Complication Specific/unique name Progression Disease

Gold Treatment Symptom Pathology

Clinical diagnostic Confirmed by lecture For Minority
Alternative Treatment Not Confirmed Important point

Clinically important bacteria

Name Type Structure Pathogenesis Diseases caused by the Spread Epidemiology People at Risk Additional
organism Information
• Gram- • Arranged in • Virulence factors: • Toxin-mediated • Person-to-person • MRSA is a • Presence of a foreign body • Normal flora -
positive clusters a. Structural diseases (food spread - direct contact significant (e.g., prosthesis, catheter), human skin
cocci • Species components poisoning, toxic shock • exposure to worldwide previous surgical procedure and mucosal
Staphylococcus aureus

• Catalase- characterized by facilitating syndrome, scalded contaminated fomites problem • antibiotics; Infants, young surfaces
positive the presence of adherence to skin syndrome) children
coagulase and host tissues • pyogenic diseases • patients with intravascular
protein A b. Avoiding (impetigo, folliculitis, catheters
phagocytosis furuncles, carbuncles, • patients with compromised
various toxins and wound pulmonary function or
c. Hydrolytic infections), antecedent viral respiratory
enzymes • other systemic infection
• Found on skin diseases
• Gram- • Arranged in • Production of a • subacute endocarditis • Person-to-person • Ubiquitous no • Patients with foreign bodies • Normal human
positive clusters Species “slime” layer allows • urinary tract spread - direct contact geographic or seasonal present flora - skin and
cocci adherence to foreign infections • exposure to limitations mucosal
Staphylococcus

• Catalase-
epidermidis

bodies and contaminated fomites surfaces

positive protection from most infections with the patient’s

phagocytosis and own organisms

antibiotics
• Found on skin
• Found on
genitourinary
• Gram- • Chains; group- • Virulence • suppurative diseases • Person-to-person • Transient • Children 5 to 15 years old •-
positive specific a. ability to (pharyngitis, soft- spread – respiratory colonization in (pharyngitis)
Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A)

cocci carbohydrate (A avoid tissue infections, droplets or through upper • children 2 to 5 years old
• Catalase- antigen) phagocytosis streptococcal toxic breaks in the skin. respiratory with poor personal hygiene
negative • type-specific b. adhere to shock syndrome) • Individuals at higher tract and skin (pyoderma)
proteins (M c. invade host • nonsuppurative risk include children, surface; • patients with soft-tissue
protein) in cell wall cells and diseases (rheumatic patients with prior Pharyngitis and infection, and those with
produce fever, streptococcal soft-tissue prior streptococcal
toxins glomerulonephritis) infections, and those infections infections
• Found on upper with soft-tissue • typically caused
airway infections by strains with
different M
proteins

Eddy S.R.A/Eddy Saputra

 Name Type Structure Pathogenesis Diseases caused by the Spread Epidemiology People at Risk Additional
organism Information
• Gram- • Chains; group- • Virulence • neonatal infections in • Asymptomatic • No seasonal • Neonates •-
•
agalactiae (Group B)
positive specific a. ability to pregnant women colonization of the incidence pregnant women
•
Streptococcus

cocci carbohydrate (B avoid (endometritis, wound upper respiratory and men

• B-born antigen) phagocytosis infections urinary genitourinary tract; • nonpregnant women with
• Catalase- • type-specific (mediated by tract infections) • Early-onset disease diabetes mellitus, cancer,
negative capsular capsule) acquired by neonates or alcoholism
carbohydrates (Ia, • Found on upper from mother during
Ib, II-VIII) airway pregnancy/time of
birth
• Elongated • Cocci in pairs • Able to colonize • Pneumonia • Most infections caused • Highest • Children and the elderly are • Most infections
Gram- (diplococci) oropharynx, spread • Sinusitis by endogenous spread colonization in at greatest risk for are caused by
Streptococcus pneumoniae

positive • short chains: cell into normally sterile • otitis media • Person-to-person young children meningitis endogenous
• Catalase- wall includes tissues • meningitis spread through • their contacts: • People with hematologic spread from
negative teichoic acid rich in • stimulate a local • bacteremia infectious droplets is Disease is more disorder or functional the colonized
phosphorylcholine inflammatory rare common in cool asplenia nasopharynx or
(C polysaccharide) response months oropharynx to
• Evade phagocytic distal sites
killing
• Found on upper
airway

• Gram- • Pairs and short • Virulence • Diseases include • Most infections • Patients at • Those treated with broad- • Colonizes the
positive chains; cell wall a. ability to urinary tract endogenous; Some increased risk spectrum antibiotics, gastrointestinal
cocci with group-specific adhere to infections caused by patient-to- include those especially cephalosporins tracts of
Enterococcus

