Republic of the Philippines

NUEVA ECIJA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Sumacab Campus, Cabanatuan City

COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE

Name: CONSTANTINO, ARMIE LYN D.

FRANCO, JUSTIN F.
MAGALLANES, SHERLYMAIN E.
PERALTA, JASPER JAMES
Subject Professor: AR. CHAD RAYMOND MERLUZA
Subject Code: AR 433
Course Title: PLANNING 2
Semester: 1st SEMESTER
School Year: 2022-2023
Topic: FIVE IMAGES OF THE CITY & 7 QUALITIES OF
RESPONSIVE ENVIRONMENT

KEVIN LYNCH
Kevin Andrew Lynch born on January 7, 1918, was an
American urban planner and author. He is known for his work on the
perceptual form of urban environments and was an early proponent of
mental mapping. His most influential books include The Image of the
City (1960), a seminal work on the perceptual form of urban
environments, and What Time is This Place? (1972), which theorizes
how the physical environment captures and refigures temporal
processes.
A student under Architect Frank Lloyd Wright before training
in city planning, Lynch spent his academic career at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
teaching there from 1948 to 1978. He practiced site planning and urban design professionally
with Carr/Lynch Associates, later known as Carr, Lynch, and Sandell.

KEVIN LYNCH'S IMAGE of the CITY

If an individual is to operate within a city, he must have an overall image of how the
city is formed. Such images may be an overlap of several images, developed through ones
understanding of the basic physical forms usually found in a city. These images can be
conveniently classified into five different types of elements: paths, edges, districts, nodes, and
landmarks. Together, these five elements create a larger picture of the entire city, represented
either through abstract or representational symbols.

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1. Paths
• Channels along which the observer moves.
• Predominant element for many persons’ image
• Other elements are arranged and related through paths.
• Strong paths are:
- easily identifiable
- have continuity and direction
- aligned with a larger system
• Spatial extremes highlight paths.

2. Edges
• Linear elements not used or considered as paths.
• Lateral references, not coordinate axes.
• May be barriers or seams.
• Not as dominant as paths but are important organizing features.
• Strong edges are:

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 - usually, prominent
- continuous
- impenetrable to cross movement
• Edges can be disruptive to city form.

3. Districts
• Medium to large sections of a city conceived of as two-dimensional.
• Observer can mentally enter "inside of"
• Recognizable as having some common, identifying character.
• Dominance depends upon the individual and the given district.
• Physical characteristics have a variety of components.
a. activity and use
b. building types and detail
c. inhabitants (ethnic or class)
d. physical characteristics (topography, boundaries, age, etc.)

4. Nodes
• Points, strategic spots by which an observer can enter.
• Intensive foci from which observer is traveling.
• Junctions and Concentrations
• Directly related to the concept of paths and the concept of districts

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 • May be thematic concentrations.

5. Landmarks
• Point references considered to be external to the observer.
• Physical elements that may vary widely in scale.
• Unique and special in place of the continuities used earlier.
• Sequential series of landmarks as traveling guides

IAN BENTLEY
He has practiced both as an architect and as an urban designer,
in Britain, Holland, and the Middle East. He has also spent two years
on the board of a property company engaged in both residential and
commercial development. He also takes part as a senior lecturer at the
Joint Centre for Urban Design at Oxford Polytechnic and is a partner
in the urban design firm of Bentley Murrain Samuels. With Paul
Murrain, Graham Smith, and others, he won awards in the RIBA inner
city competitions of 1977 and 1980.
His interests include designing development strategies for the
regeneration of run-down inner-city areas and researching the effects of the property
development process on urban form, building imagery, and architectural theory. He published
his book entitled "Responsive Environments: A Manual for Designers" a well-known work in
the field of architecture and environmental design. It was written by him, along with Nick
Alcock, Rodger J. D. Corner, Dennis R. Sheldrake, and David A. Smith. The book was first

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published in 1985 and has been influential in the fields of architecture, urban design, and
environmental psychology.

