor at the University of London’s School of Oriental and African Studies, told �e New
Yorker magazine.
“Wherever the Empire expanded, especially in the Far East—China, Singapore, Fiji, and Malaysia—and East Africa, that’s where
the Sikhs went,” Singh said.
Sikhs’ arrival in Canada began with Queen Victoria’s Diamond Jubilee in 1897. Kesur Singh, a Risaldar Major in the British India
Army (25th Cavalry, Frontier Force), is considered the �rst Sikh settler to come to the country that year. He was amongst the �rst
group of Sikh soldiers who arrived in Vancouver as part of the Hong Kong Regiment, which included Chinese and Japanese soldiers
en route to celebrate the jubilee.
�e �rst wave of Sikh migration to Canada, however, was triggered in the initial years of the 1900s. Most of the migrant Sikhs
moved to the country as labourers — logging in British Columbia and manufacturing in Ontario.
“�e original immigration was small, a little over 5,000, and made up of men looking for overseas employment but not intent on
settling. �e immigrants were classic sojourners, intent on staying no more than three to �ve years and on remitting home as much
of their savings as possible,” according to the ‘Encyclopedia of Diasporas: Immigrant and Refugee Cultures Around the World’,
edited by Melvin Ember, Carol R Ember, and Ian Skoggard.
THE PUSHBACK
Although the migrants easily found work, they encountered hostility based on the perception that they were taking away jobs
from localities. Not only this, the Sikhs also faced racial and cultural prejudices. �e situation kept deteriorating as more and more
Sikhs arrived in the country.
With the mounting public pressure, the Canadian government �nally put an end to the migration by introducing stringent
regulations. It made it mandatory for Asian immigrants to possess a “sum of $200, considered high enough to serve as a distinctive,
and to arrive in Canada only by means of a continuous journey from their country of origin,” Nalini Kant Jha wrote in her article,
‘�e Indian Diaspora in Canada: Looking Back and Ahead’ (India Quarterly, January-March, 2005, Vol 61).
As a result, immigration from India into Canada declined drastically a�er 1908, from 2,500 during 1907-08, to only a few dozen
per year, she added.
It was during this time the Komagata Maru incident took place. In 1914, a Japanese steamship, known as Komagata Maru,
reached the shores of Vancouver. It was carrying 376 South Asian passengers, most of whom were Sikhs. �e immigrants were
detained onboard the ship for about two months, and then escorted out of Canadian waters, sending it back to Asia.
According to the Canadian Museum of Human Rights, once the ship arrived in India, an altercation between British authorities
and the passengers broke out. When the altercation ended, “22 people were dead, including 16 passengers,” it added.
THE TURNAROUND
�e Canadian immigration policy relaxed a�er the end of World War II. It happened for three main reasons.
First, it became di�cult for Canada to maintain an immigration policy and practice based on racial preferences a�er it joined the
United Nations and its declaration against racial discrimination, and membership in a multi-racial Commonwealth of equal
partners, according to Jha.
Second, post WWII, Canada started to expand its economy for which it required labourers.
�ird, there was a “decline in the immigration of people from Europe and the Canadian government turned to the third world
countries for ‘the import of human capital,’” Paramjit S Judge, professor and head of the Department of Sociology at Guru Nanak
Dev University, Amritsar, wrote in his 2003 article, ‘Social Construction of Identity in a Multicultural State: Sikhs in Canada’,
published in the Economic & Political Weekly magazine.
�e factors ultimately led to the introduction of the ‘points system’ in 1967 by the Canadian government that made skill alone as
criteria for admission of non-dependent relatives into the country and eliminated any preferences given to one particular race.
33
HISTORY & CULTURE
EXPERT WEIGHS IN | ‘TAGORE’S VISION

FOR SANTINIKETAN DIFFICULT TO
RESTORE, BUT UNESCO TAG CAN HELP
RESTORE ITS HISTORIC STRUCTURES’
Supriyo �akur, the great-grandnephew of Rabindranath Tagore and former principal of the school in Santiniketan
established by Tagore, answers 5 questions about the UNESCO tag for the town.
Wri�en by Santanu
Chowdhury
S
antiniketan, the
town in West
Bengal’s Birbhum
district where Nobel
Laureate Rabindranath
Tagore spent a large part
of his life, has made it to
UNESCO’s World
Heritage List. Home to
the Visva Bharati
University, Santiniketan
becomes the 41st
UNESCO World
Heritage Site in India
and the third in West
Bengal, a�er the The Upasana Griha, or prayer hall, built by Debendranath Tagore in Santiniketan. (Photo:
Sundarbans National Express archive)
Park and the Darjeeling
Mountain Railways. Supriyo �akur (84), the great-grandnephew of Rabindranath Tagore and former principal of
Patha Bhavana, the school in Santiniketan established by Tagore, speaks to �e Indian Express on the signi�cance of
the UNESCO tag.
HOW WAS SANTINIKETAN ESTABLISHED?
In 1863, Rabindranath Tagore’s father Maharshi Debendranath Tagore, an active member of the Brahmo Samaj,
bought some land from Bhuban Mohan Sinha, the talukdar of Raipur in Birbhum. He �rst built a guest house and
named it Santiniketan (the abode of peace). In 1867, he set up an ashram for prayers there. Gradually, the ashram and
its surrounding areas also came to be known as Santiniketan. In 1901, Rabindranath Tagore started a
Brahmacharyaashrama with just �ve students, which became Patha Bhavana in 1925.
34
In 1921, Tagore set up Visva Bharati,

which was declared a central university
and institute of national importance in
1951. �is also contributed to the
expansion of Santiniketan, with more
residential complexes, hostels and
bhavans.
IF YOU WERE TO DESCRIBE
SANTINIKETAN TO
SOMEONE WHO HAS NEVER
SEEN IT, WHAT WOULD YOU
SAY?
First of all, Santiniketan was set up to
establish a connection between humans
and nature. It is a place which not only
imparts education but also teaches Punascha, the house in Santiniketan where Tagore lived. (Photo: Wikimedia
various forms of arts to students, such as Commons)
painting, sculpture, music, dance, and
drama. It is also home to Visva Bharati University. It is a place which signi�es Tagore’s vision and a meeting place of students and
scholars from across the world.
WHAT WAS TAGORE’S VISION BEHIND VISVA BHARATI AND THE TOWN OF SANTINIKETAN?
Rabindranath Tagore’s motto was ‘Yatra Vishwam Bhavati Eka Needam‘ (where the world becomes a nest). �is was his vision
behind setting up an institute of learning where students would have the freedom to explore their surroundings, gather knowledge
from nature, and imbibe di�erent cultures. Visva Bharati was a home of learning which would become the meeting place for global
cultures.
Today, how close are the university and the town to Tagore’s vision?
It is unfortunate that today we are nowhere close to that vision. Today, the university has become a place which only provides
degrees and not Tagore’s idea of
education. �e way of ashram life and
the concept of Santiniketan have lost
their meaning with the passage of time.
WHAT WILL THE UNESCO
TAG MEAN FOR
SANTINIKETAN?
It is di�cult to bring back Tagore’s
vision in the present-day education
system and the environment of
Santiniketan. We need to have a massive
overhaul to imbibe his vision among the
students and the surroundings.
However, with this recognition,
Santiniketan will de�nitely get a faceli�.
�e historic residences and bhavans
inside the Visva Bharati University must
be protected. �e legacy of Tagore and In this May 2016 photo, a senior student teaches younger pupils in the open air at
his teachings must continue. Patha Bhavana at Santiniketan. (Photo: PTI)
35
POLITY
WOMEN’S RESERVATION BILL

IMPORTANT NOTE: By the time this magazine is released, the landmark women’s reservation Bill, which seeks to provide
33 per cent reservation to women in the Lok Sabha and state Assemblies, is already a law a�er receiving the assent of
President Droupadi Murmu. [Some of the articles in the magazine (�rst published before it became an Act) may still call it a
Bill but you should consider it as an Act instead for your understanding.]
Divya A writes
C
on�rming this,
Union Law
Minister Arjun
Ram Meghwal tweeted,
“With the approval of the
historic ‘Nari Shakti
Vandan Act-2023’ by
President Droupadi
Murmu, this Bill has
become an important law
of India.” �e Bill was
introduced by Meghwal in
the Lok Sabha on
September 19. It was
passed by the Rajya Prime Minister Narendra Modi poses for a picture with Union Ministers Smriti Irani,
Anupriya Patel, Meenakashi Lehi, Shobha Karandlaje, Rajya Sabha MP PT Usha and
Sabha on September 21.
women MPs during the celebrations after the passing of the Women's Reservation Bill in
As per a noti�cation both Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha, at Parliament, in New Delhi. (ANI Photo)
issued by the Law Ministry
on Friday, the President gave her assent to the Bill on �ursday. �e Vice President and Rajya Sabha Chairman Jagdeep
Dhankhar signed the Bill on �ursday, a�er which it was placed before the President for her assent.
Now, it will be o�cially known as the Constitution (106th Amendment) Act. According to the gazette noti�cation, dated
September 28, “It shall come into force on such date as the central government may, by noti�cation in the O�cial Gazette,
appoint.” According to a government source, the Bill does not require rati�cation by the states since it doesn’t change the
actual number of seats that the states have in Parliament. “So state representation in Parliament remains una�ected,” the
source said.
“Prima facie, the women’s reservation Bill should have had rati�cation by 50 per cent of the states since it mandates
mandatory change in the composition of each Assembly constituency. It is, however, clear that there is no one to oppose the
Bill on this ground and, therefore, the government has decided to go ahead without attempting state rati�cation. Secondly, it
is clear that this is further proof of the government’s non-intention to bring in anything in the near future, not only till 2029
but even possibly not till 2034. And hence they may take the plea that they will reconsider state rati�cation at a later date,
which in my view would be equally unconstitutional a�er Presidential assent,” Senior Congress leader Abhishek Singhvi
told �e Indian Express.
Late on �ursday evening, Meghwal had said that Dhankhar had signed the Constitution (128th Amendment) Bill, 2023
36
as passed by the Houses of Parliament for being presented to the President for her assent under Article 111 of the Constitution.
Called the ‘Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam’, the Act provides 33 per cent reservation to women in the Lok Sabha and state
legislative Assemblies, becoming the �rst Bill to be passed in the new Parliament building. �e seats already reserved for Scheduled
Castes and Scheduled Tribes will also come within the purview of women’s reservation.
On September 20, the women’s reservation Bill was passed in the Lok Sabha a�er an eight-hour debate, with just two of the over
450 members voting against it. A day later, the Bill was ‘unanimously’ passed in the Rajya Sabha.
�e Upper House had earlier passed the women’s reservation Bill in 2010 during the Congress-led UPA government, but it was
not taken up in the Lok Sabha and subsequently lapsed in the lower House.
A�er the Bill cleared the legislative hurdles in both the Houses last week, Prime Minister Narendra Modi said it will usher in an
era of stronger representation and empowerment for women in the country. While the Opposition had largely welcomed the Bill,
during the debate in Parliament, some leaders had �agged concerns over the non-inclusion of OBC sub-quota in the dra�
legislation.
WHAT DOES THE BILL INTRODUCED IN

LOK SABHA SAY? IN WHAT WAYS IS IT
SIMILAR TO � OR DIFFERENT FROM �
THE BILL THAT WAS PASSED BY RAJYA
SABHA 13 YEARS AGO?
Wri�en by Apurva Vishwanath , Harikishan Sharma
According to �e Constitution (One Hundred and Twenty-eighth Amendment) Bill 2023, “as nearly as maybe, one-third (including
the seats reserved for women belonging to the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes) of the total number of seats to be �lled by
direct election to the House of People shall be reserved for women”.
T
he Bill proposes a similar provision for Assemblies in the states and Delhi.
Like the previous Bill, �e Constitution (One Hundred and Twenty-eighth Amendment) Bill 2023 proposes to introduce
new articles — 330A and 332A — in the Constitution. �ese new provisions will introduce the changes for Lok Sabha and
Assemblies respectively. Like the 2010 Bill, the current one also has a
sunset clause, mandating that the reservation will be for a period of 15
years from the date of commencement of the Act. �e key di�erence,
however, is that the Bill makes the implementation of women’s
reservation contingent upon the delimitation process. So, how soon
can the Bill be expected to come into e�ect, assuming that it is passed
quickly by both Houses of Parliament, perhaps in the ongoing Special
Session? �e Bill states: “Notwithstanding anything in the foregoing
provision of this Part or Part VIII, the provisions of the Constitution
relating to the reservation of seats for women in the House of People,
the Legislative Assembly of State, and the Legislative Assembly of the
National Capital Territory of Delhi shall come into e�ect a�er an
exercise of delimitation is undertaken for this purpose a�er the
relevant �gures for the �rst census taken a�er the commencement of
�e Constitution (One Hundred and Twenty-eighth Amendment)
Women Members of Parliament walk to the new Bill 2023 have been published, and shall cease to have e�ect on the
Parliament building on Tuesday. (PTI) expiration of a period of 15 years from the date of such
37
commencement.” �e upshot of these conditions is that

women’s reservation may not e�ectively be
operationalised in Lok Sabha before the general
elections of 2029. �e 42nd Amendment froze the
delimitation exercise until the results of the �rst Census
a�er 2000 was published. In 2001, this was further
extended for 25 years. And now, delimitation would
happen a�er the results of the �rst Census a�er 2026 is
published.
In normal course, this would have meant that
delimitation would happen only a�er the 2031 Census
results were published. But now that the 2021 Census
has been delayed, ostensibly because of
the Covid-19 pandemic, this timeline could be altered.
As things stand, the earliest that the Census 2021 Ministers Smriti Irani, Shobha Karandlaje and BJP MP Maneka
exercise can now be expected to happen is 2025 — the Gandhi at the Central Hall of old Parliament on Tuesday. (PTI)
houselisting exercise in 2024, followed by the actual
Census in 2025. �erea�er, the publication of the Census numbers could take one or two years. If the results of the 2021 Census are
published a�er 2026, this could become the basis of delimitation of constituencies
HOW WILL THE RESERVED SEATS BE IDENTIFIED IN THE FIRST INSTANCE, AND SUBSEQUENTLY?
�e Bill states that one-third of the seats in Parliament and state Assemblies will be reserved for women. However, it doesn’t
specify how these seats will be identi�ed. It’s important to remember that this proposed constitution amendment is enabling in
nature. In other words, it will grant the government the power to enact a law for its implementation. Hence, it is expected that the
determination of seats will be addressed by a
separate law that the government will
introduce.
However, it’s important to mention here
that when the UPA tried to amend the
Constitution in 2010, its amendment Bill
also didn’t specify the method to identify
which seats would be set aside for women.
But the government at the time had
proposed that constituencies reserved for
women would be obtained through a draw
of lots to ensure that no seat was reserved
more than once in three consecutive
elections. �e NDA-III government’s Bill
also proposes the rotation of reserved seats.
However, since the Bill was introduced in
the Lok Sabha Tuesday, and the debate on Prime Minister Narendra Modi with Union Ministers Amit Shah and Rajnath
the Bill will only start on Wednesday, it’s not Singh and other parliamentarians enters the new Parliament building, in New
clear how exactly the Modi government Delhi. (PTI Photo)
intends to identify the 33% of seats.
HOW ARE THE SEATS THAT ARE RESERVED FOR SCS AND STS DECIDED CURRENTLY?
�e Delimitation Act, 2002 lays down broad principles for reserving seats. �e Delimitation Commission appointed under the
Act is responsible for deciding the number of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies to be reserved based on the population.
38
Prime Minister Narendra Modi with Union Ministers enters the new Parliament building, in New Delhi. (ANI)
“Constituencies in which seats are reserved for the Scheduled Castes shall be distributed in di�erent parts of the State and located,
as far as practicable, in those areas where the proportion of their population to the total is comparatively large,” Section 9 (1)(c) of
the Act says. Similarly, for the Scheduled Tribes, the Act says: “Constituencies in which seats are reserved for the Scheduled Tribes
shall, as far as practicable, be located in areas where the proportion of their population to the total is the largest.”
WHAT CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS WILL BE NEEDED TO OPERATIONALISE THE SCHEME OF

WOMEN’S RESERVATION?
For delimitation — which is a precondition for the implementation of reservation — Articles 82 and 170(3) of the Constitution
would have to be amended. Article 82 provides for the readjustment of constituencies (number and boundaries) of both Lok Sabha
and state Assemblies a�er every Census. Article 170(3) deals with composition of the Legislative Assemblies.
HOW DOES RESERVATION FOR WOMEN IN PANCHAYATI

RAJ INSTITUTIONS AND URBAN LOCAL BODIES WORK?
Article 243D of the Constitution provides for reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and women in
Panchayats. It also says that nothing in this part shall prevent the legislature of a state from making any provision for reservation of
seats in any Panchayat or o�ces of Chairpersons in the Panchayats at any level in favour of the backward classes of citizens.
As per the provisions of Article 243D, not less than one-third of the total number of seats reserved for SCs and STs shall be
reserved for women. According to government data, as on September 8, 2021, in at least 18 states, the percentage of women elected
representatives in Panchayati Raj institutions was more than 50 per cent: Uttarakhand, Chhattisgarh, Assam, Maharashtra, Tamil
Nadu, Odisha, Kerala, Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Rajasthan, Manipur, Telangana, Sikkim, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka,
Andhra Pradesh, and Madhya Pradesh. �e highest proportion of women representatives was in Uttarakhand (56.02 per cent) and
the lowest was in Uttar Pradesh (33.34 per cent). Overall, there were 45.61 per cent women representatives in Panchayati Raj
institutions in the country.
39
THE ISSUE OF DELIMITATION:

WHAT IS IT, WHY IS IT NEEDED
Wri�en by Amitabh Sinha , Damini Nath and
Ritika Chopra
I
t might be several years before reservation for
women becomes applicable — mainly because
it has been made contingent on the
delimitation
WHY IS DELIMITATION NEEDED, AND
HOW IS IT CARRIED OUT?
�e boundaries of Lok Sabha and Assembly
constituencies must be redrawn to ensure equitable
representation — so that the vote of every person
carries similar weight Lok Sabha constituencies
have to be allotted to every state in a manner that
the ratio of the number of constituencies and the
population of the state is broadly similar. A similar The Bill was presented by Union Law Minister Arjun Ram Meghwal in
approach is adopted for state Assemblies as well. Lok Sabha. (PTI)
AS POPULATIONS CHANGE, THERE IS A NEED TO READJUST THE NUMBER AND BOUNDARIES OF THE
CONSTITUENCIES.
Apart from population �gures, delimitation also aims at a fair division of geographical areas into seats to guard against allegations
of gerrymandering, which means redrawing seat boundaries in a way that no political party has an unfair advantage over another. It
is a constitutional requirement to carry out delimitation of constituencies a�er every Census. Article 82 of the Constitution
(“Readjustment a�er each census”) mandates the “readjustment” in the allocation of seats to every state in Lok Sabha, and the
division of every state into constituencies “upon completion of each Census”. Articles 81, 170, 330, and 332, which deal with the
composition and reservation of seats in Lok Sabha and state Assemblies, also refer to this “readjustment”. �e delimitation exercise
is conducted by an independent delimitation commission. Its decisions are considered �nal, unchallengeable in any court, to
prevent inde�nite delays in elections.
WHEN WAS THE LAST DELIMITATION EXERCISE CARRIED OUT?

While the Census has been carried out seven times since Independence, delimitation has happened only four times — in 1952,
1963, 1973, and 2002. �e last delimitation exercise, in 2002, only involved itself with redrawing the boundaries of constituencies. It
did not result in the increase in the number of constituencies. �is means that the number of Lok Sabha constituencies has not
changed since 1976. �e Constitution has been amended suitably — the 42nd Amendment Act in 1976, 84th Amendment Act in
2001, and 87th Amendment Act in 2003 — to allow for deviations from the original provisions. As per the current provisions in the
Constitution, the next delimitation exercise should take place on the basis of the �rst Census carried out a�er 2026, that is 25 years
a�er the 84th Amendment. In normal course, this would have meant that delimitation would happen a�er the 2031 Census.
However, the Census of 2021 could not be carried out due to the Covid-19 pandemic. If the house-listing exercise, the �rst phase of
the Census, is carried out next year, the actual population enumeration can take place in 2025. �e publication of the �rst results
usually takes at least one or two years. �is means that delimitation need not wait for the 2031 Census, it can happen on the basis of
the delayed 2021 Census as well. If everything progresses smoothly, and swi�ly, the 2029 general elections could be held with an
increased number of Lok Sabha seats.
WHAT MAKES DELIMITATION A POLITICAL HOT POTATO?

Delimitation results in a change in the total number of Parliamentary and Assembly seats. �e delimitation following the 1951
40
Census increased Lok Sabha seats from 489 to 494, which further increased to 522 a�er the 1961 Census, and �nally to 543 a�er the
1971 Census. In the 1970s, the impending delimitation exercise based on the 1971 Census sparked concerns. �e Constitution
mandates that states receive seats based on a population ratio, which unintentionally implied that states (mostly in North India)
with lower population control e�orts may claim a larger share of Lok Sabha seats. And the southern states that promoted family
planning faced the possibility of having their seats reduced. �e impact of delimitation on inter-state seat distribution is a strong
reason for political tussles and controversies.
IS THAT WHY THE STRENGTH OF LOK SABHA HAS REMAINED FROZEN AT 543 SINCE THE 1970S?
Yes. In 1976, to address political concerns, Indira Gandhi’s government brought the 42nd Amendment. �is Bill suspended the
redrawing of seat boundaries and seat allocation until 2001, and justi�ed it as part of the e�ort to promote family planning. �e
freeze on the number of seats in Parliament and Assemblies was extended in 2001 by the NDA-I government under Atal Bihari
Vajpayee through the Constitution (Ninety-First Amendment) Bill, 2000, which was enacted as the Constitution (Eighty-Fourth
Amendment) Act, 2002.
�e “Statement of Objects and Reasons” for the Amendment brought by the Vajpayee government read: “�ere have been
consistent demands, both for and against undertaking the exercise of fresh delimitation. In consideration of the progress of family
planning programs in di�erent parts of the country, the Government, as part of the National Population Policy strategy, recently
decided to extend the current freeze on undertaking fresh delimitation until the year 2026 as a motivational measure to enable the
State Governments to pursue the population stabilization agenda.”
�e year 2026 was chosen because, according to the National Population Policy, that was when the government expected
population growth to level o�. In other words, the assumption was that if population policies worked as planned, by 2026, there
should be a roughly equal number of births and deaths in India.
WILL RESERVATION REALLY

HELP INDIAN WOMEN?
Representation is a goal in itself. But reservation
may not address the inequalities and
discrimination that pervade society
Wri�en by Faizan Mustafa
“O
h, women! What sin have you
committed that you were born in
India,” Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
said. Have things changed in the last 200 years or
so? �ere is a rape every 16 minutes in India, a
woman is subjected to cruelty by her in-laws
every four minutes and nearly 19 dowry deaths
take place every day. Even the recently introduced
Bhartiya Nyaya Sanhita Bill (2023) has not The introduction of the women's reservation Bill is another milestone in
declared the deplorably anachronistic notion of the history of the world’s largest democracy. (PTI)
“marital rape” as rape. Women represent just 15
per cent of the Lok Sabha (78 out of 543) and 14 per cent in Rajya Sabha. �eir representation in state legislative assemblies is
shockingly low at 10 per cent. Chhattisgarh has the best representation with 14.44 per cent.
India’s decision to adopt a universal franchise was bold and historic. Some members of the Constituent Assembly had reservations
and considered the right to vote for women “a dangerous weapon” (M �irumula Rao); a “monstrous experiment” (Mahavir Tyagi)
and an “impractical endeavour” (Biswanath Das). India was one of the �rst Asian countries to give women the right to vote and be
elected as Members of Parliament. �e introduction of the women’s reservation Bill is another milestone in the history of the world’s
41
largest democracy. Interestingly, almost all reservation policies/extensions of reservation bene�ts have invariably been announced
on the eve of an election. Before the 2019 Lok Sabha elections, the Modi government introduced the EWS reservation. Demands for
OBC, Jat, Gujjar, Pattidar and Maratha reservations too take electoral considerations into account. Ideally, constitutional and legal
reforms should be de-linked from the electoral calculations.
Women’s reservation will likely become operational only sometime prior to the 2029 Lok Sabha elections a�er the Census and
delimitation exercise are over. �us, it is intended to be used for electoral gains not only in 2024 but most likely even in 2029. �e idea
of rotation is the worst feature of the Bill as elected members would have little incentive to build and improve their constituency. But in
the meantime, nothing prevents political parties from giving one-third of the tickets to women candidates. Will the Opposition that is
criticising the Modi government’s Bill take this bold initiative? Congress did announce in 2021 that it would give 40 per cent tickets to
women in the 2022 UP Assembly elections of 2022. To be honest, the �rst major initiative on women’s reservation was taken by Rajiv
Gandhi and was subsequently passed by the P V Narasimha government. An identical women’s reservation Bill was passed by
the Manmohan Singh government in 2010. Sonia Gandhi rightly termed the yesterday’s Bill as “apna hai”.
�e reservation of the SCs and STs in Parliament and state assemblies was initially just for 10 years but no party including
the BJP — supposedly an upper caste party — has shown the courage to even include this issue in its manifesto. Even a suggestion of
debate and review of reservation in admissions and jobs by the RSS chief in 2015 was severely criticised. Recently, the RSS chief
spoke about the need for continuing reservation for another 200 years. �us, the sunset clause of 15 years in the 128th
Constitutional Amendment Bill is not of much signi�cance. Women’s reservation is not only justi�ed on the grounds of women
being historically disadvantaged but also on the grounds of their claim to representation in proportion to their numbers. In fact,
proportional representation of all the diverse sections of our population would be a much bigger reform than the “one nation, one
election” initiative. Our legislatures, at least, must re�ect the diversity of the nation. �e opposition to women’s reservation has been
on the grounds of representation of weaker sections. Representation is a better word than the expression “quota within quota”. Has
not an elite amongst Dalits monopolised all the bene�ts of reservation? �ere is a genuine fear that already empowered and
liberated women elite would similarly hijack the bene�ts of women’s reservation if OBC women are not given due representation.
�e experience of reservation in panchayats and local urban bodies tells us that a new designation was invented by the powerful
men in the villages — Pradhan Pati (husband of a woman Pradhan). Many important decisions were taken in the initial years by the
Pradhan Patis rather than the women leaders themselves. It is heartening to note that in the subsequent decades, women Pradhans
started asserting their independence and their performance has been simply outstanding. States like Bihar, Jharkhand, Kerala,
Odisha, Rajasthan, etc., have now made a provision of 50 per cent reservation for women among members and sarpanches.
Countries led by women during Covid-19 did much better in comparison to those led by men. Let us accept that women indeed
make better leaders.
�e male domination of legislatures is re�ected in how laws — including in a matter as serious as rape — are tilted to favour them.
Women’s experiences have been largely excluded from our laws. For example, the Indian Foreign Service (Conduct & Discipline)
Rules, 1961 provided that no married woman had the right to be appointed to the Indian Foreign Service. Another rule required a
woman IFS o�cer to obtain the government’s permission to solemnise her marriage and she may be asked to resign due to her
marriage. Similarly, Air India Service Regulations had provided that an employee would retire at the age of 58 years but an air
hostess would retire at the age of 35 years or on marriage if contracted within four years of the service or on the �rst pregnancy,
whichever occurred earlier.
Even our judiciary, until recently, has been re�ecting the patriarchal mindset and believed in formal equality rather than
substantive equality. �us, the special provision for women in Article 15(3) was in Dattatrya v. State of Bombay (1952) understood
by Justice Chagla just as a “proviso” that cannot nullify the parent provision of Article 15(1) rather than an extension of equality.
Women were said to be “weak” and thus laws protecting them were upheld as part of so-called “protective discrimination”.
In B R Acharya v. State of Gujarat (1981), women were considered “more suitable” to work in shelter homes and in Charan Singh
v. Union of India (1978) to work as Railway Enquiry Desk clerks because they were “more courteous and polite”. In Mrs R S Singh
(1972) a rule prohibiting women from becoming jail superintendents was upheld. In Air India v. Nargesh Meerza (1981), the
Supreme Court even upheld the restriction on marriage as it helped a good deal in the promotion of family planning and on the
ground that if air hostesses conceived within four years, the corporation would incur huge expenditure and would have to hire
additional sta�. It only struck down the provision of termination on the �rst pregnancy. In Yeshasinee Merchant (2004), it upheld
the early retirement age for air hostesses. �e Civil Procedure Code provision that when defendants cannot be found, service of
summons can be made on any adult male was also upheld.
42
Would reservation of women really empower women, change our patriarchal mindset and end violence against them? Neither
Indira Gandhi’s long tenure as prime minister, nor women chief ministers nor women speakers of the Lok Sabha have resulted in
any signi�cant improvement in the condition of Indian women. �ese women representatives too would be bound by the party
discipline and would speak and vote in accordance with their party’s whip rather than their own conscience. Seventy-plus Muslim
MLAs similarly proved to be ine�ective during the Muza�arnagar riots. Most of the 78 women members of the current Lok Sabha
could not speak for women athletes when they were protesting sexual harassment and assault.
�e writer is vice-chancellor, Chanakya National Law University, Patna. Views are personal
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
THE INDIA-CANADA STANDOFF

