Project Background Tables of Content

1. Introduction
1.1 Introduction and Purpose
1.2 Contract Data
1.3 Scope of Services and Objectives
1.3.1 Objective of Project
1.3.2 The Scope of Project Services
2. Project Description
2.1 Type of Project
2.2 Location
2.3 Project Back Ground
3. Land use categories, power estimation, and power forecast
3.1 Land use categories
3.2 Power Estimation
3.3 Load Growth Forecast
4. Planning and design of the medium voltage network
4.1 The operation mode of the power supply system
4.2 The selection of equipment
4. 3 Selection of Topology and Hierarchy
4.3.1 The fundamental structure of the power system configuration (topology)
4.3.2 Selection of Topology
4.3.3 Hierarchical Approaches
4.4 Distribution System Remote Monitoring
5. Road Lighting Design
6. Telecommunication Networks
6.1 Overview
6.2 Preferred Telecom Infrastructure for Andode Tuma Project
6.3 Optical Access Network
6.4 Full-Service Optical Access Network
6.5 Introduction
6.6 Optical Fiber
6.7 Optical Access Network Architecture
 7. SWOT Analysis Major Finding and their Implications
7.1 SWOT Analysis
7.2 Summary of Major Findings/ Planning Issues & Planning Implications
7.3 Synthesis of Major Finding/planning issue and their implication

List of Figures
Figure 2.1 Location of the Project
Figure 2.2 Small Village nest to condominium
Figure 3.1 Picture Sample of transformer and High Tension
Figure 3.2 Picture for sample transformer and LV electric line
Figure 3.3 Sub-Station –Salo Gora Gelan condominium
Figure 3.4 Gelan condominium Sub-station
Figure 3.5 telecom tower electric utility
Figure 5.1 Typical radial topology
Figure 5.2 Typical Ring topology
Figure 5.3 SCADA block diagram system
Figure 5.4 Nomo solar pole Lighting
List of Tables
Table: 1.1 Project Data for Andode Tuma site
Table: 2.1 Project Description for Power and Telecom
Table: 3.1 Exist telecommunication figures
 1. Introduction
1.1 Introduction and Purpose
Shaggar is the recent instituted city which formulated and endorsed by Oromia Regional
government. It has been known that an administration city faces many challenges to fulfil the need
of infrastructure and facilities and housing. To solve the mentioned problem Shaggar city
Administration launched five Neighborhood Development Plans projects for implementation.

The project is aimed at providing the high‐class basic infrastructure development that can
contribute to the regional, national, and international prospect investors creating opportunities to
participate in the diverse impact and export trades and manufacturing activities.

Since, smart city is a place where traditional networks and services are made more flexible,
efficient, and sustainable with the use of information, digital and telecommunication technologies,
to improve its operations for the benefit of its inhabitants. Smart cities are greener, safer, faster
and friendlier. The different components of a smart city include smart infrastructure, smart
transportation, smart energy, smart healthcare, and smart technology. These components are what
makes the cities smart and efficient. Information and communication technology (ICT) are
enabling keys for transforming traditional cities to smart cities.

The purpose of this report is to describe the current status of electric power, street light and telecom
infrastructure level in the area. It illustrates the overall infrastructure accessibility within the
selected site. Type of telecom system, transmission system and power supply and its distribution
mode of the community.
1.2 Contract Data
Project Name Sheger City Administration

Client Sheger City Administration

Consultant ECO
Type of Services
Project Period

Table 1.1 Project Data for Andode Tuma site

1.3 Scope of Services and Objectives
1.3.1 Objective of Project
The fundamental intention of Andode Tuma project is to develop commercial city with modern
styles of urbanization characterized by and equipped with efficient and effective well planned and
designed basic infrastructures. To do these, it is vital to generate complete detailed studies and
designs, proposals, and identifying the approaches are consultant’s roles and responsibilities.

The general objective as described in the TOR is to prepare an implementable Neighborhood

Development Plan for the site to “facilitate the implementation of the Spatial Development Plan
Framework proposal to bring compact, healthy, livable, vibrant, inclusive and sustainable
development”, and to establish competitive modern commercial city with all attendant facilities.
1.3.2 The Scope of Project Services

The Consultancy services shall be carried following generally accepted standards of professional
practice, following recognized engineering procedures. The Consultant’s scope of work is to
Prepare Neighborhood Development Plan for different five sites, produce detailed engineering
designs for infrastructure and utilities in the NDP including roads, water supply,
sewerage, wastewater treatment plant, power, telecom, and solid waste site. The general scope of
the service covers the following major tasks.
 Carry out the necessary field investigation including all field works like site visits, data
collection from the project site.
 Carry out preliminary and final design works covering preparation of preliminary design
and final design.
 Identifying and evaluating of the existing utilities, and preparing the existing statues and
the proposals.

2. Project Description
2.1 Type of Project
The project has proposed to launch Neighborhood Development Plan which is an action- oriented
development basis to improve the living standard inhabitants significantly.
2.2 Location
The site is located at about 8.8684° latitude 38.8334° longitude.

