MEN AND MASCULINITIES

dominance over women to

continue.
- Hegemonic masculinity embodies
popular heroes, role models and
fictional characters.
- Complicit Masculinity are men
who received the benefits of
patriarchy without enacting a
strong version of masculine
dominance.
- Male norms stress values like
courage, aggression, autonomy,
mastery, technological skill,
adventure, toughness in mind and
body.
- It is an expression of privileges
men collectively have over
women.
- Hierarchy of masculinities is an
expression of the unequal shares of
the privileges.
III. Collective Masculinities
- Masculinities are also defined in
the workplace and in informal
groups like street gangs.
- masculinity also exists
impersonally in culture.
Examples: Video games, circulate
stereotypes violent images of
masculinity. In sports,
aggressive kind of masculinity is
created by its structure, pattern of
competition, system of
training, and hierarchy levels and
rewards.
Definition of Terms:
Masculinity - social, cultural, and historical construction of men dependent on and related to
other factor like class, ethnicity, sexuality, age and disability.
Hegemonic Masculinity - form of masculinity which is culturally dominant in a given setting.
Protest Masculinity - form of masculinity which is culturally dominant in a marginalized
setting.
Caring Masculinity - proposes that men are able to adopt what is viewed as traditionally
feminine characteristics.

Introduction
- Since 1970s, studies on different aspects of manhood (from men in the labor market to men
in the family and violent men, etc.) were made.
- By the 20th century, the number of studies increased.

Views on Men and Masculinities

- A growing body of literature theorizing men and masculinities focuses on a variety of topics
including men's violence, fatherhood, pornography, men's crimes, female masculinity, male
femininity, etc.
- Men make up a large majority of corporate executives, top professionals, and holders of
public office. Worldwide, men held 93% of cabinet – level posts in 1996 and most top
positions in international agencies (Gierycz, 1999).

Men's Rights Lobby

The Myth of Male Power: Why are Men the Disposable Sex (1994) by Warren Farrell
"Men are now the gender victims as a result of feminism having gone too far, with men having
increased responsibilities but few rights around issues of marriage, divorce, child custody and
access to children.”
- Modern Legislation is seen to be overprotective to women's interest.
- Attempt to accuse women and feminist for creating problems that men encounter in the
society.

Masculinity Themes
I. Multiple Masculinity
- Different cultures and different periods of history, construct masculinity differently.
- Some regards violence as the ultimate test of masculinity.
- Other countries think that no person can be a real man without having homosexual
relationships.
- The meaning of masculinity differs from different cultural setting and class status.
- Masculinities cannot be delimited to a sole definition as various countries, cultures, and level
in life view this concept differently.

II. Hierarchy and Hegemony

-Hegemonic signifies a position of cultural authority and leadership but not total dominance as
other forms of masculinity.
- Kimmel (1997), views hegemonic masculinity as "contains the image of 'man' in power, 'man'
with power and 'man' of power equates manhood with being strong, successful, capable,
reliable, in control. The very definitions of manhood we have developed in our culture
maintain the power that some men have over other men and that men have over women.”
- Hegemonic masculinity was understood as the pattern of practice that allowed men's
dominance over women to continue.
- Hegemonic masculinity embodies popular heroes, role models and fictional characters.
-Complicit Masculinity are men who received the benefits of patriarchy without enacting a
strong version of masculine dominance.
- Male norms stress values like courage, aggression, autonomy, mastery, technological skill,
adventure, toughness in mind and body.
- It is an expression of privileges men collectively have over women.
- Hierarchy of masculinities is an expression of the unequal shares of the privileges.

III. Collective Masculinities

- Masculinities are also defined in the workplace and in informal groups like street gangs.
- masculinity also exists impersonally in culture.
Examples: Video games, circulate stereotypes violent images of masculinity. In sports,
aggressive kind of masculinity is created by its structure, pattern of competition, system of
training, and hierarchy levels and rewards.