�e rapid diplomatic escalation shows the
seriousness of the crisis, which is qualitatively
di�erent from India's earlier stando�s with
other countries because of the nature of
Canada's allegation.
Wri�en by Shubhajit Roy
I
ndia and Canada are dealing with an
unprecedented diplomatic crisis, which
can have political as well as geopolitical
consequences.
THE STORY SO FAR

It started a�er Canada’s Prime Minister
Justin Trudeau dropped a bombshell
allegation earlier this week, telling Parliament Canada's Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, left, walks past Indian
that it is possible the Indian government had Prime Minister Narendra Modi as they take part in a wreath-laying
a hand in the murder of a Khalistani ceremony at Raj Ghat, Mahatma Gandhi's cremation site, during the
separatist in Canada in June. He said he had G20 Summit in New Delhi, Sunday, Sept. 10, 2023. (Sean Kilpatrick/
taken up the issue with Prime The Canadian Press via AP, File)
Minister Narendra Modi during his visit for
the G20 Leaders’ Summit on September 9-10. At their bilateral meeting in New Delhi, Modi had raised the concerns
about pro-Khalistan elements in Canada. �e Ministry of External A�airs called Trudeau’s accusation “absurd and
motivated”. It said he had made similar allegations during his meeting with the PM, which had been “completely
rejected”.
�e diplomatic escalation happened quickly — and shows the seriousness of the crisis.
Canada took the �rst step, expelling an Indian diplomat posted in Ottawa. �e o�cial was identi�ed as the head of
the Indian intelligence agency, and his identity was revealed. India responded by expelling a Canadian diplomat based
in New Delhi.
43
India then issued a travel advisory for Indian nationals travelling to Canada, as well as a caution for the Indian community in
Canada. Students, professionals, and tourists were asked to be cautious because, the advisory said, the Indian community could
be targeted. On �ursday, India suspended visa services in Canada. E-visa services were stopped too, and Canadian citizens who
apply from other countries will also not get a visa for India.
India asked Canada to cut the number of its diplomats in India, saying there are more Canadian diplomats in India than there
are Indian diplomats in Canada.
THE UPSHOT
Let’s parse through these developments.
First, Trudeau’s allegation: “…Canadian security agencies have been actively pursuing credible allegations of a potential link between
agents of the Government of India and the killing of a Canadian citizen, Hardeep Singh Nijjar.” Canada’s Foreign Minister Mélanie Joly
said: “If proven true, this would be a great violation of our sovereignty and of the most basic rule of how countries deal with each other.”
Both statements suggest that the Canadian investigation is far from complete, and nothing is as yet “proven”. It must be noted that it is
unusual for the Prime Minister of a country to make a serious charge of this nature against a foreign government before it has
conclusive proof. New Delhi has in essence been accused of the extra-judicial killing of a foreign citizen in a foreign land. Only a fair,
impartial, and credible investigation can establish the truth or otherwise of Trudeau’s allegation. If Canada can provide compelling
evidence, it could potentially damage India’s post-G20 reputation as a strong voice for democracy and a global consensus builder. But
India remains innocent until proven guilty. Canada has asked India to cooperate in the investigation. India has said it would “look into”
any “speci�c information shared” by Canada. But it has also called Canada a “safe haven” for “terrorists, extremists and organised
crime”. Such descriptions are usually reserved for Pakistan and Afghanistan, and it is rare for India to use them for a western democracy.
India has had diplomatic stando�s earlier — with the United States on the Devyani Khobragade issue, with Italy on the Italian marines
issue, with Norway on the child services issue, and with Denmark over the extradition of the Purulia arms drop accused. But the
current situation is qualitatively di�erent and much more serious because of the nature of the allegation that Canada has made.
KHALISTAN PROBLEM
�e crisis underlines the resurfacing of the problem of Khalistan in India-Canada relations a�er having gone under the radar
a�er the 1980s. Over the past few decades, the challenges in the relationship were di�erent — a low point came a�er the nuclear
tests in 1998 when Canada, an advocate of nuclear non-proliferation, criticised India heavily. �e big issue for India is the safe
haven that Canada has provided to separatist Khalistani groups, and what New Delhi sees as the Liberal Party’s pandering to
these groups for votes. Estimates suggest there are 20-25 constituencies where these votes are crucial — and that explains the
Trudeau government’s so�-pedalling on India’s concerns. Jagmeet ‘Jimmy’ Dhaliwal, whose New Democratic Party supports
Trudeau’s minority government in Parliament, is viewed with suspicion by the Indian establishment for its pro-Khalistan
sympathies — some in New Delhi even call him an activist. Trudeau’s visit to India in 2018 was seen as a diplomatic disaster a�er
it was revealed that Jaspal Atwal — a former member of the International Sikh Youth Federation (ISYF), a pro-Khalistan out�t
that was banned in Canada and designated a terrorist organisation in 2003 — was invited to two events organised for the visiting
leader in Mumbai and New Delhi. �e invite to the New Delhi reception at the High Commissioner’s residence was withdrawn
a�er pictures of Atwal at the Mumbai party became public.
�e so-called Khalistan “referendum”, nudged along by Pakistani intelligence agencies, has been a major irritant in recent
years. New Delhi objected to Canada permitting the secessionist “referendum” among the Sikh diaspora and warned against hate
crimes — however, Canada chose not to act, citing freedom of expression and the right to protest. Diplomats who have dealt
with Canada say the country — which is home to large numbers of immigrants from various countries — is hostage to
immigrant interests in its foreign policy. �us, Ukrainian and Russian immigrants and refugees o�en shape Canada’s Russia
policy; Hong Kong and Taiwan immigrants shape its China policy; Jewish immigrants shape its Israel policy; Afghans in�uence
its Afghanistan policy; and Sri Lankans in�uenced its Sri Lanka policy during the LTTE con�ict.
�ese diplomats say the pro-Khalistan elements — who are actually a small minority in the Canadian Sikh community — have
hijacked the Trudeau government’s India policy. Estimates suggest that of the about 20 lakh Indian diaspora, only about 8 lakh
are Sikhs. Of which, Indian estimates say, only about 1% — 8,000-9,000 people — are pro-Khalistan radicals. But this small
population of Khalistanis control 12-15 gurdwaras, where they generate funds and organise political mobilisation by voting en
44
bloc for Canadian political candidates. �e constituencies in which they have a say are mostly in Brampton in Ontario province,
and Vancouver and Surrey in British Columbia.
IN GEOPOLITICS
Canada is an important strategic partner for major western powers — it is part of the G7 grouping and shares the table with
the US, UK, Germany, France, Italy, and Japan. It also shares intelligence with the Five Eyes grouping — with the US, UK,
Australia, and New Zealand. All these countries are also close strategic partners of choice for India. India has the Quad
partnership with the US, Australia, and Japan, and strong and growing bilateral ties with each of them. �e diplomatic stando�
has put these countries in a spot — they don’t want to be in a position where they have to choose between Canada and India. �e
US, Australia, and UK have issued measured and nuanced statements; the rest haven’t responded yet. In the end, Ottawa has a
lesson to learn from some of these partners on how they have handled the Khalistan issue in their own countries — especially
from the US, Germany, and Australia. In the UK, where pro-Khalistan groups have nuisance value, there is still work to be done.
But, right now, both India and Canada would have to address each other’s concerns so that the rhetoric can be dialled down.
5 KEY INDICATORS ON IMMIGRATION,

TRADE AND MORE
WHAT PERCENTAGE OF
INDIA'S FDI COMES FROM
CANADA, AND HOW
MANY TOURISTS FROM
THAT COUNTRY VISIT
INDIA? WHAT ARE THE
KEY IMPORTS FROM
CANADA TO INDIA?
Wri�en by Harikishan Sharma
�e unprecedented escalation of
tensions with Canada — a
�rst-of-its-kind situation in the
history of India’s diplomatic relations
with the West — has triggered
concerns over potential ripple A long queue outside the Canada Visa application centre in Ahmedabad on Thursday,
e�ects in a range of areas including September 21. (Express photo by Nirmal Harindran)
trade and people-to-people ties.
�is is especially because the connections between the two countries are old and deep, and Canada is home to more Sikhs as a
percentage of the national population than even India. Here are some snapshots of India’s ties with Canada, in �ve points:
1. CANADA ACCOUNTS FOR 0.56% OF THE TOTAL FDI IN INDIA
According to the Indian Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), the total FDI
equity in�ow in India between April 2000 to June 2023 stood at $645,386.0884 million, of which 0.5644 per cent
($3,642.5243 million) came from Canada.
2. CANADA IS HOME TO 5.26% OF OVERSEAS INDIANS
According to the data available from the Ministry of External A�airs, of the 3,21,00,340 overseas Indians,
45
5.26% (16,89,055) are in Canada. �ese include 1,78,410 Non-Resident Indians (NRIs) and 15,10,645 Persons of
Indian Origin (PIOs).
3. EVERY 7TH INDIAN STUDENT STUDYING ABROAD IS IN CANADA
In 2022, of the estimated 13,24,954 Indian students abroad, 13.83% (1,83,310) were in Canada, according to data maintained
by the Ministry of External A�airs.
4. CANADA IS THE FOURTH LARGEST SOURCE OF TOURISTS IN
INDIA �BASED ON 2021 FIGURES�
Canada accounted for 5.3% (80,437) of Foreign Tourist Arrivals (FTAs) in India during 2021; 45.9% of these tourists were
female, and 54.1% were male. 72.6% of the Canadian FTAs were members of the Indian diaspora, 2.5% came for leisure,
holiday, and recreation, 1.1% for business and professional reasons, and 0.3% for medical reasons. A small 0.1% of Canadian
FTAs in 2021 were students, and 23.4% were in the category of others. �ey spent 52.32 days in India on average. FTAs from
Canada rose to 3,51,859 in the pre-pandemic year 2019 from 88,600 in 2001. However, post-pandemic, arrivals from Canada
fell sharply.
5. BILATERAL TRADE WITH CANADA ACCOUNTS FOR ONLY 0.70% OF INDIA’S TOTAL TRADE.
India’s bilateral trade with Canada stood at $8,161.02 million during the �nancial year 2022-23 (April-March), which was just
0.70% of India’s total trade of $1,165,000.88 million. Canada was India’s 35th biggest trading partner country. India has higher
bilateral trade with smaller countries like Nepal ($8,855.61 million) and Taiwan ($10,901.77 million). �e balance of trade is in
India’s favour, and Canada is among the few countries with which India has a trade surplus. In 2022-23, India’s exports to
Canada stood at $4,109.74 million, which exceeded its imports ($4,051.29 million) from the country — leaving a trade surplus of
$58.45 million. During 2022-23, medicines; vannamei shrimp; smartphones; jewellery of gold set with diamond; basmati rice;
iron pipes for oil/ gas pipelines; coaches powered by external source of electricity; diamonds (other than industrial diamonds)
cut or otherwise worked but not mounted or set; and t-shirts of cotton were among top exports from India to Canada. Among
India’s top imports from Canada were coking coal; potassium chloride; lentils (masur), newsprint; wood pulp obtained by
combination of mechanical and chemical pulp process; other waste and scrap; chemical wood pulp dissolving grades; and copper
ores and concentrates.
HERE ARE THE TOP FIVE INDIAN IMPORTS FROM CANADA:
COKING COAL: Coking Coal was the most valued item India imported from Canada during 2022-23. At 28.96
lakh tonnes, Canada was the ��h largest supplier of coking coal to India a�er Australia, the US, Singapore, and
Russia.
POTASSIUM CHLORIDE: Canada is India’s biggest source of potassium chloride. During 2022-23, India imported 11.43
lakh tonnes of the chemical from Canada. �e other countries that supplied potassium chloride to India were Israel, Jordan,
Belarus, Turkmenistan, and Russia.
LENTILS: Canada is the biggest supplier of ‘masur’ dal to India. During 2022-23, India imported 4.85 lakh tonnes of lentils
from Canada. �e other countries exporting lentils to India are Australia, Netherlands, the UAE, and Sri Lanka.
NEWSPRINT: Canada is a major source of newsprint. During 2022-23, India imported 2.5 lakh tonnes of ‘Other Newsprint’
(under HSN code 48010090) from Canada, which was the highest from any country. �e other countries that supplied the
newsprint to India were Russia, Korea, Malaysia, and the UAE.
WOOD PULP: Canada is also a major source of wood pulp obtained by a combination of mechanical and chemical pulp
processes. During 2022-23, India imported 2.06 lakh tonnes of wood pulp from Canada. �e other countries that supplied wood
pulp to India last year were New Zealand, Sweden, Estonia, the US, and Netherlands
46
ECONOMY
WHAT’S THE LINK BETWEEN GDP

GROWTH AND EMPLOYMENT IN INDIA
A recent report says the relationship between India's GDP growth and the generation of employment for its people has become
weaker over time. What, then, can be done?
Wri�en by Udit Misra
H
ave you ever wondered what should
be the more important concern for
policymakers: Boosting economic
growth or increasing employment?
Would you, for instance, prefer a scenario
where India has the fastest GDP growth rate
even if millions of Indians fail to get a job or
would you rather have a scenario where most
Indians have a well-paying job even if India’s
GDP growth is not as fast?
As things stand in India, it is GDP (gross
domestic product) growth — the measure of
the overall size of the economy — that
dominates the national discourse. Employment or unemployment lags far behind in importance. A recent book, titled “India is
Broken”, by Ashoka Mody, Professor at Princeton University, provides a stinging rebuke to all Indian leaders — including both
PMs Nehru and Narendra Modi — for failing to target the correct variable: employment (instead of GDP growth).
But that is not the case for all economies. In fact, while reading the in�ation-related news stories coming out of the US and
India in the recent past, some of you might have noticed a crucial di�erence: In the US, which is the world’s biggest economy,
the primary concern is employment levels, not GDP.
�e Chairman of the US Federal Reserve, Jay Powell, has been quoted repeatedly that the US central bank’s two main
concerns are: Maintaining price stability (read containing in�ation) and achieving full employment.
WHY DON’T INDIAN POLICYMAKERS � OR INDEED THE GENERAL PUBLIC � BOTHER

MORE ABOUT EMPLOYMENT?
One o�en repeated answer is: In India, which has been starved of economic growth for long, GDP growth is viewed as the
�rst and necessary step towards any kind of development and prosperity. �is is especially true since the start of the economic
reforms in 1991; all policymakers, across most political party lines, seem to agree that there can be no debate about the primacy
of GDP growth. It is believed that fast GDP growth will automatically bring about employment. On the face of it, this argument
makes sense. But will growth automatically lead to enough job creation? Or, more precisely, has economic growth resulted in
47
fast enough job creation in India? �is question has been answered in the past and almost always in the negative. But a new report —
called the State of Working India (SWI 2023) — brought out by the Centre for Sustainable Employment within the Azim Premji
University provides yet another update to this very important question.
O�en �ndings on employment get mired in data — in particular, whether the data is from o�cial sources or has been sourced from a
private �rm. What makes the SWI 2023 report stand out is that APU academics and researchers have used o�cial employment and
unemployment data to arrive at the results. �is is the fourth edition of SWI and it focuses on “a long-run view of India’s structural
transformation experience and its implications for three key social identities: caste, gender, and religion,” according to Amit Basole, the
lead author and head of the Centre for Sustainable Employment. SWI 2023 analyses data from 1983 to 2023 and uses a whole host of
o�cial data sources including Periodic Labour Force Surveys (PLFS), the National Family Health Surveys (NFHS), as well as Census
2011 and Economic Census 2013 among others. Understanding the �ndings will not only help readers understand how economic
growth impacts employment in the aggregate but also how it impacts di�erent segments of the Indian economy. In other words, while
GDP growth per se may be non-partisan, its job-creation bene�ts are not distributed in the economy equally. Rather, as data shows,
factors such as caste, religion, age and gender tend to have a considerable impact on how the bene�ts of growth get distributed in the
economy. Moreover, SWI 2023 also underscores the need to appreciate the quality of the jobs being created. For instance, providing
“casual labour” at an MGNREGA (National Rural Employment Guarantee Programme) worksite or a construction worksite or
working part-time in one’s family enterprise without any pay (“self-employment”) are very poor substitutes for holding a job that
provides a regular wage.
SO, DID INDIA’S GDP GROWTH CREATE
ENOUGH JOBS?
Not really. Job creation continues to be India’s main
challenge and this is the biggest macro takeaway from SWI
2023. To some extent, this was known since unemployment
has become more acute over the decades. But what the SWI
2023 report shows is the relationship between growth and
employment has become weaker over time.
TABLE 1
TABLE 1 shows that since the 1980s, non-farm output — that is GDP from sectors other than agriculture — consistently grew much
faster than non-farm employment. A good way to measure this relationship is to look at employment elasticity of growth — it is the
extent to which employment grows when GDP grows by one unit. It is calculated by dividing the employment growth rate by the
output growth rate. As can be seen, employment elasticity has consistently fallen between 1983 and 2017, showing that a 1% increase in
GDP leads to a less than 1% increase in employment.
WHAT ABOUT THE 2017 TO 2021 PERIOD?
�e period 2017-2021 stands out because it has seen a sharp turnaround in employment. However, it is noteworthy how employment
elasticity went up so sharply in the last few years. As highlighted in circles, while non-farm employment growth rate improved during
this period, it is also true that the employment elasticity calculation was helped by the fact that the non-farm output growth (the
denominator in this formula) also fell quite sharply. Nevertheless, this turnaround raises a valid question: Has India’s growth process
become more e�cient at creating jobs since 2017? “In a super�cial sense, yes. But that is why this number (employment elasticity for
2017 onwards) is misleading because if you look at what kind of employment is generated then it is not the kind of jobs that you want,”
said Basole. He explains that one needs to distinguish between jobs that are created when employers want to employ people versus the
jobs that are created when employers do not want to employ people. When the economy does well and employers �nd it worthwhile to
create new jobs, the kind of jobs that are created is regular wage jobs or, at least, casual labour (like working on a construction site) jobs.
But instead, what has been created in this phase is self-employment. “Self-employment is the kind of job that you create for yourself
when no one is hiring you,” he explained. �is is the kind of work that pays no regular wage with the remuneration distinctly below
other categories of jobs. �ink of someone being �red from work and then deciding to join as a part-time worker in a home enterprise.
“Between 2017 and 2021, there was a slowdown in overall regular wage job creation but formal jobs (with a written contract and
bene�ts) as a share of all regular wage work rose from 25% to 35%. In 2020-21 (pandemic year) regular wage employment fell by 2.2
million. But this net change hides an increase in formal employment by 3 million and a loss of about 5.2 million of semi and informal
48
regular wage employment,” �nds the report. �e biggest losers in the process were the women. “While half of the lost employment is
accounted for by women, only a third of the increase in formal employment accrued to women. So in net terms, women lost out on
formal employment in this period. Not only that, there was a shi� towards self-employment due to distress,” highlights the report.
WHAT DOES THIS MEAN FOR INDIA’S GROWTH STRATEGY?
�e broader takeaway according to SWI 2023 is: “Over the long-run GDP growth and employment growth have been uncorrelated
in India suggesting that policies oriented towards achieving faster GDP growth will not necessarily speed up job creation.” �at leads to
the obvious question that is worth not only trillions of dollars of GDP but also millions of Indian jobs: If India’s existing growth process
is not creating enough jobs or, at least, not creating enough good quality jobs, then what can be done? India’s desire to boost new job
creation via industrial growth has failed to take o� repeatedly. It is an open question whether such plans will materialise in the future or
not, especially since the sentiment is decidedly protectionist across the world. Why would another country import goods from India in
such a world? Some argue that India should double down on boosting labour-
intensive manufacturing, even if it is for just domestic consumers. �ey argue that
this would create jobs. Others argue that India should stop running a�er the
mirage of an industrial boom; it has not happened and now that time is past. Still
others argue that perhaps shi�ing to “green” manufacturing can provide India
with an opportunity to redo the industrial revolution Basole says there are no easy
answers and many things must be done to create jobs. He points to a framework
for a National Employment Policy that was outlined in the previous (2021) SWI
report (see TABLE 2).
TABLE 2
In it, Basole and his colleagues had suggested a whole host of measures to
address both supply and demand for labour as well as to improve both the
quantity and quality of employment in India.
POINT TO PONDER
Is India’s fast GDP growth creating enough jobs? Should policymakers focus
more on job creation than just pushing for a higher GDP growth rate? What can
be done to boost job creation in the Indian economy?
ENVIRONMENT
‘EARTH IS NOW WELL OUTSIDE OF THE

SAFE OPERATING SPACE FOR HUMANITY’
A new study has found that most of the planetary boundaries have been breached because of human activities. Katherine
Richardson, professor of biological oceanography at the University of Copenhagen and lead author of the study, answers �ve
questions about planetary boundaries and their signi�cance.
S
ix out of nine planetary boundaries that make Earth healthy and habitable have been transgressed due to human
activities like greenhouse gas emissions and deforestation, according to a new study.
�e broken boundaries mean the planet’s life-support systems have been driven far away from the safe
49
operating space for humanity that existed

during the period between the last ice age
(about 10,000 years ago) and the start of the
Industrial Revolution. �is period was
characterised by relatively stable and warm
planetary conditions.
�e analysis, ‘Earth beyond six of nine
planetary boundaries’, has been carried out
by a team of 29 scientists and recently
published in the journal Science Advances.
In an interview with �e Indian
Express over email, Katherine Richardson,
professor of biological oceanography at the
University of Copenhagen (Denmark) and With India being the most populous country in the world, opportunities and
lead author of the study, explains what challenges abound. (Image: Priya Kumari Shukla/Indian Express)
planetary boundaries are, what is the
signi�cance of the study’s �ndings, and if there is still time to reverse the damage done to the Earth system — the interacting
physical, chemical, and biological processes. Below are the edited excerpts.
WHAT ARE PLANETARY BOUNDARIES?
�e planetary boundaries are a framework, introduced in 2009, that identi�es guardrails for humanity’s impacts on the
processes critical for determining global environmental conditions. Current scienti�c understanding suggests respecting
these guardrails would minimise the risk of human activities triggering a dramatic and potentially irreversible change in
living conditions on Earth.
We humans, just like all other living organisms, survive by using the Earth’s resources, but those resources are limited.
When we acknowledge the Earth’s resources as the currency that supports us, then the planetary boundaries framework
becomes a kind of bank statement. It tells us how much of various components (resources) of the Earth system we can allow
ourselves to use, without greatly increasing the risk of dramatically changing the overall environmental conditions we enjoy.
�e planetary boundaries framework, then, sets limits on how much we can allow ourselves to impact not only the climate
but also the other global processes that are critical for maintaining conditions on Earth that can support modern civilization.
A starving polar bear. (Photo: Wikimedia Commons)
50
HOW IS THE PLANETARY BOUNDARIES

FRAMEWORK FORMULATED?
A large group of independent scientists are
working together to develop the framework –
and to keep it up to date with the newest
scienti�c understanding of both the Earth
system interactions and the global impacts of
human activities. Earlier in September, the third
update of the framework was released.
Underpinning the framework is the
observation that, despite humans having been
present on Earth in their current biological
form for about 200-250,000 years, it was only
during the last 10-12,000 years that modern
civilizations evolved. �is period coincides with
a period in Earth’s history with quite stable and
relatively warm conditions and many believe
there is a connection between these Earth
conditions and the rise of civilizations. In other
words, we know that humanity can thrive
under these Earth conditions but do not know
for certain we can thrive under others.
Humanity would, therefore, be foolish to
knowingly risk dramatic changes in these Earth
conditions.
Guardrails or “boundaries” are established for
nine component processes of the Earth system.
�ree relate to the resources humanity removes
from the system, i.e., biodiversity, water, and (Express graphic)
land use. �e remaining all relate to waste
products humans release to the environment, i.e., greenhouse gases (climate and ocean acidi�cation), ozone
depleting chemicals, “novel entities” (plastic, concrete, synthetic chemicals, gene modi�ed organisms, etc. that
would not be found on Earth if we humans were not here), aerosols, and the release of reactive nitrogen and
phosphorus via fertilisers.
Control variables are selected for each process. �en, based on the current scienti�c understanding of how these
component processes combine to create global environmental conditions and how they have behaved during the
Earth’s history, i.e., under di�erent climatic conditions, a guardrail for human perturbation of the process is
established.
PUT SIMPLY, HOW WOULD YOU DESCRIBE EARTH’S CURRENT STATE OF HEALTH?
Planetary boundaries do not represent tipping points or thresholds. I think of them being more like blood
pressure. If your BP is greater than 120/80, it is not a guarantee of your having a heart attack but it does
increase the risk and the doctor, therefore, will try to bring it down. �e “blood pressure-like” signals we are
getting from patient Earth suggest that treatment is necessary to preserve the Earth conditions we are
dependent upon.
51
WHAT’S THE SIGNIFICANCE OF YOUR FINDINGS IN THE CONTEXT OF AN INCREASINGLY