Fig-2.1 Location of the Project

Andode Tuma is located in Oromia National Regional State, Shaggar administration city. The
project site is surrounded by Addis Ababa - Adama highway in the south, Koye Andode Tuma
condominium in the north direction and Tullu Dimtu condominium in West direction. The Andode
Tuma project site includes one town which adjacent to Tullu Dimtu condominium,
and 3 rural kebeles. Most of the project area is covered by agriculture. The total project area is
1391 hectare, and about eight hundred house holders have been existed in project area.

Fig-2.2- Small Village nest to condominium

2.3 Project Back Ground
As stated in TOR, Shaggar City Planning and Development Office (SPDO) is established with the
mission making the city guided by a plan and principle of comprehensive development, which
shall be prepared and delivered in modern, timely, and cost-effective manner to enhance city’s
development. The city administration then, has formulated five Neighborhood Development Plans
projects inception of developing a special economic zone in which industrialized and
urbanized smart city shall be realized in a strategically and geographical surrounding Finfinee
district. ECO Engineering Corporation of Oromia, is the consulting firm, has been recruited to
undertake Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document for utility and infrastructure.

Project Name Shaggar City Administration

Client Shaggar City Administration

Region/Zone ECO

Length/Capacity

Climate Classification

Elevation (m) min-max

Table 2.1 Project Description for Power and Telecom

3. Land use categories, power estimation, and power forecast

Most commonly power demand estimation can be done by adding the capacities of the different
electrical equipment used for the different land‐use categories. However, in the conditions
where there are no particular load schedules, standardized load densities are used for different la
nd use categories to estimate the power.

3.1 Land use categories

The major land use categories considered for the power demand estimation in the Andode Tuma
project are manufactures, residential, Logistic, commercial, recreation, transport, service, special
service, urban agriculture and administration. The following table shows the planned land use
functions portion:
 S.No Space Activity Area in meter Area in percentage%
square hectare
1 Commercial 1,543,710.00 154.37 11
2 Residence 3,018,180.00 301.82 22
3 Recreation 3,027,367 302.74 22
4 Urban Agriculture 2,362.00 0.24 0.017
5 Service 478,933 47.89 3.44
6 Land use 144073 14.407 1.035
7 Administration 372,180.00 37.218 2.68
8 Logistic 4,112,284.00 411.28 29.56
9 Transport 1,980,231 198 14.24
Table 3.1- Land use categories.
 Space Activity
Commercial
Residen
11 Recreation
29.56 Urban Agri
22 Service

2.68 Land Use

1.035
3.44
0.017 Admimistr
22
Logistic
Transport

Fig: - Space Activity area in hectare

a) Administration Center
The Administration Centers include all civic centers such as municipal, sectorial offices and other
civic centers are planned as compact and pedestrian‐friendly systems, which respect the scales of
the planned urban form. The total are coverage of administration center is 37.18 hectare (2.68%).
However, the circulation and green area should be suggested and so the total area consider for
administration building is 70% of the total area. Additionally, the supposed floor area for each

b) Residential
According to data and information collected from our socio-economics, the density of residential
is 120 dwelling/hectare. The Population density within this residential classification is estimated
to be 87,384 and 26400 households. The total area thought for residential is 302 hectare. The
estimated height of the total floor is assumed for residential buildings 10floors.

3.2 Power Estimation

The power estimation is an essential task and forms the basis for the planning of the power system
There are five methods to estimate power.
1. Load forecast with load increase factors – This method is based
on the existing power system load and the increase in past years and
estimate the future load increase employing exponential increase
functions and trend analyses.
 2. Load forecast with economic characteristic data – Load forecast
with economic characteristic data assumes different relations between
economic growth, availability of energy resources, energy
consumption and requirement in general, and growth in population
3. Load forecast with estimated values – Matching existing
settlements based on area, population number, etc. with the new
proposed area.
4. Load forecast with specific loads and degrees of electrification –
More exact planning is possible using development plans from planners
and estimating the power demand based on different types and number
of stories.
5. Load forecast with standardized load curves ‐ Determination of
the system load based on annual energy consumptions of individual
consumer or consumer groups, which can be taken from the service
provider
For this project, we estimated the power demand with “the load forecast with a specific load and
degrees of electrification” method. The method takes into account standard load densities (W/m2)
for different applications. The load densities are taken from IEEE 241‐1991 and NEC standards.

This method is selected due to the following reasons:

 It is the best among the different forecasting methods
(i.e. load forecast with load increase factor, load forecast
with economic characteristic data, load forecast with
estimated values)
 There is a development plan
 The different types of buildings and the number of stories are
specified.
Based on this, the power estimation of all 100plots, arranged in 10 different functional land use.

S.No Land Use Cat Total area-m2 Area for Building-m2 Number of floor(max) Total area of Buil
1 Commercial 1,543,710.00 926,226.00 10 9262260
2 Logistic 4,112,284.00 2,467,370.40 1 2467370.4
3 Residential 3,018,180.00 1,810,908.00 10 18109080
 4 Service 54,755.00 32,853.00 6 197118
5 Spec Service 73,364.00 44,018.40 buffer zone for PHT 0
Urban
6 Agriculture 2,362.00 0 0
7 administrator 372,180.00 223,308.00 10 2233080
Table 3.2 Estimated used area for different purpose

Demand forcast Demand forcast

Space Total floor area Estimated power
S.No withi next 5 within next
occupancy in m2 demand in kw
years=Pdnow*1.05 10years=Pdnow*1.1