IAN BENTLEY'S RESPONSIVE ENVIRONMENTS

The design of the environment can greatly affect the choices
people make at different levels. It affects where people can go, the
range of uses available, the understanding of these choices, the
degree to which people can use different spaces of choice, and so
on. Thus, the design must be responsive. The following are key
issues in designing responsive environments.

A. Permeability
• Places must be accessible to people to offer them choice.
• Public and private access must be complementary.
• Physical and visual permeability depends on how the network of public space divides
the environment into blocks.
• There is a decline in public permeability because of current design trends.
o Scale of development
o Hierarchical layout
o Segregation

B. Variety
• Variety offers users a choice of experiences.
• Variety of experience implies places with varied forms, uses, and meanings.
• Developers & planners are more concerned with economic performance and easier
management, than with variety
• Variety of uses depends on three main factors:

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 range of activities
possibility of supply
extent to which design encourages positive interactions.
• Variety also depends on feasibility: economic, political, and functional a mixed-use
block.

C. Legibility
• Degree of choice depends on how legible it is: how layout is understood
• Legibility is important at two levels: physical form and activity patterns.
• Legibility in the old days- important buildings stood out.
• Legibility of form and use is reduced in the modern environment.
• Separating pedestrians from vehicles also reduces legibility.
• Legibility is strengthened by Lynch's physical elements of the city.

D. Robustness
• Environments which can be used for many different purposes.
• There must be a distinction between large scale and small-scale robustness.
• There are three key factors that support long term robustness:
-Building depth
-Access

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 -Building height
• The design of small-scale robustness depends on extra factors.
-hard and soft spaces
-active and passive spaces

E. Visual Appropriateness
• Decisions already made determine the general appearance of the scheme- next focus is
on details.
• Visual Appropriateness focuses on details.
• Visual Appropriateness is concerned with designing the external image of place.
• Regardless of what designers want, people interpret places as having meaning.
• A vocabulary of visual cues must be found to communicate levels of choice.
• Interpretations can reinforce responsiveness by:
-supporting the place's legibility
-supporting the place's variety
-supporting the place's robustness

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F. Richness
• Decisions about appearances already discussed still leave room for maneuvering at the
most detailed level of design.
• Richness is the variety of sense experiences that users can enjoy.
• There are two ways for users to choose from different sense experiences.
-focusing their attention on different sources of sense experience
-moving away from one source to another
• The sense of motion: gained through movement.
• The sense of smell: cannot be directed.
• The sense of hearing: user has limited control.
• The sense of touch: voluntary and involuntary
• The sense of sight: most dominant in terms of information input and is the one easiest
to control.
• The basis of visual richness depends on the presence of visual contrasts.

G. Personalization
• allows people to achieve an environment that bears the stamp of their own tastes and
values.
• makes a person's pattern of activities clearer.

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 • Users personalize in two ways:
-to improve practical facilities and;
-to change the image of a place

• Users personalize as an affirmation of their own tastes and values and because they
perceive existing image as inappropriate.
• Personalization comes in two levels:
-Private
-Public
• Personalization is affected by three key factors:
-Tenure
-building type
-technology

Summary
5 IMAGES OF THE CITY BY KEVIN LYNCH
o PATHS: the routes or trails that can be taken to move from one location to another.
o EDGES: the boundaries or transitions between different spaces or materials.
o DISTRICTS: refer to specific areas or regions within a city or town that are
characterized by certain features or functions.
o NODES: central points or focal areas that attract activity and serve as gathering places.

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 o LANDMARKS: prominent and recognizable features or structures that serve as points
of reference in a landscape or cityscape.

7 QUALITIES OF RESPONSIVE DESIGN BY IAN BENTLEY

o PERMEABILITY: designing the overall layout of routes and development blocks.
o VARIETY: locating uses on the site.
o LEGIBILITY: designing the massing of the buildings and the enclosure of public
space.
o ROBUSTNESS: designing the spatial and constructional arrangement of individual
buildings and outdoor spaces.
o VISUAL APPROPRIATENESS: designing the external image.
o RICHNESS: developing the design for sensory choice.
o PERSONALIZATION: making the design encourage people to put their own mark on
the places where they live and work.

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