WARMING WORLD?
In our recent update of the framework, we conclude that six of the nine boundaries are transgressed and that
the boundaries found to be transgressed at the time of the last update (2015) are further overstepped today.
Furthermore, the study indicates that achieving the climate goals set by politicians will likely not be possible
unless boundaries are respected for land use change. Nevertheless, deforestation continues to increase globally.
Returning to the bank statement analogy helps us understand what this means. �e owner of the bank account
can continue to “party” even as the balance on the account declines, but the party cannot continue inde�nitely.
Such is the situation in which humanity �nds itself.
DO WE STILL HAVE TIME TO REVERSE THE DAMAGE DONE TO THE EARTH SYSTEM?
Yes, but we are already running great risk. No one knows when potentially irreversible and drastic changes
may occur. But we do know that such change is inevitable at some point as transgression of the boundaries
increases, and that the risk becomes greater as we increase transgression.
First published on: 24-09-2023
INTERNAL SECURITY
USE OF ARMED FORCES TO QUELL

INTERNAL SECURITY CRISES REMAINS
CONTROVERSIAL
Heavy weaponry and air power should always
be reserved for use against external adversaries
Wri�en by Sujan R Chinoy
I
n his independence speech this year, Prime
Minister Narendra Modi mentioned that the
poor in India are moving to the “middle-
class” category. Speci�cally, around 13.5 crore
people “have broken free from the chains of
poverty and entered the new middle class” during
his �rst �ve-year term beginning in 2014, he said.
�is, he said, indicates a rising level of
prosperity for all. “When the purchasing power As for the reference to the Akal Takht, Modi appears to have stated a
of the poor increases, the power of the middle plain fact, that the storming of the holiest of Sikh shrines in 1984 is
class to carry out business grows too… And our still etched in public memory. As in Mizoram so also in Punjab, this
economic cycle is interconnected.” left an emotional scar in the Sikh community. (File Photo)
52
During the debate on the no-con�dence vote in Parliament on August 10, Prime Minister Narendra Modi spoke emotionally
about the use of the Indian Air Force against villages in Mizoram on March 5, 1966, to quell a rebellion, and the use of the Indian
Army in the Golden Temple to �ush out terrorists.
�ere is a di�erence between using the professional Indian armed forces against foreign terrorists and against our own people.
In 1966, following a famine in Assam, Mizo people were aggrieved, and an insurgency had broken out. As stated by JR
Mukherjee in the chapter ‘Evolution of India’s Counter Insurgency Doctrine’ in Force in Statecra�: An Indian Perspective (2021),
the then central government lost no time in bringing in the armed forces of India to quell the insurgency. �e highly competent
Indian Air Force (IAF) carried out orders given by the Congress government of the day.
According to a now deleted Facebook post (reposted in 2014 by ‘We the Nagas’, a digital news platform) by Prof JV Hluna,
head of Department of History at Pachhunga University College in Aizawl, IAF �ghter jets were dispatched to �rst strafe and
then bomb civilian areas in Aizawl and several other major villages on March 5 and 6, 1966. In a 2016 article, Dr David Buhril,
principal at Happy Heart Junior College, Churachandpur (Manipur), stated that the use of the air force had caused civilians to
�ee to the surrounding hills. Buhril wrote, “No one had imagined that the Union government would bomb its own territory… ‘It
took us by surprise that the government had the courage to deploy jet �ghters to bomb Aizawl that it dared not �y inside China
or Pakistan,’ said Remruata, a village council member.”
�e government of the day did not deploy the o�ensive power of the IAF against the Chinese in 1962 apparently out of
concern about possible retaliatory action against India’s population centres. �is stands in contrast to the deployment of lethal
air power in Mizoram in 1966, without discrimination, against rebels and civilians alike.
Civilian casualties may have been limited, but the damage to the collective psyche in Mizoram ran deep. Even today, March 5
each year is observed as Zoram Ni (Zoram Day) by the Mizo Zirlai Pawl, a student’s body.
�e use of o�ensive air power in Mizoram in 1966 was publicly glossed over as “supply drops”. Opposition leader Stanley DD
Nichols Roy’s attempts in the Assam Legislative Assembly to expose the truth were stonewalled by the government. He later
moved a motion in the state Assembly lamenting that the air attacks “… destroyed, have done damage to the lives and property
of people who are loyal to this nation” and termed them as “excessive”.
Like the Sikhs, the Mizos are among the most talented, hard-working and loyal of Indians. As Prime Minister Modi observed,
no attempt was made to heal their wounded psyche.
Many feel that India must not be allowed to live down the use of air power against the Mizos in 1966, especially the trauma
caused to civilians. Some observers believe that the then Indian government had attempted to mirror the counter-insurgency
tactics employed by the British and the Americans in Malaya and Vietnam. One recalls that in �ghting the Malayan Races
Liberation Army, British General Briggs had created “protected villages” by corralling the inhabitants of far-�ung hamlets into
new population centres along major arterial roads. Perhaps inspired by British policies in Malaya, this approach was tried out in
both Nagaland and Mizoram. Its failure was a lesson and the scheme was soon dropped.
�e decision to bomb Mizo rebels and civilian populations in 1966 stands in stark contrast to India’s emphatic cross-border air
strikes in 2019 against terrorist infrastructure at Balakot in Pakistan. �e latter were directed against terrorists and the enemies
of India, not against fellow Indians.
As for the reference to the Akal Takht, Modi appears to have stated a plain fact, that the storming of the holiest of Sikh shrines
in 1984 is still etched in public memory. As in Mizoram so also in Punjab, this le� an emotional scar in the Sikh community. �e
Indian Army, professional to the core, was obliged to carry out the orders of the then Union government. Some observers aver
that Operation Blue Star might have been avoided if the government of the day had acted earlier to apprehend Bhindranwale.
In his book �e Khalistan Conspiracy (2020), former R&AW o�cial GBS Sidhu states that the then Army Chief, General
Vaidya, had called for an urgent meeting at Prime Minister Indira Gandhi’s South Block o�ce on May 29, 1984, during which Lt
Gen K Sundarji, the GOC-in-C Western Command had clearly expressed misgivings that the siege-and-�ushing-out operation
could lead to popular resentment among Sikhs.
Eventually, the use of tanks and high-explosive squash-head shells caused much physical damage to the Golden Temple and
traumatised the Sikhs.
In hindsight, many observers feel that the nation’s Armed Forces should not have been used to tackle the internal security
crises in Mizoram and at the Golden Temple. �e instructions on Aid to the Civil Authorities by the Armed Forces, 1970, clearly
provide for a role for the Armed Forces in disaster management, maintenance of law and order (through �ag marches and show
of force), maintenance of essential services (including critical infrastructure) and the like. However, heavy weaponry and air
power should always be reserved for use against external adversaries, not one’s own people.
53
�e writer is the DG of the Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, �ink20 Chair for India’s G20
Presidency and author of World Upside Down: India Recalibrates Its Geopolitics. Views are personal
First published on: 18-09-2023 at 07:00 IST
UPSC SPECIALS / SOCIETY & SOCIAL JUSTICE
LITERACY AND ASSOCIATED ISSUES
"This year's UNESCO theme emphasizes that literacy is not merely a means to an end, but a transformative force that
empowers individuals and societies to navigate transitions, contribute to sustainable development, and work
towards peaceful solutions. As the world faces numerous challenges and opportunities, literacy remains a crucial
cornerstone for building a brighter future for all", says Pranay Aggarwal.
Wri�en by Manas Srivastava

On International Literacy Day, Pranay Aggarwal in conversation with Manas Srivastava discussed key issues and probable
questions on literacy for UPSC CSE. Don't miss his tips on writing good introduction for essays on the topic, and more.
(In UPSC Essentials’ series ‘Society & Social Justice’, which we have started for social issues topics of UPSC CSE, our subject
experts will give an overview of the theme from both, static and dynamic points of view. ‘Express Inputs’ and ‘points to ponder’
will widen your horizon on the issue. Our �rst two topics were ‘Population’ and ‘Urbanisation’. For the month of September, we
took up the topic of ‘Literacy and associated issues’.)
54
About the Expert: Pranay Aggarwal is an educator and mentor for aspirants preparing for UPSC Civil Services examination. With
more than 10 years of experience guiding civil service aspirants, he is acknowledged as an expert on civil service exam preparation,
especially on subjects like Social Issues and Sociology. He is the India representative on Research Committee on Education for
UNESCO’s International Sociological Association and a member of Indian Sociological Society’s committee on social movements. He
is also the Convenor of Indian Civil Services Association, a think tank of senior bureaucrats.
Relevance of the topic: According to UNESCO, September 8 is celebrated as International Literacy Day (ILD) around the world “to
remind the public of the importance of literacy as a matter of dignity and human rights, and to advance the literacy agenda towards a
more literate and sustainable society.” It is an important theme in GS I (Society), GS II, GS III, Prelims and personality test. Aspirants
will �nd it relevant for Essays as well.
Literacy is not the end of education nor even the beginning. ~ Mahatma Gandhi
MANAS: LET’S START WITH SOME BASIC CONCEPTS. HOW IS LITERACY DEFINED? WHO IS A ‘LITERATE’ AND
HOW IS LITERACY DIFFERENT FROM EDUCATION?
Pranay Aggarwal: At the most basic level, literacy is de�ned as the ability to read and write. In a broader sense, the concept of literacy
encompasses the capacity to comprehend, interpret, and critically engage with various forms of written communication. A person may
be considered literate if they possess the skills to understand and communicate using written language. �is implies the ability to
decode letters and words and comprehend and analyse textual content. However, the Census of India adopts a more limited de�nition,
as follows-
A person aged seven and above, who can both read and write with understanding in any language, is treated as literate.
While literacy and education are related concepts, they are distinct from each other. Literacy focuses speci�cally on the ability to read,
write, and communicate through written language. It is a fundamental skill that enables individuals to access, understand, and convey
information. On the other hand, education is a broader concept encompassing a wide range of learning experiences and knowledge
acquisition. Education includes formal schooling, but it extends beyond the classroom to encompass the acquisition of knowledge,
skills, values, and attitudes through informal learning processes. Education, thus, encompasses a broader range of cognitive, social, and
intellectual development. Literacy can be seen as a foundational aspect of education, serving as a fundamental tool that enables
individuals to access and bene�t from educational opportunities. In summary, literacy pertains to the fundamental skill of
understanding and using written language, while education encompasses a wider array of cognitive and personal development that
goes beyond mere literacy skills.
MANAS: HOW IS ILLITERACY A BIG BURDEN TO THE NATION EVEN AFTER SO MANY YEARS OF
INDEPENDENCE?
Pranay Aggarwal: Illiteracy continues to pose a substantial burden on the nation despite several years of independence due to its
multifaceted impact on various aspects of society. �e literacy rate in the country is overall 74.04 per cent, 82.14 for males and 65.46 for
females, as per the 2011 census. While the country has made signi�cant progress in improving literacy over the years, it continues to be
home to 313 million illiterate people; 59 per cent of whom are women. It is heartbreaking that 17.8 per cent of males and a staggering
34.5 per cent of females do not have basic literacy even a�er 75 years of independence.
Reasons why illiteracy persists:
In Indian society, illiteracy has persisted as a formidable challenge due to a combination of historical, socio-economic, and structural
factors. Despite strides in various sectors and substantial improvement in literacy rates since gaining independence, the issue of
illiteracy remains a signi�cant concern with far-reaching implications.
One key aspect is the sheer size and diversity of the Indian population. India’s vastness, along with its multitude of languages and
dialects, poses a unique challenge for addressing illiteracy. �e country’s linguistic diversity necessitates the creation of educational
materials and resources in multiple languages to ensure e�ective learning. �is challenge becomes more complex when considering
that a substantial portion of the population resides in rural and remote areas with limited access to educational infrastructure.
Moreover, the interplay of socio-economic factors exacerbates the issue. Illiteracy is o�en concentrated in marginalised and
economically disadvantaged castes and communities, perpetuating a cycle of poverty and limited educational opportunities. �e lack of
access to quality education, particularly in rural and economically backward regions, further widens the gap between urban and rural
literacy rates. �e issue is not solely about access to education, but also about the quality of education provided. Many regions face a
55
shortage of quali�ed teachers, outdated teaching methodologies, and inadequate learning resources. �is a�ects the learning outcomes
and diminishes the impact of e�orts to enhance literacy rates.
Societal impact of the persistence of illiteracy:
�e persistence of illiteracy inhibits social, economic, and cultural progress in several ways, highlighting the complex nature of this
issue. From an economic standpoint, illiteracy restricts an individual’s access to a range of opportunities, including formal employment,
vocational training, and entrepreneurship. �is hampers economic growth as a signi�cant portion of the population remains unable to
contribute e�ectively to the workforce and engage in higher-value economic activities. Furthermore, illiteracy perpetuates cycles of
poverty and social inequality. �e inability to read and write limits individuals’ capacity to access information, make informed
decisions, and advocate for their rights. �is, in turn, a�ects access to healthcare, legal resources, and other essential services, leading to
a vicious cycle of disadvantage that is passed down to subsequent generations. In terms of social and cultural development, illiteracy
hinders the spread of knowledge, inhibiting the transmission of cultural heritage, scienti�c advancements, and social innovations. �is
can result in a lack of awareness about critical issues such as health, sanitation, and sustainable practices, impeding the nation’s progress
toward development goals.
Addressing the challenge of illiteracy:
It’s worth noting that addressing illiteracy requires more than just improving literacy rates; it involves a comprehensive approach that
includes ensuring quality education, promoting lifelong learning, and addressing socio-economic gaps and regional disparities. A
holistic e�ort is necessary to break the cycle of illiteracy and fully unleash the nation’s potential for growth and development in the
modern era. Addressing illiteracy in India requires tailored strategies and sustained e�orts that acknowledge and respect the linguistic
and cultural diversity of the nation. In conclusion, the burden of illiteracy in India post-independence is a complex challenge deeply
intertwined with linguistic diversity, socio-economic disparities, and the quality of education. Addressing this challenge demands a
multi-pronged approach that encompasses equitable access to education, focused e�orts on quality enhancement, and proactive
engagement with marginalized communities. By tackling illiteracy comprehensively, India can unlock its full potential and accelerate its
journey toward inclusive and sustainable development.
MANAS: WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF LITERACY THAT STUDENTS NEED FOR THE 21ST CENTURY?
Pranay Aggarwal: Today, the notion of literacy has evolved far beyond the basic ability to read and write. In fact, in the 21st century,
students require a diverse set of literacies to navigate an increasingly complex and interconnected world. Beyond traditional reading and
writing skills, these literacies enable individuals to thrive in various contexts and e�ectively engage with modern challenges. Here are
some essential types of literacy:
1. FUNCTIONAL LITERACY: It equips individuals with basic reading, writing, and numerical skills necessary for day-to-day
life. It enables them to understand and respond to practical information, forms, and instructions, fostering independence and
self-su�ciency.
2. FINANCIAL LITERACY: It empowers individuals to manage their personal �nances wisely. It involves understanding
concepts like budgeting, saving, investing, and making informed decisions about loans and credit. Financial literacy promotes
economic well-being and prevents �nancial vulnerabilities.
3. DIGITAL LITERACY: It encompasses the ability to use digital tools, navigate online platforms, critically evaluate digital
content, and safeguard personal information. In an increasingly digital world, this literacy is crucial for communication, learning,
and participation in the digital economy.
4. LINGUISTIC LITERACY: �is involves pro�ciency in multiple languages. As globalization connects diverse cultures and
languages, being able to communicate e�ectively across linguistic boundaries enhances cultural understanding and global
collaboration.
5. READING AND WRITING LITERACY: Traditional literacy remains fundamental. Being able to comprehend complex
texts, communicate ideas persuasively in writing, and engage with diverse genres of literature fosters critical thinking and e�ective
expression.
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6. NUMERICAL LITERACY: �is goes beyond basic math skills. It includes understanding and interpreting data, making
informed decisions based on quantitative information, and applying mathematical concepts in real-world scenarios.
7. SPATIAL LITERACY: It involves understanding and interpreting visual information, maps, and diagrams. It’s crucial for
comprehending spatial relationships, geographical concepts, and even interpreting data through graphs and charts.
8. CULTURAL LITERACY: �is involves understanding cultural norms, values, and historical contexts. It fosters empathy,
cross-cultural communication, and a deeper appreciation for diverse perspectives in a globalised world.
9. MEDIA LITERACY: It equips individuals to critically evaluate and interpret media messages, including news, advertisements,
and digital content. It enables them to discern bias, misinformation, and make informed judgments.
10. HEALTH AND MEDICAL LITERACY: Health literacy empowers individuals to make informed decisions about their
health and well-being. Medical literacy extends to understanding medical information, treatment options, and being an active
participant in healthcare decisions.
11. ENVIRONMENTAL LITERACY: Environmental literacy involves understanding ecological systems, climate change, and
sustainable practices. It empowers individuals to make environmentally conscious choices and advocate for environmental
protection. In a rapidly changing world, these various literacies are interconnected and essential for holistic development. �ey equip
students with the skills and knowledge to thrive, contribute positively to society, and address complex challenges in a meaningful
and informed manner.
MANAS: AS THE INDIA REPRESENTATIVE IN UNESCO’S INTERNATIONAL SOCIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION
RESEARCH COMMITTEE ON EDUCATION; YOU HAVE CLOSELY WORKED IN STRENGTHENING UNESCO’S
EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ACTIVITIES IN INDIA. PLEASE TELL US ABOUT THIS YEAR’S THEME OF UNESCO;
“PROMOTING LITERACY FOR A WORLD IN TRANSITION, BUILDING THE FOUNDATION FOR SUSTAINABLE
AND PEACEFUL SOLUTIONS”.
Pranay Aggarwal: UNESCO celebrates International Literacy Day (ILD) on September 8. �is year’s theme — “Promoting Literacy
for a World in Transition: Building the Foundation for Sustainable and Peaceful Solutions”– re�ects the critical role that literacy plays in
navigating the complex challenges of our rapidly changing world. �e theme underscores the idea that literacy is not just a fundamental
skill, but also a catalyst for positive transformation and the establishment of sustainable and peaceful societies.
PROMOTING LITERACY FOR TRANSITION: As the world undergoes rapid technological, economic, and social
changes, literacy becomes an essential tool for individuals to adapt, innovate, and thrive. Literate individuals are better equipped to
comprehend and embrace new ideas, technologies, and ways of thinking. �ey can navigate the digital landscape, critically evaluate
information, and engage meaningfully in discussions about the transformations occurring around them.
FOUNDATION FOR SUSTAINABLE SOLUTIONS: Literacy serves as the bedrock for sustainable development. A literate
population is more capable of understanding and advocating for environmentally conscious practices, health and hygiene, and
responsible citizenship. Literacy equips individuals with the knowledge and skills needed to address global challenges such as climate
change, poverty, and inequality.
CONTRIBUTING TO PEACEFUL SOLUTIONS: Literacy is a powerful tool for fostering understanding, empathy, and
communication. It enables individuals to express themselves, share experiences, and engage in constructive dialogue. In a world
grappling with con�icts and divisions, literate individuals are more likely to seek peaceful resolutions, respect diversity, and
contribute to social cohesion.
EMPOWERMENT AND INCLUSIVITY: Promoting literacy also empowers marginalised communities and ensures
inclusivity. When everyone has access to education and literacy, it reduces disparities and contributes to a more equitable society.
Empowering women and underserved groups through literacy creates a foundation for their active participation in decision-making
and social progress.
In summary, this year’s UNESCO theme emphasises that literacy is not merely a means to an end, but a transformative force that
empowers individuals and societies to navigate transitions, contribute to sustainable development, and work towards peaceful solutions.
As the world faces numerous challenges and opportunities, literacy remains a crucial cornerstone for building a brighter future for all.
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MANAS: CAN YOU SUGGEST SOME ATTRACTIVE INTRODUCTIONS

FOR AN ESSAY ON LITERACY AND EDUCATION?
Pranay Aggarwal: �e introduction of an essay should aim to capture the reader’s attention, evoke curiosity, and set the stage
for an engaging exploration of the essay topic. In the UPSC exam, the essay paper is one of the low hanging fruits. A good score
of 125+ marks can be attained in the Essay paper if one approaches essay preparation and writing in the right way.
In the essay, it is crucial to begin on the right note. A�er all, well begun is half done.
�e essay introduction should be brief, simple and relevant. It should be engaging and powerful. Here are some di�erent ways
to begin essays on literacy and education:
1. PAINTING A VIVID SCENE: “In the early morning light, a village comes to life with the sound of children’s
laughter echoing through the air. �ey gather under the shade of a tree, eager faces aglow with anticipation, ready to
embark on the journey of education – a voyage that begins with the �rst step into the realm of literacy.”
2. SETTING A HISTORICAL CONTEXT: ” �roughout the annals of history, the journey of civilization has been
guided by the ink-stained pages of literature. From ancient scrolls to digital tablets, the torch of enlightenment has been
passed down through the generations.”
3. OPENING WITH A SIMPLE YET THOUGHT�PROVOKING QUESTION: “Imagine a world without letters,
storybooks, pens and pencils. Will it also be a world with less magic, wonder, and adventure?”
4. HIGHLIGHTING THE VALUE OF LEARNING: “In an era where information �ows ceaselessly, where innovation
reshapes industries overnight, and where the world evolves at a relentless pace, education emerges as the compass that
guides us through the uncharted waters of knowledge and empowers us to navigate an ever-changing landscape.”
5. FOREGROUND EDUCATION AS A LIFELONG PURSUIT: “Education is not con�ned to the walls of a classroom
or the span of a college degree; it is an enduring journey that accompanies us from cradle to grave. It is the lifelong
pursuit of wisdom, the never-ending adventure of the mind.”
6. STARTING WITH A QUOTATION: “�e progress of any society depends on the progress of education in that
society.” – Dr. B.R. Ambedkar or “Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world.”
– Nelson Mandela. �ese quotes encapsulate the essence of education as a catalyst for individual growth and societal
advancement.
7. USING AN ANECDOTE: “In the heart of a bustling city, a young child sat in awe, captivated by the spellbinding
world hidden within the pages of a book. He is ready to embark on the magical journey of education, transcending
boundaries and opening up new horizons.”
8. INVOKING CURIOSITY: “Imagine a world where every mind is a fertile ground for ideas, every heart resonates
with stories, and every voice is empowered to articulate thoughts. �is is the world that education creates, a canvas of
endless possibilities waiting to be explored.”
9. CALL ATTENTION TO A CONTRADICTION: “In an age where information �ows abundantly, it is paradoxical
that millions around the world are still barred from accessing the treasures of knowledge.”
10. UNDERSCORE GLOBAL RELEVANCE: ” From bustling metropolises to remotest hamlets, from the physical
classroom to the virtual realm, the pursuit of education unites people in a common endeavor – the quest for knowledge,
growth, and a brighter future.”
11. EMBRACING DIVERSITY: “In languages whispered across deserts and spoken amidst the clamor of cities,
education weaves a tapestry that bridges cultures, transcends borders, and celebrates the rich diversity of human
expression.”
In the IAS exam Essay paper, candidates must ensure that the essay introduction captures the overall theme or conveys
the essence of the essay concisely. Aspirants must ensure that their introduction is relevant viz. a viz. the essay topic and
engages the evaluator, leaving him yearning for more.
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Pranay Aggarwal talks on digital literacy, COVID, power of literacy, and more in part 2 of the literacy topic. (Image credit:
Abhishek Mitra)
MANAS: HOW COVID�19 PANDEMIC HIGHLIGHTED THE PERIL OF ILLITERACY?

Pranay Aggarwal: �e COVID-19 pandemic vividly underscored the profound peril of illiteracy on multiple fronts, revealing
vulnerabilities in education systems and exacerbating existing disparities. �e pandemic’s impact on education and society at
large has also brought to the fore the critical role of literacy in navigating and mitigating such crises.
First, as education transitioned to remote and online platforms during lockdowns, the peril of illiteracy became evident in
terms of its hindrance to access and engagement. Illiterate individuals faced signi�cant barriers in accessing digital resources,
online classes, and educational content. �is digital divide highlighted the urgent need for digital literacy alongside traditional
literacy, as illiteracy prevented individuals from utilizing essential digital tools for learning and communication. �e education
and learning outcomes of the vulnerable sections of society- the girl child and the children of the poor, the lower castes, tribals,
those in backward states, and those in rural areas were more severely hit by the pandemic.
Second, the pandemic emphasised the role of literacy in disseminating accurate information. Misinformation and rumors
about the virus spread rapidly, making it essential for individuals to critically evaluate information sources. Literacy enables
people to distinguish between credible sources and misinformation, empowering them to make informed decisions about their
health and safety.
Furthermore, the economic fallout of the pandemic disproportionately a�ected individuals with low literacy skills. Many jobs
and economic activities shi�ed online, requiring basic digital skills. Illiterate individuals faced increased di�culties in accessing
job opportunities and social support systems, perpetuating economic inequality.
�e pandemic also illuminated the importance of literacy in understanding public health guidelines and adhering to
preventive measures. Individuals who could not comprehend written instructions struggled to follow protocols, potentially
putting themselves and others at risk.
In a broader societal context, the pandemic emphasized the need for literacy to foster resilience and adaptability. �e ability to
learn, unlearn, and relearn is crucial in rapidly changing circumstances. Literacy enables individuals to engage with new
information and concepts, equipping them to adjust to evolving challenges and opportunities.
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In essence, the Covid-19 pandemic highlighted that illiteracy is not only a personal challenge but also a societal one with far-reaching
implications.
It accentuated the importance of holistic literacy that encompasses both traditional reading and writing skills as well as
digital, health, and information literacy. As we navigate the a�ermath of the pandemic and prepare for future
uncertainties, addressing illiteracy becomes a critical component of building a resilient and informed society.
MANAS: HOW DO ADULT ILLITERACY AND CHILD ILLITERACY DIFFER IN TERMS OF CHALLENGES?
Pranay Aggarwal: Adult illiteracy and child illiteracy present distinct sets of challenges due to di�erences in cognitive
development, learning contexts, and socio-economic factors. Let me delve into the contrasting aspects of these two
forms of illiteracy:
1. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
•• Child Illiteracy: Children have more �exible cognitive structures, making them more receptive to learning new skills. �eir
brains are in a stage of rapid development, allowing them to grasp language and literacy concepts relatively quickly.
•• Adult Illiteracy: Adults o�en face cognitive rigidity, making it comparatively challenging to acquire new skills, especially
literacy. �e neural pathways associated with reading and writing may not be as adaptable as in children.
2. LEARNING CONTEXT
•• Child Illiteracy: Children primarily learn in formal educational settings, such as schools and early childhood centers.
�ese environments are designed to support language acquisition and literacy development.
•• Adult Illiteracy: Adults typically learn in a variety of settings, including non-formal education programmes, community
centers, or even through self-study. �ese environments might lack the structured and immersive learning experiences that
children receive in schools.
3. SOCIO�ECONOMIC FACTORS
•• Child Illiteracy: Socio-economic factors can impact child literacy, but early intervention programs and compulsory
education laws like the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education (RTE) Act, 2009 in India try to mitigate these
disparities. However, poverty and lack of access to quality education can still hinder progress.
•• Adult Illiteracy: Socio-economic factors, such as limited resources, work commitments, and family responsibilities, o�en
pose signi�cant barriers for adults seeking to learn literacy skills. Adult illiteracy is o�en intertwined with issues like low-
income jobs and limited opportunities for skill development.
4. MOTIVATION AND SELF�EFFICACY
•• Child Illiteracy: Children are o�en motivated to learn by their natural curiosity and the encouragement of parents and
educators. �ey are less likely to face the psychological barriers that some adults might experience.
•• Adult Illiteracy: Adults might grapple with feelings of shame, inadequacy, or embarrassment related to their illiteracy.
Building their self-e�cacy and motivating them to engage in learning can be more challenging due to these emotional
barriers.
5. REMEDIAL STRATEGIES
•• Child Illiteracy: Early intervention programs and a supportive educational environment can e�ectively address child
illiteracy. Schools can implement diverse teaching methods to cater to di�erent learning styles.
•• Adult Illiteracy: Remedial strategies for adults need to consider their existing life commitments. Flexible schedules,
personalized learning approaches, and the integration of practical skills are crucial in adult literacy programs.
In summary, while both child and adult illiteracy have signi�cant challenges, the di�erences lie in the cognitive, learning,
socio-economic, and psychological aspects. Addressing these challenges requires tailored approaches that consider the unique
circumstances of each age group.
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MANAS: PLEASE ELABORATE ON THE DIGITAL DIVIDE IN EDUCATION IN INDIA.

