Chapter 1

(Lesson 1) Respiratory system

Breath - is a noun that describes the full circle of breathing
Breathe - is a verb that means the process of inhaling and exhaling

Respiratory System
Function:
Breathing - the movement of air in and out of the lungs.
Cellular Respiration - Series of chemical reactions that transform the energy in food
molecules to usable energy.

Organ:
Pharynx - A tube-like passageway at the top of the throat that receives air, food, and
liquids.
Larynx/Voice box - A triangle-shaped area.
Trachea - It is held open by c-shaped rings.
Lung - Main organ of the respiratory system
Bronchi - Are narrow tubes from the trachea.
Alveoli - Microscopic sacs where gas exchange occurs.
Diaphragm - Muscle that contracts and relaxes and move air in and out.

Respiratory Illnesses:

1. Asthma - common chronic respiratory condition that causes difficulty breathing due to
the inflammation of the airways
Adult Onset Asthma - When people in their 60s, 70s and 80s get asthma.
2. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) - Is an umbrella term that encompasses
several respiratory illnesses that cause breathlessness, or the inability to exhale
normally.
3. Chronic bronchitis - is a form of COPD emphasized by a chronic cough. Usually people
cough up sputum.
Sputum - mucus from the lungs.
4. Emphysema - is a serious respiratory disease, which is another form of COPD. The most
common cause is smoking. Cigarette smoke damages the air sacs in the lungs to a point
where they can no longer repair themselves.
5. Lung cancer - the cancer develops in the main part of the lungs near the air sacs. DNA
mutations in the lungs cause irregular cells to multiply and create an uncontrolled
growth of abnormal cells, or a tumor.
6. Cystic fibrosis - is a genetic respiratory disease caused by a defective gene that creates
thick and sticky mucus that clogs up tubes and passageways.
7. Pleural effusion - is a collection of fluid between the lung and the chest wall in what's
called the pleural space.
Chapter 1
(Lesson 2) Circulatory system
Functions:
Transportation - Like a network of roads
Elimination - Blood carries out away waste materials.

Heart - 70-75 per minute

Systemic - Heart to the body, Body to the

Heart.
Coronary - Supplies blood to all cells of the
heart
Pulmonary - Lungs

Circulatory system Diseases:

1. High blood pressure/Hypertension - it means the force is higher than it should be. It can
damage your heart and lead to heart disease, stroke, or kidney disease.
Blood pressure - is the measurement of how much force is used to pump blood through
your arteries.
2. Atherosclerosis/Hardening of the arteries - occurs when plaque builds up on the walls
of your arteries and eventually blocks blood flow.
Plaque - is made of cholesterol, fat, and calcium.
3. Coronary artery disease - indicates that the plaque buildup in your arteries has caused
the arteries to narrow and harden.
4. Heart attack - occurs when not enough blood reaches your heart. This can happen due
to artery blockage.
5. Heart failure/Congestive heart failure - occurs when the heart muscle is weakened or
damaged. It can no longer pump the volume of blood needed through the body. Heart
failure normally occurs when you've had other heart problems, such as a heart attack or
coronary artery disease.
6. Strokes - often occur when a blood clot blocks an artery in the brain and reduces the
blood supply. They also can happen when a blood vessel in the brain breaks open.
7. Abdominal Aortic Aneurism - is a bulge in a weakened part of the aorta.
Aorta - is the largest blood vessel in your body. It carries blood from your heart to your
abdomen, legs, and pelvis.
8. Peripheral artery disease (PAD) - is atherosclerosis that occurs in the extremities. It
reduces blood flow to your legs, as well as to your heart and brain.
Chapter 1
(Lesson 3) Blood
Functions:
Protection
Link
Temperature Regulation
Transportation

Parts of the blood:

Red blood Cell/Erythrocytes - To transport oxygen, contain Hemoglobin.
White blood cell/Leukocytes - Protect your body from illness and infection.
Platelets - Cells that plug up wounds and stop bleeding.
Plasma - Yellowish, liquid part of blood. Is 90% water

RH Factor - Protein found on red blood cells is a chemical marker.

