Mathematics in a

Modern World
MATM111
Instructor:
DANICA THERESE R. MOLINA, LPT
Mathematics and Physics Department
ADD MINUS AS IS
CORRELATION ANALYSIS
UNIVARIATE DATA
RELATIONSHIP (CORRELATION) MAY INDICATE THE FOLLOWING:
– dealing with single 1. Degree of Association “English and Math
variable independently 2. Cause and Effect grade of group of
3. Predictive Ability
with other variables 4. Reliability of Test students.”
- Statistical options to describe:
Measures of Central Tendency
Variation, and other descriptive
statistics “Nutritional Status of
“Teacher-made Test.” Pupils and their academic
performance in Math.”
BIVARIATE DATA
– involve two variables
- it describe relationships
“Entrance Test and
using Correlation Analysis Grades of Freshmen
Students.”
SCATTERPLOT
- “scatter graph” or “scatter
diagram”
- It shows how each point collected
from a set of bivariate data are
scattered on the Cartesian
plane.
(x – independent variable;
y – dependent variable)
- Good visual picture of two
variables which helps in finding
the relationship that exists
between two variables.
Graphical representation
of the relationship
between two variables.
CORRELATION ANALYSIS
- is a statistical method used to determine whether a
relationship between variables exists.
- it measures the association or the strength of the
relationship between two variables (let say x and y).
- “co” means together and “relation” (connection)
- it is a relationship between 2 or more variables that are
linked together.
- In statistics, the application of rectangular system in
locating the coordinates of the two variables being
investigated is known as scatter diagram.
 TYPES OF LINEAR
CORRELATION
1. Positive Linear Correlation (r = 1)

• y increases in a perfectly
predictable manner as x increases.

2. No Correlation (r = 0)

• As x increases there is no change in

y. there is no relationship between x
and y.

3. Negative Linear Correlation (r = -1)

• y decreases in a perfectly
predictable manner as x in
increases.
 DEGREE OF ASSOCIATION
Strength of Relationship

✓ Trend line tells the direction of correlation

✓ Closeness of the points on the trend line indicates the strength of relationship:
- strong correlation (perfect positive or negative)
- moderate correlation
- weak or no correlation
PEARSON PRODUCT-MOMENT
CORRELATION (r)
PEARSON PRODUCT- MOMENT CORRELATION (r)
➢ The most familiar sort of statistical tool in quantifying the linear relationship between
two random variables, x and y.
➢ Data are parametric (numerical measurement describing a characteristic of a sample)
➢ First derived by a British statistician name Karl Pearson

𝑁 σ 𝑥𝑦−σ 𝑥 σ 𝑦
➢ Formula: 𝑟=
𝑁 σ 𝑥2 − σ 𝑥 2 𝑁 σ 𝑦2 − σ 𝑦 2
 R Verbal Interpretation It takes values from +1 to -1.
VERBAL
INTERPRETATION 0.00 No Correlation
If two sets or data have r = +1,
The degree of correlation ±0.01 to ±0.20 Slight Correlation they are said to be perfectly
can be determined by positively correlated.
±0.21 to ±0.40 Low Correlation
correlation coefficient.
±0.41 to ±0.70 Moderate Correlation If two sets or data have r = -1,
they are said to be perfectly
It’s value represents an ±0.71 to ±0.80 High Correlation negatively correlated.
interpretation as shown
±0.81 to ±0.99 Very High Correlation
in the table: If r = 0, they are uncorrelated.
±1.00 Perfect Correlation
PEARSON r
(Example 1)
EXAMPLE 1: SOLUTION:
The following data shows the total enrolment (in thousand)
and profit (in million). Determine the degree of association. 𝒏σ𝒙𝒚 − (σ𝒙)(σ𝒚)
𝒓=
Year x y [𝒏(σ 𝒙𝟐 ) − σ 𝒙 𝟐 ][𝒏(σ 𝒚𝟐 ) − σ 𝒚 𝟐 ]

2011 16 25
2012 15 20
2013 10.5 15
2014 11 18
2015 11.8 19
2016 13.4 20
2017 13.9 22 Finding:
2018 14 24 A correlation coefficient of ______ means that there
is ___________________ between the
2019 13.2 18
________________ and the _____________ for
____________________________.
INTERPRETATION OF COEFFICIENT OF CORRELATION
PEARSON r
(Example 2)
EXAMPLE 2:
The age and blood glucose level (BGL) of 7 patients in a hospital ward are recorded below:
AGE 18 23 45 30 32 29 51

BGL 98 84 110 80 100 90 120

1.) Construct a scatter plot, describe the

correlation between patient’s age and
their blood glucose level, if any.
2.) Calculate the correlation coefficient
for the given data set.
3.) Interpret the result.
EXAMPLE 2: SOLUTION:
The age and blood glucose level (BGL) of 𝒏σ𝒙𝒚 − (σ𝒙)(σ𝒚)
7 patients in a hospital ward are recorded below: 𝒓=
[𝒏(σ 𝒙𝟐 ) − σ 𝒙 𝟐 ][𝒏(σ 𝒚𝟐 ) − σ 𝒚 𝟐 ]
AGE BGL
18 98
𝒓=
23 84
45 110
30 80
32 100
29 90 Finding:
A correlation coefficient of ______ means that there
51 120
is _______________________ between the
_____ and the _______________________ of the
____________________________.
INTERPRETATION OF COEFFICIENT OF CORRELATION
PEARSON r
(Example 3)
EXAMPLE 3
A. Calculate the correlation coefficient if n=7.
𝒏σ𝒙𝒚 − (σ𝒙)(σ𝒚)
෍ 𝑥 = 17.5 𝒓=
[𝒏(σ 𝒙𝟐 ) − σ 𝒙 𝟐 ][𝒏(σ 𝒚𝟐 ) − σ 𝒚 𝟐 ]
෍ 𝑦 = 42.10
𝒓=
෍ 𝑥𝑦 = 113.65

෍ 𝑥 2 = 50.75

෍ 𝑦 2 = 589.83
EXAMPLE 3
B. Calculate the correlation coefficient if n=10.
෍ 𝑥 = 60 𝒏σ𝒙𝒚 − (σ𝒙)(σ𝒚)
𝒓=
[𝒏(σ 𝒙𝟐 ) − σ 𝒙 𝟐 ][𝒏(σ 𝒚𝟐 ) − σ 𝒚 𝟐 ]
෍ 𝑦 = 170
𝒓=
෍ 𝑥𝑦 = 1122

෍ 𝑥 2 = 406

෍ 𝑦 2 = 3162
 THANK YOU
I hope you learn something. God bless!