Pranay Aggarwal: Marginalised segments of society have lesser access to digital technologies and digital education. �is
includes girls, villagers, the economically disadvantaged, children from lower castes and tribal communities, and those residing
in less developed regions. �e penetration of digital technologies in India has been both haphazard and exclusionary. For
instance, while 66 per cent of India’s population lives in villages, not many of rural households have access to internet services.
Ownership of smartphones and computers also determines access to digital education. Number of Indians who own a
smartphone are still not even on a half way mark, and not many of households possess any type of computer (including desktop
computers, laptops, notebooks, or tablets).
Access to electricity is crucial for digital education, both for powering devices as well as for connecting to the internet.
According to a nationwide survey of villages conducted by the Ministry of Rural Development in 2017-’18, 16 percent of India’s
rural households received one to eight hours of electricity daily, while 33 per cent received it for 9-12 hours.
�e digital divide is also evident across class, gender, regions, and place of residence. Among the poorest 20 percent of
households, only 2.7 percent have access to a computer and 8.9 percent to internet facilities. �e di�erence is apparent across
states too. For example, the proportion of households with access to a computer varies from 4.6 percent in Bihar to 35 percent
in Delhi. According to a 2023 report by the GSM Association, there is a 40 percent gender gap in mobile internet use in India.
MANAS: WHAT IS THE IMPACT OF THIS DIGITAL DIVIDE ON EDUCATION IN INDIA?

Pranay Aggarwal: �e digital divide has signi�cant and far-reaching impacts on the Indian education system. Ours is a country with
diverse socioeconomic, geographic, and demographic characteristics; so the digital divide poses signi�cant and complex sets of
challenges. Some key impacts of the digital divide on education in India are:
1. INEQUITABLE ACCESS: �e digital divide exacerbates existing educational inequalities in India. Girls, SCs, STs, and students
from economically disadvantaged backgrounds, particularly in rural areas, are less likely to have access to digital devices, reliable
internet connectivity, and online learning resources. �is limits their ability to access quality educational materials and participate in
online learning.
2. UNEVEN LEARNING OPPORTUNITIES: Students with limited access to digital technologies have fewer opportunities for
online learning, which has become increasingly important, especially since the COVID-19 pandemic. �is can result in an uneven
educational experience, with some students falling behind their peers who have better access to online classes, educational websites,
and digital textbooks.
3. EXCLUSION FROM SKILL DEVELOPMENT: �e lack of digital access hampers skill development, particularly for
underprivileged students. Digital skills are increasingly essential for employability and entrepreneurship, making the digital divide a
barrier to economic mobility.
4. EXCLUSION FROM DIGITAL LITERACY: Digital literacy is a critical skill in the modern world. Students without regular
access to digital tools may struggle to develop these skills, including basic computer pro�ciency, online research abilities, and critical
thinking about online information. �is puts them at a disadvantage in an increasingly digital and information-driven society.
5. IMPACT ON REMOTE AND RURAL EDUCATION: In remote and rural areas of India, the digital divide is particularly
acute. �ese regions o�en lack adequate internet infrastructure, making it di�cult for students to access online education. �e
absence of digital access can further marginalize these areas and limit educational opportunities.
6. TEACHERS FACE CHALLENGES: Educators in India must adapt to the digital divide by teaching students with varying levels
of digital access and literacy. �is challenge can be particularly daunting when designing e�ective teaching strategies that cater to all
learners.
7. ASSESSMENT DISPARITIES: Online assessments and standardized tests are becoming more commonplace in India. Students
with limited access to digital tools may perform poorly on such assessments, leading to unfair evaluation and potential consequences
for their academic and career prospects.
8. GLOBAL COMPETITIVENESS: As India strives to compete in the global economy, the digital divide poses a signi�cant
risk. Without access to digital tools and education, a signi�cant portion of the population may be ill-prepared for the demands of
the modern job market.
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9. HOMEWORK GAP: Many Indian students lack internet access at home, creating a “homework gap.” �is gap means
that students cannot access online resources, complete assignments, or participate in virtual classrooms outside of school
hours, which can hinder their academic progress.
10. IMPACT ON SPECIAL NEEDS EDUCATION: Students with disabilities in India may require specialized digital
tools and resources for their education. �e digital divide can limit their access to assistive technologies, hindering their
learning and inclusion in mainstream education.
Addressing the digital divide in Indian education requires concerted e�orts to provide a�ordable access to
digital devices, improve internet infrastructure in rural areas, develop digital literacy programs, and create
inclusive online learning resources.
Bridging this divide is crucial for ensuring equitable educational opportunities and preparing all students for success in an
increasingly digital world.
MANAS: DIGITAL LITERACY IS OFTEN SEEN IN NEWS, SO LET’S FOCUS A BIT MORE ON
DIGITAL LITERACY. WHAT SHOULD STUDENTS KEEP IN MIND?
Pranay Aggarwal: Digital literacy is a crucial skill for students in the 21st century, enabling them to navigate the digital
landscape responsibly and e�ectively. Here are key aspects that students should keep in mind:
1. CRITICAL EVALUATION OF INFORMATION: Students should learn to critically assess online information
sources. �ey must verify information from multiple credible sources before accepting it as true, helping one to avoid
misinformation and fake news.
2. COPYRIGHT AND PLAGIARISM: Online learners must develop an understanding of copyright laws and the
importance of giving credit to original creators. �ey must resist the urge to engage in plagiarism by properly citing
sources and respecting intellectual property rights.
3. DIGITAL FOOTPRINT: Students should realize that their online activities leave a digital footprint that can impact
their reputation. �ey should practice responsible online behavior, as future employers and colleges may review their
online presence.
4. ONLINE ETIQUETTE: Students need to learn digital etiquette, or “netiquette,” which includes using appropriate
language, showing respect in online interactions, and being mindful of cultural di�erences in virtual communication.
5. CYBERBULLYING AWARENESS: Students need to be aware of cyberbullying and its impact. �ey need to be
empathetic, report any instances they encounter, and support those who may be victims of online harassment.
6. PRIVACY AND SECURITY: Students should understand the importance of safeguarding personal information
online. �ey must understand the need for strong, unique passwords, two-factor authentication, and being cautious while
sharing personal details on social media or websites.
7. RELIABLE SOURCES AND FACT�CHECKING: Students must identify reliable sources for research. �ey need to
fact-check information and avoid relying solely on biased or unveri�ed online platforms.
8. DIGITAL BALANCE: Students need to develop healthy screen time and understand the importance of balancing
online activities with o�ine activities. �ey must respect and engage in physical activity, face-to-face interactions, and get
adequate sleep.
9. ONLINE RELATIONSHIPS: Youngsters need to understand the risks of online interactions with strangers and the
potential for online predators. �ey need to be cautious while engaging with unknown individuals and avoid sharing
personal information.
10. ONLINE LEARNING SKILLS: Students need to be equipped with e�ective online learning strategies, as remote and
hybrid learning become more common. �ey need to appreciate how to navigate learning management systems, use online
collaboration tools, and manage their time e�ectively.
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11. CYBERSECURITY AWARENESS: Online learners have to realize the signi�cance of protecting against malware,
phishing scams, and online threats. Students need to be cautious when clicking on links or downloading �les from
untrusted sources.
12. CONTINUOUS LEARNING: Digital literacy is an evolving skill. Students, in fact, all of us, need to stay updated
with the latest digital trends, security practices, and online tools to enhance our digital competence.
By instilling these principles of digital literacy, students can harness the vast potential of the digital world while making
informed and responsible choices that contribute to their personal growth and the well-being of the online community.
MANAS: FINALLY, WHAT IS THE POWER OF LITERACY ACCORDING TO YOU, WHICH THE
ASPIRANTS SHOULD NOT FORGET?
Pranay Aggarwal: �e power of literacy is formidable, as it transcends various aspects of life, including education, career,
and social interactions. Literacy serves as a foundation for personal growth, empowerment, and meaningful engagement in
a rapidly evolving world.
1. EDUCATION: At its core, literacy is the gateway to education. It enables individuals to access knowledge across
various subjects, fostering critical thinking, analytical skills, and a broader understanding of the world. Literacy empowers
learners to engage with textbooks, research articles, and digital resources, enabling them to learn independently and stay
informed. A literate individual can comprehend complex concepts, ask questions, and seek answers, thus facilitating
continuous learning and personal development.
2. CAREER ADVANCEMENT: In the professional realm, literacy plays a vital role in career advancement. Reading and
writing skills are essential for e�ective communication in the workplace. Literacy empowers individuals to create well-
structured documents, convey ideas persuasively, and collaborate with colleagues. Moreover, literacy extends to digital
skills in the modern era, as many job roles require navigating digital platforms, data analysis, and online communication.
A literate individual is better equipped to adapt to technological advancements and contribute meaningfully to their
profession.
3. SOCIAL AND POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT: Literacy enhances social interactions by enabling individuals to
express themselves, engage in informed discussions, and understand diverse perspectives. It fosters civic participation by
allowing individuals to comprehend and engage with current developments, government policies, and societal issues.
Ambedkar had advised the Dalits to “educate, organize, and agitate” as the road to empowerment of the community.
Literate citizens are more likely to be active participants in their communities, advocating for their rights, making
informed decisions during elections, and contributing to social change.
4. CRITICAL THINKING AND PROBLEM SOLVING: Literacy fuels critical thinking and problem-solving skills. �e
ability to read critically, evaluate information sources, and synthesize ideas empowers individuals to make informed
decisions. Literacy enables them to analyze complex issues, weigh pros and cons, and arrive at reasoned conclusions. �is
is particularly crucial in an age where misinformation abounds, as literate individuals are better equipped to discern fact
from �ction.
5. PERSONAL EMPOWERMENT: Beyond its practical applications, literacy bestows a sense of personal empowerment
and con�dence. �e capacity to express oneself through writing can be cathartic and empowering, fostering self-awareness
and emotional intelligence. Literacy enables individuals to share their stories, experiences, and perspectives with the world,
contributing to cultural enrichment and a diverse discourse. In essence, the power of literacy is transformative. It enables
individuals to explore the realms of knowledge, engage e�ectively in various spheres of life, and unleash their full potential.
In a rapidly changing world where information is abundant and communication is key, literacy is not just a skill—it’s a
foundational element that empowers individuals to thrive intellectually, professionally, and socially.
MANAS: WHAT ARE INDIA’S VARIOUS INITIATIVES TOWARDS INCREASING THE LITERACY
RATE, INCLUDING EDUCATION POLICIES?
Pranay Aggarwal: India has implemented several initiatives and education policies over the years to increase its literacy rate
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and improve the quality of education. �ese initiatives have aimed to address issues such as access to education, quality of
education, and the reduction of educational disparities. Here are some notable policy measures:
1. NATIONAL EDUCATION POLICY 2020: NEP 2020 is a transformative blueprint for educational reform. It
emphasizes foundational literacy and numeracy, promotes multilingualism, integrates vocational education, and fosters
technology-enabled learning. With a focus on holistic development, the policy aims to equip students with 21st-century
skills. It also advocates teacher training and professional development.
By addressing challenges and introducing innovative approaches, the NEP 2020 strives to elevate India’s education
system to new heights. Whether it will succeed or not, only time will tell.
2. SARVA SHIKSHA
ABHIYAN
�SSA�: Launched in 2001,
SSA has been one of India’s
�agship programs for
universalizing elementary
education. It focuses on
providing free and
compulsory education to
children aged 6 to 14 years,
with an emphasis on
addressing disparities in
enrollment, attendance,
and learning outcomes.
SSA aims to improve
infrastructure, teacher
quality, and curriculum
content to enhance the
overall educational
experience. As per the Right to Education Act 2009, 25% seats in entry-level classes in unaided (private)
schools are reserved for students from disadvantaged groups or socially and economically
3. RIGHT TO weaker sections.
EDUCATION �RTE�
ACT: Enacted in 2009, the RTE Act is a landmark legislation that makes education a fundamental right for children
aged 6 to 14 years. It mandates free and compulsory education, establishes minimum standards for schools, and
prohibits practices like discrimination and corporal punishment. �e act aims to ensure equitable access to quality
education for all children.
4. NATIONAL LITERACY MISSION �NLM�: �e NLM aimed to eradicate illiteracy and promote adult education.
�e mission focuses on improving adult literacy rates through various programs, including the Total Literacy
Campaign and the Continuing Education Program. NLM works to enhance functional literacy skills and empower
adults to actively participate in socio-economic activities.
5. RASHTRIYA MADHYAMIK SHIKSHA ABHIYAN �RMSA�: Launched in 2009, RMSA focuses on enhancing
access to quality secondary education. It aims to increase the enrollment ratio in secondary schools, improve
infrastructure, provide teacher training, and enhance the curriculum to make it more relevant and skill-oriented.
6. DIGITAL INDIA AND E�LEARNING INITIATIVES: In recent years, the Digital India campaign has aimed to
leverage technology for educational transformation. Initiatives like DIKSHA (Digital Infrastructure for Knowledge
Sharing) provide digital content and resources to teachers and students. �e move towards e-learning and digital
classrooms has been accelerated to bridge gaps in access to quality education, especially in remote areas.
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7. SKILL INDIA AND VOCATIONAL EDUCATION: Skill India is an initiative to provide skill development and
vocational training to enhance employability. �is initiative recognizes the importance of practical skills alongside
academic education, catering to a broader range of career opportunities and addressing the needs of the job market.
8. BETI BACHAO, BETI PADHAO: �is initiative aims to promote the education of the girl child and address
gender disparities in education. By raising awareness about the importance of girls’ education and providing
incentives, it seeks to create a more inclusive and equitable educational environment.
�ese initiatives, among others, re�ect India’s commitment to improving literacy rates and educational quality
across the country. While challenges remain, these policies signify a concerted e�ort to provide accessible, equitable,
and quality education to all citizens, thereby contributing to the nation’s socio-economic development.
MANAS: HOW SHOULD WE CRITICALLY EVALUATE

INDIA’S EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS? WHAT ARE THE HURDLES?
Pranay Aggarwal: India’s educational programs have made signi�cant strides, but they also face critical challenges that
warrant attention. While there have been positive developments, it’s important to evaluate these initiatives in the
context of their e�ectiveness and the obstacles they encounter.
Positives:
•• INCREASE IN LITERACY RATES AND HIGHER ENROLMENT: �e overall literacy rate has shown an
appreciable increase from a humble 18.3% in 1951 to 74.04% in 2011. Initiatives like Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan and the
Right to Education Act have expanded access to education, resulting in increased enrollment rates at the primary
level.
•• EXPANSION OF EDUCATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE: India today boasts of one of the most extensive
educational infrastructures in the world; from primary level to higher education level. Today, our education system
is one of the largest in the world with more than 15 lakh schools, 40,000+ colleges and over 85 lakh teachers catering
to 25 crore children from varied socio-economic backgrounds.
•• TECHNOLOGY INTEGRATION: Digital initiatives such as DIKSHA have leveraged technology to enhance
learning resources and facilitate remote education, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic.
•• POLICY INNOVATIONS: �e National Education Policy 2020 has introduced forward-thinking concepts such
as multilingualism, vocational education, and skill development, aiming to create a more holistic and relevant
education system.
Challenges:
•• EQUITY AND INCLUSION: Disparities persist based on socio-economic status, gender, and caste. Not all social
groups have equal access to the expanding educational opportunities in India. Various marginalized communities
o�en have limited access to quality education. For instance, the literacy rate of scheduled castes is 66% and that of
scheduled tribes is only 59%; compared to 74.04 per cent for the total population (2011 census). Muslims are on
various yardsticks of academic marginalisation worse o� than SCs and STs; with 42.7% of Indian Muslims being
illiterate (2011 census). Women in India have a literacy rate of 52.9 percent, while males have a literacy rate of 71.6
percent (NFHS- 5).
•• QUALITY DISPARITIES: Despite increased enrollment, ensuring quality education remains a challenge.
Disparities exist between urban and rural areas, private and public schools, and among states.
•• TEACHER QUALITY: �e quality of education is heavily dependent on well-trained and motivated teachers.
However, teacher shortages, uneven quali�cations, and inadequate training persist.
•• ROTE LEARNING: �e prevalent emphasis on rote learning hampers critical thinking and creativity. �e system’s
focus on examinations o�en promotes memorization over understanding.
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•• LINGUISTIC DIVERSITY: India’s linguistic diversity poses challenges for curriculum development and
standardized testing. Balancing regional languages with a national curriculum is complex.
•• DROPOUT RATES: Despite e�orts, dropout rates at various educational levels remain high due to factors like
poverty, child labor and lack of infrastructure.
•• SKILL MISMATCH: �e focus on traditional education sometimes results in a mismatch between the skills
students acquire and the demands of the job market.
•• ADMINISTRATIVE CHALLENGES: Bureaucratic red tape slows down policy implementation, hindering the
e�ectiveness of educational programs.
In conclusion, India’s educational programs have made progress in expanding access and introducing innovative
policies. However, challenges related to quality, equity, teacher training, and curriculum need attention. Addressing
these hurdles requires a multi-faceted approach that combines policy reforms, investments in infrastructure, teacher
development, and a commitment to holistic education that nurtures critical thinking and practical skills.
MANAS: LET US FOCUS ON THE NEW INDIA LITERACY PROGRAMME…

Pranay Aggarwal: New India Literacy Programme (NILP) is a new Centrally Sponsored Scheme that will be
implemented in �ve years from 2022-23 to 2026-27. It has been launched by the central government with a �nancial
outlay of around Rs. 1038 crore; out of which Rs. 700.00 crore is the central share and Rs. 338 crore will be made
available by the state governments. �e primary aim of the scheme is to target 5 crore non-literates aged 15 years and
above.
Need of NILP: According to the 2011 Census, the total number of individuals aged 15 years and above who lack
literacy in the country was 25.76 crores (9.08 crore males and 16.68 crore females). Considering that 7.64 crore people
were certi�ed as literate under the Saakshar Bharat initiative (2009-10 to 2017-18), it is estimated that around 18.12
crore adults in India are still without literacy skills.
COMPONENTS OF NILP:
�e NILP scheme has �ve components:
•• Foundational Literacy and Numeracy
•• Critical Life Skills
•• Vocational Skills Development
•• Basic Education
•• Continuing Education
All non-literate persons above 15 years of age can avail the scheme. �e bene�ciaries are identi�ed through door to
door surveys. �ey can also register for the scheme directly through a mobile app. �e scheme is mainly based on
volunteerism for teaching and learning. Volunteers can also register through the mobile app. �e scheme is technology-
based and implemented mainly in the online mode. �e teaching and learning material and resources have been made
available on the online platform of NCERT and can be accessed through mobile apps. Further; other modes like TV,
radio, etc. are also to be used for the dissemination of foundational literacy and numeracy.
MANAS: CAN YOU HIGHLIGHT SOME SUCCESS STORIES, CASE STUDIES, AND NOTABLE INITIATIVES IN
LITERACY AND EDUCATION WHICH ASPIRANTS CAN USE IN THEIR ANSWERS AS EXAMPLES OR AS
IMPACTFUL CONTENT FOR THEIR ESSAYS?
Pranay Aggarwal: Certainly, there are several important initiatives and case studies that highlight positive outcomes
in literacy and education. �ese have been implemented in di�erent parts of India with varying degrees of success.
Given some of the common challenges that educational administrators and policymakers face in enhancing literacy
66
rates, reducing gaps in access to education and educational transformation in di�erent parts of India; e�orts may be
made to replicate these initiatives; or at the very least, learn something from them.
1. BETI BACHAO BETI PADHAO, HARYANA: �e Beti Bachao Beti Padhao campaign in Haryana has shown
commendable success in addressing gender disparities and promoting education for girls. Haryana, a state known
for its skewed sex ratio and gender-based challenges, has witnessed a positive transformation through this initiative.
�e campaign’s multifaceted approach includes advocacy for the value of the girl child, community engagement,
awareness programs and incentives for girl child education.
As a result, Haryana has seen improvements in birth ratios, increased enrollment of girls in schools, and
heightened awareness about gender equality. �e campaign’s success in Haryana stands as a testament to the power
of targeted interventions and societal change towards creating a more inclusive and equitable environment for girls’
education.
2. KANYA KELAVANI AND SHALA PRAVESHOTSAV CAMPAIGN, GUJARAT: Gujarat government’s Kanya
Kelavani (Girl Child Education) and Shala Praveshotsav (School Enrollment Drive) campaigns have signi�cantly
increased girls’ enrollment and retention rates in schools. �ese initiatives focus on eliminating gender disparities in
education and ensuring that every child, especially girls, has access to quality education.
3. EKAL VIDYALAYA FOUNDATION: �e Ekal Vidyalaya Foundation operates in remote and tribal areas of India,
providing one-teacher schools to ensure education reaches even the most marginalized communities. What began as
a humble initiative in a remote part of Jharkhand has transformed into a pan India movement with one lakh +
schools. It provides free, non-formal education to children; and runs one-teacher schools on a shoestring budget of
Rs. 20,000 per annum. �is initiative has positively impacted literacy rates in regions where access to education was
limited.
4. BAREFOOT COLLEGE, RAJASTHAN: Barefoot College in Rajasthan is a voluntary organization that focuses on
providing practical skills and education to rural communities. It o�ers vocational training, emphasizing practical
skills rather than theoretical knowledge.
In�uenced by the Gandhian philosophy of village
self-su�ciency, the college aims to de-mystify high
technology for villagers. �e College teaches its students;
primarily women from the poorest of villages; skills such
as installing, building and repairing solar lamps and water
pumps without requiring them to read or write. It shows
that with the right training, the uneducated and semi-
literate can operate and manage items like solar panels
and water pumps.
�is approach has empowered individuals to engage in
income-generating activities and contribute to their
communities’ development.
5. PRATHAM’S READ INDIA CAMPAIGN: Pratham, a
non-governmental organization, launched the Read India
campaign to improve foundational reading and math
skills among primary school children. �e initiative’s
innovative teaching methods, community involvement,
and assessment tools have led to enhanced learning Historical Tidbit- JUST FYI: It is said when Savitribai
outcomes in numerous locations across India. served as the headmistress of their first school in Bhide
Wada, Pune, several upper-caste men tried deterring her
6. KERALA’S EDUCATION MODEL: Kerala, o�en by pelting stones and throwing cow dung on her while she
celebrated for its high literacy rates, has achieved would be on her way to school. (Photo via Wikimedia
remarkable success in education through its innovative Commons)
67
strategies. �e state’s focus on universal primary education, early childhood programs and investment in teacher
training has led to signi�cant improvements in literacy rates and educational outcomes.
7. AZIM PREMJI FOUNDATION’S TEACHER TRAINING PROGRAMS: �e Azim Premji Foundation focuses
on enhancing the quality of education by providing training and support to teachers in rural and underserved areas.
�e foundation’s e�orts have improved teaching methodologies, leading to increased student engagement and better
learning outcomes.
�ese success stories underscore the transformative impact of dedicated e�orts, innovative approaches, and
community involvement in promoting literacy and education across India. �ey demonstrate that with the right
strategies, commitment, and collaboration, signi�cant improvements can be achieved, even in challenging contexts.
MANAS: WHICH SOURCES CAN THE STUDENTS AND EDUCATORS REFER TO, TO KNOW MORE ABOUT
LITERACY AND EDUCATION?
Paranay Aggarwal: When using any sources; ensure that they are o�cial, reputable and up-to-date. Government
websites, educational institutions and established NGOs are generally reliable sources of information for studying
literacy and education in India.
If you are looking to delve deeper into the topics of literacy and education, here are some reputable sources that you
can explore:
1. NATIONAL EDUCATION POLICY 2020: �e NEP document provides a comprehensive overview of the state of
education in India, its main challenges and policy recommendations. It covers nearly all aspects of education; from
early childhood care and education to higher education; from adult education to integrating technology in
education. Worth a read for UPSC aspirants and educators.
READ: NEP 2020
2. STATE OF THE EDUCATION REPORT FOR INDIA, 2022 – �is report by UNESCO provides an introduction
to Arti�cial Intelligence (AI) to demystify a subject that has endured various misconceptions. �is is supplemented
by an overview of challenges and opportunities in the Indian education sector that Arti�cial Intelligence can address.
READ: UNESCO’S STATE OF THE EDUCATION REPORT
3. WORLD BANK EDUCATION: �e World Bank’s education page o�ers research, data, reports, and resources
related to education and literacy in developing countries. �eir “World Development Report” also includes sections
on education.
WEBSITE: WORLD BANK EDUCATION
4. UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION
�UNESCO�: UNESCO’s website provides a wealth of information on global literacy e�orts, education policies,
reports, and statistics. �ey also publish the Global Education Monitoring Report, which o�ers insights into global
education trends.
WEBSITE: UNESCO EDUCATION
5. MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, GOVERNMENT OF INDIA: �e o�cial website of the Ministry of Education
provides information on education policies, programs, initiatives, and statistics in India.
WEBSITE: MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
6. ANNUAL STATUS OF EDUCATION REPORT �ASER�: ASER is a nationwide survey that assesses the status of
schooling and basic learning levels in rural India. It provides valuable insights into education quality and learning
outcomes.
68
WEBSITE: ASER
Of course, civil services aspirants need to be mindful of the constraints on their time and the relative weightage of
a topic in the exam syllabus; and allot time for its study accordingly. So, UPSC aspirants should look at the
abovementioned resources as rich, comprehensive and reliable sources of information; but refer to them selectively.
EXPRESS INPUT: NEP

