SESSION:-2023-2024

PHYSICS PROJECT

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF SUBMITTED BY

MR.ROHIT PANDYA AARSH JAIN
CLASS:- 12TH ‘B’
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
IN THE ACCOMPLISMENT OF THE PROJECT SUCCESSFULLY, MANY
PEOPLE HAVE BEST OWNED UPON THEIR BLESSINGS AND THEIR
HEART PLEDGED SUPPORT, I SINCERELY THANK ALL THE PEOPLE
WHO HAVE BEEN CONCERNED WITH THE PROJECT.
PRIMARILY I WOULD THANK GOD FOR BEING ABLE TO COMPLETE
THIS PROJECT WITH SUCCESS.
IN THE COMPETITION OF MY PROJECT I EXPRESS MY GRATITUDE
TOWARDS OUR PRINCIPAL FOR HIS INSPIRATION AND GUIDANCE.
THEN I WOULD LIKE TO THANK MY GUIDE MR. ROHIT SIR WHOSE
VALUABLE GUIDANCE HAS BEEN THE ONE THAT HELPED ME TO
COMPLETE THIS PROJECT AND MAKE IT FULL PROOF SUCCESS, HIS
SUGGESTIONS AND INTRUCTIONS HAS SERVED AS THE MAJOR
CONTRIBUTOR TOWARDS THE COMPLETION OF THE PROJECT.
THEN I WOULD LIKE TO THANK MY PARENTS AND FRIENDS WHO
HELPED ME WITH THEIR VALUABLE SUGGESTIONS AND GUIDANCE IN
VARIOUS PHASES OF THE COMPLETION OF THE PROJECT.

AARSH JAIN
CLASS 12TH ‘B’
CERTIFICATE
THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT AARSH JAIN STUDENT OF CLASS
12TH OF LITTLE KINGDOM SCHOOL, JABALPUR(M.P) HAS
SUCCESSFULLY COMPLETED THE RESEARCH WORK ON THE
PROJECT TITLED “TO INVESTIGATE THE DEPENDENCE OF
THE ANGLE OF DEVIATION ON THE ANGLE OF INCIDENCE
USING A HOLLOW PRISM FILLED ONE BY ONE, WITH
DIFFERENT TRANSPARENT FLUIDS” WHO WORKED UNDER
THE GUIDANCE OF MR. ROHIT PANDYA SIR DURING THE
ACADEMIC YEAR 2023-2024 HAS DULY COMPLETED THE
PROJECT AS REQUIRED.
ALL THE WORK RELATED TO STUDY WAS DONE BY
CANDIDATE AND HER APPROACH TO THE SUBJECT WAS
SINCERE AND CERTIFIED.

INTERNAL’S SIGNATURE EXTERNAL’S SIGNATURE

 INDEX
➢ AIM

➢ APPARATUS REQUIRED

➢ INTRODUCTION

➢ THEORY

➢ DIAGRAM

➢ PROCEDURE

➢ OBSERVATIONS

➢ RESULT

➢ CONCLUSION

➢ PRECAUTIONS

➢ BIBLIOGRAPHY
 AIM:-
To investigate dependence of angle of deviation on
angle of incidence using hollow prism filled one by
one with different transparent fluids.

HYPOTHESIS:-
The hypothesis of this project is-
• The angle of deviation increases with increase
in angle of incidence.
• The angle of deviation does not depend on the
liquid used in the hollow prism for deviation.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:-
• HOLLOW GLASS PRISM
• VARIOUS LIQUIDS LIKE WATER, CARBON
DISULPHIDE, BENZALDEHYDE ETC.
• BELL PINS
• DRAWING BOARD
• WHITE SHEET
• PROTECTOR
 INTRODUCTION:-

In optics, a prism is a transparent optical element with

flat, polished surface that refract light. The exact angle
between the surfaces depends on the application. The
traditional geometrical shape is that of a triangular prism
with a triangular base and rectangular sides, and in
colloquial use ‘prism’ usually refer to this type. Some
types of optical prism are not in fact in the shape of
geometric prism. Prisms can be made from any material
that is transparent to the wavelengths for which they are
designed. Typically material includes glass, plastic and
fluorite.
A prism can be used to break light up into its constituent
spectral colours (the colours of the rainbow). Prism can
also be used to reflect light, or to split light into
components with different polarizations.
 THEORY:-

A prism is a transparent optical element with flat,

polished surfaces that refract light. Prisms can be
made from any material that is transparent
including glass, plastic and fluorite.

A prism can be used to break light up into its

constituent spectral colours. Prisms can also be used
to reflect light, or to split light into components with
different polarizations.

The refractive index of the liquid is given by the

formula:

U= sin (i) / sin(r) =sin ((a+ d)/2)/sin (a/2)

Where,
U=refractive index of the liquid
a= the angle of minimum deviation
d=angle of prism
i=angle of incidence
r=angle of refraction
 DIAGRAM:-

Refraction through a prism

 PROCEDURE:-

• Fix a white sheet of paper on the drawing board with

help of drawing pins.

• Keep the prism and mark the outline of it as ABC.

• Drop a normal PQ on the side AB.

• Draw the angle of incidence in accordance with the

normal PQ and place 2 pins so that they appear to be
in the straight line.

• Place the prism filled with given sample of liquid ,on

the marked outline ABC.

• Now take the pins and place them on the side AC so

that all the 4 pins appear to be in same line.

• Remove the prism and draw the line joining the

points so obtained.

• Mark the diagram as shown in the figure.

• Repeat this with different liquids and different angle

of incidence.
 OBSERVATION:-
➢WATER

S no. a º(angle of i º (angle of d º (angle of

prism) incidence) deviation)
1 60 30 25
2 60 35 22
3 60 40 20
4 60 45 22
5 60 50 25
6 60 55 28

U=sin ((60+22)/2)/sin (30)

U= 1.306
➢BENZALDEHYDE

S no. a º(angle of i º (angle of d º (angle of

prism) incidence) deviation)
1 60 30 45
2 60 35 42
3 60 37.5 40
4 60 39 42
5 60 40 45

U=sin ((60+40)/2)/sin (30)

U= 1.504
 ➢DIL. SULPHURIC ACID

S no. a º(angle of i º (angle of d º (angle of

prism) incidence) deviation)
1 60 20 33
2 60 30 30
3 60 35 25
4 60 40 29
5 60 45 30

U=sin ((60+25)/2)/sin (30)

U= 1.351
 RESULT:-

Refractive indices change when the liquid is used

in the prism changes. From the above experiment
we can also conclude that refractive index of a
liquid depends on its optical density.

Refractive indices of the used liquid obtained,

when compared with the actual values are as
follows;

• Water

o Actual: 1.33
o Experimental: 1.306

• Benzeldehyde

o Actual: 1.546
o Experimental: 1.504

• Dil. Sulphuric acid

o Actual: 1.355
o Experimental: 1.351
 PRECAUTION:-

▪ Angle of incidence should lies between 35-60

degrees.

▪ Pins should be vertically fixed and should lie in

same line.

▪ Distance b/w two points should not be less

than 10mm.

▪ Same angle of prism should be used for all

observation.

▪ Arrow head should be marked to represent

emergent and incident ray.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY:-

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jp0310145#:~:text=The%2
0refractive%20index%20of%20water%20is%20obtained%20
from%20the%20displacement,at%20633%20nm%3B%201.3
31%2058
http://www.refractometer.pl/refraction-datasheet-sulphuric-
acid
https://en.m.wikipedia.org
https://www.quora.com
https://studylib.net/doc/25306864/dlscrib.com-hollow-
prism-physics-investigatory-project-cl
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