• Catalase- antigen (group D host surfaces • Peritonitis patient spread hospitalized for • Spreads to other mucosal humans and
negative glycerol teichoic b. form biofilms • wound infections prolonged surfaces if broad-spectrum animals
acid) c. by antibiotic • bacteremia with or periods and antibiotics eliminate the •
resistance without endocarditis treated with normal flora
• Found on intestine broad-spectrum
• Found on antibiotics
genitourinary
• Gram- • Spore-forming, • Tissue destruction • gastrointestinal • Ubiquitous in soils • Ubiquitous in • Those who consume •-
positive motile by cytotoxic diseases soils contaminated food
rods • Heat-stable and enzymes • ocular infections throughout the • penetrating injuries
• Catalase- heat-labile a. cereolysin • anthrax-like disease in world • receive intravenous
Bacillus cereus

positive enterotoxin b. phospholipase immunocompetent injections

C patients • immunocompromised
• Found on intestine patients exposed to B.
• Found on cereus
genitourinary

Eddy S.R.A/Eddy Saputra

 Name Type Pathogenesis Pathogenesis Diseases caused by the Spread Epidemiology People at Risk Additional
organism Information
• Acid-fast • Lipid-rich cell wall • Disease primarily • pulmonary infections, • Person-to-person • Travel • Foreign-born individuals • Humans are
• aerobic resistant to from host response dissemination to any spread by infectious • Travelers the only
Mycobacterium tuberculosis

rods a. traditional to infection body site in aerosols • Immunocompromised natural

• Catalase- stains • found in water and immunocompromised patients reservoir
positive b. disinfectants soil patients • Drug or alcohol abusers
c. detergents • Individuals exposed to
d. common have unique cell wall do not conform to the typical diseased patients
antibacterial Gram-positive or Gram-negative Instead, they
antibiotic retain the red dye in the acid-fast staining
e. host procedure.
immune
response
• Gram- • Facultative • Most common • Gastroenteritis: EAEC, • Most infections are •- • - •-
negative anaerobic rods aerobic Gram- EIEC, EPEC, ETEC, endogenous; Strains
• Catalase- • Oxidase negative negative rods in the STEC causing gastroenteritis
positive • Lipopolysaccharide gastrointestinal tract • Extraintestinal are generally acquired
Escherichia coli

consists of outer • Found on large diseases include exogenously

somatic O intestine a. bacteraemia
polysaccharide • Found on b. neonatal
• core genitourinary meningitis
polysaccharide c. urinary tract
(common antigen) infections
• lipid A (endotoxin) d. intraabdominal
infections
• Gram- • Facultative • Can survive in Enteritis symptoms: • Direct faecal-oral •- • Eating contaminated food Bacteraemia
negative anaerobic rods macrophages • Fever spread in children products (poultry, eggs, and associated with
• Catalase- • Lipopolysaccharide • spread from the • Nausea dairy products are the most specific
positive consists of outer intestine to other • Vomiting common sources of Salmonella
somatic O body sites • Bloody or non-bloody infection) serotypes:
Salmonella

polysaccharide diarrhea • Direct faecal-oral spread in • Salmonella

• core • Abdominal cramps children serotype typhi
polysaccharide • Salmonella
(common antigen) Enteric fever serotype
• lipid A (endotoxin) manifestations: paratyphi
• Typhoid fever • Salmonella
• Paratyphoid fever serotype
choleraesuis

Eddy S.R.A/Eddy Saputra

Other Bacteria
Name Type Structure Pathogenesis Diseases Spread Epidemiology People at Risk Additional
Information
• Gram- • Coccobacilli • Isolated in soil • Meningitis - - - -
positive • • Water • septicemia
monocytogenes

• Catalase- • vegetation, including • self-limited

Listeria

positive humans (low-level gastroenteritis

gastrointestinal
carriage)
• Found ubiquitous

• Gram- • Pleomorphic rods • Humans are the only • Etiologic agent of - - - -

Corynebacterium

positive known reservoir, diphtheria:

diphtheriae

• Catalase- with carriage in o respiratory and

positive oropharynx or on cutaneous
skin surface forms
• Found on skin

• Gram- • Diplococci • Humans are the only • Gonorrhea, spread of - - - -

negative • fastidious growth natural hosts infection from
gonorrhoeae

• Catalase- • Found on mucous

Neisseria

requirements genitourinary tract

negative membrane through blood to skin
or joints

• Curved • Rods • Organism found in • Asymptomatic - - - -

Vibrio cholerae

gram- estuarine colonization

negative • marine • mild diarrhea to
• Catalase- environments severe, rapidly fatal
positive diarrhea

Eddy S.R.A/Eddy Saputra

Eddy S.R.A/Eddy Saputra