�ree years since the launch of the National Education Policy (NEP), most states have either adopted the policy
wholly or picked speci�c parts of it for application. �e NEP, which was launched in July 2020 as an update to the
previous 1986 policy, is a wide-ranging framework for education from the primary level all the way to higher
education. �e NEP, however, is not binding on states, and they remain free to accept or reject the policy.
An NEP is a comprehensive framework to guide the development of education in the country. �e need for a policy
was �rst felt in 1964 when Congress MP Siddheshwar Prasad criticised the then government for lacking a vision and
philosophy for education. �e same year, a 17-member Education Commission, headed by then UGC Chairperson D S
Kothari, was constituted to dra� a national and coordinated policy on education. Based on the suggestions of this
Commission, Parliament passed the �rst education policy in 1968.
A new NEP usually comes along every few decades. India has had three to date. �e �rst came in 1968 and the
second in 1986, under Indira Gandhi and Rajiv Gandhi respectively; the NEP of 1986 was revised in 1992 when P V
Narasimha Rao was Prime Minister. �e third is the NEP was released in 2020 under the Prime Ministership
of Narendra Modi.
(�ough the present article only talks about Literacy and associated issues, it will be bene�cial to study brie�y about
NEP here itself. �e following excerpt was �rst published as — NEP 2020: Key takeaways from National Education
Policy, what it means for you in �e Indian Express on July 30, 2020)
HERE IS A LIST OF KEY POLICY CHANGES THAT HAVE BEEN ANNOUNCED
AND WHAT IT MEANS FOR YOU:
SCHOOL SYSTEM: �e 10+2 system will be divided into 5+3+3+4 format. �e �rst �ve years of school will
comprise of the foundation stage including three years of pre-primary school as well as classes 1 and 2. �e next
three years will be divided into a preparatory stage from classes 3 to 5 and following that, three years of middle stage
(classes 6 to 8), and four years of secondary stage (classes 9 to 12). Co-curriculum and vocational subjects like
sports, arts, commerce, science will be treated at the same level. Students can opt for courses as per their preference.
Students will be allowed to take up coding from class 6 onward. Skills, such as analysis, critical thinking and
conceptual clarity will be taught in school.
REPORT CARDS: �e report cards of students will be reviewed by peers and teachers. Arti�cial Intelligence-based
so�ware could be developed and used by students to help track their growth through their school years based on
learning data and interactive questionnaires for parents, students, and teachers. To track progress, all students will
take school examinations in grades 3, 5, and 8 which will be conducted by the appropriate authority.
BOARD EXAM: �e class 10 and 12 exams — referred to as board exams — are likely to be held in two di�culty
levels and students will be given a second chance at boards to improve their score. �ey will be free to take up
courses regardless of the stream division of arts, commerce and science. “Student choice and best-of-two-attempts,
assessments that primarily test core capacities must be the immediate key reforms to all board exams,” the NEP
stated. A system of annual or semester or modular board exams could be developed to test far less material, and
taken immediately a�er the corresponding course is taught in school so the pressure from exams is better distributed
and less intense.
LANGUAGE POLICY: �e policy states, the medium of instruction until at least class 5 (and preferably till class 8)
should be “home language or mother tongue or local/regional language”. �erea�er, the home or local language should
continue to be taught as a language. Unlike the dra�, the �nal policy gives the freedom to the state, region, and child to
chose three languages to be learned. However, at least two of the three languages should be native Indian languages.
69
COMMON ENTRANCE EXAM FOR ADMISSIONS: From school to colleges, it is advised that there should be a
single gateway. �e National Testing Agency (NTA) will conduct a common entrance examination (CEE) for
admissions to universities across the country. A common aptitude test, as well as specialised common subject exams
in the sciences, humanities, languages, arts, and vocational subjects, will be held at least twice every year. It will allow
“most universities to use these common entrance exams – rather than having hundreds of universities each devising
their own entrance exams, thereby drastically reducing the burden on students, universities and colleges,” the NEP
read. It will not be mandatory and will be le� to individual universities and colleges to use NTA assessments for their
admissions.
EXIT POINT: “Graduate-level,
master’s and doctoral education in
large multidisciplinary universities,
while providing rigorous research-
based specialisation,” mentioned the
NEP. �e undergraduate degree will
be of either three or four-year
duration, with multiple exit options.
Students will get a certi�cate a�er
completing one year in a discipline
or �eld including vocational and
professional areas, or a diploma a�er
two years of study, or a Bachelor’s
degree a�er a three-year programme.
�e four-year programme may also Among proposals, 10+2 school format to become 5 + 3 + 3 + 4. (Express Photo:
lead to a degree ‘with Research� if Partha Paul)
the student completes a rigorous
research project in their major area(s) of study.
FOREIGN COLLEGES: High performing Indian universities will be encouraged to set up campuses in other
countries, and similarly, selected universities, those from among the top 100 universities in the world will be
facilitated to operate in India. A legislative framework facilitating such entry will be put in place, and such
universities will be given special dispensation regarding regulatory, governance, and content norms on par with
other autonomous institutions of India.
India will be promoted as a global study destination providing premium education at a�ordable costs thereby
helping to restore its role as a Vishwa Guru. An International Students O�ce at each HEI hosting foreign students
will be set up to coordinate all matters relating to welcoming and supporting students arriving from abroad, as per
the NEP.
CREDIT BANK: An Academic Bank of Credit (ABC) shall be established which would digitally store the academic
credits earned from various recognised HEIs so that the degrees from an HEI can be awarded taking into account
credits earned. Departments in languages, literature, music, philosophy, Indology, art, dance, theatre, education,
mathematics, statistics, pure and applied sciences, etc. Credits will be given in all Bachelor’s Degree programmes for
these subjects if they are done from such departments or through the ODL mode when they are not o�ered in-class
at the HEI.
EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY: An autonomous body, the National Educational Technology Forum (NETF), will be
created to provide a platform for the free exchange of ideas on the use of technology to enhance learning, assessment,
planning, administration and so on, both for school and higher education. One of the permanent tasks of the NETF will be
to categorise emergent technologies based on their potential and estimated timeframe for disruption, and to periodically
present this analysis to MHRD. Based on these inputs, MHRD will formally identify those technologies whose emergence
demands responses from the education system. Content will be available in regional languages also.
70
WHY DURATION OF EARLY LITERACY

AND NUMERACY PROGRAMMES MUST BE
INCREASED?
D
hir Jhingran, Shailaja Menon in their Opinion piece in �e Indian Express write:
More than half the children in India are unable to read �uently with comprehension or do basic mathematical
operations by the end of primary schooling. To address this, the National Education Policy (NEP 2020) suggested a
national mission to ensure that all children attain foundational literacy and numeracy by the end of Grade 3.
Accordingly, the National Initiative for Pro�ciency in Reading with Understanding and Numeracy (NIPUN Bharat)
programme was started by the Centre in 2021 to improve the foundational learning of �ve crore students in government
primary schools. NIPUN Bharat, despite certain limitations, has begun to slowly improve the learnings of children in Grades
1-3 in several states.
However, in a recent decision, the Ministry of Education has rolled back the scope of NIPUN Bharat to children in Grades
1-2, leaving out children in Grade 3. �e rationale provided for this shi� is to bring about the alignment between NIPUN
Bharat and the curricular structure suggested by the NEP 2020 and the National Curricular Framework (NCF 2023). �ese
latter documents envisage a “foundational stage of learning” that would include three years of preschool education and the
�rst two years of primary schooling. Hence, the argument is that the NIPUN Bharat programme should also end at Grade 2.
Anganwadi centres catering to three to six-year-olds focus largely on health, immunisation and nutrition, and only a small
proportion of centres provide pre-school education with any regularity or quality. In this context, the setting up of a three to
eight-year block in which children receive well-planned, high-quality educational services is still a distant goal.
�e reality is that approximately 68 per cent of children in the three to six-year age group are not able to access educational
services in India. Most children come from poorly literate home contexts and encounter literacy for the �rst time in Grade 1.
�irty-�ve per cent of children spend several years of primary schooling navigating complex gaps between home and school
languages. �erefore, to roll back a programme that supports the learning of children in Grade 3 is to let go of a bird in hand
(support for children currently in Grade 3), for two in the bush (the hope of a uni�ed, functional schooling block for the
three to eight-year-olds). If anything, we should be providing extra support for children through Grades 1-5 so that they have
enough time to establish robust foundations for language and numeracy learning. �e NCF has merely argued for appropriate
pedagogical practices to be followed for children in the three to eight-year age group, for example, a focus on play-based
learning, �exible pace of learning, and the like.
�e foundational stage described in the NEP and NCF does not intend to target the development of the whole range of
literacy and numeracy skills, attitudes and knowledge required for all future learning in school by the end of Grade 2. In fact,
most research conducted across the world and especially in Indian contexts show that these understandings develop slowly
during the �rst four or �ve years of schooling.
Perhaps one of the reasons for such decisions is an inadequate understanding of what it means to establish strong
foundations for early literacy and numeracy. It is possible that literacy, for example, is being understood as the ability to blend
letters to read words at a certain pace by a certain age. Programmes like NIPUN Bharat have also contributed to the
emergence of such an imagination. But rather than cutting back on such programmes, it becomes all the more important to
broaden our vision of early foundational learning to include a focus on the relevance of literacy to children’s lives, strong oral
expression, deep, inferential comprehension, enjoyment and appreciation of literature, and capabilities to engage in written
composition. Can foundations for these be expected to be established by the end of Grade 2 or even Grade 3? Rather, we
should be arguing for lengthening the duration of programmes designed to strengthen early literacy and numeracy learning
to include children in Grades 4 and 5 and to broaden their vision in terms of educational aims and outcomes. By cutting back
on existing programmes we run the risk of falling further behind in our e�ort to improve foundational learning.
(Jhingran is Founder & Executive Director, Language and Learning Foundation, Menon currently leads the Centre of
Excellence in Early Literacy at Tata Trusts. Views are personal)
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THE 360° UPSC DEBATE
ARE FREEBIES A GATEWAY

TO FINANCIAL DISASTER?
Written by Priya Kumari Shukla
Prime Minister Narendra Modi urging a stop to the prevalent 'revdi' culture, has brought the enduring practice of political
populism into question. �e ongoing discourse about the �nancial sustainability and societal signi�cance of welfare
programmes, regardless of their nomenclature such as subsidies, freebies, or revdi, has persisted for a substantial time.
“The ma�er of intergenerational equity contributes to heightened social disparities as a result of the misallocation of
expenditure” (Illustration by C R Sasikumar)
Why this debate?

Political parties, regardless of their ideological orientation, frequently employ the strategy of o�ering free or signi�cantly
subsidised products and services as a means to sway voters. �e statement made by Prime Minister Narendra Modi urging a
stop to the prevalent ‘revdi’ culture, has brought the enduring practice of political populism into question. �e ongoing
discourse about the �nancial sustainability and societal signi�cance of welfare programmes, regardless of their nomenclature
such as subsidies, freebies, or revdi, has persisted for a substantial time.
72
ARGUMENT 1:
FREEBIES UNDERCUT THE FRAMEWORK OF MACROECONOMIC STABILITY
“The widespread distribution of non-essential products such as mixer grinders, laptops, televisions, or gold jewellery can
have a detrimental impact on government revenue”
�e term ‘freebie’ in the dictionary refers to an item or service that is o�ered or delivered without any cost. In a
bulletin published in June 2022, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) issued a de�nition for the term ‘freebies’ as a form of
public welfare programme that is o�ered without any cost. �e Reserve Bank of India (RBI) asserts that freebies can be
di�erentiated from public or merit goods, such as education and healthcare, as well as other state expenditures that
yield broader and enduring advantages. Nevertheless, discerning between welfare goods, o�en referred to as ‘merit’
goods, and freebies or ‘non-merit’ products poses a signi�cant challenge. Scholars have underscored the signi�cance of
merit goods, such as free or subsidised food, education, shelter, and healthcare, in expediting human development and
subsequently fostering national economic progress.
Nevertheless, the widespread distribution of non-essential products such as mixer grinders, laptops, televisions, or
gold jewellery can have a detrimental impact on government revenue. According to N K Singh, the former chairman of
the 15th Finance Commission, it is imperative to express concern against the prospect of emulating the culture of
competitive freebie politics. �is apprehension is supported by a comprehensive analysis consisting of seven distinct
causes. To begin with, the provision of freebies undermines the fundamental structure of macroeconomic stability. �e
allocation of resources is distorted by the political practise of providing free goods or services.
Expenditures are being focused on various forms of subsidies. Consequently, what implications does this have for the
�scal sustainability of states that are already burdened with debt? Another concern that arises is the distortion of
expenditure priority. Furthermore, the matter of intergenerational equity contributes to heightened social disparities as
a result of the misallocation of expenditure priorities away from items that promote economic growth. One aspect to
consider is the diversion of resources from environmental and sustainable development, such as the allocation of free
electricity or a speci�c quantity of free power, water, and other consumable products. �is diversion hinders the
progress towards renewable energy and overall environmental sustainability. Furthermore, there is a distortion in the
allocation of agricultural priority. �is phenomenon has implications for agricultural practises that do not rely heavily
on the intensive utilisation of water and fertilisers.
Furthermore, the detrimental impact it has on the future of the industrial industry. �is prompts the inquiry as to
whether it is now appropriate to contemplate the implementation of remedial measures such as subnational
bankruptcy. �e provision of freebies raises concerns regarding the distinction in market behaviour between states that
engage in excessive spending and those that do not, as well as the feasibility of establishing a system to address the
potential insolvency of subnational entities.
BJP MP Varun Gandhi asserts that on an annual basis, both central and state governments extend the provision of
privately-owned commodities, such as LPG cylinders, to the general populace, accompanied by subsidies and, in
certain instances, complete coverage of expenses. Does the adoption of such policies imply that Indian authorities have
relinquished their e�orts to address poverty and inequality? Rather than prioritising the development of public assets,
social capacity, and society, policymakers in India appear to have shi�ed their focus towards implementing direct
transfers and welfarism through the provision of private commodities at no cost.
He adds further that several states may encounter challenges in �nancing the recently announced complimentary
o�erings. For instance, Andhra Pradesh disclosed freebies for the �scal year 2023 that would utilise approximately
30.3% of its tax revenue. Similarly, Madhya Pradesh’s allocation for freebies was nearly 28.8%, Punjab’s was around
45.4%, and West Bengal’s amounted to 23.8% of their respective tax revenues (RBI Bulletin, June 2022). In the
preceding �ve-year period, �nancial institutions have recorded loan write-o�s amounting to ₹10 lakh crore, with public
sector banks accounting for a substantial portion of non- performing asset (NPA) write-o�s, o�en ranging from 60% to
80%. However, the tradition of o�ering free items or services persists and is still being encouraged.
In the 2013 case S. Subramaniam Balaji vs. Government of Tamil Nadu, the Supreme Court looked at these questions
and said that they were about law and policy. Also, it upheld the distribution of TVs or consumer goods because
73
programmes that helped women, farmers, and the poor were in line with the Directive Principles. As long as public
funds were spent based on appropriations approved by the legislature, they couldn’t be called illegal, and promising
such things couldn’t be called a ‘corrupt practice’. It had, however, told the ECI to come up with rules about what should
be in manifestos. A�er that, the ECI added to its Model Code of Conduct a rule that parties shouldn’t make promises
“that taint the election process or put too much pressure on the voters.” It also said that only promises that could be
kept should be made, and that party platforms should explain why a stated welfare measure is important and how it
will be paid for. Any other step, like separating welfare measures from populist sop and pre-election bribes, or adding
to the responsibilities of �scal duty and �scal prudence, should come from the legislature. Even though lawmakers
always want ‘freebies’ that shouldn’t be a reason to avoid Parliament.
RBI’s Department of Economic and Policy Research, led by Michael Debabrata Patra, wrote a study about the �scal
risks that Indian state governments face, focusing on the states with the most debt. Based on the debt-to-GDP ratio in
2020-21, states with the most debt are Punjab (53.3), Rajasthan (39.5), Bihar (38.6), Kerala (37.2), Uttar Pradesh (34.9),
West Bengal (34.2), Jharkhand (34.0), Andhra Pradesh (32.5), Madhya Pradesh (31.3), and Haryana (29.4). About half
of all the money that Indian state governments spend goes to these 10 states. �e report also talked about the ‘quality of
spending’ by states. It said, “�e share of revenue spending in these states’ total spending varies between 80% and 90%.”
Some states, such as Rajasthan, West Bengal, Punjab, and Kerala, spend about 90% of their income. �is makes their
spending bad, as shown by their high ratios of income spending to capital spending. Even though income spending
helps people, it only has an e�ect on the economy for about a year. �e bene�t of capital expenditures, on the other
hand, is stronger and lasts longer, reaching its peak a�er two or three years.
ARGUMENT 2:
FREEBIE PROMISES HAVE HELPED FURTHER DEMOCRACY
“The ‘freebie’ promises like inexpensive food and free utility items have actually done a lot to advance the democratic goal”
�e Directive Principles of State Policy, enshrined in Part IV of the Indian Constitution re�ect that India is a welfare
state. More speci�cally, Article 38 in the Constitution says that: �e State shall strive to promote the welfare of the
people by securing and protecting as e�ectively as it may a social order in which justice, social, economic and political,
shall inform all the institutions of the national life; and the State shall, in particular, strive to minimize the inequalities
in income, and endeavour to eliminate inequalities in status, facilities and opportunities, not only among individuals
but also amongst groups of people residing in di�erent areas or engaged in di�erent vocations. Establishment of a
welfare state is a conscious policy which entails the out�ow of public resources for improving the quality of life for all
citizens, including those who are unable to avail themselves of the bare necessities of life
S.Y. Quraishi, former Chief Election Commissioner said the ‘freebie’ promises like inexpensive food and free utility
items have actually done a lot to advance the democratic goal. Since the introduction of Rs 1-2 kg rice, no one has died
of starvation. �e distribution of bicycles boosted girls’ enrolment and retention in schools in Bihar. �e rural poor
have seen visible relief as a result of employment guarantee programmes.
Oxfam’s annual report on inequality in India for 2022 contains some troubling insights. As the wealth of its dollar
billionaires increased, the number of impoverished doubled to 134 million. �e richest 1% have acquired 51.5 percent
of total wealth, while the bottom 60% of the population has only 5%. All of these indicators plainly paint a picture of a
more contentious and unequal nation. Critics have pointed out that provisions for impoverished bene�ciaries are
referred to as ‘revdi’, whereas state-sponsored assistance to the wealthy is referred to as incentive. In September 2019,
the government reduced corporate tax rates for domestic enterprises from 30% to 22%, and for new manufacturing
companies from 25% to 15%. �is decision was implemented by the government in about 36 hours. According to the
Oxfam analysis, these business cuts resulted in a loss of 1.5 lakh crore.
�e Oxfam report additionally emphasised that the government successfully o�set the de�cit in direct taxes,
including income tax, company tax, and capital gains tax, through the implementation of heightened indirect taxes,
including goods and services tax, excise, and customs duty, during the duration of the pandemic. �is phenomenon
resulted in an increase in fuel prices, which subsequently a�ected the pricing of necessary goods, particularly food
74
grain, thereby disproportionately harming individuals with lower socioeconomic status. �ese policies have been
identi�ed as the primary contributing factor to the exacerbation of wealth inequality, as evidenced by the widening gap
between the a�uent and the less privileged.
Concurrently, the national minimum wage has remained stagnant at Rs 178 per day since the year 2020. According to
the World Food Programme, India currently harbours almost 25% of the global population su�ering from
undernourishment. In light of the prevailing socio-economic circumstances, it is imperative to reassert the signi�cance
and indispensability of our welfare initiatives, while emphasising the pressing requirement for their expansion. �e
most fundamental role of a democratic state is to ensure the provision of food, education, and jobs to its population.
�e yearly report on inequality in India by Oxfam for the year 2022 presents a multitude of disconcerting and
striking facts. �e population living in poverty experienced a twofold increase, reaching a total of 134 million
individuals, coinciding with a doubling of wealth among dollar billionaires. �e top 1 percent of individuals have
accumulated 51.5 percent of the overall wealth, but the below 60 percent of the population possesses a meagre 5
percent. All these facts unequivocally imply a portrayal of a nation that exhibits more fragmentation and inequality.
Bastian Steuwer, a political philosopher a�liated with Ashoka University, presents a signi�cant argument against the
provision of ‘freebies’ that centres around issues of �scal responsibility. Budgetary constraints are inherent in all
circumstances. However, it is noteworthy that the primary emphasis of the discourse revolves only upon reducing �scal
outlays on initiatives that impact individuals with lower socioeconomic status. �e budget can be e�ectively balanced
through the reduction of expenditures allocated towards nonessential initiatives, thus minimising wasteful spending.
Revenue creation is an essential aspect to consider in any budgetary framework. A tiny proportion of the Indian
population contributes to the payment of income taxes. One contributing factor is the issue of tax avoidance. However,
it is worth noting that a signi�cant proportion of households generate insu�cient income to meet the threshold for
income tax liability. Individuals with an annual income below Rs 5 lakh are granted complete exemption from income
tax. �e threshold is consistently raised. �e corporate media frequently portrays increases as a contradictory source of
relief for the general public.
According to a recent report released by the Economic Advisory Council, those who earn a monthly income of Rs
20,000 are positioned among the uppermost decile, encompassing the top 10 percent of all income recipients. �is
analysis fails to acknowledge the absence of wealth tax or inheritance tax in India. If an individual is concerned with
achieving budgetary equilibrium, would it not be more logical to initiate taxation measures targeting the a�uent rather
than prioritising welfare expenditures for individuals who are less fortunate?
Why do freebies still matter even a�er 75 years of independence, say experts. Depending on whose side of the social
gap you are on, the response would vary. �ese welfare programmes are seen as a waste of tax dollars by those who are
ineligible for them. Although more than 40% of government revenue comes from indirect taxes paid by all people of
the nation, this section of society only narrowly associates tax with income tax. In addition to paying taxes, the poor
also subsidise the luxury by providing cheap labour and/or making natural resources, such as land, available at
signi�cantly lower costs than the market. Without accounting for the negative wage growth in 2020, the real wage rates
for rural agricultural workers and non-agricultural workers rose at annual rates of 1.82 percent and 0.94 percent from
2016 to 2022, respectively. Any assistance, whether it be in the form of free rice, free power, or even a sari, greatly aids
in keeping them a�oat. �e free tablet distribution reduces the digital divide. Free bus fares make it easier to get to
work by covering the expense of transportation. Bene�ciaries may search for better occupations that are located farther
away. It is now understood how providing free power, health care, and education can bene�t society and promote rapid
economic growth.
75
THE 360° UPSC DEBATE
DOES INDIA REALLY NEED