1 Commercial 9,262,260.00 111,147.12 116,704.48 122,261.83

3 Logistic 2,467,370.40 29,608.44 31,088.87 32,569.29

4 Residential 18,109,080.00 217,308.96 228,174.41 239,039.86

5 Service 197,118.00 2,365.42 2,483.69 2,601.96

6 Spec Service - - - -
Urban
7 Agriclture - - - -

8 administrature 2,233,080.00 26,796.96 28,136.81 29,476.66

Total 387,226.90 406588.2458 425949.5909

Table 3.3 Power demand of each block with the next 5 and 10 years forecast

Load Demand in MW

111 Commertial
Logistic

218 Residen
30
Adminstr
30

Figure 3.3 Power demand for 10 spaces Activities

3.3 Load Growth Forecast

Electrical Load Prediction is the estimation of future load by the designer. Prediction of
the load is an important and central process in the planning of transmission and
distribution systems. Load estimation perdition is important for the reduction of the
distribution system from problems like
 Overloading
 Instability in the system
 Power cuts and power shortage
 Poor reliability and safety issues
For the Andode Tuma project area, the load growth forecast is based on the IEC standard
i.e. the Impact of nominal load growth over time. Typically, some slight growth in kilowatt
demand (Generally 0.5 to 1% per year) will be experienced over time. In this case, we use 1%
for the load forecast. As per this, the additional demand growth over 10 years the demand will
be 407MW. Considering the power factor 0.8, the total capacity requirements for the next 10
years will be 509MVA. The details of the IEEE and NEC standards and the power calculation
and growth forecast for each land functions are annexed in Appendix A, B, and C respectively.

3.4 Review of Existing and planned substations

Currently, there are nine sub-stations which are nearby to six NDP. The power source of all
sub-stations are from hydropower plants. The installed capacity and voltage levels of each sub-
stations which are closer to NDPs sites are illustrated below in below.

Transmission lines passing through the selected area

S.No Name of Transmission line Voltage level(kV) Selected Areas passed over by the transmission line

1 Sebeta 2-kality 1 230kV line 230 Gara Furi,Galan Guda,Galan Logestic

2 Kality 1-Mekanisa 132kV line 132 Gara Furi,Galan Guda,Galan Logestic

3 kalti 1-Gefersa 132kV line 132 Galan Guda,Galan Logestic

4 Kaliti 1-Legetafo 230kV line 230 Galan Logestic, Andode Tuma

5 Gelan-kaliti 1 132kV line 132 Galan Logestic

6 Gelan-Indode TS-Kaliti 1 132kV line 132 Galan Logestic

7 Gelan-yesu-Kaliti 1 132kV line 132 Galan Logestic

8 Koye Abo-Gelan 400kV line 400 Andode Tuma

Table 3.4 Ring Transmission line Interconnect Sub-Station--- (source:-EEP)
Among the above mentioned sub-stations the three nearby and best alternative sub-stations for
Andode Tuma Project are:

 Sub-station Koye-Abo, which located near to Andode Tuma Project, and

roughly 4km far from this site.
 The second sub-station is Gelan-yesu-Kality Sub-station, which about
6.2km far from the selected site.
 Kality I sub-station, near Gelan condominium. This is 7.3km far from the
project site.

Power Sub-station which are under Operation, and closest to NDPs

List of Sub-Station which are close to six NDPs site

capacity of transformer in (MVA)

Transformer Transformer
Substation Name
Voltage Ratio (kV) Rating (MVA)
33kV 15kV

132/66/15 25/25/25 0 12.5

132/15 25/31.5 0 31.5
1 Geferssa
132/33/15 30/15/15 15 15
132/45/15 50/16/50 0 68
132/45/15 25/25/10 0 10
132/45/15 12/12/4.0 0 4
132/15 50 0 50
2 Sebeta I
132/15 50 0 50
132/33 50 50 0
132/33 50 50 0
230/33 50 50 0
3 Sebeta II
230/33 125 125 0
132/15 40/50 0 50
Mekanissa
4 132/15 16/20 0 20
132/15 20/25 0 25
Kaliti II
132/15 20/25 0
7 25
132/45/15 22/22/7.3 0 7.3
132/45/15 22/22/7.3 0 7.3
8 Kaliti I 132/15 31.5 0 31.5
132/15 31.5 0 31.5
132/15 31.5 0 31.5
 132/33 50 50 0
230/33kV 125 0 125
230/33kV 125 0 125
9 Kilinto
230/33kV 125 0 125
230/33kV 125 0 125
230/33/15kV 125 62.5 62.5
10 Koye Abo 230/33/15kV 125 62.5 62.5
230/33/15kV 125 62.5 62.5
132/15 40/50 0 50
132/15 40/50 0 50
11 Gelan
132/33 40/50 0 50
132/33 40/50 0 50
Table: - The list of Sub-station closer to NDPs

Fig-2.2- Transmission lines feed different sub-station

From the above specification, the high tension transmission lines interconnected the sub-
stations which located inside and adjacent to Addis Ababa are categories four types, depend
on its capacity.
 1. Transmission line with 500KV…substituted by Pink color
2. Transmission line with 400K……substituted by back ‘’
3. Transmission line with 230KV…..’’ ‘’ ‘’ Red ‘’
4. Transmission line with 132KV…..’’ ‘’ ‘’ Green ‘’

