GEOMETRY

The member's fo team 10

01 Amanda Sinta Puspita

02 Anhesya Fansyah Permana

03 Putri Setiarini
01 G E O M E T R Y D E F I N I T I O N
Geometry is the branch of mathematics that
deals with shapes, angle dimensions and sizes
of a variety of things we see in everyday life.

Geometry is derived from Ancient Greek

words ‘Geo’ means ‘Earth’ and ‘metron’ means
‘measurement’.
02 BRANCHES OF GEOMETRY
1. Algebraic geometry
It is a branch of geometry studying zeros of the multivariate
polynomial. It includes linear and polynomial algebraic
equations that are used for solving the sets of zeros.

2. Discrete geometry
It is concerned with the relative position of simple geometric
objects, such as points, lines, triangles, circles etc.

3. Differential geometry
It uses techniques of algebra and calculus for problem-
solving. The various problems include general relativity in
physics etc.
4. Euclidean geometry
The study of plane and solid figures based on axioms and
theorems including points, lines, planes, angles, congruence,
similarity, solid figures.

5. Convex geometry
It includes convex shapes in Euclidean space using
techniques of real analysis. It has application in optimization
and functional analysis in number theory.

6. Topology
It is concerned with the properties of space under
continuous mapping
 03 PLANE GEOMETRY
(TWO-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY)

Plane Geometry deals with flat shapes which can be drawn on a

piece of paper. These include lines, circles & triangles of two
dimensions. Plane geometry is also known as two-dimensional
geometry.
1. Point
a point is a primitive notion that models an exact location in space,
and has no length, width, or thickness.
2. Line
The line is straight (no curves), having no thickness and extends in
both directions without end (infinitely)

• In geometry a line would have two arrows.

• line in geometry are written in 𝐴𝐵or line m

3. Ray
If a line has a starting point and has no endpoint is called Ray

m
• In geometry a ray would have one arrow
• Ray in geometry are written in 𝐴𝐵 or ray m
4. Segment
If a line has a starting and an endpoint then it is called a Line
Segment.
• Segment in geometry are written 𝐴𝐵 or
m segment m
04 ANGLES IN GEOMETRY

In planar geometry, an angle is the figure formed by two rays, called the
sides of the angle, sharing a common endpoint, called the vertex of the
angle.

Types of Angle:
1. Acute Angle
An Acute angle (or Sharp angle) is an angle smaller than a right angle ie. it
can range between 0 – 90 degrees.

2. Obtuse Angle
An Obtuse angle is more than 90 degrees but is less than 180 degrees.
3. Right Angle
An angle of 90 degrees.

4. Straight Angle
An angle of 180 degrees is a straight angle, i.e. the angle formed
by a straight line
05 P O L Y G O N S IN GEOMETRY

A plane figure that is bounded by a finite chain

of straight line segments closing in a loop to form
a closed polygonal chain or circuit.

The name ‘poly’ refers to multiple. An n-gon is a

polygon with n sides; for example, a triangle is a
3-gon polygon.
General Formula for Sum of internal Angles of a polygon:
Sum of internal Angles of a polygon = (𝒏 − 𝟐) × 𝟏𝟖𝟎
In the below figure, we can see the different types of
polygons:
06 A R E A A N D P E R I M E T E R
• The space occupied by a closed plane in a two
dimensional shape is called area.
• Area is measured in squared units.
• Example: Area of tiling the floor

• Perimeter is the measure of the length of the outer

boundary of a closed shape.
• Perimeter is measured in units.
• Example: Perimeter of fencing the garden
 Perimeter 2D figure Formula
Perimeter of shapes = Total length of the boundary of shapes
Examples of perimeter
SHAPE PERIMETER TERMS

Square a+a+a+a a = length of

side

Rectangle 2(l + 𝑤)
l = length
w = width

Circle 2𝜋 × r r = radius of the

circle
Area plane figure Formula
SHAPE AREA TERMS
Triangle 1 b = base
×𝑏×ℎ
2 h = height

Square 𝑎2 a = length of side

Rectangle 𝑙×𝑤 l = length

w = width
Parallelogram 𝑏×ℎ b=base
h=vertical height
Trapezium 1 a and b are the
× (𝑎 + 𝑏) × ℎ
2 length of parallel
sides
h = height
Circle 𝜋 × 𝑟2 r = radius of the
circle
07 C I R C L E I N G E O M E T R Y
A Circle is a simple closed shape. From a certain point called the
centre, all points of a circle are of same consistent distance, i.e.
the curve traced out by a point that moves so that its distance
from the centre is constant.

1. Radius
The radius of a circle is the length of the line segment joining the
center of the circle to any point on the circumference of the circle.
3. Diameter
The diameter is also known as the longest chord of the circle and is
twice the length of the radius. The diameter is denoted by the letter D.

4. Chord
A chord of a circle is a line segment that joins two points on the
circumference of the circle.

5. Tangent
The tangent of a circle is defined as a straight line that touches the
curve of the circle at only one point and does not enter the circle’s
interior.
Secant
The secant of a circle is the line that cuts across the circle intersecting
the circle at two distinct points.
 08 SIMILARITY AND
CONGRUENCY IN GEOMETRY

1. Similarity – Two figures are said to be similar if they have

the same shape or have an equal angle but do not have the
same size. The symbol “∼” is used to indicate similarity.

2. Congruence – Two figures are said to be Congruent if

they have the same shape and size. Thus, they are totally
equal. Congruence is denoted by the symbol “≅”
 10 SOLID GEOMETRY
(Three-dimensional geometry)

Solid geometry is the study of three dimensions in Euclidean space.

The objects which are around us are three-dimensional. The
important attributes of 3D figures are:
• Faces
• Edges
• Vertices
EXAMPLE:
 Example
FORMULAS SURFACE

AREA and

VOLUME

OF 3D FIGURES
Thanks!