STATE GOVERNORS?
Written by Priya Kumari Shukla
The concerns surrounding the adoption of Article 155 of the Constitution revolved around the need to ensure the
appointment of impartial individuals in 'Raj Bhawan'. (Image: Official website of Raj Bhavan, Government of Tamil Nadu)
The recent action taken by Tamil Nadu Governor R N Ravi to terminate the appointment of state minister V Senthil
Balaji, who was arrested, has once again brought attention to the tussle between state governments and the Governor's
o�ce. However, the con�ict between state governments and the o�ce of the Governor are not a recent phenomenon.
Why this debate?
T
he recent action taken by Tamil Nadu Governor R N Ravi to terminate the appointment of state minister V
Senthil Balaji, who was arrested, has once again brought attention to the tussle between state governments and
the Governor’s o�ce. It has reignited the discussion regarding the necessity of the post of a Governor and if it
should exist at all. However, the con�ict between state governments and the o�ce of the Governor are not a recent
phenomenon with various states such as West Bengal, Kerala, Punjab, and others having witnessed it a number of times.
But prior to delving into the discourse, it is imperative to �rst examine the position of the Governor.
Governor’s post: Some facts
76
“THE GOVERNOR ASSUMES THE ROLE OF THE PRIMARY EXECUTIVE LEADER OF THE STATE.”
According to the provisions outlined in the Government of India Act of 1858, the position of Governor was subject to the
oversight of the Governor General. According to the Government of India Act, 1935, which was implemented on April 1,
1937, Governors were entrusted with the duty of adhering to the counsel provided by provincial governments. �e actions
undertaken, ostensibly in the name of provincial autonomy, involved the appointment of Governors who were tasked with
serving as representatives of the British Queen.
Later, the Constitution established an analogous system of governance in the states, mirroring the parliamentary structure
adopted at the national level. �e state executive is addressed in Articles 153 to 167 within Part VI of the Constitution.
According to these, the state executive comprises several key components, namely the governor, the chief minister, the
council of ministers, and the advocate general of the state. �e governor assumes the role of the primary executive leader of
the state. Similar to the President, he assumes the role of a nominal executive head, also referred to as a titular or
constitutional head. �e Governor is entrusted with the executive authority of the State. �e individual in question will wield
the executive authority, either by direct means or by delegating it to subordinate o�cers.
�e phrase “o�cers subordinate to him” encompasses a minister of the state. �e appointment of the Governor is carried
out by the President through the issuance of a warrant, which is executed with the President’s signature and o�cial seal. He
can be considered as a candidate selected by the Central government. However, it was established by the Supreme Court in
1979 that the position of governor in a state does not fall under the category of employment within the jurisdiction of the
Central government. �e o�ce in question operates autonomously as a constitutional entity, functioning independently from
and not being subject to the authority or subordination of the Central government.
�e Dra� Constitution incorporated provisions for the Governor to be elected through a direct voting process, on the basis
of universal adult su�rage. �e Constituent Assembly made the decision to adopt the current method of Governor
appointment by the President due to the incompatibility of directly electing the Governor with the parliamentary system
implemented in the states. Additionally, the direct election approach has a higher likelihood of generating con�icts between
the Governor and the Chief Minister of the state.
ARGUMENT:
PROBLEM LIES NOT WITH THE OFFICE OF GOVERNOR
“The Governor can be characterised as a transient individual…”
Based on the records in the Constituent Assembly Legislative Debates archive, it is evident that while there was an
agreement among the Constituent Assembly members regarding the preservation of the Governor’s position as the
constitutional representative for the states in post-independence India, disagreements arose concerning the speci�c process
and method of appointment. �e concerns surrounding the adoption of Dra� Article 131 (Article 155 of the Constitution)
revolved around the need to prevent the proliferation of divisive forces and ensure the appointment of impartial individuals
in ‘Raj Bhawans’. �e Constitution makers engaged in extensive deliberation regarding the nature of the Governor’s o�ce,
drawing from the experiences of nationalist leaders in the British Indian provinces subsequent to the implementation of the
Government of India Act of 1935.
Biswanath Das, a member hailing from Orissa and a prospective Governor of Uttar Pradesh, conveyed his concerns during
the Assembly session on June 2, 1949, regarding the outcomes observed in the provinces subsequent to the assumption of
power by Congress members in post-independence India. He said: In what manner has the Governor ful�lled their role and
responsibilities? It is widely acknowledged, and has been reiterated by reputable individuals within this legislative body, that
the Governor was merely a �gurehead. If such a scenario were to occur, it raises the question of how the Governor, who has
been nominated by the President and the Central Government, and the Ministers elected by the State Unions and the
Provinces, would be able to e�ectively collaborate?
In addition, K T Shah, another member, said: “�e Governor can be characterised as a transient individual…” It is
inappropriate and unrealistic to propose that every executive action should be carried out under the authority of the
Governor. Hence, in anticipation of the potential misuse of one’s position, certain individuals voiced concerns regarding the
impartial operation of a Governor appointed with discretionary authority.
77
Dr B R Ambedkar expressed his views openly regarding the responsibilities of the President or the Governor, stating that
their role within the administration is primarily symbolic, akin to a ceremonial instrument used to communicate the
decisions made by the nation. �e President or Governor is typically obligated to adhere to the counsel provided by their
Ministers. He is unable to act in opposition to their advice, nor can he take any action without their guidance. �e President
of the United States possesses the authority to terminate the tenure of any Secretary at their discretion. �e President of the
Indian Union or Governor of State lacks the authority to do so, provided that his Ministers maintain a majority in Parliament.
In a notable address delivered on June 2, 1949, Dr Ambedkar said the Governor, as outlined in the Constitution, lacks
autonomous decision-making authority and is instead entrusted with speci�c responsibilities. However, the rationale behind
the provisions granting the Governor the authority to exercise his discretion was not adequately elucidated, even by
Ambedkar, during the deliberations. �is particular domain has consistently presented perplexing enquiries, encompassing
both legal and political dimensions.
According to Dr Ambedkar, the advantage of the parliamentary system is that “the assessment of responsibility of the
executive is both daily and periodic. �e daily assessment is done by members of Parliament, through questions, resolutions,
no-con�dence motions, adjournment motions, and debate on address. Periodic assessment is done by the electorate at the
time of the election….”
Nehru concurred: “…We want to emphasise the Ministerial character of the Government, that power really resided in the
Ministry and in the Legislature and not in the President or Governor as such. At the same time we did not want to make the
President or Governor just a mere �gurehead. We did not give him any real power, but we have made his position one of
great authority and dignity.”
ARGUMENT:
IF THE GOVERNOR’S POST ABOLISHED, IT WILL NOT MAKE ANY DIFFERENCE
“He is a burnt out superannuated member of the ruling party,” for whom a governorship served as a form of
opulent retirement”
Some constitutional experts hold the view that the elimination of the Governor’s position is warranted. �e primary
responsibility of a Governor entails administering the oath of o�ce to the chief minister and the cabinet of ministers, as
well as delivering an address to the assembly during its inaugural session. However, it is worth noting that these duties can
alternatively be ful�lled by either the chief justice of the high court or the speaker of the assembly. �e performance of
Governors serving as chancellors of universities has been exceedingly poor, thus resulting in a lack of sentiment towards
their absence in that role. Regarding the Centre-state relationship, it is possible to establish liaison o�cers who can operate
from more modest o�ces, in contrast to the current Raj Bhavan that spans many acres and employs a large number of
individuals solely for the service of a single family.
In his article titled “Raj Bhawan, Raj Dharma,” senior advocate Sriram Panchu raises the question of the necessity of a
governor. If their current performance in various states is indicative of their future performance, it is possible that the
outcome will be unfavourable. However, the post holds signi�cance in terms of both constitutional and ceremonial
purposes. �e selection of suitable individuals and the implementation of an appropriate process that minimises
favouritism and ensures fair recognition play a crucial role in achieving desired outcomes. One potential approach
involves assembling a group of esteemed individuals from various sectors, including civil service, armed forces, academia,
culture, and former ministers with reputable backgrounds. Although there are concerns regarding the impartiality of
judges, this issue could be mitigated by implementing a roster system and ensuring that judicial candidates are not
selected by the executive branch. �e implementation of a designated cooling o� period is necessary in order to mitigate
the potential distractions posed by the allure of the post. A single �ve-year term would su�ce. A judicious selection of a
name for this panel should be made in collaboration with the chief minister to mitigate the risk of accommodating any
potentially disruptive entity within Raj Bhavan. It is imperative to seek a speci�c level of prestige that is derived from both
achievement and moral uprightness. An e�ective Governor serves as a valuable resource for the state, e�ectively
navigating the complexities of the federal system.
According to historian Mukul Kesavan, the process of appointing governors and the lack of certainty regarding their
tenure result in their being perceived as agents of the central government in politically charged situations, rather than
78
impartial arbitrators. According to Kesavan, in the event that it is not possible to legislate the governors out of existence, a
viable alternative would be to reduce the size of the o�ce to accommodate their presence.
�e Vidhi Centre for Legal Policy, a prominent think-tank, has conducted a comprehensive study titled “Heads Held
High: Salvaging State Governors for 21st Century India.” �is study suggests a reformation of the o�ce of India’s
governors, rather than advocating for its abolition. According to the authors, it is argued that the authority to appoint and
dismiss governors should not solely be vested in the ruling party, but rather should be carried out in a manner that is
characterised by increased federalism and cooperation. Additionally, the authors suggest that the Governor’s rationale for
their decisions should be disclosed to the public, along with other proposed reforms. According to Lalit Panda, a co-
author of the book, the transfer of Governor’s responsibilities to either the executive or the judiciary would pose a
potential risk of politicisation for both entities.
For several decades, there has been an allegation among many that Governors have been interfering in the e�cient
operation of state governments that were politically opposed to the ruling party at the national level. BK Nehru, a
prominent �gure in Indian politics, held the governance of several Indian states throughout his extensive career, which
concluded in the 1980s. Nehru himself once characterised this position as that of a “burnt out superannuated member
of the ruling party,” for whom a governorship served as a form of opulent retirement. It is not unexpected that
individuals who demonstrate unwavering support for a political party are o�en favoured for positions, frequently as a
means of acknowledging their contributions.
According to the research conducted by Professor Ashok Pankaj, the majority of India’s Governors between 1950 and
2015 were primarily individuals with political backgrounds, accounting for 52% of the total sample. Additionally,
retired bureaucrats constituted 26% of the governorship positions during the speci�ed time period. �e remaining
individuals consisted of judges, lawyers, defence o�cials, and academicians. Approximately 20% of governors have
previously served as Members of Parliament or legislators. Hence, there is a prevailing belief among many that the
present moment necessitates the elimination of the gubernatorial position.
According to Gautam Bhatia, a lawyer based in Delhi, the Constituent Assembly made the decision to retain the post
of Governors, despite the nationalist movement’s negative encounters with them for nearly three decades. Furthermore,
the Assembly opted to maintain the discretionary power associated with this position. During the deliberations of the
Constituent Assembly, it was observed that the provisions pertaining to the authority of the Governor closely
resembled the corresponding clauses found in the 1935 Act, with minimal alterations. Advocates of the o�ce put forth
two overarching arguments: �rstly, they contended that there was a scarcity of capable legislators within the various
states; and secondly, they asserted that a certain level of power centralization was imperative in a developing nation like
India. �e Constituent Assembly members who expressed concern were provided with reassurances that the role of the
Governor would be strictly limited to constitutional matters, devoid of any authority to meddle in the routine
governance of the State.
�e Supreme Court’s stand on o�ce of Governor
“GOVERNOR IS REQUIRED TO EXERCISE THEIR FORMAL CONSTITUTIONAL POWERS SOLELY UPON AND
IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE AID AND ADVICE OF THEIR MINISTERS, EXCEPT IN LIMITED WELL�KNOWN
EXCEPTIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES”
�e landmark case of Shamsher Singh v State of Punjab, decided in 1974 by a seven-judge Constitution bench of the
Supreme Court, established that a Governor is required to exercise their formal constitutional powers solely upon and
in accordance with the aid and advice of their ministers, except in limited well-known exceptional circumstances.
�ese exceptions pertain to the removal of a government that no longer holds a majority, as well as the decision to
invite a party to assume governance. �ese situations arise when the guidance and counsel of the Council of Ministers
cannot be sought or cannot be relied upon. �e satisfaction of the Governor is derived from the government’s
possession of a majority in the House. In February 2023, the Supreme Court issued a ruling pertaining to the political
crisis within the Maharashtra government. �e court expressed its concern regarding the intervention of the Governor
in resolving political rivalries. According to the Supreme Court, the Governor cannot exercise any power that has not
been granted to them by the Constitution or a law enacted in accordance with it.
79
In the Shamsher Singh case, the Supreme Court reached a signi�cant conclusion a�er examining the discussions held
in the Constituent Assembly. It observed that prominent �gures such as Jawaharlal Nehru, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel,
K.M. Munshi, B.N. Rau, Alladi Krishnaswami Ayyar, and particularly Dr B R Ambedkar, who served as the Chairman
of the Dra�ing Committee, expressed a collective viewpoint with minor variations, which was the acceptance of a
parliamentary-style quasi-federalism entailed the rejection of the underlying principles associated with a presidential-
style Executive.
�e Supreme Court also established the limits of gubernatorial overreach through a series of signi�cant rulings,
including the notable cases of S. R. Bommai (1994), Rameshwar Prasad (Bihar Assembly Dissolution Case of 2006),
and Nabam Rebia (Arunachal Assembly Case of 2016). �ese decisions e�ectively eliminate or minimise the potential
for excessive abuse of power, subject to the duration required for judicial review.
Recommendations of various commissions, committees regarding the Governor’s post
“THE GOVERNOR SHOULD BE APPOINTED BY A COLLEGIUM CONSISTING OF THE PRIME MINISTER, THE
CHIEF JUSTICE OF INDIA, AND THE LEADER OF THE OPPOSITION IN THE LOK SABHA”
�e Administrative Reforms Commission (ARC) of 1969 made recommendations pertaining to diverse facets of
administrative reforms, encompassing the responsibilities and operations of Governors. �e ARC placed signi�cant
emphasis on the necessity of establishing a harmonious rapport between the Governor and the state government. It is
advisable for Governors to collaborate with the Chief Minister and the Council of Ministers in order to foster
cooperative federalism and facilitate e�cient governance. �e ARC has made a recommendation that Governors
should serve as intermediaries between the central government and the state government. �e ARC underscored the
importance of Governors exercising speci�c discretionary powers while adhering to the constitutional framework and
refraining from undue interference in the routine administration of the state. �e ARC proposed that the removal of
Governors from o�ce should be limited to cases where there is substantiated evidence of misconduct or inability to
perform their duties, while ensuring that proper legal procedures are followed. Additionally, it is suggested that
Governors should be a�orded the opportunity to voluntarily resign from their position prior to the completion of their
term, on the condition that su�cient advance notice is provided.
�e 1983 Sarkaria Commission was tasked with the examination of the intergovernmental relationship between the
central government and the states in India. Although the proposal did not explicitly advocate for the elimination of the
Governor’s position, it put forth several modi�cations aimed at augmenting the responsibilities and in�uence of
Governors. �ere is a suggestion that Governors ought to possess a non-partisan and impartial disposition, while also
maintaining a �xed tenure to uphold stability and continuity.
�e Punchhi Commission, established in 2010, was tasked with conducting a comprehensive assessment of the
Constitution’s e�cacy and proposing strategies to enhance coordination among di�erent governmental bodies. �e
commission proposed that the appointment of governors should involve consultation with the Chief Minister of the
respective state, and that governors should be granted enhanced responsibilities in domains such as tribal welfare,
regional development, and the promotion of cooperative federalism such as tribal welfare, regional development, and
promoting cooperative federalism.
�e 2015 Niti Ayog, a policy think tank, recommended the abolition of the Governor’s post in smaller states or union
territories where the role was seen as redundant. It argued that the Governor’s functions could be carried out by the
Chief Minister or other administrative mechanisms.
�e National Commission to Review the Working of the Constitution in 2001, which is also known as the Justice
Venkatachaliah Commission, proposed that the Governor should be appointed by a collegium consisting of the Prime
Minister, the Chief Justice of India, and the Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha. �e commission also suggested
that the Governor should have a limited role and should not interfere in the day-to-day administration of the state. �e
NCRWC recommended that the Governor’s role should be largely ceremonial and non-executive, and limit their
involvement to constitutional duties.
80
THIS QUOTE MEANS
GANDHI: ‘TO THE HUNGRY, GOD CAN

ONLY APPEAR AS BREAD’ AND WHY
MS SWAMINATHAN INVOKED IT
Written by Rishika Singh
Why did Gandhi say this about hunger? And
why were these words relevant for the man
described as the ‘Father of the Green Revolution’
– someone who would help India achieve food
security a�er turbulent post-independence
years? We explain.
O
n September 28, renowned agricultural
scientist MS Swaminathan (1925-
2023) passed away. Early on in his
career, he rejected more mainstream career
paths of a government job and the medical
profession, instead following his interest in
agriculture. He recalled how around the time he
was a student, Mahatma Gandhi gave the call for
the Quit India Movement of 1942 and this
became a source of inspiration for him.
Swaminathan would again mention Gandhi,
attributing the following quote to him: “To the
millions who have to go without two meals a
day… God can only appear as bread”. Why did
Gandhi say so? And why were these words
relevant for the man described as the ‘Father of Mahatma Gandhi's larger ideology focused on the concepts of
the Green Revolution’ – someone who would sarvodaya (progress for all) and antodaya, or the upliftment of the last
help India achieve food security a�er turbulent person in society, who is still untouched by the progress others have
post-independence years? We explain. made. (Express archives)
WHY GANDHI SPOKE ABOUT HUNGER

While there is no speci�c source for when Gandhi said this, it �ts in within his larger philosophy. Gandhi was an
advocate of self-rule (swaraj) and self-su�ciency. His ideal economic and political models focused on equipping the
smallest units, the villages of India, to be self-su�cient in terms of clothing and feeding themselves by spinning their own
yarn and promoting agriculture locally.
His larger ideology also focused on the concepts of sarvodaya (progress for all) and antodaya, or the upli�ment of the
last person in society, who is still untouched by the progress others have made. In this regard, the issue of hunger loomed
81
large. It was associated with the need to produce enough and for the last person to be able to access and a�ord food.
At the time of independence, colonialism and the preceding medieval system of farming and land distribution had greatly
impacted India’s productivity when it came to growing enough food for its people. But even today, India has been recording
decreasing Global Hunger Index scores over the years, ranking 107 out of 121 countries in 2022.
WHY SWAMINATHAN MENTIONED GANDHI’S QUOTE ON HUNGER

Apart from being inspired by Gandhi in his youth, Swaminathan also found his words relevant on a speci�c issue – achieving
‘zero hunger’. In a 2013 booklet published by the MS Swaminathan Research Foundation, titled ‘Zero Hunger is Possible’, he
wrote of Gandhi in the context of how India would achieve this goal. As the name suggests, it is a global movement to end
hunger. ‘Zero hunger’ is also one of the 17 United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which are aimed to be
achieved by 2030.
At the time of the interview, the Indian government had passed the National Food Security Act for providing staple foodgrains
to nearly 67 per cent of Indians at subsidised prices. But for years, many other member countries of the World Trade
Organisation (WTO) have criticised such measures. Essentially, rich countries demanded to maintain a level playing �eld among
di�erent countries’ farmers, while also extending huge subsidies to farmers in the US, UK and France. Swaminathan wrote of
Gandhi’s quote in this context: “Gandhiji said, this God of bread must be available to every home and hut in an independent
India. It is a�er a long time, a�er more than sixty years of independence, we have been able to redeem that pledge. I think
countries that have some objection should also realise we are all humans, and it is important that we think of humanity rather
than some petty regulations.” For further reading, you can click here for more on the issue of food stockpiling at the WTO.
AND HOW DID THE GREEN REVOLUTION HELP IN TACKLING FOOD INSECURITY?
Swaminathan spoke of the Green Revolution in India in the context of zero hunger – how until then, India had to import
staple foods like rice and wheat from countries like the United States. He explained the three factors behind the scale of success it
achieved: �rst was Technology, allowing yields to increase through the development of new crop varieties, and helping in
developing pesticides.
Second was Services. �e nationalisation of the banking system in 1969 led to banks being asked to focus on extending rural
credit under the priority sector norms. “New programmes for agricultural extension were designed to enable di�usion of
technology, particularly, in targeted areas and among small and marginal farmers,” Swaminathan said.
�irdly, he credited public policy, saying “Whatever we do, unless farmers are enthusiastic, we will not get the desired
results…” �e Agricultural Prices Commission and the Food Corporation of India were established, remunerative �oor prices
for food grains were established and an expanded public distribution system for food security and poverty alleviation came up.
THE PROBLEM OF HIDDEN HUNGER AND ITS SOLUTIONS

However, there are other aspects of hunger, too. Elaborating on the multidimensional nature of hunger, Swaminathan said,
“�e earlier approach to eradication of hidden hunger was primarily based on chemical forti�cation. Even today, for example,
salt can be forti�ed with iron, iodine, Vitamin A and many other micro-nutrients… �ere are good and inexpensive methods of
using salt as a carrier.”
But he said there was another option, too. “Nature provides a wide range of naturally bio-forti�ed foods. A simple plant like
moringa has almost all the micro-nutrients you need. Sweet potato is very rich in Vitamin A. �ere are varieties of pearl millet,
commonly consumed in India, which are very rich in iron… So, our approach should be to take naturally bio-forti�ed foods and
introduce them in the farming system.”
In this way, he said nutrition-sensitive farming systems should be promoted. One of the later criticisms of the Green
Revolution has been the fact that a majority of its focus went to wheat and rice, and the emphasis on their cultivation has now
led to ecological problems. Not all farmers should have to cultivate water-guzzling crops to support themselves, especially given
the varied geographical diversity of India. Ultimately, he advocated for providing adequate nutrition for all in a sustainable
manner.
82
UPSC ETHICS SIMPLIFIED
VOICE OF CONSCIENCE
"Even a bureaucrat has to confront numerous situations where other voices are overpowered by a voice of
conscience", writes Nanditesh Nilay. (Image credit: Abhishek Mitra)
Written by Nanditesh Nilay

In this materialistic world there is a lot of noise. So how to listen to our voice of conscience? Nanditesh Nilay
explains the concept for UPSC CSE aspirants. Don't miss the Express Input to know how conscience played an
important role in a teacher's professional life.
A
re you o�en advised that before taking any important step or decision in your life, sit back and think?
Have you ever heard someone listening to their inner voice before taking any action? One who listens to
his or her conscience is likely to act not only wisely but also ethically. So, conscience is the buzzword.
Let’s know more about it in the most lucid and applicable way.
Relevance: �e topic is a part of the UPSC CSE General Studies Paper-IV Ethics Syllabus. Aspirants will �nd the
article useful for their Essay paper too. Moreover, the essence of the article will help aspirants in their
professional lives or in life in general. Don’t miss the Express Input for a real-life example and a point to
ponder.
What is conscience?
Do we realise the voice of conscience? I hope there would have been incidents in our lives when we reach
83
nearer to our conscience. Even a bureaucrat has to confront numerous situations where other voices are overpowered
by a voice of conscience. But that empowering voice has to confront numerous situations and a lot of times the
deafness turns out to be a long shadow. Even many times when we are faced with ethical dilemmas, we fail to recognize
the voice of conscience properly. Now the question is what is conscience all about?
Conscience is a kind of faculty which is unvarying, innate, and incorruptible and it is present in all human beings. In
other words, conscience is the true self of human beings and a Kindle of guidance. It is a dependable source and it
carries a voice. When someone feels that sermon, recommendation, or exhortation from one’s conscience, it is referred
to as the voice of conscience.
WHAT IS THE CHALLENGE AND HOW TO LISTEN TO THE VOICE OF CONSCIENCE?
�e challenge is the noise around us. �e noise of confusion, ignorance, beliefs, notions, power, dogmas, upbringing,
pressure, and other temptations. And in the midst of that noise, one will have to learn to heed to the voice of
conscience. For listening to that voice in the middle of that noise of darkness one needs that input of human values
and ethical competence. �at ability to investigate that noise will prepare a mortal to listen to the voice, the voice of
conscience.
So how to listen to that voice of conscience? It will take e�orts to clear the noises. And for a bureaucrat who is always
guided by rules and public bene�t, one needs a sincere conditioning as well as practice to heed to the voice of
conscience clearly. Here apart from family upbringing, we have to continuously train ourselves to seek guidance from
within while making any decision. Is it possible? Why not? In a materialistic world there is a lot of noise and
surprisingly we all keep a keen ear to those echoes. But an acute focus of self on the self will construct and evolve a
person to reach nearer to that spirited self for listening to that voice of conscience. Remember, this paper is not about
completing a curriculum but simultaneously preparing that mind and soul ethically competent. So when a person
carries a spirited urge for the truth, for the righteousness in conduct one can approach one’s conscience more and
more clearly.
So, what one needs to do further?
We need some time to introspect, contemplate and evaluate our behaviour, our actions and here our conscience will
keep on guiding us provided we are seeking for that faculty. Great Vivekananda or Mahatma Gandhi are towering
leaders who carry those soulful ears to listen to the voice of conscience in the midst of noises.
EXPRESS INPUT
Ethics Exempli�ed: Bihar teacher listens to ‘conscience’, returns 33-month salary to college
Santosh Singh writes in �e Indian Express about Lalan Kumar (33), who taught Hindi at Nitisheswar College in
Bihar’s Muza�arpur, returned his earnings since September 2019 as no student turned up for his class for the past 33
months. Let’s know more:
An assistant professor of Nitisheswar College, in Bihar’s Muza�arpur, has returned nearly `24 lakh — his total
earnings since joining the job in September 2019 — as no student turned up for a single class in these 33 months, and
his “conscience did not allow” him to pocket the salary without teaching. Lalan Kumar, 33, gave a cheque of
`23,82,228 to the registrar of BR Ambedkar Bihar University (BRABU) on Tuesday. �e college is under the aegis of
BRABU, a state university.
“My conscience does not allow me to take a salary without teaching,” Kumar told the media on Wednesday. “Even
during online classes (during the pandemic), there were only a handful of students present for Hindi classes. If I take a
salary without teaching for �ve years, it would be academic death for me.” Founded by freedom �ghter Nitisheshwar
Prasad Singh in 1970, Nitisheswar College has been a�liated to BRABU since 1976. It o�ers undergraduate courses in
Arts and Science.
While the college’s principal, Manoj Kumar, questioned Kumar’s motive in returning his salary — “it is not just
absenteeism [of students] but a pressure tactic to get a transfer to postgraduate department,” he said — BRABU
registrar R K �akur lauded the move. “What Lalan Kumar did is quite unusual and merits our immediate attention.
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We are discussing the matter with the vice-chancellor and would soon ask Nitisheshwar College principal to explain
absenteeism,” �akur told �e Indian Express. Lalan Kumar, who completed his Masters in Hindi from Delhi’s
Jawaharlal Nehru University and PhD and MPhil from Delhi University, had also applied for transfer to the PG
department in order to be “academically involved”. Ever since he joined — this was his �rst job — Kumar said he
never saw any environment of education in the college. “I heard my inner voice and decided to return my salary for
two years and nine months to the university,” he added.
Nitisheshwar College has nearly 3,000 students, of whom approximately 1,100 undergraduate students have to study
Hindi. Kumar is the only regular Hindi teacher in the college, aside from a guest teacher for the subject. In all, the
institution has 31 regular and guest teachers. Asked why students were absent even before the pandemic, college
principal Manoj Kumar did not spell out any speci�c reason. “Academic activity has been disturbed in the college due
to frequent examinations,” he said. “A few months a�er Lalan Kumar joined, the world saw several waves of Covid-19.
We had online classes during that period.”
(Source: Bihar teacher listens to ‘conscience’, returns 33-month salary to college by Santosh Singh)
Point to ponder: In matters of conscience the law of majority has no place ~ Mahatma Gandhi (Young India).
What does it mean to you?
JUST FYI:
Gandhi believed — �e rule of majority does not mean that it should suppress the opinion of even an individual if it
is sound. �e opinion of an individual should have greater weight than the opinion of many, if that opinion is sound
on merits. �at is my view of real democracy. (Mahatma, Vol. VI)
(Source: http://www.mkgandhi.org)
THOUGHT PROCESS:
Number doesn’t matter more than the ethical principles. Hence, decision making should not be based on what
society supports but what your conscience based on conscience. Remember, many times society takes a decision based
on the requirement and demand of the majority. Is that always the right path? Is it always ethical?
A similar quote which aspirants should know : “�ere comes a time when one must take a position that is neither
safe, nor politic, nor popular, but he must take it because conscience tells him it is right.” ~ Martin Luther King Jr., (A
Testament of Hope: �e Essential Writings and Speeches)
THE CASELET
He was upset. And why not? As a SSP he was supposed to enter with the force inside the campus of the college from
where he graduated. �ere was a tense environment in that area. It was university elections and two leading groups
were competing with each other. Even other groups were trying to communalize the situation as well.
As a SSP, he was thinking about those days when he used to participate in those elections with a lot of emotions. All
of a sudden, his subordinate informed him about violent clashes inside the campus. He moved fast with his team and
a�er half an hour the police force was inside the campus. One of the students shouted, “Sir, I am the son of Professor
Sharma. Please, sir. I have not done anything. My college friends had asked me to terrorise and threaten the other
group as I am a local and from another community as well. I’m trapped, sir. I am trapped!” In the meantime, students
began pelting stones at SSP and his team. His team was asking for a green signal for Lathi Charge, but the SSP was in a
�x. He remembered his professor’s words, “It is not a religion but humanity and values that matter. It is easy to use
force in adverse situations. Still, we should believe in nonviolence. A lot of times while using force we become blind
and cruel and hit a few innocents too. Always restrain and use force as the last option. �e world can only be saved by
nonviolence and peace.”
A�er a while, the boy and his team were taken into custody. A lot of students got hurt. Other students were yelling at
that boy and targeting him as the main provocator of violence. SSP was around a lot of noise. �e moment he was
entering his vehicle, someone shouted from behind, “SSP sir. I am Professor Sharma. He is my son and has not made
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any mistakes. Do you think avoiding this foolish behaviour is easy in a college environment? He is not a novice but
neither unethical too. Please SSP sir, please don’t take him to the police station. Even other children are simply
misguided.” Professor Sharma was not able to see the face of SSP due to the helmet, but SSP was able to see his
professor. �e person who was an inspiration to him. A mentor, a coach, an apostle of values …
Post Read Questions:
(a) What are the ethical issues involved?
(b) What can you say about SSP’s personality?
(c) Where is Professor Sharma on the scale of ethics?
(d) What should SSP do? Justify.
EXPRESS INPUT
�ought Process
Why is it a major question on the conscience? Why is ‘Duty’ vs ‘Self’ a key element here causing dilemma? Is it �ne
for SSP to trust his mentor, Professor Sharma? Remember conscience becomes important when you are in an ethical
dilemma but it can’t be unethical and wise. It is a challenge for SSP but it surely has a way, isn’t it?
1. Begin with identifying the problem of an ethical dilemma. List down the sentences which indicate it (for framing
your arguments).
2. Ask yourselves the two opposing steps and mark the pros and cons.
SSP’s Action + Points – Points
Listening to his professor and acting accordingly.
Listening to his voice of conscience
Obviously, we know the answer! But justi�cation is important based on ethics. Link it to ‘Emotional Intelligence’, if
you need more fodder for your answer. In the case of Professor Sharma: �ink of him from the perspective of a father,
teacher and citizen. Analyse him in all three roles. It might help!
Points to ponder: �e following points may help:
Conscience is a kind of faculty which is unvarying, innate, and incorruptible and it is present in all human beings. In
other words, conscience is the true self of human beings and a Kindle of guidance. It is a dependable source and it
carries a voice. When someone feels that sermon, recommendation, or exhortation from one’s conscience, it is referred
to as the voice of conscience.
(�e writer is the author of ‘Being Good’ and ‘Aaiye, Insaan Banaen’. He teaches courses on and o�ers training in
ethics, values and behaviour. He has been the expert/consultant to UPSC, SAARC countries, Civil services Academy,
National Centre for Good Governance, Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI), Competition Commission of India
(CCI), etc. He has PhD in two disciplines and has been a Doctoral Fellow in Gandhian Studies from ICSSR. His second
PhD is from IIT Delhi on Ethical Decision Making among Indian Bureaucrats.)
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GET INSPIRED
THE FOOT SOLDIERS OF GOVERNANCE