4 Planning and design of the medium voltage network

The aim of planning electrical power systems is to fully serve the interests of the consumers
to be supplied with electricity. To determine the configuration of the power system in terms
of technical, operational, and economic criteria, planning principles have to be defined and
used. The reliability of the power supply system (Power station, transmission, and distribution
system, etc.) is influenced by:
 The operational mode of the power supply system
 The selection of equipment
 The fundamental structure of the power system
configuration(topology)
Understandably, 100% security and reliability of electrical power supply cannot be achieved.
In each case, a compromise between supply reliability, the design of the system, the operation
requirements, the interest of consumers, and the expected investment cost are to be
considered. The power system in the Andode Tuma project can be characterized into three
different subsystems according to its tasks.
 The high voltage transmission grid – Its major task is the
transportation of electrical energy over long distances (This is
not in our scope)
 Distribution systems with 33KV/66KV – This serves as a
network of distribution in urban population centers. Industrial
suppliers and high power demanding customers are provided
directly from the 33KV/66KV line.
 LV distribution with 480/220V – This is mainly done for individual
residential customers.
4.1 The operation mode of the power supply system

The mode of operation is the first major element in the architecture of the power network. There
are mainly two modes i.e. overhead and underground. The general understanding is that the
underground cables are laid beneath the ground and the overhead cables are visible overhead. But
apart from this, there are many significant features of both the types of these cables from the
perspectives of electrical power transmission or distribution. In the changed scenario of the power
system design, particularly, the distribution system, the cables, and their characteristics have
become highly selective and the technological advancements have also made the selection of cable
for a particular application more flexible. Several factors are affecting the selection of overhead or
underground transmission
System cost‐ the underground system is more expensive than the overhead
system.
Safety ‐ as the conductors are constantly exposed to the open
atmosphere, there are several concerns related to the safety of the
system and also reliability. The adverse conditions like heavy rain,
wind, snowfall, humid and salty contents in the air could deteriorate
the lifespan of these conductors and raise serious electrical safety
concerns. The underground system is not susceptible to such
environmental problems.
Possibility of expansion – On the possibility of expansion, the
overhead system is more preferable. However, in our case, all our
designs take into consideration future expansion and leave the
necessary space in the underground manholes and PVC ducts.
Fault detection – Fault detection is easier in overhead lines.

Suitability for long‐distance – Overhead installation is more suitable

for long distances. However, in our design, we provided switching
stations as intermediate facilities to minimize the distances.
Appearance – Overhead installations are traditional and are not good
aesthetically.
Although the overhead installations seem a good fit, the underground cables have several
advantages over the overhead lines; they have smaller voltage drops, low chances of
developing faults and have low maintenance costs. Recent developments in cable technology
make the underground cable more relevant and popular. Our research and experiences also
lead us to use underground installations as most new settlements around the globe chose
underground installation.
4.2 The selection of equipment

The selection of operation mode defines the type of conductor used in our system which is
underground cable. The next step is deciding the voltage level and hence deciding the
subsequent equipment. The voltage levels are selected based on IEC recommended system
voltages as shows in below table and EEP distribution voltage recommendations. The voltage
level of the nearby substations also influences the type of transformers at the substation.

Voltage Type Nominal System Supplied for Remark

Voltage
Low voltage(LV) 400v/230v Household customer
&small industry
‘’ 500v Motors of industries
Medium Voltage(MV) 6kv HV-motor in
Indust &power system
‘’ 10kv Urban supply&
Power system
‘’ 20kv Rural &indu power
system
‘’ ‘’ 30kv Indus supply, rural
power supply
High Voltage(HV) 110kv Urban transport, sub-
transmission system
High Voltage(HV) 220kv transmission system
High Voltage(HV) 380kv/400kv Transmission sytem
Table: Recommended System Voltages according to IEC 60038
4. 3 Selection of Topology and Hierarchy
4.3.1 The fundamental structure of the power system configuration (topology)
The selection of the new substation locations are influenced by what are the magnitudes of initial
loads and expected loads after 5, 10, 20 years? What is the likely transformer capacity required?
How many transformers will be required and will it be better to put in a smaller size and then
increase ratings later, e.g. after 10 years? Proximity to the load center keeping in view the future
load growth. The orientation of the proposed incoming lines to be terminated at the substations.
Is there a suitable route for the 132kV supply to this site? Can the 230kV/132kV line be routed
to this site without constraints? What site facilities and buildings will be required? What
minimum plot dimensions are needed for the substation? Are there any sensitive installations
nearby – e.g. telephone exchanges, hospitals?
 What type of switch gear will be best, outdoor 33KV, indoor 15KV, or some
other combination?
 Calculation of substation fault levels and conductor ratings.
 The cost of setting up a new substation

4.3.2 Selection of Topology

Reliability and operational considerations play an important role in power distribution system
planning and design. Radial distribution system topology is the most common topology worldwide
due to its simplicity in design and operation but it provides the least degree of reliability. On the
other hand, ring distribution systems represent a compromise solution that provides an increased
reliability level at moderate planning cost. Ring topology provides simple structure, low
maintenance cost, flexibility in response to load variability and faults and standardization of cables
cross-sectional areas. Interruption duration of loads after faults is limited to switching duration
only regardless of repair duration. Also, reserve capacity for service restoration is provided by the
same ring. In ring distribution systems, reliability is enhanced compared to radial system because
each load point can be supplied from the two ends of the ring. Ring distribution systems are radially
operated by opening at least one line segment along the ring tour, and the status of open/closed
lines changes in case of fault in a line segment for restoration of power