Bone marrow - Soft tissue in the center of the bones

Diseases:
Anemia - Low number of Red Blood cell
Lymphoma - From of blood cancer that develops in the lymph system
Leukemia - White bloods cells becomes Malignant and Multiplies in side the bone
marrow
Myeloma - Plasma cells multiply and release damaging substances
Chapter 1
(Lesson 4) Lymphatic System

Lymphatic System - Part of the immune system and helps destroy microorganism

Functions:
Absorb
Filter
Transport
Fight

Parts of the Lymphatic system:

1. Lymph - Tissue fluid that has entered Lymph vessels.
2. Lymph vessel - A network
3. Bone marrow - Spongy center of bones
4. Thymus - Where T cell complete their development
T cell - Attack invaders inside.
B cell - Attack invaders outside.
5. Spleen - Recycles worn-out red blood cell and produces and stores lymphocytes.
6. Tonsil - Help protect your body from infection.
Chapter 1
(Lesson 5) The Chromasome
Segment:
Nucleus - The control center of a eukaryotic cell, membrane-Bounded organelle
- Contains the chromosome
Chromosome - is a bundle of tightly coiled DNA that is visible under the microscope
during cell division, when not dividing not visible under microscope.
Chromatin - loosely coiled DNA
Histone - Protein that DNA coiled around

Genes - Combined segment of DNA

- Basic unit of heredity

Karyotype - Photograph of an individual’s chromosome

- In humans every somatic cell contains 23 pairs of chromosomes, which
means that every somatic cell in your body contains 46
Autosomes/Body chromosomes - carry genes that do not determine the sex of the
individual
Sex chromosomes - Carry genes that determine the sex of an individual

Trisomy - Type of chromosomes mutation characterized by having 3 rather that 2

chromosomes in a given pair.
Down Syndrome/Trisomy 21 - Caused by the presence of an extra copy of
chromosomes 21, which makes a total of 47 chromosomes.
-A person with this condition has some importance in their
cognitive ability and physical growth as well as facial appearance.
Chapter 1
(Lesson 6) Extinction of species (1)
Evolution - the way something gradually develops and makes change over time
Adaptation - the way something changes for the better to suit something new.
Charles Darwin - introduce the theory of evolution
Theory of Evolution - That humans and apes sheared ancestros

Causes of extinction:
Natural - Extinction of a certain group of species because of natural phenomena
Example:
1. Climatic Cooling and Heating - Rapid change in temperature and climate
Drought a severe climate condition, decreases the production of vegetables that
animals depend on for food.
2. Change of sea level/Current - Due to climate change. Increase in sea level may affect
living organisms both inland and marine.
3. Diseases - Ability of organisms to be immune to diseases is decreasing because of
different change in the environment.
Myxomatosis - Highly contagious viral disease in rabbits that is usually fatal
4. Invasive Species - They invade foreign territories and consume the recourses needed by
the local species.

Anthropogenic - cause by humans

Examples:
1. Increased Human Population - Needs more space and resources to consume.
2. Pollution - Is one of the consequences of the usage of these resources.
3. Destruction of Habitat - Many subdivisions are constructed, displacing many organisms
4. Global Warming - Long-term rise of the planet’s temperatura.

Energy in Ecosystems:
Producers - Provide energy for other organisms in an ecosystem
- Also known as Autotrophs
- Sun main source of energy
1. Photosynthesis - Plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to create oxygen and
energy.
2. Chemosynthesis - Prokaryotes utilized the chemical in water to form carbohydrates.

Consumers - Also known as Heterotrophs

Chapter 1
(Lesson 6) Extinction of species (2)

Food chains and Food web:

Food chains - Links species by there feeding relationship.

Types of Consumers:
Herbivores - Only eats Plants
Carnivores - Only eat meat
Omnivores - Eat both plant and animals
Detritivores - Eat dead organic matter.
Specialist - Primarily eats one/small number of organisms
Generalist - Have a Varying diet.

Trophic levels - Levels of nourishment in a food chain

Levels:
1. Producers - Basis of all trophic levels.
2. Primary consumers - Herbivores
3. Secondary consumers - Carnivores that eat herbivores
4. Tertiary consumers - Carnivores that eat secondary consumers
5. Omnivores - May be listed in different trophic levels in different food chains

Food web - Shows the complex network of feeding relationships.

Energy pyramids - A diagram that compares the energy used by producers, Primary
consumers, and other trophic levels.
Biomass pyramid - Compares the biomass of different trophic levels.
Pyramid of numbers - Shows number of individual organisms at each trophic level.