� DISTRICT MAGISTRATES (DMS)
Written by Manas Srivastava
What is policy if it isn’t executed innovatively on the ground? What is change if governance doesn’t translate to a
di�erence in people’s lives? �e winners of 1st Excellence in Governance Awards (2019) inspire us through their
pioneering work as DMs.
T
he foot soldiers of governance- District Magistrates (DMs) are those who hold charge of the basic
administrative unit of India and bring order, stability and o�en some very imaginative changes to those
who live in their districts.
Some of the most challenging tasks taken at the ground level are by the district magistrates at the district level.
A district magistrate acts as a leader, motivator,
developer, and saviour, and above everything, a
top administrator whose unparalleled
uniqueness makes them a chief actor in the
district administration.
For good governance and good policies to
translate into tangible action on the ground, �e
Indian Express believes that the “steel frame of
India” has to gear up and be the change that we
wish to e�ectively make and see, in millions of
lives in our vast and diverse country. We hope
to go some distance in marking and
encouraging those who make the e�ort and The Indian Express is launching second edition of Excellence in
push for innovation and e�ective implementation. Governance Awards this year but before that let us get inspired
and learn from some of the award-winners of 2019. (Express
�e Indian Express Excellence in Governance Photo by Abhinav Saha)
Awards attempts to identify and recognise the
excellence in innovations at the district level by rewarding the spirit of the district. �e Indian Express started
the Excellence in Governance Awards (EIGA) in 2019.
Relevance: For Essays, Governance and Ethics section of Mains examination as case studies and example-fodder
for answers. Moreover, to remain motivated, inspired and create role models, such real life stories should be read,
noted and applied.
1. HOW DID A CIVIL SERVANT LEAD A CITIZEN�DRIVEN MASS MOVEMENT TO SUCCESS?
Civil Servant: Astik Kumar Pandey
District- Akola
Initiative- MISSION CLEAN MORNA RIVER-A Citizen Driven Mass Movement to Clean River Morna in Akola
District of Maharashtra.
87
On January 13, 6000 farmers, government o�cials and locals reached the river and started cleaning it at 14 points along the
banks. Over next three months, over 28,000 people participated. “Over several years, the river had accumulated hyacinths
and sewage waste. When the collector �rst �oated the idea, there was fear of infection if people themselves cleaned.
Collector’s o�ce published newspaper ads inviting participation. It turned out to be a huge success. Several local corporators
also got down to clean the river,” said local corporator Kiran Borakhade.
Morna river spans across 64 km in Akola district, emptying into Poorna river. Until 2017, the Akola district o�ce paid
yearly contract of Rs 38 lakh to private contractor to clean the eight km stretch of river which collects waste from 32 major
and minor nallahs running haphazardly around the city. In 2019, district collector Astik Kumar Pandey cancelled the
contract.
Key takeaway: Community involvement is an essential tool for change.
2. HOW A CIVIL SERVANT LED AN INITIATIVE TO CREATE SOCIAL LEADERS AS A REMEDY AGAINST A
SOCIAL EVIL� DOWRY?
Civil Servant: Ashish Saxena
District- Jhabua
Initiative- Sathidar Abhiyan-A joint initiative for empowerment of women and children through eradication of social evils.
“�e campaign which intends to bring an end to the reserve dowry system eventually, began with making these social
leaders aware of the adversities that the system carried along with itself. It is not easy to end the practice in a go so we began
by convincing them to cap the dowry amount to Rs 50,000 or less as against the conventional Rs 2.3 lakhs which went up to
Rs 5 lakh and above. A�er multiple consultations, the social leaders became our mediators, reaching out to the villagers and
making them aware. A tadvi in a village holds a very important social position. He is an in�uencer and people tend to pay
heed to whatever a tadvi has to say, so we tapped the village tadvis to be our saathidaars,” Saxena said.
Key takeaway: One of the best ways to �ght a social evil is to create social leaders.
3. HOW A CIVIL SERVANT WORKED FOR CREATING AWARENESS AND SENSITISATION TO TACKLE SEXUAL
HARASSMENT?
Civil Servant: Dr. Madhavi Khode Chaware
District- Nagpur
Initiative- Creating Awareness About Child Rights And Prevention Of Sexual Harassment In Tribal Ashram schools
“Sexual harassment in ashram schools is a common occurrence in ashram schools across India. It is underreported like
malnutrition. Children get enrolled here at the age of six and, as such, get no learning about such things from their parents.
�e Pandhurna ashram school triggered the thought to do something preventive. Jiwhala is all about it, ” says Khode, who is
now Commissioner (Textiles) at Nagpur.
“A�er we rolled out Jiwhala, providing training and orientation to all stakeholders as also providing video and reading
material, the boys and girls are now speaking out openly about these sensitive issues,” she claims. She adds: “�e thought
behind it is basically two-fold – empowering children and sensitizing the school administration about their responsibilities.”
Key takeaway: Empowerment, sensitisation and awareness are tools for good governance.
4. HOW A CIVIL SERVANT LED ANTI�CORRUPTION MOVEMENT WITH INNOVATIVE METHODS?
Civil Servant: Dr. S. Lakhmanan
District- Cachar
Initiative- DEBO NA NEBO NA “ An Anti-Corruption Movement along with Mobile
Phone Application by the District Administration Cachar, Silchar.” ‘Debo Na, Nebo Na’ — the Bengali for “Won’t Give,
Won’t Take” — project was launched in May 2017 and since then, authorities say, 13,075 complaints came though phone calls,
30,000 through forms dropped in drop-boxes and 472 complaints were received through the app.
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“�e simple motive behind the project is to ensure that there is no absence of facilities to communicate about a corrupt
practice or its possibility immediately from the point of occurrence,” says S Lakshmanan, deputy commissioner of Cachar
district. Drop-boxes are in place outside o�ces of all government departments in the districts. Posters promoting the
campaign adorn the entrance area of most o�ces.
Key takeaway: Innovative minds of administrators can help to monitor the e�ciency and integrity in governance.
5. HOW A CIVIL SERVANT LED AN INNOVATIVE PROGRAMME FOR SKILL DEVELOPMENT?
Civil Servant: Kartikeya Misra
District- East Godavari
Initiative- Kaushal Godavari Skill Development and Entrepreneurship Promotion Project/ Kaushal Godavari (KG)
Under this innovative and unique programme, the district administration is arranging for skill development, skill
enhancement, job placements and aiding private companies in recruitment. �e programme is so successful that by 2019,
16,000 youths have found jobs — from tribal girls in Foxconn in Nellore to youths from traditional priest families getting
o�ers to join as priests at a temple in Dallas, US.
In fact, for over 200 companies the �rst stop for recruitment in recent months is Kaushal Godavari. “We hired master
trainers: we would request a well-known AC technician or a welder to come and give training. We also give motivational
talks. Most of these are short term courses — one week to 15 days. So far we have helped about 2,600 people to become
self-employed un Chinturu area from where nearly 1,000 tribals, including 700 woman, have got jobs a�er receiving training
under Kaushal Godavari, at the Kaushal Godavari building inside the District Collectorate, a batch of 60 young men and
women were waiting to receive their certi�cates in networking analysis from HCL. �e company trained the youths free of
cost and will select at least 20 of them.
Key takeaway: Empowering youth through skill is at the core of good governance.
6. HOW A CIVIL SERVANT LED A PROJECT TO CONNECT LIVES AND SECURE EDUCATION?
Civil Servant: Dr Shahid Iqbal Choudhary
District- Udhampur
Initiative- Project “Rahat” : Connecting Lives , Securing Education (A convergence project planned at District level)
Providing connectivity in the villages to 170 bridges have been built under this project. It helped 327 schools with 27,465
students, reduced the travel distance by 349 km in the district, besides giving easy access to more than 1.30 lakh people to
183 ration depots, apart from generating 43,000 mandays of employment for local people.
7. HOW A CIVIL SERVANT LED A SCHEME TO UPGRADE A VILLAGE THROUGH ADOPTION?
Civil Servant: Raj Kumar Yadav
District- South Sikkim
Initiative- District Administration Adopted Village (DAAV)
Under the DAAV scheme, six schools namely Bul Primary School, Pallum Primary School, Rong Secondary School,
Shyamdas Primary School, Singtam Pallum Junior High School and Singtam Primary School and one primary health
centre in Rong-Bul GPU were overhauled. Infrastructure was enhanced and locals were trained to undertake maintenance
of the establishments. �e quality of mid-day meals was improved and smart classes were introduced to attract children
into attending lessons. �e children were engaged for the beauti�cation of the school premises and classroom walls have
been used as a source of learning. Career counselling programme are held and experts from various �elds and
departments conduct periodical programmes.
Key takeaway: Good governance at grass root level mean the availability and accessibility of basic amenities and
services.
Note: �e above stories tell us that civil servants can be new meanings of good governance. �is is an article �rst published
on 16th October, 2022.
89
EXPERT TALK
‘DON’T BE AFRAID OF ESSAYS

ON PHILOSOPHICAL QUOTES’:
DU PHILOSOPHY PROF
Wri�en by Manas Srivastava
With UPSC Essays becoming a challenge,
you might be worried about your strategies
for tackling the philosophical quotes based
essays. UPSC Essentials interviews
Professor Pratibha Sharma to understand
what is a 'good' philosophical essay.
T
here is a pleasure in philosophy
which every aspirant feels, until it
appears as an unavoidable
component of the UPSC CSE Essay paper.
Is it so? In the past few years, the Essay
paper of UPSC CSE has started focussing "I am not surprised that UPSC has started giving more weightage to
completely on philosophical quotes. �is philosophical quotes in essays. Philosophy is important in every aspect
shi� in trend has become a big challenge for of life", says Prof Pratibha Sharma of Miranda House.
aspirants in their UPSC journey. Manas
Srivastava talks to Prof. Pratibha Sharma of Miranda House who weighs in on many fears of aspirants regarding philosophical
quotes that aspirants may �nd relevant to kick start their Essay preparation.
About our Expert: Professor Pratibha Sharma teaches philosophy in Miranda House (Delhi University), and is
currently the Teacher-in-Charge of the Philosophy department.
“Dear future bureaucrats don’t be afraid of philosophy.”
MANAS: IN THE PAST FEW YEARS, UPSC HAS STARTED ASKING ESSAY TOPICS ON PHILOSOPHICAL
QUOTES. MANY ASPIRANTS DO NOT STUDY PHILOSOPHY AS A SUBJECT BEFORE UPSC PREPARATION.
THIS MAKES THE ESSAY PAPER CHALLENGING FOR THEM. WHAT WOULD YOU SAY ABOUT THIS ‘FEAR’ OF
PHILOSOPHICAL QUOTES AMONG ASPIRANTS?
Prof. Pratibha Sharma: Let’s begin by understanding that the great philosophers whose quotes you encounter in your
question papers come from di�erent disciplines themselves. Descartes, Leibniz and Whitehead were mathematicians. Plato
was a polymath. Students of political science must have read about John Rawls. Similarly, B.G. Tilak, Rabindranath Tagore,
Madan Mohan Malviya, Mahatma Gandhi, and many others were not philosophy students in particular. �eir thoughts,
words, and lives became important for philosophy and hence they are known as great philosophers. So, to say that one has to
be an academic philosopher to understand philosophical quotes is not true.
90
“Don’t be afraid of philosophy and philosophical quotes. Philosophers are not strangers to you. In fact, everyone is a
philosopher from within. Try to awaken that philosopher within you.”
Also, I am not surprised that UPSC has started giving more weightage to philosophical quotes in essays. Philosophy is important in
every aspect of life. You must have noticed that every institution has an ethics committee nowadays. Philosophy is the basis for Ethics.
Even UPSC has introduced a paper on Ethics as its compulsory paper in the mains examination. �is speaks volumes of the relevance
of philosophy in not only your exams but also in life in general.
JUST FYI: �e essay paper is a compulsory paper in UPSC CSE (Main) Examination and plays a crucial part in the selection process.
It is divided into two sections, each consisting of four topics. Candidates are required to write two essays in three hours of time. �e
essays carry a total of 250 marks (125 each). �e word limit for each essay is 1000- 1200 words. �e syllabus of essay paper is not well
de�ned by UPSC in comparison to other GS papers.
MANAS: ONE ASSUMES THAT MANY PHILOSOPHY TEACHERS MUST BE EVALUATING ESSAY PAPERS WITH
QUESTIONS ON PHILOSOPHICAL QUOTES. IF YOU HAD TO EVALUATE ESSAYS FOR UPSC EXAMS, WHAT WOULD
HAVE BEEN YOUR PARAMETERS FOR EVALUATION OR WHAT IS A ‘GOOD’ ESSAY ACCORDING TO YOU?
Prof. Pratibha Sharma: Firstly, an examiner knows that aspirants are not necessarily from a philosophical background. So, that
clarity is there in the mind of the examiner. Having said that, a good essay may have the following elements:
1. Better understanding of the quote
2. Proper elaboration of quotes based on ideology, thinkers, and examples
3. Right language and expressions
4. Multidimensional approach
5. Linked to contemporary times- making it more relevant
Regarding all these points, I must mention that one who aspires to be an IAS o�cer should have some basic skills in writing and
expressing their views. One doesn’t need to use di�cult words but the right expressions.
MANAS: THE POINT WHERE YOU MENTIONED THINKERS AND IDEOLOGY BRINGS US TO A QUESTION OF
SOURCES. DOES IT MEAN THAT ASPIRANTS SHOULD START READING SEVERAL PHILOSOPHY BOOKS FOR
ESSAYS? IF YES, WHICH ONES?
Prof. Pratibha Sharma: No, reading too many books on Philosophy for a few months or a year won’t help. �is is knowledge that is
acquired over some time. I will suggest they make wise use of the Internet and become aware of some important ideologies, quotes,
and thinkers. �ey will �nd them relevant in Ethics paper too which is very much connected to philosophy. However, if anyone wants
to read a book I suggest they take any ‘Introduction to Philosophy’ which covers all major themes.
MANAS: YOU HAVE ALSO MENTIONED THE ‘MULTIDIMENSIONAL APPROACH’ IN AN ESSAY.
WHAT DO YOU MEAN BY THAT?
Prof. Pratibha Sharma: Students must understand an important aspect of multidimensional approach. In ancient times there used to
be no real distinction between various subjects. People believed that nothing could be studied in isolation. �is was called
multidisciplinary approach which nowadays, in academics, is called interdisciplinarity. Speci�cally about Philosophy, we should know
that it teaches us not to be judgmental. �is means that one must be aware of various options, perspectives and points of view, theories,
etc. For example, democracy is just one form of government. One needs to be aware of other forms of government to conclude that
which is the best form of government. If one is partial, he or she is not tolerant. �at is neither good for your essay paper nor as a
citizen and a human being.
MANAS: INTERESTINGLY, YOU MENTIONED LINKING THE QUOTE TO CONTEMPORARY TIMES. CAN YOU PLEASE
ELABORATE?
Prof. Pratibha Sharma: Most of the quotes are from thinkers. �ese thinkers are ‘eternal thinkers’. �eir words are relevant even
today. �erefore, students should remember this aspect in their essays too. �ese quotes may be rooted in some time and space but
linking them to contemporary times may make essays more relevan t.
91
MANAS: ARE THERE ANY ‘BOUNDARIES’ FOR ESSAYS BASED ON PHILOSOPHICAL QUOTES AS THEY SEEM OPEN�
ENDED?
Prof. Pratibha Sharma: Regarding limitations, I would like to mention that data is not so important in such essays. Students, for
example, can refer to ‘changing trends’ but don’t write like a social scientist. One may refer to theories while answering, for example, a
question on happiness. But do not be judgmental. Essays should not have a partial approach; try to show multiple perspectives and not
stick to one stand. Sometimes students aren’t very good with the ideas of thinkers. �ey should know at least some important ones and
can write good examples to support their points.
MANAS: WHY SHOULD FUTURE BUREAUCRATS AND ADMINISTRATORS HAVE SOME SENSE OF PHILOSOPHY?
Prof. Pratibha Sharma: Let’s answer this question in the language of Philosophy itself. Plato talked about the ‘Philosopher
King’ in �e Republic. According to this idea, the best form of government is that in which philosophers rule. In present times, a
philosopher is an articulated person who has a better understanding of diverse issues and he is not judgemental. �ese are two qualities
that are required in an able administrator. �erefore, not only attempt to study Philosophy but also imbibe it. Philosophy helps to
analyse issues from di�erent perspectives before coming to a conclusion. Critical thinking, logical reasoning, and ethics, all are part of
Philosophy. Isn’t it a part of the job of an administrator working in the �eld to apply all of these? I believe students should know about
one such personality who was known as the Indian Philosopher King (especially in the Philosophy circle) and went on to become the
President of India — Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan. His contribution to our country is immense. Students must read about him. �ey
will get an answer to the above question.
MANAS: YOU ARE A PHILOSOPHY TEACHER. I AM SURE YOU MUST HAVE A FAVOURITE QUOTE THAT YOU
THINK IS VERY IMPORTANT TO YOUR LIFE…
Prof. Pratibha Sharma: One philosophical quote that is very close to my heart is:
I know that I don’t know ~ Socrates
One is wise because at least he or she knows what he or she doesn’t know. At least, I recognise my ignorance. As I recognise my
ignorance, I will like to learn and know more. �ere is an element of ‘inquisitiveness’.
Manas: I think your favourite quote can be a good point to ponder for aspirants. UPSC aspirants must try as a sample essay question.
EXPERT TALK
HOW TO ANSWER ETHICS CASE STUDY

Ethics Case Studies has remained one of the most challenging areas of the UPSC CSE since new reforms in the
syllabus were introduced in 2013. As aspirants appear for Mains 2023 today, doubts remain the same. Manas Srivastava
talks to Nanditesh Nilay about the relevance and strategies for case studies.
Wri�en by Manas Srivastavaz
M
arch 5, 2013 was not a usual day for UPSC aspirants. Like every year, Union Public Service Commission
(UPSC) released the noti�cation for Civil Services exam. But what set the 2013 noti�cation apart was that it
introduced big changes in the pattern of the Civil Services Main exam.
One of the essential changes was the introduction of a complete descriptive paper on Ethics, Integrity and
Aptitude. �is was a new paper, so no one had any idea about the kinds of questions that could be asked in this paper
and how to answer them. �e most ambiguous area of this paper, which still remains a big challenge in terms of time
and content is the CASE STUDY section.
92
"�ere is no so-called standard for addressing any case study. And in every �eld, new problems cannot guarantee old
methods of solutions. It was evident in the pandemic. In a lot of states and districts district magistrates came up with
innovative ideas and approaches. Certainly, ethics was at the center. But one can follow a few steps while solving any
case study", says Nanditesh Nilay.
Since UPSC Essentials of �e Indian Express has been constantly receiving queries and doubts related to the case
studies of Ethics paper of UPSC, Manas Srivastava takes up some of the common questions in our Experts talk today
with our Ethics expert, Dr Nanditesh Nilay.
About our Expert: Nanditesh Nilay is the author of ‘Being Good and Aaiye, Insaan Banaen’ and ‘Ethikos: Stories
Searching Happiness’. He teaches courses on and o�ers training in ethics, values and behaviour. He has been the expert/
consultant to UPSC, SAARC countries, Civil services Academy, National Centre for Good Governance, Central Bureau
of Investigation (CBI), Competition Commission of India (CCI), etc. He has PhD in two disciplines and has been a
Doctoral Fellow in Gandhian Studies from ICSSR. His second PhD is from IIT Delhi on Ethical Decision Making
among Indian Bureaucrats. He writes for the UPSC Ethics Simpli�ed (Concepts and Caselets) fortnightly.
MANAS: WHY IS THERE A SEPARATE SECTION OF CASE STUDIES IN THE ETHICS PAPER? WHAT DO YOU
THINK IS THE RATIONALE OF UPSC BEHIND IT?
Nanditesh Nilay: Ethics is an important paper in the syllabus of UPSC CSE but we should approach this paper more as
a virtue or virtuous act rather than just as a paper to qualify. So, this paper must be handled with care. �e concepts or
terms can be read and explained from the examination point of view. But I will emphasise that ethical virtues are there
to be imbibed rather than only becoming a part of written culture. �e career of a person will be assessed by the self
and society later. Ethical virtues will act as a central variable.
On the other hand, case studies equip us to describe and explore a problem, a dilemma, or a phenomenon. It pushes
us to compare and evaluate the ethical aspects within and around those dilemmas. It increases the area of thinking and
learning to focus on the core issue of a problem. A case study is a baptism by �re. You should not present yourself as the
smartest person in handling case studies. A case study demands rationality and wisdom, if wisdom and moral
93
rationality are smartness in this era. As a future bureaucrat, there will be many instances where you will be caught in
situations where your ethics, integrity, and aptitude will play an important role. Not just as a bureaucrat, but also as a
citizen and a human being you will face many such situations in life. Such situations are given in the form of case
studies in your exam. So, in the true sense, they are applications of what you have learned in theory and through
experiences of life.
MANAS: WHAT IS THE CONNECTION BETWEEN THEORY �SECTION A� AND CASE STUDIES
SECTION B? DO YOU THINK THERE IS A LOGIC BEHIND THE THEORY SECTION PRECEDING THE CASE
STUDY SECTION?
Nanditesh Nilay: Let’s go with an example. De�ning trust is �ne. Section A will take care of that. But to travel with the
spirit of trust, the student will have to board i.e. case study. Is there a clear logic behind this correlation between the two
sections? �ey should not be treated as segregated or silos. �ey are integrated.
To emphasise further, it is worth reading the theory of Kant or Gilligan but only case studies communicate to the
examiner or the self that one has evolved and emerged through those values and ethics. Also, even in our personal and
professional lives, every problem is like a case that always assesses our roots and strength of character. Life is a case
study and it challenges us every moment to grow and connect the dots of life. Here, I will point out that do not jump to
solve case studies before having command over concepts. Hence theory precedes case studies. While studying concepts
and de�nitions keep thinking of examples and situations.
For example, the syllabus mentions: Aptitude and Foundational Values for Civil Service, Integrity, Impartiality and
Non-partisanship, Objectivity, Dedication to Public Service, Empathy, Tolerance, and Compassion towards the weaker
sections. A general approach here will be to learn the de�nitions and know a few examples. Is that all? No. while
thinking of examples also think of situations where you have to show compassion, empathy, impartiality, etc. Ask
yourself, why and how? Is there any philosophical basis for those answers too?
In this way, you will be preparing the base of the case studies. During exams, when you will face case studies on
di�erent themes, it is this practice that will strike your mind and provide fodder for your answers. �ese things can’t be
taught or learned. It comes from reading good articles, and essays and applying them in appropriate situations.
MANAS: WHAT ARE SOME GENERAL THEMES THAT ASPIRANTS

SHOULD PREPARE FOR EXAMS� CASE STUDY?
Nanditesh Nilay: It is not easy to list down the expected themes of case studies in an examination. However, in the past
sports ethics, gender ethics, medical ethics, and environmental ethics have been asked. Even citizen ethics is equally
important in the VUCA (volatility, uncertainty, complexity, and ambiguity) time. If you go through the past year’s papers
themes like corruption, work culture, private and public life, and probity have occurred repeatedly. �e ethical dilemma has
been at the core of most of the case studies.
“Don’t forget to note what the ethics syllabus says towards its end… “Case Studies on above issues.” This means all
the concepts mentioned in the theory part can either be major themes of a case study or sub-themes.”
MANAS: UPSC DOESN’T SPECIFY ANY METHOD TO ANSWER THE CASE STUDY. THIS MAKES STUDENTS
CLUELESS. IF YOU CAN SUGGEST SOME METHODS TO ANSWER THE CASE STUDY.
Nanditesh Nilay: �ere is no so-called standard for addressing any case study. And in every �eld, new problems cannot
guarantee old methods of solutions. It was evident in the pandemic. In a lot of states and districts district magistrates came
up with innovative ideas and approaches. Certainly, ethics was at the center.
One can follow a few steps while solving any case study:
A. Identify the macro and micro problems
94
B. Find the interrelation among them

C. Read those ethical aspects even which are presented in a vague way
D. �ink about the ethical concepts, theories, values and philosophers.
E. Find their relevance in using them as a means for solving the case.
F. Answer in a pragmatic way. �e golden mean of Aristotle.
G. You must look convincing in standing �rm with ethics and not compromising on deliverables as well.
MANAS: WHEN READING A CASE STUDY, WHAT SHOULD BE THE FOCUS OF ASPIRANTS?
Nanditesh Nilay: Read at least two times. Underline the important and urgent issues. Connect the dots of ethics. Don’t
try to answer the case rather mark your attempt with a pragmatic solution. A case study is not only to get solved but to
build the character of those who believe in thinking, observing, absorbing, connecting, reviewing, relating, and
remaining impersonal.
“The answer must assure the examiner that ethics is beating across.”
MANAS: HOW AND FROM WHERE TO PRACTICE CASE STUDIES FOR EXAMS?
Nanditesh Nilay: I will certainly suggest UPSC Essentials of �e Indian Express. �ere is a lot of material available on
the internet, but the best is to read Edit and Idea pages well. Ultimately most of the present issues are cases only. For
example, our CJI had recently emphasized the Values of Goodness. In his own words, “Being a good person and being
a good lawyer is not mutually exclusive. And if you ever �nd yourself in a situation when one comes at the cost of the
other, I urge you to become a good person �rst,” he said. �is is such a compelling statement; generations will have to
think.
MANAS: WHAT ARE IMPORTANT ELEMENTS TO KEEP IN MIND WHILE ANSWERING A CASE STUDY, WHICH
AN EXAMINER WILL DEFINITELY LOOK FOR?
Nanditesh Nilay: First, the student must be well-versed with Section A. It is the foundation of knowledge as well as the
character. Second, the aspirant should be thinking wisely and carrying a holistic view. �ird, the approach must be
convincing and for that league, only an ethical ink is responsible for. And fourth, the student must be sensitive and
nothing should be deceitful or cosmetic. One cannot impress through ethics but only reach the common. Remember
this for your life in general.
MANAS: IS THERE ANY IMPORTANCE IN THE PRESENTATION OF A CASE STUDY?