1) Radial Topology

The radial system is the simplest electrical distribution arrangement, and the least expensive in
terms of equipment initial cost. It’s also the least reliable arrangement since it only uses a single
utility source. The conventional simple radial system receives power at the utility supply voltage
at a single substation and steps the voltage down to the utilization level. The loss of the utility
source, transformer, or the service or distribution equipment will result in a loss of service.
Further, the loads must be shut down in order to perform maintenance on the system. This
arrangement is most commonly used where the need for low initial cost, simplicity, and space
economy outweigh the need for enhanced reliability.
Typical equipment for this system arrangement is a single unit substation consisting of a fused
primary switch, a transformer of sufficient size to supply the loads, and a low voltage switchboard.

Fig-3.5-Typical radial topology

  Loading of lines during normal operation is 50% of the permissible loading, higher loading
possible depending on the load duration.

 Reserve for one line outage is guaranteed.

 System losses can be minimized.
 Flexibility to respond to changing load conditions.
 Standardization of cross‐sections.

Advantages of the radial distribution system

 Simplest as fed at only end.

 The initial cost is low.
 It is useful when the generating is at low voltage.
 Preferred when the station is located at the center of the load.
 More economical for some areas which have a low load requirement
 Require less amount of cables
 It has a low maintenance

Disadvantages of the radial distribution system

 The end of distributor near to the substation gets heavily loaded.

 When load on the distributor changes, the clients at the distant end of the distributor
face serious voltage fluctuations.
 As users are dependent on single feeder and distributor, a fault on any of these two causes
interruption in supply to all the users connected to that distributor
2) Ring Topology

The simplest kind of ring‐main system is obtained by connecting the lines ends back to the
feeding station as shown in Fig. 3.6.
 Figure -3.6- Typical ring topology

 A Ring main typology is selected for the power distribution as it is the most reliable.

Advantages of the ring distribution system

• In ring power is supplied from both ends as compared to radial

• In case of a fault in the radial circuit the entire system goes off unlike in ring where by incase
one end gets a fault the other end still keeps on supplying power
• Compared to the radial system, the voltage drop is less along the distribution line
• More subscribers can be installed to the system than the radial system
• Less voltage fluctuations can be seen at client’s terminals. Voltage fluctuations in high loaded
areas can be reduced using a tie line
Disadvantages of the ring distribution system

• Ring is very expensive n requires more materials than radial

• Radial circuit is more economical
• High maintenance cost
• It is not usable when the client is located at the center of the load

4.3.3 Hierarchical Approaches

From the substations, outgoing circuits are provided to all the nearest loads (manufacturing,
commercial, residential, mixed residential,). In most cases, a single feeder is considered for all the
land use categories/customers. The main distribution element at each customer is the switching
station. The switching stations are the main instruments in utilizing the full benefits of the ring
typology as shown in Fig 4.4. The switching stations are placed closer to the loads.
This will benefit in the following ways:
 Reduced losses
 Risk containment and mitigation
 Will give a chance for future distributed energy resource
After the switching stations, RMUs are provided to the power the transformers at each buildings.
As much as possible, a single RMU is used to feed two adjacent transformers. A total of switching
station and 10 RMUs required for this project.
4.4 Distribution System Remote Monitoring

The control of the substation, monitoring of the status of the switchgear, feeder loads, and
transformer loading, metering, and other parameters can be remotely monitored. The choice of a
SCADA system will impose technical requirements that will need to be incorporated in the
substation and distribution design. A SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition) is an
automation control system that is used in industries such as energy, oil and gas, water, power, and
many more. The system has a centralized system that monitors and controls entire sites, ranging
from an industrial plant to a complex of plants across the country. A SCADA system works by
operating with signals that communicate via channels to provide the user with remote controls of
any equipment in a given system. It also implements a distributed database, or tag database, that
Human Machine Interface (HMI)
 supervisory system
  Remote Terminal Units (RTUs)
 Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs)
 communication infrastructures
We incorporated the SCADA system in our distribution plan as it fits the technical requirement
and it is already utilized by Ethiopian Electric Power for remote monitoring. The main control
station will be at the substations and each switching station is connected to the control room via
fiber optic cables.

Fig-3.7-SCADA block diagram system

5. Road Lighting Design

1) General description

 The main task of road lighting is to assure proper luminous levels on the roads to enable
the good vision for all road users.

2) Standard Use

 The right light levels are determined by the internationally accepted standard Commission
(CIE, International Commission on Illumination). This standard defines the required
lighting for every type of motorized road, with roads classified according to a set of
defining characteristics such as traffic volume and composition, the number of lanes,
usage, weather condition (fog, rain), and type of road surface ( paved, unpaved, cemented,
asphalt).
 There may many type of roads on this project. The height and spacing between street pole
is depends on the road design, land use and final city plan layout. Accordingly, the
selection of pole height, planning and design, selection of light fitting and analysis of
parameter shall be done after the work land use and categories with site plan is being
finalized.
 However, due to its many advantages, Nomo solar pole lighting is proposed for this
project. It has combines remote centralized control and management of street lights
 through solar photovoltaic applications and ZigBee wireless communication technology,
4G communication, cloud computing, Internet of Things and mobile Internet technologies,
with brightness adjustment, active fault alarm, Lamp cable anti-theft, visual remote
control, and other sensor extension applications. Smart solar street lights can greatly
 Improve the level of public lighting management, save power resources, reduce operation
and maintenance costs, and increase additional revenue.
 Urban street lights serve as the densest urban infrastructure for information gathering and
dissemination. Smart lighting is an important part of the smart city and the best entrance.
Smart solar street lights are an effective support for the city. Low-power smart solar street
light is the perfect embodiment of smart city new energy application.
 Nomo intelligent outdoor lighting solution for Smart City comes with an upgrade option
to become a public streetlight Wi-Fi hotspot. Nomo in partnership with one of the most
advanced routers and wireless ISP systems manufacturer is able to provide an easily
installable wireless device which is carrying out the public internet hotspot function for
the street lighting poles. Besides it support usb charger (charged service)
1. LED charger indicator light
2. Non slip pad surface
3. 10w transmitter coil
4. Fanless design for quiet operation
5. Wireless charging chipset control the current flow
6. Thermal protection sensor can dial back power for safer operation
7. Foreign object detection circuit to prevent conductive materials from receiving
the power from the charger.

Fig-3.8-Nomo solar pole Lighting

6. Telecommunication Networks

6.1 Overview

Telecommunication systems play a very important role in the infrastructure of smart cities. An
excess of networked devices interact to provide safe, convenient and environmentally conscious
new services. Residents in smart cities can enjoy their lives using these services, seamlessly and
without being aware of the existence of the networks.
In cities, transportation, distribution, finance, and energy services are connected to networks and
interact to provide more reliable, convenient, and environmentally conscious new services.
Residents in smart cities will have seamless access to these services without needing to know about
the networks on which they are based.
Recognizing the crucial role of telecommunication sector in the entire economic activities and
impact on growth and developments governors in different regime in the last century have been
attempting to expand this service for citizens, though at different scale. A structurally different
communication institution had and has been established all along in telecommunication history of
the country. In our country, recently the responsible institution to render this service is the
Ethiopian Telecommunication Corporation (ETC). This sector structure has stretched down from
national level up to sub areas.

ETC has been monopolistically providing nationwide telecommunications services since 1996.
These are including consisting of:

1) Telephone and telegraph services

2) Public telephone service
3) Cellular mobile service
4) Public Data Network (Data Transmission Leased Line and Internet)

(1) Telephone Service

Telephone Service is calls which including voice, voicemail and conference and data calls, and
supplementary services that including call forwarding and call transfer. It is also messaging and
multi-media services.

The provision of nationwide telephone service to fulfill the waiting demand is current core activity
for ETC and has been accelerated recent years. From a viewpoint of accessibility to the telephone
service, most of the regions except certain areas (including rural areas) have been covered to some
extent by the telephone network

(2) Public Telephone Service

A service available to the public for originating and receiving national and international calls and
access to emergency services through a telephone number or numbers in a national or
international telephone

ETC is providing public payphones in a nationwide basis. Since the start of the public payphone
service, ETC established 935 coin telephones as of 2001, and starting card phone system in early
2002. However, the number of public telephones is insufficient compare with other telecom
communication.

(3) Mobile-phone Service

A mobile phone or cellphone is a portable telephone that can make and receive calls over a radio
frequency link while the user is moving within a telephone service area, as opposed to a fixed-
location phone landline phone. The radio frequency link establishes a connection to the switching
systems of a mobile phone operator, which provides access to the public switched telephone
network PSTN. Modern mobile telephone services use a cellular network architecture and
therefore mobile telephones are called cellphones cell phones in North America. In addition
to telephony, digital mobile phones support a variety of other services, such as text
messaging, multimedia messaging, email, Internet access (via LTE, 5G or Wi-Fi), short-range
wireless communications (infrared, Bluetooth), satellite access (navigation, messaging
connectivity), business applications, video games and digital photography. Mobile phones offering
only basic capabilities are known as feature phones; mobile phones which offer greatly advanced
computing capabilities are referred to as smartphones.

In 1999 ETC entered into Mobile-phone Service. In 2001, the service covers urban and suburb
areas of Addis Ababa and metropolitan. Nowadays, compare to other countries, Ethiopia is
massively lagging behind in the development of telecommunications. Under the country code
+251, there were a total of 65.39 million connections in 2021. Among them were 64.50 million
mobile phones, which corresponds to an average of 0.54 per person.
6.2 Preferred Telecom Infrastructure for Andode Tuma Project

Depending on the structure and purpose of use of smart city applications, different network and
communication technologies are used, as well as different network protocols used to connect the
system components that support these applications. A strong network infrastructure is needed to
support different applications in smart city systems. A hierarchical topology structure is also
required in which the operations of the applications can be carried out, as well as the network
protocols suitable for the needs.

Gigaband Solution – Gigabit broadband is an internet connection that offers a speed of 1 gigabit
per second (1Gbps/1GB) or more. The proposed design can accommodate this and has the
following characteristics.