Nanditesh Nilay: A case study is itself a presentation of a phenomenon. Answering wisely, clearly, and methodically
should be the focus. �e biggest statement of a case study is of Mahatma Gandhi when he said, “My life is a message.”
So, we all human beings leave a message for generations. Ethical virtues shape life as a message. ‘Message’ is the word I
stress upon. Do the aspirants believe in making their civil service journey a message of ethical virtues? Let’s answer this
case.
95
PRACTICE QUIZ
BRUSH UP YOUR CURRENT AFFAIRS

KNOWLEDGE AND CONSOLIDATE
YOUR UPSC CSE PREPARATION.
Compiled by Nitendra Pal Singh 2. Mizoram
QUESTION 1 3. Assam
CONSIDER THE FOLLOWING 4. Nagaland
STATEMENTS:
HOW MANY OF THE ABOVE STATES
1. All proceedings in the Supreme Court and BORDER MANIPUR?
in every High Court shall be in the English
(a) Only one
language.
(b) Only two
2. The use of the Hindi language, or any other
language used for any official purposes of the (c) All three
State, in proceedings in the High Court does
not require any authorisation by the (d) All four
Governor. QUESTION 3
WHICH OF THE STATEMENT�S� GIVEN WITH REFERENCE TO THE ECONOMIC
ABOVE IS/ARE CORRECT? COMMUNITY OF WEST AFRICAN STATES
(a) 1 Only (ECOWAS), CONSIDER THE FOLLOWING
STATEMENTS:
(b) 2 Only
1. It is the regional group that was established
(c) Both 1 and 2 in 1975 through the Lagos Treaty.
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 2. It aims to have multiple currency systems.
QUESTION 2 3. �e countries that are part of ECOWAS are
governed in accordance with the principles of
CONSIDER THE FOLLOWING:
democracy, rule of law and good governance.
STATEMENTS:
How many of the statements given above are
1. Tripura correct?
96
HOW MANY OF THE STATEMENTS GIVEN (d) United States

ABOVE ARE CORRECT?
QUESTION 6
(a) Only one
MAUI ISLAND AND THE TOWN OF
(b) Only two LAHAINA WERE RECENTLY IN THE NEWS
DUE TO:
(c) All three
(a) Rising of Sea Level
(d) None
(b) Wild�res
QUESTION 4
(c) Floods
WITH REFERENCE TO THE ASSAM RIFLES,
CONSIDER THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS: (d) Typhoon
1. It is one of the central armed police forces QUESTION 7
(CAPFs) under the administrative control of the
Ministry of Home A�airs (MHA). WITH REFERENCE TO 3�D PRINTING,
CONSIDER THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS:
2. It is tasked with maintaining law and order in
the Northeast along with the Indian Army. 1. �ese construct the desired object by using a
layering method, which is the complete opposite
3. It is the only paramilitary force with a dual of the subtractive manufacturing processes.
control structure.
2. 3D printers build from top to bottom by piling
4. �e Assam Ri�es guard the India-China on layer a�er layer.
border.
3. It requires the model to be designed on
HOW MANY OF THE STATEMENTS GIVEN computer-aid design (CAD) so�ware.
ABOVE ARE CORRECT?
HOW MANY OF THE STATEMENTS GIVEN
(a) Only one ABOVE ARE CORRECT?
(b) Only two (a) Only one
(c) Only three (b) Only two
(d) All four (c) All three
QUESTION 5 (d) None
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING COUNTRIES QUESTION 8
HAS LAUNCHED A “SPONGE CITY”
INITIATIVE AIMED AT REDUCING URBAN KALKA�SHIMLA RAILWAY �KSR� WAS IN THE
FLOOD RISKS? NEWS DUE TO LAND SLIDING, CONSIDER
THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS ABOUT
(a) China KALKA�SHIMLA RAILWAY:
(b) Bangladesh 1. It is a World Heritage Site declared by
(c) India UNESCO in 2018.
97
2. �e railway line was laid by the British a�er (c) All three
buying land from the Maharaja of Patiala and the
Rana of Keonthal. (d) None
QUESTION 11
3. It is a broad gauge railway line in the state of
Himachal Pradesh and Punjab. SULINA CHANNEL WAS IN THE NEWS
HOW MANY OF THE STATEMENTS GIVEN RECENTLY. IT CONNECTS:
ABOVE ARE CORRECT? (a) Spain and Morrocco in the Mediterranean Sea
(a) Only one (b) Sudan and Saudi in the Red Sea
(b) Only two (c) Major Ukrainian ports on the river to the
(c) Only three Black Sea
(d) None (d) Fishing region between Russia and the U.S.A
QUESTION 9 QUESTION 12
LUNA 25 WAS IN THE NEWS RECENTLY. IT IS: IN HER ADDRESS TO THE NATION ON THE
EVE OF INDEPENDENCE DAY, PRESIDENT
(a) Surface-to-air ballistic missile of Israel DROUPADI MURMU PAID TRIBUTES TO
MATANGINI HAZRA AND KANAKLATA
(b) Unmanned air vehicle of France
BARUA. CONSIDER THE FOLLOWING
(c) Intercontinental missile of the U.S.A STATEMENTS:
(d) Moon mission of Russia 1. Matangini Hazra was martyred by British
bullets, leading a march during the Quit India
QUESTION 10 movement of 1942, in Tamluk in West Bengal.
WITH REFERENCE TO THE EG.5/ERIS 2. Kanaklata Barua was the youngest martyr of
VARIANT OF COVID, CONSIDER THE the Non-cooperation Movement in Assam.
FOLLOWING STATEMENTS:
WHICH OF THE STATEMENT�S� GIVEN
1. �e WHO classi�ed EG.5 as a Variant of ABOVE IS/ARE CORRECT?
Concern (VOC) due to rising infection rates
attributed to the variant. (a) 1 only
2. It has an additional spike mutation. (b) 2 only
3. It spreads fast and has an ability called (c) Both 1 and 2
“immune escape”. (d) Neither 1 nor 2
HOW MANY OF THE STATEMENTS GIVEN QUESTION 13
ABOVE ARE CORRECT?
WITH REFERENCE TO THE FUJIWHARA
(a) Only one EFFECT, CONSIDER THE FOLLOWING
(b) Only two STATEMENTS:
98
1. �e e�ect can be seen when two hurricanes (a) Only one

spin in the opposite direction.
(b) Only two
2. It can be seen only in the Paci�c Ocean.
(c) Only three
ABOVE IS/ARE CORRECT? (d) All four
(a) 1 only QUESTION 16
(b) 2 only WITH REFERENCE TO THE STATE OF

INDIA’S BIRDS, 2023 REPORT, CONSIDER THE
(c) Both 1 and 2 FOLLOWING STATEMENTS:
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 1. Peafowl is one of the most rapidly increasing
QUESTION 14 species in the country.
CONSIDER THE FOLLOWING PAIRS: 2. �e number of Glossy Ibis and Black-headed

Ibis has decreased.
Region in News Location
3. Ducks are rapidly increasing in India.
1. Fukushima Daiichi
Nuclear Power Plant, Russia 4. White-rumped vultures have su�ered the
maximum long-term declines.
2. Demchok Bhutan
3. Depsang Plains India ABOVE ARE CORRECT?
HOW MANY OF THE PAIRS GIVEN ABOVE
ARE CORRECTLY MATCHED? (a) Only one
(a) Only one (b) Only two
(b) Only two (c) Only three
(c) All three (d) All four
(d) None QUESTION 17
QUESTION 15 THE GOND PAINTING WAS RECENTLY IN

THE NEWS RECENTLY. CONSIDER THE
CONSIDER THE FOLLOWING: FOLLOWING STATEMENTS ABOUT GOND
PAINTINGS:
1. Corals
1. It is created by dots and lines.
2. Seagrasses
2. Chhatisgarh has been granted the
3. Jelly�sh
Geographical Indication (GI) tag for Gond
4. Sponges paintings.
HOW MANY OF THE ABOVE ARE WORST 3. Paintings have been a part of pictorial art on
AFFECTED BY THE MARINE HEAT WAVES? walls and �oors of the Gond community.
99
HOW MANY OF THE STATEMENTS GIVEN Indian subcontinent.

ABOVE ARE CORRECT?
4. �e gigantic Bridheshwara Temple is one of the
(a) Only one �nest examples of artistic brilliance.
(b) Only two HOW MANY OF THE STATEMENTS GIVEN
ABOVE ARE CORRECT?
(c) All three
(a) Only one
(d) None
(b) Only two
QUESTION 18
(c) Only three
WITH REFERENCE TO THE IMPEACHMENT
OF THE PRESIDENT IN INDIA, CONSIDER (d) All four
THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS:
QUESTION 20
1. �e impeachment motion should be moved
a�er at least 30 days’ notice in writing signed by WITH REFERENCE TO BLACK HOLES,
not less than one-fourth of the total number of CONSIDER THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS:
members of the House of their intention to move 1. A black hole is formed when stars collapse,
the resolution. leading to a space in the universe with an escape
velocity.
2. �e impeachment motion can be passed by a
simple majority. 2. Black holes are visible and do not require
WHICH OF THE STATEMENT�S� GIVEN spatial telescopes and special tools.
ABOVE IS/ARE CORRECT? 3. In 2020, Reinhard Genzel and Andrea Ghez
(a) 1 only jointly got Nobel Prize in Physics for furthering
the understanding of black holes.
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2 ABOVE ARE CORRECT?
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 (a) Only one
QUESTION 19 (b) Only two
WITH REFERENCE TO THE CHOLA EMPIRE, (c) All three
(d) None
1. �e Chola kingdom stretched across present-
day Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and parts of Andhra QUESTION 21
Pradesh and Karnataka.
WITH REFERENCE TO THE MINERAL
2. �e empire was at its most expansive under SECURITY PARTNERSHIP �MSP�, CONSIDER
Rajendra. THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS:
3. Arulmozhivarman was one of the only Indian 1. India has been inducted into the Mineral
monarchs to conquer territory outside the Security Partnership.
100
2. It is a Russia-led collaboration of 14 countries all the then members of the House.

that aims to catalyse public and private
investment in critical mineral supply chains 3. Salaries and allowances of the deputy speaker
globally. are speci�ed in the Second Schedule.
WHICH OF THE STATEMENT�S� GIVEN HOW MANY OF THE STATEMENTS GIVEN

ABOVE IS/ARE CORRECT? ABOVE ARE CORRECT?
(a) 1 only (a) Only one
(b) 2 only (b) Only two
(c) Both 1 and 2 (c) All three
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 (d) None
CONSIDER THE FOLLOWING PAIRS WHICH WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING STATE HAS
WERE RECENTLY SEEN IN THE NEWS: GOT GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATION �GI� TAG
FOR ALLAGADDA STONE CARVING?
Place Country
(a) Odisha
1. Nagapattinam Sri Lanka
(b) Karnataka
2. Kankesanturai Bangladesh
(c) Andhra Pradesh
3. Darvaza gas crater Uzbekistan
(d) Assam
HOW MANY OF THE PAIRS GIVEN ABOVE
ARE CORRECTLY MATCHED? QUESTION 25
(a) Only one WITH REFERENCE TO THE SHELF CLOUD,

(b) Only two
1. A shelf cloud will usually be associated with a
(c) All three solid line of storms.
(d) None 2. �ey rotate on a vertical axis.
QUESTION 23 3. �ese are much smaller and more compact
than wall clouds.
WITH REFERENCE TO THE DEPUTY
SPEAKER OF THE HOUSE OF THE PEOPLE, HOW MANY OF THE STATEMENTS GIVEN
CONSIDER THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS: ABOVE ARE CORRECT?
1. �e election of the Deputy Speaker takes place (a) Only one
as per the procedure mentioned in the Article 94
of the Constitution of India. (b) Only two
2. He may be removed from o�ce by a resolution (c) All three

of the House of the People passed by a majority of (d) None
101
QUESTION 26 CONSIDER THE FOLLOWING:

WITH REFERENCE TO THE LONSDALEITE, 1. Unusual cold in March and April.
2. Leaf curl virus.
1. It is a rare hexagonal form of diamond.
3. Pest attack
2. It was formed by a supercritical chemical
vapour deposition process that happened on the 4. Many farmers abandon their crops.
dwarf planet shortly a�er a catastrophic collision. HOW MANY OF THE ABOVE ARE THE
WHICH OF THE STATEMENT�S� GIVEN REASONS FOR THE HIGH PRICE OF
ABOVE IS/ARE CORRECT? TOMATOES?
(a) 1 only (a) Only one
(b) 2 only (b) Only two
(c) Both 1 and 2 (c) Only three
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 (d) All four
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS
WITH REFERENCE TO THE MAHATMA IS NOT CORRECT ABOUT THE SHANGHAI
GANDHI NATIONAL RURAL EMPLOYMENT COOPERATION ORGANISATION �SCO�?
GUARANTEE SCHEME �MG�NREGS�,
CONSIDER THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS: (a) India’s association with the SCO began in
2005 as a full-time member.
1. �e scheme guarantees 100 days of wage
employment in a �nancial year to every rural (b) Iran is the latest member to join the
household whose adult members volunteer to do organisation as a full-time member.
unskilled manual work. (c) India is the host of the SCO Summit 2023.
2. Uttar Pradesh had the highest share, as 17 per (d) �e Shanghai Cooperation Organisation was
cent of families availed the bene�ts from the founded in 2001.
scheme in June 2023.
QUESTION 30
ABOVE IS/ARE CORRECT? THE PORTS OF ODESA, PIVDENNYI AND
CHORNOMORSK WERE RECENTLY IN THE
(a) 1 only NEWS. THEY ARE LOCATED IN:
(b) 2 only (a) Russia
(c) Both 1 and 2 (b) Slovakia
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 (c) Yemen
QUESTION 28 (d) Ukraine
102
QUESTION 31 (a) 1 only

INDIA HAS SIGNED A PACT � LOCAL (b) 2 only
CURRENCY SETTLEMENT SYSTEM �LCSS�
WITH WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING (c) Both 1 and 2
COUNTRIES TO TRADE IN LOCAL (d) Neither 1 nor 2
CURRENCIES?
QUESTION 34
(a) U.A.E
WITH REFERENCE TO THE GLOBAL
(b) Germany BIOFUELS ALLIANCE, CONSIDER THE
(c) Sri Lanka FOLLOWING STATEMENTS:
(d) U.S.A 1. India and France will work together towards

the development of a Global Biofuels Alliance.
QUESTION 32
2. �e alliance is aimed at facilitating cooperation
�is Cham Dance is performed by some members and intensifying the use of sustainable biofuels,
of the Tibetan Buddhist community wearing including in the transportation sector.
vibrant costumes, masks, and headgear. It is
believed that each mask signi�es the victory of good 3. �e Global Biofuel Alliance is one of the
over evil. It is also known as Tse-Chu, people dress priorities under India’s G20 Presidency.
up in traditional ensembles, enjoy local cuisines, HOW MANY OF THE STATEMENTS GIVEN
and partake in various religious ceremonies. ABOVE ARE CORRECT?
THE ABOVE�MENTIONED LINES REFER TO (a) Only one
WHICH FESTIVAL?
(b) Only two
(a) Hemis Festival
(c) All three
(b) Tulip festival
(d) None
(c) Shikara Festival
QUESTION 35
(d) Gurez Festival
CONSIDER THE FOLLOWING FACTORS:
QUESTION 33
1. Demand and supply
WITH REFERENCE TO THE PROROGATION, 2. Cost of production
3. Minimum 20 per cent margin over cost of
1. �e President can prorogue the House under production
Article 85 of the Constitution of India.
4. Previous year’s prices
2. When the House is prorogued, all pending
bills lapse. HOW MANY OF THE FACTORS GIVEN
ABOVE ARE TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT BY
WHICH OF THE STATEMENT�S� GIVEN THE COMMISSION FOR AGRICULTURAL
ABOVE IS/ARE CORRECT? COSTS AND PRICES FOR FIXING MINIMUM
103
SUPPORT PRICE �MSP�? WITH REFERENCE TO THE MIHIR BHOJ,

(a) Only one
1. He was a successful and ambitious ruler of the
(b) Only two Rashtrakutas of Deccan.
(c) All three 2. He conquered areas of Gujarat and Malwa.
(d) None 3. He was among the three big powers of the
QUESTION 36 times during the tripartite struggle.
IRIOMOTE ISLAND WAS IN THE NEWS HOW MANY OF THE STATEMENTS GIVEN
RECENTLY. IT IS LOCATED IN: ABOVE ARE CORRECT?
(a) China (a) Only one
(b) Russia (b) Only two
(c) Japan (c) All three
(d) South Korea (d) None
WITH REFERENCE TO THE STATE OF FOOD CONSIDER THE FOLLOWING:

SECURITY AND NUTRITION IN THE WORLD 1. �e State shall endeavour to promote cottage
2023, CONSIDER THE FOLLOWING industries in urban areas.
STATEMENTS:
2. �e State shall take steps to secure the
1. �e prevalence of undernourishment in the
participation of workers in the management of
total population has increased from 2004-06 to
undertakings, establishments or other
2020-22.
organisations engaged in any industry.
2. Prevalence of stunting in children (<5 years)
3. �e State shall endeavour to promote voluntary
has increased from 2012 to 2022.
formation and functioning of co-operative
3. Prevalence of overweight in children (<5 years) societies.
has decreased from 2012 to 2022. HOW MANY OF THE STATEMENTS GIVEN
HOW MANY OF THE STATEMENTS GIVEN ABOVE ARE COVERED UNDER DIRECTIVE
ABOVE ARE CORRECT? PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY?
(a) Only one (a) Only one
(b) Only two (b) Only two
(c) All three (c) All three
(d) None (d) None
104
It is a perennial shrub that grows in saline, arid to QUESTION 42

semi-arid environments. �is species belongs to the
family of Amaranthaceae. It was earlier known from CONSIDER THE FOLLOWING PAIRS:
Italy, Northern Africa, Palestine, Spain and Western Place Region
Sahara, but it has been reported for the �rst time from
India based on the collection made from Khadir Bet, 1. Zmiinyi Island Red Sea
Kutch, Gujarat. �e new plant species, according to 2. Karakalpakstan Afghanistan
the paper, is a perennial, succulent shrub that can
grow one to two metres tall and have a smooth, 3. Vale do Javari Amazon Rainforest
cylindrical, woody base. HOW MANY OF THE PAIRS GIVEN ABOVE
THE ABOVE�MENTIONED LINES REFER TO: ARE CORRECT?
(a) Victoria boliviana (a) Only one
(b) Hydnum reginae (b) Only two
(c) Carpotroche caceresiae (c) All three
(d) Salsola oppositifolia Desfontania (d) None
PORT OF HAFIA WAS IN THE NEWS DUE TO
WITH REFERENCE TO THE STANDING
PRIVATISATION. THE PORT IS LOCATED IN:
COMMITTEE ON STATISTICS �SCOS�,
CONSIDER THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS: (a) Iran
1. It advises on survey methodology including (b) Oman
sampling frame, sampling design and survey
instruments. (c) Israel
2. It provides guidance to conduct pilot surveys/ (d) Yemen

pre-testing. QUESTION 44
3. It provides technical guidance to the Central and WITH REFERENCE TO THE DIGITAL SERVICES
State level agencies for the conduct of the surveys. ACT �DSA� OF THE EUROPEAN UNION,
4. It was earlier known as the Standing Committee CONSIDER THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS:
on Economic Statistics (SCES). 1. Social media companies are required to add “new
HOW MANY OF THE STATEMENTS GIVEN procedures for faster removal” of content deemed
ABOVE ARE CORRECT? illegal or harmful.
(a) Only one 2. Users should display personalised ads directed

towards minors or based on sensitive personal data.
(b) Only two
3. It does not impose penalties for non-
(c) Only three compliance.
(d) All four HOW MANY OF THE STATEMENTS GIVEN
105
ABOVE ARE CORRECT? CONSIDER THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS:

(a) Only one 1. �e point closest to Earth in the moon’s elliptical
orbit is called apogee.
(b) Only two
2. A full moon occurs when the moon is directly
(c) All three opposite the sun as seen from Earth.
(d) None 3. �e blue colour of the moon appears due to the
QUESTION 45 scattering of light.
THE BAIRABI�SAIRANG RAILWAY PROJECT HOW MANY OF THE STATEMENTS GIVEN
WAS IN THE NEWS DUE TO COLLAPSE OF THE ABOVE ARE CORRECT?
UNDER�CONSTRUCTION RAILWAY BRIDGE. (a) Only one
THE RAILWAY PROJECT IS LOCATED IN
WHICH STATE? (b) Only two
(a) Assam (c) All three
(b) West Bengal (d) None
(c) Mizoram QUESTION 48
(d) Odisha CONSIDER THE FOLLOWING PAIRS:
QUESTION 46 1. Shiv Shakti Point – �e point where the

Chandrayaan-3 rover touched down on the lunar
WITH REFERENCE TO THE G�20, CONSIDER surface.
THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS:
2. Jawahar Sthal – �e point where Chandrayaan-2
1. It was formed in 2009 in the backdrop of the crashed in 2019.
�nancial crisis that hit East Asia and Southeast Asia.
3. Tiranga – �e point where the Probe strikes the
2. It represents around 85 per cent of the global lunar surface during India’s �rst lunar orbiter
GDP. mission Chandrayaan-1
3. �e G20 Presidency rotates bi-annually. HOW MANY OF THE STATEMENTS GIVEN
ABOVE ARE CORRECT?
ABOVE ARE CORRECT? (a) Only one
(a) Only one (b) Only two
(b) Only two (c) All three
(c) All three (d) None
(d) None QUESTION 49
QUESTION 47 CONSIDER THE FOLLOWING FACTORS:
106
(a) Urbanisation 1. It is India’s �rst space-based mission to study

the Sun.
(b) Infrastructural development
2. �e mission will be carried into space by the
(c) Monocultures
Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV)
(d) Environmental Pollutants in ‘XL’ con�guration.
HOW MANY OF THE ABOVE FACTORS ARE 3. �e spacecra� will �nally be stationed in a halo
RESPONSIBLE FOR THE DECLINE OF BIRDS orbit around the Lagrange point 1 (L1) of the
IN INDIA? Sun-Earth system.
(a) Only one 4. �e objective of the mission is to study the
inner atmospheric layers of the Sun.
(b) Only two
(c) Only three ABOVE ARE CORRECT?
(d) All four (a) Only one
QUESTION 50 (b) Only two
WITH REFERENCE TO THE ADITYA L�1 (c) Only three
MISSION, CONSIDER THE FOLLOWING
STATEMENTS: (d) All four
ANSWER KEY
1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (a) 6. (b) 7. (b) 8. (a) 9. (d) 10. (b) 11. (c) 12. (a) 13. (d)
14. (a) 15. (c) 16. (b) 17. (b) 18. (d) 19. (b) 20. (b) 21. (a) 22. (d) 23. (b) 24. (c) 25. (a) 26. (c)
27. (a) 28. (c) 29. (a) 30. (d) 31. (a) 32. (a) 33. (a) 34. (b) 35. (b) 36. (c) 37. (a) 38. (b) 39. (b)
40. (d) 41. (d) 42. (a) 43. (c) 44. (a) 45. (c) 46. (a) 47. (b) 48. (d) 49. (d) 50. (b)
107

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October 2023 Issue

INDIA’S G20 PRESIDENCY

Some of its major objectives are as follows:

Why are the International and Regional Organisations invited?

HOW WAS G20 CREATED?

Aftermath of the Asian financial crisis

A BRIEF GUIDE TO ALL

2010: South Korea

WHY G20 MATTERS

What has the G20 accomplished?

WHAT IS THE G20 LOGO AND

What is the significance of the G20 theme?

WHAT HAPPENED AT THIS YEAR’S

Environment and Climate Ministers’ Meeting

G20 NEW DELHI LEADERS’

G20 NEW DELHI LEADERS’

Dlivering A Win-Win On The Ukraine Question

Progress for all; focus on education, health

…Digital infrastructure, and a safe, secure Internet

From Delhi, a vision for Brazil, South Africa, US

CRYPTO TO CLIMATE: DELHI TAKES

NORTH-SOUTH DIVIDE, AND G20 AS A

AFRICAN UNION IN G20:

What can be the upshot of AU’s inclusion in G20?

HOW INDIA SUCCESSFULLY

HOW GLOBAL EVENTS PUT

WHAT IS INDIA-MIDDLE EAST-EUROPE

Anil Sasi writes:

SEVEN REASONS WHY THE INDIA-

The project underlines several new geopolitical trends:

WITH THE ANNOUNCED INDIA-EUROPE

logistics. Since 2022, the Narendra

WHAT WAS BEHIND XI JINPING’S

HOW THE G20 DECLARATION ON HEALTH

What is this digital health programme?

G20 SUMMIT: HOW WIN-WIN CAME,

EXPRESS EDGE / HISTORY & CULTURE

HOW THE SIKH MIGRATION

Wri�en by Alind Chauhan

HISTORY & CULTURE

EXPERT WEIGHS IN | ‘TAGORE’S VISION

In 1921, Tagore set up Visva Bharati,

WOMEN’S RESERVATION BILL

WHAT DOES THE BILL INTRODUCED IN

commencement.” �e upshot of these conditions is that

WHAT CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS WILL BE NEEDED TO OPERATIONALISE THE SCHEME OF

HOW DOES RESERVATION FOR WOMEN IN PANCHAYATI

THE ISSUE OF DELIMITATION:

WHEN WAS THE LAST DELIMITATION EXERCISE CARRIED OUT?

WHAT MAKES DELIMITATION A POLITICAL HOT POTATO?

WILL RESERVATION REALLY

THE INDIA-CANADA STANDOFF

THE STORY SO FAR

5 KEY INDICATORS ON IMMIGRATION,

WHAT’S THE LINK BETWEEN GDP

WHY DON’T INDIAN POLICYMAKERS � OR INDEED THE GENERAL PUBLIC � BOTHER

‘EARTH IS NOW WELL OUTSIDE OF THE

operating space for humanity that existed

A starving polar bear. (Photo: Wikimedia Commons)

HOW IS THE PLANETARY BOUNDARIES

WHAT’S THE SIGNIFICANCE OF YOUR FINDINGS IN THE CONTEXT OF AN INCREASINGLY

USE OF ARMED FORCES TO QUELL

UPSC SPECIALS / SOCIETY & SOCIAL JUSTICE