 Giga network, 1Gbps to 80Gbps and beyond

 Fiber to the x (FTTx)
 Giga home and smart homes
 Free Wifi
 Private LTE (Long term evolution) and Private 5G
Smart commercial City ‐ A smart city is a municipality that uses information and communicati
on
technologies (ICT) to increase operational efficiency, share information with the publicand impr
ove both the quality of government services and citizen welfare. The following can be included
in this platform.

 Smart Transportation
 Smart Energy and Water
 E – Healthcare
 Smart Garbage Disposal
 Smart Agriculture
 Smart Lighting, Smart Parking, Smart Transit, Smart Waste Management, Video Surveil
lance, robotic network, etc

Digital Transformation – This is the result of the gigaband solution. With such an infrastructure
in place, the following things can be achieved.
  Broadband
 Main Data Centers, Backup data center, Satellite backup
 Cloud Network
 Big Data
 Internet of things (IoT), SCADA, Robotic network
 4K / VR / Game online

On‐demand fiber blowing to anywhere in the Andode Tuma project via the adopted flexible micro‐
duct pipe and spare fiber in the feeder network is achievable.

6.3 Optical Access Network

Full‐service optical access network for high‐speed data, voice, and video

• No exist switching center within the area, so

• New Switching centers should be designed and implemented. But, the number of
switching center needs for Andode Tuma project is depends on description of site plan,
land use and categories.
• Optical cable, micro‐duct, manholes, and hand holes will be designed

Backbone network

• No existing fiber route in the site that cross the Andode Tuma area
• Permanent new fiber route, pipe, and manhole facility design

Datacenter, Backup data center

• Main Datacenter point should be required for project area

6.4 Full-Service Optical Access Network

6.4.1 Introduction

Based on ITU‐T L.90 recommendation progress on multimedia technologies has led to the active
development of many kinds of broadband services such as data and video communication using
access networks. High‐speed broadband networks must be developed economically to provide
such services to all subscribers. To provide these services in a timely way, it is necessary to
construct optical access networks quickly, efficiently, and cost‐effectively. However, recent
progress in the application of optical plant technology in local access networks has provided
substantial technical and economical experiences in several countries. Considering this, the
network design must take into account planning, construction, maintenance, and operation. Here,
an optical access network is defined as a network of optical fiber cables that extend from a carrier's
central office to the cabinets, buildings, individual homes, apartment blocks, or business offices
for broadband services.

6.4.2 Optical Fiber

A suitable choice of fiber and splicing technology should be made. Single‐mode fiber, normally
compliant with [ITU‐T G.652] and [ITU‐T G.657], is the most appropriate for a wide range of
telecommunication services in the local distribution network since this fiber benefits from
economy of scale and has long‐term potential utility for future services. With the current usage of
single‐mode fiber, splicing techniques will allow typical splice losses of less than 0.5 dB to be
achieved.

As per ITU-T recommendation, only ITU-T G.657 category A fibers are compatible with ITU-T
with G.652 fibers. Using other fiber types will increase the uncertainty regarding the splice value
and compatibility issue.

6.4.3 Optical Access Network Architecture

a) Point to Point Architecture
This distributes one or more fibers individually from an OLT (Optical line terminal) in a central
office to an ONU (Optical network unit) in buildings, apartment blocks, or residential premises.
Therefore, a large number of fibers are installed and distributed from central office to customers.
The location of active node is in a temperature-controlled environment. Between a central office
and building basement, only splice are used enclosures or in street cabinets in an outside plant.
This configuration has a low optical loss and provides the maximum distance between central
office and customers. The insertion loss of the optical line is a sum of the fiber, splice, and
connector losses. Moreover, this may be suitable for customers requiring large bandwidth and/or
high security.
b) Ring Architecture
This starts and ends at the same central office and distributes two or more fibers to ONUs (optical
network units) in buildings, apartment blocks, or residential premises. Therefore, for point-to-point
ring networks a very large number of fibers are installed and distributed from central offices to
customers. By contrast, for multiple‐type ring networks the number of distributed fibers can be
reduced compared to a point‐to‐point ring network. The advantages of the ring network are very high
reliability and its ease of maintenance for alternative routing.
c) Point-to-multipoint architecture
The basic configuration of a point-to-multipoint network is one branching component per OLT
(Optical line terminal) port. Figure 8 would be the configuration with two branching components
per OLT port. The feature of the point‐to‐multipoint network is that a fiber optic branching
component or an active node is placed between an OLT (Optical line terminal) and multiple ONUs
(Optical network units). The location which is installed for use with (fiber optic) branching
components or active nodes is the most important item in terms of this network design and
construction. Moreover, two types of (fiber optic) branching components can be used in this
network. One type has a wavelength multiplexer and de‐multiplexer, the other does not. A (fiber
optic) branching component without a wavelength multiplexer and de‐ multiplexer increases the
insertion loss and reduces the transmission distance as the number of branches are increased. By
contrast, a (fiber optic) branching component with a wavelength multiplexer and de‐multiplexer is
mainly used in WDM systems. The insertion loss does not increase greatly but it is difficult to
control and manage the wavelength when the number of branches is increased.
d) Optical transmission performance for optical access networks
As per ITU‐T recommendations, optical access network routes should be designed to meet the
optical access network performances (attenuation range, return loss, dispersion, etc.) described in
such system requirements as described in [ITU‐T G.982], [ITU‐T G.983.1] to [ITU‐T G.983.5],

[ITU‐T G.984.1] to [ITU‐T G.984.7], [ITU‐T G.985], [ITU‐T G.986] and [ITU‐T G.987.x]. The
calculation of the total network optical loss will take into account [ITU‐T G.982] recommendation

e) Adopted Optical Access Network Architecture

Point-to-multi point architecture shall be adopted because of its many advantage over
others.
7. SWOT Analysis Major Finding and their Implications
7.1 SWOT Analysis
a) Strength and Opportunity
  Three electric power sub-stations are located nearest to the site
 Since the site is closest to the sub-stations, it will take the short routine for
transmission line.
 Government policy and commitment to build Neighborhood villages, and to end
a GERD hydro power start building of new sub-station, and do expansion
 Meanwhile, three sub-stations are located closer to project site, this minimize the
cost requires to stretch transmission line, decrease electric loss.
 Adopting fiber optic technology-which high performing equipment
World rapid growing technology

Weakness and Threat

 There is disproportion relation between growing demands for energy electric
power supply.
 Rising cost of electric building new (grids, sub-station, transmission line and
distribution system)
 Dry season-because most source Ethiopia electric power (about 90%) is from
hydro power, it threats
 Lack of relevant professional in related fields has had a strongly negative impact.
There are two electric power line tower carrying high tension voltage that have
been crossing, which is not recommended.
 The expensive initial cost of telecommunication equipment to build new
switching center/core.
7. 2 Summary of Major Findings/ Planning Issues & Planning Implications

a) Summary of Major Findings

In generally, the following points are provided concerning about the Andode Tuma site.

1. There is no telecom center, telecom tower and fiber transmission line across the
Andode Tuma site. However, only on telecom tower at the border of the project
site built.
2. One medium voltage transmission line–stretched over wooden pole supply for
rural villages- found in near to condominium
3. Three sub-stations are found closer to the project site.
4. Two high tension transmission line have passed over the Andode Tuma site.

b) Planning Assumption

 The estimated Peak power demand for Andode Tuma is 386W-509KVA

 The power source for site shall be connected from two sources. Because, the either two
sub-stations or needs new (its own) sub-station. This is depend on the peak power demand
we will get during power estimation and power forecasting of the project.
 Since the electric utility should be Uninterrupted and Quality supply, Smart, Sustainable
and expandable for the supposed NDP project, it shall have minimum of one power sub-
station, even if it is not sure to estimate the number of sub-station. The load estimation
needs the project plan that indicates the land use categories and function, estimated and
planed number of residences, commercial and business, social service and so on should be
identified first.
 The core of smart city implementation is the Internet of Things (IoT). The smart cities need
to have three key features: intelligence, interconnection, and instrumentation which the IoT
can provide. It can be said that the use of the IoT can make the smart cities feasible. A large
variety of sensors including RFID, IR, and GPS, connect the buildings, infrastructure,
transport, networks and utilities through ICT.
 In a big picture, a city is a system of systems with a unique history and set in a specific
social and environmental context. For a city to prosper, all the key city systems need to
work together, by utilizing all of their resources to overcome the challenges the city faces.
The “smartness” of a city describes its ability to bring together all its resources, to
 effectively operate with maximum possible efficiency to fulfil the purposes it has set itself.
Therefore, to fulfil our requirements, the Andode Tuma site should have its own telecom
core center/switching center.
 The transmission for network access shall be optical fiber from central office to customers,
point-to-multipoint architecture is the better one for its many advantage.

7.3 Synthesis of Major Finding/planning issue and their implication

 One new transmission sub-station which supplies 509kVA loads is required for
Andode Tuma project
 Underground installed optical fiber for telecom transmission system is required
from the nearest switching center.
 Table 3 Typical apartment loads

Average power Simultaneity

Building use Comments
demand (W/m2) factor

Bank 40‐70 W/m2 0.6

Library 20‐40 W/m2 0.6
Office 30‐50 W/m2 0.6
Shopping center 30‐60 W/m2 0.6
Hotel 30‐60 W/m2 0.6
Department store 30‐60 W/m2 0.6
Small hospital(40‐80 beds) 250‐400 W/m2 0.6
Warehouse (no coolin ) 2‐20 W/m2 0.6
Upper values for deep‐freeze
0.6
Cold store 500‐1500 W/m2 store.
Apartment complex (Without
night storage continues flow 0.6
water heater) 10‐30 W/m2
Museum 60‐80 W/m2 0.6
Parking garage 3‐10 W/m2 0.6
Production plant 30‐80 W/m2 0.6 Max. value considered
Data center 500‐2000 W/m2 0.6
School 10‐30 W/m2 0.6
Gym hall 15‐30 W/m2 0.6
Stadium (40000‐80000 seats) 70‐120 W/seat 0.6
Old people's home 15‐30 W/m2 0.6
Greenhouse (Artificial lighting) 250‐500 W/m2
Table 4 Average power demand for buildings according to their type of use

Appendix B: Load estimation according to NEC

Table 5 General lighting loads by occupancy (NEC)